1
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Tran HNT, McMahon KL, Deuis JR, Vetter I, Schroeder CI. Structural and functional insights into the inhibition of human voltage-gated sodium channels by μ-conotoxin KIIIA disulfide isomers. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101728. [PMID: 35167877 PMCID: PMC8927997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
μ-Conotoxins are components of cone snail venom, well-known for their analgesic activity through potent inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) subtypes, including NaV1.7. These small, disulfide-rich peptides are typically stabilized by three disulfide bonds arranged in a ‘native’ CysI-CysIV, CysII-CysV, CysIII-CysVI pattern of disulfide connectivity. However, μ-conotoxin KIIIA, the smallest and most studied μ-conotoxin with inhibitory activity at NaV1.7, forms two distinct disulfide bond isomers during thermodynamic oxidative folding, including Isomer 1 (CysI-CysV, CysII-CysIV, CysIII-CysVI) and Isomer 2 (CysI-CysVI, CysII-CysIV, CysIII-CysV), but not the native μ-conotoxin arrangement. To date, there has been no study on the structure and activity of KIIIA comprising the native μ-conotoxin disulfide bond arrangement. Here, we evaluated the synthesis, potency, sodium channel subtype selectivity, and 3D structure of the three isomers of KIIIA. Using a regioselective disulfide bond-forming strategy, we synthetically produced the three μ-conotoxin KIIIA isomers displaying distinct bioactivity and NaV subtype selectivity across human NaV channel subtypes 1.2, 1.4, and 1.7. We show that Isomer 1 inhibits NaV subtypes with a rank order of potency of NaV1.4 > 1.2 > 1.7 and Isomer 2 in the order of NaV1.4≈1.2 > 1.7, while the native isomer inhibited NaV1.4 > 1.7≈1.2. The three KIIIA isomers were further evaluated by NMR solution structure analysis and molecular docking with hNaV1.2. Our study highlights the importance of investigating alternate disulfide isomers, as disulfide connectivity affects not only the overall structure of the peptides but also the potency and subtype selectivity of μ-conotoxins targeting therapeutically relevant NaV subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue N T Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirsten L McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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2
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Sen S, Ali R, Onkar A, Ganesh S, Verma S. Strategies for interference of insulin fibrillogenesis: challenges and advances. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100678. [PMID: 35025120 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of insulin came up with very high hopes for diabetic patients. In the year 2021, the world celebrated the 100 th anniversary of the discovery of this vital hormone. However, external use of insulin is highly affected by its aggregating tendency that occurs during its manufacturing, transportation, and improper handling which ultimately leads its pharmaceutically and biologically ineffective form. In this review, we aim to discuss the various approaches used for decelerating insulin aggregation which results in the enhancement of its overall structural stability and usage. The approaches that are discussed are broadly classified as either a measure through excipient additions or by intrinsic modifications in the insulin native structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Sen
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Rafat Ali
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Chemistry, Room No 131 Lab No2, CESE department IIT Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, INDIA
| | - Akanksha Onkar
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, INDIA
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, INDIA
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Department of Chemistry, IIT-Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, INDIA
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3
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Chudasama V. Cysteine protecting groups: applications in peptide and protein science. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11098-11155. [PMID: 34605832 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry for the cysteine thiol group has enabled a vast array of peptide and protein chemistry over the last several decades. Increasingly sophisticated strategies for the protection, and subsequent deprotection, of cysteine have been developed, facilitating synthesis of complex disulfide-rich peptides, semisynthesis of proteins, and peptide/protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyse and discuss the 60+ individual protecting groups reported for cysteine, highlighting their applications in peptide synthesis and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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4
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Oh K, Chi DY. Direct Fluorination Strategy for the Synthesis of Fluorine‐18 Labeled Oligopeptide—[
18
F
]
ApoPep
‐7. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keumrok Oh
- Department of Chemistry Sogang University 35 Baekbeomro Mapogu, Seoul 04107 Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Department of Chemistry Sogang University 35 Baekbeomro Mapogu, Seoul 04107 Korea
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5
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Dec R, Dzwolak W. A tale of two tails: Self-assembling properties of A- and B-chain parts of insulin's highly amyloidogenic H-fragment. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:510-518. [PMID: 34271044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the spontaneous transition of native insulin into therapeutically inactive amyloid, prolonged storage decreases effectiveness of the hormone in treatment of diabetes. Various regions of the amino acid sequence have been implicated in insulin aggregation. Here, we focus on smaller fragments of the highly amyloidogenic H-peptide comprising disulfide-bonded N-terminal sections of insulin's A-chain (13 residues) and B-chain (11 residues). Aggregation patterns of N-terminal fragments of A-chain (ACC1-13, ACC1-11, ACC6-13, ACC6-11, all retaining Cys6A-Cys11A disulfide bond) and B-chain (B1-11(7A)) are examined at acidic and neutral pH. ACC1-11 is the smallest fragment found to be amyloidogenic at either pH; removal of the N-terminal GIVEQ section renders this fragment entirely non-amyloidogenic. The self-assembling properties of ACC1-11 contrast with aggregation-resistant behavior of B1-11(7A) and its disulfide-linked homodimer, (B1-11)2 aggregating only at neutral pH. Fibrillar ACC1-11 is similar to insulin amyloid in terms of morphology and infrared features. Secondary nucleation is likely to account for the detected shortening of insulin aggregation lag phase at neutral pH upon cross-seeding with pre-formed fibrils of ACC1-11 or (B1-11)2. An aggregation-enhancing effect of monomeric ACC1-11 on co-dissolved native insulin is also observed. Our findings are discussed in the context of mechanisms of insulin aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dzwolak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Jarosinski MA, Dhayalan B, Rege N, Chatterjee D, Weiss MA. 'Smart' insulin-delivery technologies and intrinsic glucose-responsive insulin analogues. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1016-1029. [PMID: 33710398 PMCID: PMC8158166 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin replacement therapy for diabetes mellitus seeks to minimise excursions in blood glucose concentration above or below the therapeutic range (hyper- or hypoglycaemia). To mitigate acute and chronic risks of such excursions, glucose-responsive insulin-delivery technologies have long been sought for clinical application in type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Such 'smart' systems or insulin analogues seek to provide hormonal activity proportional to blood glucose levels without external monitoring. This review highlights three broad strategies to co-optimise mean glycaemic control and time in range: (1) coupling of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to delivery devices (algorithm-based 'closed-loop' systems); (2) glucose-responsive polymer encapsulation of insulin; and (3) mechanism-based hormone modifications. Innovations span control algorithms for CGM-based insulin-delivery systems, glucose-responsive polymer matrices, bio-inspired design based on insulin's conformational switch mechanism upon insulin receptor engagement, and glucose-responsive modifications of new insulin analogues. In each case, innovations in insulin chemistry and formulation may enhance clinical outcomes. Prospects are discussed for intrinsic glucose-responsive insulin analogues containing a reversible switch (regulating bioavailability or conformation) that can be activated by glucose at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jarosinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The pancreatic peptide hormone insulin, first discovered exactly 100 years ago, is essential for glycemic control and is used as a therapeutic for the treatment of type 1 and, increasingly, type 2 diabetes. With a worsening global diabetes epidemic and its significant health budget imposition, there is a great demand for new analogues possessing improved physical and functional properties. However, the chemical synthesis of insulin's intricate 51-amino acid, two-chain, three-disulfide bond structure, together with the poor physicochemical properties of both the individual chains and the hormone itself, has long represented a major challenge to organic chemists. This review provides a timely overview of the past efforts to chemically assemble this fascinating hormone using an array of strategies to enable both correct folding of the two chains and selective formation of disulfide bonds. These methods not only have contributed to general peptide synthesis chemistry and enabled access to the greatly growing numbers of insulin-like and cystine-rich peptides but also, today, enable the production of insulin at the synthetic efficiency levels of recombinant DNA expression methods. They have led to the production of a myriad of novel analogues with optimized structural and functional features and of the feasibility for their industrial manufacture.
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Kobayashi K, Taguchi A, Cui Y, Shida H, Muguruma K, Takayama K, Taniguchi A, Hayashi Y. “On‐Resin” Disulfide Peptide Synthesis with Methyl 3‐Nitro‐2‐pyridinesulfenate. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Hayate Shida
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Kyohei Muguruma
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
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9
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Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, Elnagdy S, Kaczmarek K, Matsoukas J, New R, Parang K, Lopez OP, Parhiz H, Perera CO, Pickholz M, Remko M, Saviano M, Skwarczynski M, Tang Y, Wolf WM, Yoshiya T, Zabrocki J, Zielenkiewicz P, AlKhazindar M, Barriga V, Kelaidonis K, Sarasia EM, Toth I. A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:E430. [PMID: 33467522 PMCID: PMC7830668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are indispensable in bio-processes. Short peptides include fundamental molecular information for a prelude to the symphony of life. They have aroused considerable interest due to their unique features and great promise in innovative bio-therapies. This work focusing on the current state-of-the-art short peptide-based therapeutical developments is the first global review written by researchers from all continents, as a celebration of 100 years of peptide therapeutics since the commencement of insulin therapy in the 1920s. Peptide "drugs" initially played only the role of hormone analogs to balance disorders. Nowadays, they achieve numerous biomedical tasks, can cross membranes, or reach intracellular targets. The role of peptides in bio-processes can hardly be mimicked by other chemical substances. The article is divided into independent sections, which are related to either the progress in short peptide-based theranostics or the problems posing challenge to bio-medicine. In particular, the SWOT analysis of short peptides, their relevance in therapies of diverse diseases, improvements in (bio)synthesis platforms, advanced nano-supramolecular technologies, aptamers, altered peptide ligands and in silico methodologies to overcome peptide limitations, modern smart bio-functional materials, vaccines, and drug/gene-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia;
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- NewDrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roger New
- Vaxcine (UK) Ltd., c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK;
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK;
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Octavio Paredes Lopez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA;
| | - Conrad O. Perera
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Monica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA, UBA-CONICET), Argentina, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography (CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Yefeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharma Ceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Barriga
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | | | | | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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10
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Kobayashi D, Naruse N, Denda M, Shigenaga A, Otaka A. Deprotection of S-acetamidomethyl cysteine with copper(ii) and 1,2-aminothiols under aerobic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8638-8645. [PMID: 32856682 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening by CuSO4 of a 1,3-thiazolidine carbonyl structure (Thz) as an N-terminal cysteine (Cys) residue revealed that an intramolecular S-acetamidomethyl cysteine (Cys(Acm)) can also be deprotected with concomitant formation of a disulphide bond connecting the two Cys residues. A mechanistic study on the disulphide formation led to a general protocol for deprotection of the S-Acm group by CuSO4 and a 1,2-aminothiol under aerobic conditions. Application of this new deprotection reaction allowed for the synthesis of Apamin, a peptide with two-disulphides in a one-pot/stepwise disulphide-bridging procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishiro Kobayashi
- Insutitute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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11
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He Q, Chen B, Huang Z, Zhao J, He M, Luo D, Li Q, He Y, Wang J, Chen X, Shen M, Duan Y. Association of twenty-three plasma elements with fasting serum glucose among Chinese population from four areas with different pollution level. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126510. [PMID: 32416465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association between fasting serum glucose (FSG) and certain mineral elements has been extensively reported. Investigation regarding multi-element exposure among subjects with different exposure level is warranted to confirm the association and further explore dose-dependent relationship. METHODS A total of 3488 participants were recruited from four counties of Hunan province, South China. Basic characteristics were collected by face to face interview and 23 elements in plasma were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We applied fully adjusted generalized linear regression model and multivariable restricted cubic spline function to test the association and dose-response relationship of FSG with 23 elements. RESULTS The results indicated that FSG was positively associated with plasma78selenium level [regression coefficient (β), 0.001; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.001, 0.001] in a dose-dependent manner, robust to the adjustment for suspected covariates and stratification by age, gender, BMI and smoking status. A negative association was found between FSG and plasma 208lead (β, -0.004; 95 % CI, -0.016, -0.002), 52chromium (β, -0.002; 95 % CI, -0.004, -0.001) and 47titanium (β, -0.001; 95 % CI, -0.002, -0.001). CONCLUSION 78selenium was positively while 208lead, 52chromium and 47titanium were negatively associated with FSG in the present study. However, prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qican He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resource and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qi Li
- Hunan Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yuefeng He
- Public Health College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Environment and Health in Water Source Area of South-to-North Water Diversion, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Minxue Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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12
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. Stepwise Construction of Disulfides in Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1101-1111. [PMID: 31886929 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond plays an important role in biological systems. It defines global conformation, and ultimately the biological activity and stability of the peptide or protein. It is frequently present, singly or multiply, in biologically important peptide hormones and toxins. Numerous disulfide-containing peptides have been approved by the regulatory agencies as marketed drugs. Chemical synthesis is one of the prerequisite tools needed to gain deep insights into the structure-function relationships of these biomolecules. Along with the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis, a number of methods of disulfide construction have been established. This minireview will focus on the regiospecific, stepwise construction of multiple disulfides used in the chemical synthesis of peptides. We intend for this article to serve a reference for peptide chemists conducting complex peptide syntheses and also hope to stimulate the future development of disulfide methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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14
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Xiong X, Blakely A, Karra P, VandenBerg MA, Ghabash G, Whitby F, Zhang YW, Webber MJ, Holland WL, Hill CP, Chou DHC. Novel four-disulfide insulin analog with high aggregation stability and potency. Chem Sci 2019; 11:195-200. [PMID: 32110371 PMCID: PMC7012051 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04555d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel four-disulfide insulin analog was designed with retained bioactivity and increased fibrillation stability.
Although insulin was first purified and used therapeutically almost a century ago, there is still a need to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient convenience. A key challenge is the requirement for refrigeration to avoid inactivation of insulin by aggregation/fibrillation. Here, in an effort to mitigate this problem, we introduced a 4th disulfide bond between a C-terminal extended insulin A chain and residues near the C-terminus of the B chain. Insulin activity was retained by an analog with an additional disulfide bond between residues A22 and B22, while other linkages tested resulted in much reduced potency. Furthermore, the A22-B22 analog maintains the native insulin tertiary structure as demonstrated by X-ray crystal structure determination. We further demonstrate that this four-disulfide analog has similar in vivo potency in mice compared to native insulin and demonstrates higher aggregation stability. In conclusion, we have discovered a novel four-disulfide insulin analog with high aggregation stability and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA . ;
| | - Alan Blakely
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA . ;
| | - Prasoona Karra
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA
| | - Michael A VandenBerg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
| | - Gabrielle Ghabash
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA . ;
| | - Frank Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA . ;
| | - Yi Wolf Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA . ;
| | - Matthew J Webber
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA
| | - Christopher P Hill
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City UT 84112 , USA . ;
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15
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Wang G, Chen T, Peng T, Zhang S, Wang J, Wen X, Yang X, Wang L. A Strategy To Prepare Peptide Heterodimers in the Solid Phase with an Acid-Labile Linker. Org Lett 2019; 21:7351-7355. [PMID: 31478674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The currently synthetic methods of peptide heterodimer involve tedious synthesis and purification steps. An acid-labile traceless linker was prepared, which is highly compatible with the Fmoc strategy and could be used to prepare peptide heterodimer on resin. The linker could be cleaved concomitantly with peptide cleavage, and two model heterodimers were synthesized. The proposed synthesis procedure is simple, straightforward, and provides great convenience for preparing disulfide-linked peptide heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Beijing institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Beijing institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P.R. China
| | - Shouguo Zhang
- Beijing institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P.R. China
| | - Junyi Wang
- College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Wen
- Beijing institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Beijing institute of Lifeomics , Beijing 102206 , P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P.R. China
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16
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Katayama H, Nagasawa H. Chemical synthesis of N-glycosylated insulin-like androgenic gland factor from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3215. [PMID: 31515898 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Crustacean insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, a heterodimeric peptide having both four disulfide bonds and an N-linked glycan, was synthesized by the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and the regioselective disulfide formation reactions. The disulfide isomer of IAG could also be synthesized by the same manner. The conformational analysis of these peptides by circular dichroism (CD) spectral measurement indicated that the disulfide bond arrangement affected the peptide conformation in IAG. On the other hand, the N-linked glycan attached at A chain showed no effect on CD spectra of IAG. This is the first report for the chemical synthesis of insulin-like heterodimeric glycopeptide having three interchain disulfides, and the synthetic strategy shown here might be useful for the synthesis of other glycosylated four-disulfide insulin-like peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Brunel FM, Mayer JP, Gelfanov VM, Zaykov AN, Finan B, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD. A Disulfide Scan of Insulin by [3 + 1] Methodology Exhibits Site-Specific Influence on Bioactivity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1829-1835. [PMID: 31343157 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is the principal hormone involved in the regulation of metabolism and has served a seminal role in the treatment of diabetes. Building upon advances in insulin synthetic methodology, we have developed a straightforward route to novel insulins containing a fourth disulfide bond in a [3 + 1] fashion establishing the first disulfide scan of the hormone. All the targeted analogs accommodated the constraint to demonstrate an unexpected conformational flexibility of native insulin. The bioactivity was established for the constrained (4-DS) and unconstrained (3-DS) analogs by in vitro methods, and extended to in vivo study for select peptides. We also identified residue B10 as a preferred anchor to introduce a tether that would regulate insulin bioactivity. We believe that the described [3 + 1] methodology might constitute the preferred approach for performing similar disulfide scanning in peptides that contain multiple disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence M. Brunel
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John P. Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily M. Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | | | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
- Department, of Chemistry,Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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18
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Mailig M, Liu F. The Application of Isoacyl Structural Motifs in Prodrug Design and Peptide Chemistry. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2017-2031. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melrose Mailig
- Discovery ChemistryNovo Nordisk Research Center Seattle 530 Fairview Ave N Seattle WA 98109 USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Discovery ChemistryNovo Nordisk Research Center Seattle 530 Fairview Ave N Seattle WA 98109 USA
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19
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Laps S, Sun H, Kamnesky G, Brik A. Palladium‐Mediated Direct Disulfide Bond Formation in Proteins Containing S‐Acetamidomethyl‐cysteine under Aqueous Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shay Laps
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Hao Sun
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Guy Kamnesky
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
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20
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Laps S, Sun H, Kamnesky G, Brik A. Palladium‐Mediated Direct Disulfide Bond Formation in Proteins Containing S‐Acetamidomethyl‐cysteine under Aqueous Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5729-5733. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shay Laps
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Hao Sun
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Guy Kamnesky
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
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21
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Disotuar MM, Petersen ME, Nogueira JM, Kay MS, Chou DHC. Synthesis of hydrophobic insulin-based peptides using a helping hand strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1703-1708. [PMID: 29947407 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of solid-phase peptide synthesis in the 1960s improved the chemical synthesis of both the A- and B-chains of insulin and insulin analogs. However, the subsequent elaboration of the synthetic peptides to generate active hormones continues to be difficult and complex due in part to the hydrophobicity of the A-chain. Over the past decade, several groups have developed different methods to enhance A-chain solubility. Two of the most popular methods are use of isoacyl dipeptides, and the attachment of an A-chain C-terminal pentalysine tag with a base-labile 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid linker. These methods have proven effective but can be limited in scope depending on the peptide sequence of a specific insulin. Herein we describe an auxiliary approach to enhance the solubility of insulin-based peptides by incorporating a tri-lysine tag attached to a cleavable Fmoc-Ddae-OH linker. Incorporation of this linker, or "helping hand", on the N-terminus greatly improved the solubility of chicken insulin A-chain, which is analogous to human insulin, and allowed for coupling of the insulin A- and B-chain via directed disulfide bond formation. After formation of the insulin heterodimer, the linker and tag could be easily removed using a hydrazine buffer (pH 7.5) to obtain an overall 12.6% yield based on A-chain. This strategy offers an efficient method to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic insulin-based peptides as well as other traditionally difficult peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Disotuar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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22
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Kondasinghe TD, Saraha HY, Jackowski ST, Stockdill JL. Raising the Bar On-Bead: Efficient On-Resin Synthesis of α-Conotoxin LvIA. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:23-28. [PMID: 31564757 PMCID: PMC6764457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α4/7-Conotoxin LvIA is an isoform-selective inhibitor of the α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. An efficient strategy for the synthesis of this toxin is critical to advancing its utility as a probe for receptor function and as a potential pharmaceutical lead target. On-resin methods for peptide synthesis offer potential synthetic advantages; however, strategies for on-resin formation of multiple disulfides have historically been low-yielding. Here, we harness the reactivity of the Allocam protecting group and employ 3-amino acid spacer strategy to synthesize α4/7-conotoxin LvIA via three different on-resin strategies, each of which results in an isolated yield higher than prior fully on-resin approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasina Y. Saraha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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23
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Katayama H, Mukainakano T, Kogure J, Ohira T. Chemical synthesis of the crustacean insulin-like peptide with four disulfide bonds. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3132. [PMID: 30346100 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the insulin-family peptides, two additional cysteine residues other than six conserved cysteines are sometimes found in invertebrate insulin-like peptides (ILPs), although the synthetic method for such four disulfide ILPs has not yet been well established. In this study, we synthesized a crustacean insulin-like androgenic gland factor with four disulfides by the regioselective disulfide bond formation reactions using four orthogonal Cys-protecting groups. Its disulfide isomer could be also synthesized by the same method, indicating that the synthetic strategy developed in this study might be useful for the synthesis of other four disulfide ILPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mukainakano
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Junya Kogure
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
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24
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Synthesis of disulfide-rich heterodimeric peptides through an auxiliary N, N-crosslink. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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25
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DiMarchi RD, Mayer JP, Gelfanov VM, Tschöp M. Max Bergmann award lecture:Macromolecular medicinal chemistry as applied to metabolic diseases. J Pept Sci 2018; 24. [PMID: 29322647 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the scope of research presented in an October 2016 lecture pertaining to the award of the 2015 Max Bergmann Medal. The advancement in synthetic and biosynthetic chemistry as applied to the discovery of novel macromolecular drug candidates is reviewed. The evolution of the technology from the design, synthesis, and development of the first biosynthetic peptides through the emergence of peptide-based incretin agonists that function by multiple biological mechanisms is exemplified by the progression of such peptides from preclinical to clinical study. A closing section highlights recent progress made in total chemical synthesis of insulin and related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - John P Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Vasily M Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
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26
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Macháčková K, Collinsová M, Chrudinová M, Selicharová I, Pícha J, Buděšínský M, Vaněk V, Žáková L, Brzozowski AM, Jiráček J. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Analogs Clicked in the C Domain: Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10105-10117. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Vaněk
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej M. Brzozowski
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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27
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Liu F, Li P, Gelfanov V, Mayer J, DiMarchi R. Synthetic Advances in Insulin-like Peptides Enable Novel Bioactivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1855-1865. [PMID: 28771323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a miraculous hormone that has served a seminal role in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes for nearly a century. Insulin resides within in a superfamily of structurally related peptides that are distinguished by three invariant disulfide bonds that anchor the three-dimensional conformation of the hormone. The additional family members include the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and the relaxin-related set of peptides that includes the so-called insulin-like peptides. Advances in peptide chemistry and rDNA-based synthesis have enabled the preparation of multiple insulin analogues. The translation of these methods from insulin to related peptides has presented unique challenges that pertain to differing biophysical properties and unique amino acid compositions. This Account presents a historical context for the advances in the chemical synthesis of insulin and the related peptides, with division into two general categories where disulfide bond formation is facilitated by native conformational folding or alternatively orthogonal chemical reactivity. The inherent differences in biophysical properties of insulin-like peptides, and in particular within synthetic intermediates, have constituted a central limitation to achieving high yield synthesis of properly folded peptides. Various synthetic approaches have been advanced in the past decade to successfully address this challenge. The use of chemical ligation and metastable amide bond surrogates are two of the more important synthetic advances in the preparation of high quality synthetic precursors to high potency peptides. The discovery and application of biomimetic connecting peptides simplifies proper disulfide formation and the subsequent traceless removal by chemical methods dramatically simplifies the total synthesis of virtually any two-chain insulin-like peptide. We report the application of these higher synthetic yield methodologies to the preparation of insulin-like peptides in support of exploratory in vivo studies requiring a large quantity of peptide. Tangentially, we demonstrate the use of these methods to study the relative importance of the IGF-1 connecting peptide to its biological activity. We report the translation of these finding in search of an insulin analog that might be comparably enhanced by a suitable connecting peptide for interaction with the insulin receptor, as occurs with IGF-1 and its receptor. The results identify a unique receptor site in the IGF-1 receptor from which this enhancement derives. The selective substitution of this specific IGF-1 receptor sequence into the homologous site in the insulin receptor generated a chimeric receptor that was equally capable of signaling with insulin or IGF-1. This novel receptor proved to enhance the potency of lower affinity insulin ligands when they were supplemented with the IGF-1 connecting peptide that similarly enhanced IGF-1 activity at its receptor. The chimeric insulin receptor demonstrated no further enhancement of potency for native insulin when it was similarly prepared as a single-chain analogue with a native IGF-1 connecting peptide. These results suggest a more highly evolved insulin receptor structure where the requirement for an additional structural element to achieve high potency interaction as demonstrated for IGF-1 is no longer required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Pengyun Li
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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