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Tang Z, Chowdhury IF, Yang J, Li S, Mondal AK, Wu H. Recent advances in tannic acid-based gels: Design, properties, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 339:103425. [PMID: 39970605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Revised: 12/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
With the flourishing of mussel-inspired chemistry, the fast-growing development for environmentally friendly materials, and the need for inexpensive and biocompatible analogues to PDA in gel design, TA has led to its gradual emergence as a research focus due to its remarkable biocompatible, renewable, sustainable and particular physicochemical properties. As a natural building block, TA can be used as a substrate or crosslinker, ensuring versatile functional polymeric networks for various applications. In this review, the design of TA-based gels is summarized in detail (i.e., different interactions such as: metal coordination, electrostatic, hydrophobic, host-guest, cation-π and π-π stacking interactions, hydrogen bonding and various reactions including: phenol-amine Michael and Schiff base, phenol-thiol Michael addition, phenol-epoxy ring opening reaction, etc.). Subsequently, TA-based gels with a variety of functionalities, including mechanical, adhesion, conductive, self-healing, UV-shielding, anti-swelling, anti-freezing, shape memory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and responsive properties are introduced in detail. Then, a summary of recent developments in the use of TA-based gels is provided, including bioelectronics, biomedicine, energy, packaging, water treatment and other fields. Finally, the difficulties that TA-based gels are currently facing are outlined, and an original yet realistic viewpoint is provided in an effort to spur future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuwu Tang
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China
| | - Ilnaz Fargul Chowdhury
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Jinbei Yang
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China
| | - Shi Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China.
| | - Ajoy Kanti Mondal
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China.
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2
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Li N, Yu X, Yang DP, He J. Natural polysaccharides-based smart sensors for health monitoring, diagnosis and rehabilitation: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 304:140966. [PMID: 39952503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of multi-level health needs, precise and real-time health sensing systems have become increasingly pivotal in personal health management and disease prevention. Natural polysaccharides demonstrate immense potential in healthcare sensors by leveraging their superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental sustainability, as well as diverse structural designs and surface functionalities. This review begins by introducing a variety of natural polysaccharides, including cellulose, alginates, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and starch, and analyzing their structural and functional distinctions, which offer extensive possibilities for sensor design and construction. Further, we summarize several principal sensing mechanisms, such as piezoresistivity, piezoelectricity, capacitance, triboelectricity, and hygroelectricity, which provide a theoretical and technological foundation for developing high-performance healthcare sensing devices. Additionally, the review discusses the most recent applications of natural polysaccharide-based sensors in diverse healthcare contexts, including human body motion tracking, respiratory and heartbeat monitoring, electrophysiological signal recording, body temperature variation detection, and biomarker analysis. Finally, prospective development directions are proposed, such as the integration of artificial intelligence for real-time data analysis, the design of multifunctional devices that combine sensing with therapeutic functionalities, and advancements in remote monitoring and smart wearable technologies. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the development of next-generation healthcare sensors and propose novel research directions for personalized medicine and remote health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
| | - Da-Peng Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
| | - Jintao He
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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3
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Wang H, Du J, Mao Y. Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots. Gels 2025; 11:254. [PMID: 40277689 PMCID: PMC12026835 DOI: 10.3390/gels11040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2025] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
This paper comprehensively reviews the latest advances in hydrogel-based continuum soft robots. Hydrogels exhibit exceptional flexibility and adaptability compared to traditional robots reliant on rigid structures, making them ideal as biomimetic robotic skins and platforms for constructing highly accurate, real-time responsive sensory interfaces. The article systematically summarizes recent research developments across several key dimensions, including application domains, fabrication methods, actuator technologies, and sensing mechanisms. From an application perspective, developments span healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture. Regarding fabrication techniques, the paper extensively explores crosslinking methods, additive manufacturing, microfluidics, and other related processes. Additionally, the article categorizes and thoroughly discusses various hydrogel-based actuators responsive to solute/solvent variations, pH, chemical reactions, temperature, light, magnetic fields, electric fields, hydraulic/electro-osmotic stimuli, and humidity. It also details the strategies for designing and implementing diverse sensors, including strain, pressure, humidity, conductive, magnetic, thermal, gas, optical, and multimodal sensors. Finally, the paper offers an in-depth discussion of the prospective applications of hydrogel-based continuum soft robots, particularly emphasizing their potential in medical and industrial fields. Concluding remarks include a forward-looking outlook highlighting future challenges and promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Jingli Du
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Yi Mao
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
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4
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Liu L, Xiong J, Xu J, Tu P. A visualization analysis of research on arterial compression hemostatic devices using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Front Neurol 2025; 16:1540909. [PMID: 40109848 PMCID: PMC11919671 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1540909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases pose a significant health challenge in modern society, with the advancement of interventional therapy and vascular intervention technology playing crucial roles. In the context of post-interventional procedures, the application of suitable pressure at the puncture site is of utmost importance for achieving hemostasis. A variety of arterial compression devices are utilized in clinical settings to facilitate this critical step. A bibliometric analysis is used to assess the impact of research in a particular field. This study seeks to explore the research trends, key themes, and future directions of arterial compression hemostatic devices in international scholarly literature to inform future research endeavors. Methods English-language literature on arterial compression hemostatic devices was systematically retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases until December 31, 2024. In this study, we employed VOSviewer 1.6.18 and CiteSpace 6.2.r4 to systematically analyze a comprehensive set of parameters, which included authorship and institutional affiliations, geographical distribution by country, and thematic categorization through keywords. Results In total, 4,358 relevant publications were retrieved. This study's results section highlights a growing body of research on arterial compression hemostasis devices, with a significant increase in publications post-2000, reaching 107 in 2022. Department of Cardiology leads in institutional contributions, while 'Bernat, lvo' is the most prolific authors. Keyword analysis identifies "human," "article," "hemostasis," "female," and "male" as key terms, with 7 thematic clusters revealed by hierarchical clustering. Conclusion The results provide an overview of research on arterial compression hemostatic devices, which may help researchers better understand classical research, historical developments, and new discoveries, as well as providing ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Nursing, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- School of Nursing, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Post Anesthesia Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianmei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Tu
- Post Anesthesia Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Bai Y, Zhang B, Ma J, Cheng Y, Cui P, Kang Y, Wu F, Chen C, Huang W. Adhesion Strategy for Cross-Linking AgNWs/MXene Janus Membrane: Stretchable and Self-Healing Electromagnetic Shielding and Infrared Stealth Capabilities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2408950. [PMID: 39676432 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202408950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Developing lightweight polymer shielding membranes with additional physicochemical properties is of great significance for addressing the complex contemporary security demands. However, precise structural design at the molecular level remains a challenge. Herein, a unique Janus composite membrane is assembled from conductive AgNWs/MXene 1D/2D network and polyurethane elastomer (MPHEA), displaying combined superior electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of up to 80 dB and remarkable infrared stealth capability at a wide temperature range of room temperature to 50 °C. Moreover, the endowed chemical crosslinking in the membrane resulted in the exceptional mechanical strength, self-healing, and superior adhesion. The maintained electromagnetic shielding (over 20 dB) even under a strain of 40% and the recovered shielding efficiency of 90% after mechanical damage and self-healing are observed, which is attributed to the synergistic 3D polymer elastic and 1D/2D conductive network in the multi-dimensional crosslinked MPHEA@AgNWs/MXene composite membrane. This work has represented an excellent micro-nano structure design strategy on multifunctional electromagnetic wave manager in complex application scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Peiyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit for Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Chaochan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, ZhangHeng Road 1500, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
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6
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Qu M, Dong Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, Feng P, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Zhang R, Sun CL, He J. Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Porous Sponge with Superhydrophobic and Flame Retardant Properties for Motion Monitoring and Fire Alarm. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:2105-2116. [PMID: 39731544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethane sponge is frequently selected as a substrate material for constructing flexible compressible sensors due to its excellent resilience and compressibility. However, being highly hydrophilic and flammable, it not only narrows the range of use of the sensor but also poses a great potential threat to human safety. In this paper, a conductive flexible piezoresistive sensor (CHAP-PU) with superhydrophobicity and high flame retardancy was prepared by a simple dip-coating method using A-CNTs/HGM/ADP coatings deposited on the surface of a sponge skeleton and modified with polydimethylsiloxane. With great sensitivity and durability (>3000 cycles) as well as fast response/recovery time (152 ms/178 ms), the sensor is capable of monitoring human movement as a wearable device. The modified material surface has a hydrophobicity angle of 153°, which provides significant self-cleaning and weather resistance. Furthermore, the CHAP-PU sensor is able to respond stably to underwater movements. Importantly, when the sponge was directly exposed to an open flame, no flame spreading or dripping of molten material was detected, indicating excellent flame retardancy. Meanwhile, CHAP-PU was also equipped as a smart fire alarm system, and the results showed that an alarm signal was triggered within 2 s under flame erosion. Therefore, the flame-retardant superhydrophobic CHAP-PU sponge-based sensor shows great potential for human motion detection and fire alarm applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yurou Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- College of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Pu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Cai-Li Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jinmei He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
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7
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Amara U, Xu L, Hussain I, Yang K, Hu H, Ho D. MXene Hydrogels for Soft Multifunctional Sensing: A Synthesis-Centric Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2405047. [PMID: 39501918 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Intelligent wearable sensors based on MXenes hydrogels are rapidly advancing the frontier of personalized healthcare management. MXenes, a new class of transition metal carbon/nitride synthesized only a decade ago, have proved to be a promising candidate for soft sensors, advanced human-machine interfaces, and biomimicking systems due to their controllable and high electrical conductivity, as well as their unique mechanical properties as derived from their atomistically thin layered structure. In addition, MXenes' biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and antifouling properties render them particularly suitable to synergize with hydrogels into a composite for mechanoelectrical functions. Nonetheless, while the use of MXene as a multifunctional surface or an electrical current collector such as an energy device electrode is prevalent, its incorporation into a gel system for the purpose of sensing is vastly less understood and formalized. This review provides a systematic exposition to the synthesis, property, and application of MXene hydrogels for intelligent wearable sensors. Specific challenges and opportunities on the synthesis of MXene hydrogels and their adoption in practical applications are explicitly analyzed and discussed to facilitate cross gemination across disciplines to advance the potential of MXene multifunctional sensing hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Amara
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lingtian Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haibo Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Derek Ho
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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8
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Alsaafeen N, Bawazir SS, Jena KK, Seitak A, Fatma B, Pitsalidis C, Khandoker A, Pappa AM. One-Pot Synthesis of a Robust Crosslinker-Free Thermo-Reversible Conducting Hydrogel Electrode for Epidermal Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:61435-61445. [PMID: 38215030 PMCID: PMC11565476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Traditional epidermal electrodes, typically made of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), have been widely used in various applications, including electrophysiological recordings and biosignal monitoring. However, they present limitations due to inherent material mismatches with the skin. This often results in high interface impedance, discomfort, and potential skin irritation, particularly during prolonged use or for individuals with sensitive skin. While various tissue-mimicking materials have been explored, their mechanical advantages often come at the expense of conductivity, resulting in low-quality recordings. We herein report the facile fabrication of conducting and stretchable hydrogels using a "one-pot" method. This approach involves the synthesis of a natural hydrogel, termed Golde, composed of abundant and eco-friendly components, including gelatin, chitosan, and glycerol. To enhance the conductivity of the hydrogel, various conducting materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), thermally reduced graphene (TRG), and MXene, are introduced. The resulting conducting hydrogels exhibit remarkable robustness, do not require crosslinkers, and possess a unique thermo-reversible property, simplifying the fabrication process and ensuring enhanced long-term stability. Moreover, their fabrication is sustainable, as it employs environmentally friendly materials and processes while retaining their skin-friendly characteristics. The resulting hydrogel electrodes were tested for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition and outperformed commercial electrodes even when implemented in an all-flexible electrode setup simply using copper tape, owing to their inherent adhesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmi
B. Alsaafeen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Center
for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Sarah S. Bawazir
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Kishore K. Jena
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Aibobek Seitak
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Bushara Fatma
- Department
of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department
of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Healthcare
Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Ahsan Khandoker
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Healthcare
Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Healthcare
Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Center
for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
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9
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Mo F, Zhou P, Lin S, Zhong J, Wang Y. A Review of Conductive Hydrogel-Based Wearable Temperature Sensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2401503. [PMID: 38857480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogel has garnered significant attention as an emergent candidate for diverse wearable sensors, owing to its remarkable and tailorable properties such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and strong electrical conductivity. These attributes make it highly suitable for various wearable sensor applications (e.g., biophysical, bioelectrical, and biochemical sensors) that can monitor human health conditions and provide timely interventions. Among these applications, conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors are especially important for healthcare and disease surveillance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors. First, this work summarizes different types of conductive fillers-based hydrogel, highlighting their recent developments and advantages as wearable temperature sensors. Next, this work discusses the sensing characteristics of conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors, focusing on sensitivity, dynamic stability, stretchability, and signal output. Then, state-of-the-art applications are introduced, ranging from body temperature detection and wound temperature detection to disease monitoring. Finally, this work identifies the remaining challenges and prospects facing this field. By addressing these challenges with potential solutions, this review hopes to shed some light on future research and innovations in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
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10
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Xu H, Zhang G, Wang W, Sun C, Wang H, Wu H, Sun Z. A Highly Sensitive, Low Creep Hydrogel Sensor for Plant Growth Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6197. [PMID: 39409238 PMCID: PMC11478791 DOI: 10.3390/s24196197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
Ion-conducting hydrogels show significant potential in plant growth monitoring. Nevertheless, traditional ionic hydrogel sensors experience substantial internal creep and inadequate sensitivity, hindering precise plant growth monitoring. In this study, we developed a flexible hydrogel sensor composed of polyvinyl alcohol and acrylamide. The hydrogel sensor exhibits low creep and high sensitivity. Polyvinyl alcohol, acrylamide, and glycerol are crosslinked to create a robust interpenetrating double network structure. The strong interactions, such as van der Waals forces, between the networks minimize hydrogel creep under external stress, reducing the drift ratio by 50% and the drift rate by more than 60%. Additionally, sodium chloride and AgNWs enrich the hydrogel with conductive ions and pathways, enhancing the sensor's conductivity and demonstrating excellent response time (0.4 s) and recovery time (0.3 s). When used as a sensor for plant growth monitoring, the sensor exhibits sensitivity to small strains and stability for long-term monitoring. This sensor establishes a foundation for developing plant health monitoring systems utilizing renewable biomass materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Han Wu
- Province Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Equipment Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China; (H.X.); (G.Z.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhuangzhi Sun
- Province Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Equipment Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China; (H.X.); (G.Z.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
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11
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Wan Y, Zhang L, Wu T, Tang C, Song H, Cao Q. High-performance and frost-resistance MXene co-ionic liquid conductive hydrogel printed by electrohydrodynamic for flexible strain sensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:688-698. [PMID: 38733880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels with high performance and frost resistance are essential for flexible electronics, electronic skin, and soft robots. Nonetheless, the preparation of hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors with rapid response, wide strain detection range, and high sensitivity remains a considerable challenge. Furthermore, the inevitable freezing and evaporation of water in sub-zero temperatures and dry environments lead to the loss of flexibility and conductivity in hydrogels, which seriously limits their practical application. In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) and MXene are introduced into gelatin/polyacrylamide (PAM) precursor solution, and a PAM/gelatin/ILs/MXene/glycerol (PGIMG) hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor with MXene co-ILs ion-electron composite conductive network is prepared by combining the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing method and in-situ photopolymerization. The introduction of ILs provides an ionic conductive channel for the hydrogel. The introduction of MXene nanosheets forms an interpenetrating network with gelatin and PAM, which not only provides a conductive channel, but also improves the mechanical and sensing properties of the hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor. The prepared PGIMG hydrogel with the MXene co-ILs ion-electron composite conductive network demonstrates a tensile strength of 0.21 MPa at 602.82 % strain, the conductivity of 1.636 × 10-3 S/cm, high sensitivity (Gauge Factor, GF = 4.17), a wide strain detection range (1-600 %), and the response/recovery times (73 ms and 74 ms). In addition, glycerol endows the hydrogel with excellent freezing (-60 °C) and water retention properties. The application of the hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor in the field of human motion detection and information transmission shows the great potential of wearable devices, electronic skin, and information encryption transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Libing Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Chengli Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Haijun Song
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
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Liang X, Zhang M, Chong CM, Lin D, Chen S, Zhen Y, Ding H, Zhong HJ. Recent Advances in the 3D Printing of Conductive Hydrogels for Sensor Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2131. [PMID: 39125157 PMCID: PMC11314299 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, known for their flexibility, biocompatibility, and conductivity, have found extensive applications in fields such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, and soft robotics. Recent advancements in 3D printing technologies have transformed the fabrication of conductive hydrogels, creating new opportunities for sensing applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the fabrication and application of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors. First, the basic principles and fabrication techniques of conductive hydrogels are briefly reviewed. We then explore various 3D printing methods for conductive hydrogels, discussing their respective strengths and limitations. The review also summarizes the applications of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel-based sensors. In addition, perspectives on 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors are highlighted. This review aims to equip researchers and engineers with insights into the current landscape of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors and to inspire future innovations in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Liang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China;
| | - Danlei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shiji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yumiao Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongyao Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
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13
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Tong M, Jiang X, Gu X. Triple-Responsive, Multimodal, Visual Electronic Skin toward All-in-One Health Management for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2634-2644. [PMID: 38669562 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy, leading to serious complications for pregnant women and a threat to life safety of infants. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish a multipurpose monitoring pathway to important physiological indicators of pregnant women. In this work, three kinds of double network hydrogels are prepared with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), borax, and cellulose ethers with varying substituents of methyl (methyl cellulose, MC), hydroxypropyl (hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC), or both (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, HPMC), respectively. The corresponding toughness (143.9, 102.3, and 135.9 kJ cm-3) and conductivity (0.69, 0.45, and 0.51 S m-1) of the hydrogels demonstrate that PB-MC was endowed with the prominent performance. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed the essence that hydrogen bond interactions between PVA and cellulose ethers play a critical role in regulating the structure and properties of hydrogels. Thermochromic capsule powders (TCPs) were subsequently doped in to achieve a composite hydrogel (TCPs@PB-MC) to indicate the change in human body temperature. Furthermore, the process of the TCPs@PB-MC response to glucose, pH, and temperature was tracked in-depth through the electrochemical window. This work provides a novel strategy for all-in-one health management of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinan University, Jinan 250024, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Xueting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Mingqiong Tong
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Xubao Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinan University, Jinan 250024, China
| | - Xiangling Gu
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
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He Y, Xu X, Xiao S, Wu J, Zhou P, Chen L, Liu H. Research Progress and Application of Multimodal Flexible Sensors for Electronic Skin. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2275-2293. [PMID: 38659386 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable electronic skin has garnered significant attention due to its broad range of applications in various fields, including personal health monitoring, human motion perception, human-computer interaction, and flexible display. The flexible multimodal sensor, as the core component of electronic skin, can mimic the multistimulus sensing ability of human skin, which is highly significant for the development of the next generation of electronic devices. This paper provides a summary of the latest advancements in multimodal sensors that possess two or more response capabilities (such as force, temperature, humidity, etc.) simultaneously. It explores the relationship between materials and multiple sensing capabilities, focusing on both active materials that are the same and different. The paper also discusses the preparation methods, device structures, and sensing properties of these sensors. Furthermore, it introduces the applications of multimodal sensors in human motion and health monitoring, as well as intelligent robots. Finally, the current limitations and future challenges of multimodal sensors will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin He
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Yi mai Artificial Intelligence Medical Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Xinxing Cathay (Shanghai) Engineering Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Junxian Wu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Winner Medical (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430415, Hubei province, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Yi mai Artificial Intelligence Medical Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
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15
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Li Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Yu S, Ba Z, Liu M, Ma S, Xing LB. Design of Stretchable and Conductive Self-Adhesive Hydrogels as Flexible Sensors by Guar-Gum-Enabled Dynamic Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10305-10312. [PMID: 38696716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The limited elasticity and inadequate bonding of hydrogels made from guar gum (GG) significantly hinder their widespread implementation in personalized wearable flexible electronics. In this study, we devise GG-based self-adhesive hydrogels by creating an interpenetrating network of GG cross-linked with acrylic, 4-vinylphenylboronic acid, and Ca2+. With the leverage of the dynamic interactions (hydrogen bonds, borate ester bonds, and coordination bonds) between -OH in GG and monomers, the hydrogel exhibits a high stretchability of 700%, superior mechanical stress of 110 kPa, and robust adherence to several substrates. The adhesion strength of 54 kPa on porcine skin is obtained. Furthermore, the self-adhesive hydrogel possesses stable conductivity, an elevated gauge factor (GF), and commendable durability. It can be affixed to the human body as a strain sensor to obtain precise monitoring of human movement behavior. Our research offers possibilities for the development of GG-based hydrogels and applications in wearable electronics and medical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowen Ba
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacture, Yantai, Shandong 264006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
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16
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Youn S, Ki MR, Abdelhamid MAA, Pack SP. Biomimetic Materials for Skin Tissue Regeneration and Electronic Skin. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:278. [PMID: 38786488 PMCID: PMC11117890 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic materials have become a promising alternative in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to address critical challenges in wound healing and skin regeneration. Skin-mimetic materials have enormous potential to improve wound healing outcomes and enable innovative diagnostic and sensor applications. Human skin, with its complex structure and diverse functions, serves as an excellent model for designing biomaterials. Creating effective wound coverings requires mimicking the unique extracellular matrix composition, mechanical properties, and biochemical cues. Additionally, integrating electronic functionality into these materials presents exciting possibilities for real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and personalized healthcare. This review examines biomimetic skin materials and their role in regenerative wound healing, as well as their integration with electronic skin technologies. It discusses recent advances, challenges, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Youn
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (M.A.A.A.)
| | - Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (M.A.A.A.)
- Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed A. A. Abdelhamid
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (M.A.A.A.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Seung-Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (M.A.A.A.)
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17
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Wang M, Hou L, Xiao Y, Liu R, Han L, Nikolai M, Zhang S, Cheng C, Hu K. Highly Sensitive Flexible Sensors for Human Activity Monitoring and Personal Healthcare. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15911-15919. [PMID: 37906701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are capable of converting multiple human physiological signals into electrical signals for various applications in clinical diagnostics, athletics, and human-machine interaction. High-performance flexible strain sensors are particularly desirable for sensitive, reliable, and long-term monitoring, but current applications are still constrained due to high response threshold, low recoverability properties, and complex preparation methods. In this study, we present a stable and flexible strain sensor by a cost-effective self-assemble approach that demonstrates remarkable sensitivity (2169), ultrafast response and recovery time (112 ms), and wide dynamic response range (0-50%), as confirmed in human pulse and human-computer interaction. These excellent performances can be attributed to the design of a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate integrated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene nanosheets (GNFs), which results in high electrical conductivity. The MWCNT serves as a bridge, connecting the GNFs to create an efficient conductive path even under a strain of 50%. We also demonstrate the strain sensor's capability in weak physiological signal pulse measurement and excellent resistance to mechanical fatigue. Moreover, the sensor shows diverse sensitivities in various tensile states with different signal patterns, making it highly suitable for full-range human monitoring and flexible wearable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Lanlan Hou
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yingying Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Ruping Liu
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Lu Han
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Mukhurov Nikolai
- SSPA Optics, Optoelectronics and Laser Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chuantong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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18
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Cai Y, Fu X, Zhou Y, Lei L, Wang J, Zeng W, Yang Z. A hydrogel system for drug loading toward the synergistic application of reductive/heat-sensitive drugs. J Control Release 2023; 362:409-424. [PMID: 37666303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of hydrogels as drug carriers via radical-mediated polymerization has significant prospects, but the strong oxidizing ability of radicals and the high temperatures generated by the vigorous reactions limits the loading for reducing/heat-sensitive drugs. Herein, an applicable hydrogel synthesized by radical-mediated polymerization is reported for the loading and synergistic application of specific drugs. First, the desired sol is obtained by polymerizing functional monomers using a radical initiator, and then tannic-acid-assisted specific drug mediates sol-branched phenylboric acid group to form the required functional hydrogel (New-gel). Compared with the conventional single-step radical-mediated drug-loading hydrogel, the New-gel not only has better chemical/physical properties but also efficiently loads and releases drugs and maintains drug activity. Particularly, the New-gel has excellent loading capacity for oxygen, and exhibits significant practical therapeutic effects for diabetic wound repair. Furthermore, owing to its high light transmittance, the New-gel synergistically promotes the antibacterial effect of photosensitive drugs. This gelation strategy for loading drugs has further promising biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucen Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institution, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Weinan Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institution, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Zhangyou Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Omidian H, Chowdhury SD. High-Performing Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Applications. Gels 2023; 9:549. [PMID: 37504428 PMCID: PMC10379850 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have gained significant attention for their extensive applications in healthcare monitoring, wearable sensors, electronic devices, soft robotics, energy storage, and human-machine interfaces. To address the limitations of conductive hydrogels, researchers are focused on enhancing properties such as sensitivity, mechanical strength, electrical performance at low temperatures, stability, antibacterial properties, and conductivity. Composite materials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, polymers, and ionic liquids, are incorporated to improve the conductivity and mechanical strength. Biocompatibility and biosafety are emphasized for safe integration with biological tissues. Conductive hydrogels exhibit unique properties such as stretchability, self-healing, wet adhesion, anti-freezing, transparency, UV-shielding, and adjustable mechanical properties, making them suitable for specific applications. Researchers aim to develop multifunctional hydrogels with antibacterial characteristics, self-healing capabilities, transparency, UV-shielding, gas-sensing, and strain-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Sumana Dey Chowdhury
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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Lin H, Wang R, Xu S, Li X, Song S. Tendon-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels with Excellent Mechanical Properties for Strain Sensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6069-6077. [PMID: 37079920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic conductive hydrogels mimicking the natural tissues with high mechanical properties and intelligent sensing have played an important role in the field of flexible electronic devices. Herein, tensile remodeling, drying, and subsequent ion cross-linking methods were used to construct anisotropic hydrogels, which were inspired by the orientation and functionality of tendons. Due to the anisotropic arrangement of the polymer network, the mechanical performance and electrical conductivity were greatly improved in specific directions. The tensile stress and elastic modulus of the hydrogel along the network orientation were 29.82 and 28.53 MPa, which were higher than those along the vertical orientation, 9.63 and 11.7 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the hydrogels exhibited structure-dependent anisotropic sensing. The gauge factors (GFs) parallel to the prestretching direction were greater than the GF along the vertical direction. Thus, the tendon-inspired conductive hydrogels with anisotropy could be used as flexible sensors for joint motion detection and voice recognition. The anisotropic hydrogel-based sensors are highly expected to promote the great development of emerging soft electronics and medical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Shengnu Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Xiangye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
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21
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High-stretchable, self-healing, self-adhesive, self-extinguishing, low-temperature tolerant starch-based gel and its application in stimuli-responsiveness. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 307:120600. [PMID: 36781283 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch with active hydroxyl groups is one of the most attractive carbohydrates for the preparation of gels in recent years. However, the mechanical properties, self-healing properties, self-adhesion properties, especially low-temperature resistance are generally unsatisfactory for current starch-based gels. Based on that, a multiple network structure of amylopectin-carboxymethyl cellulose-polyacrylamide (ACP) gel was prepared by a "cooking" method. Tannic acid (TA) was used to construct multiple hydrogen bonds among molecular chains. ACP gel demonstrates high elongation at break (1090 %) and strength, self-healing performance and adhesion behavior, extraordinary low-temperature resistance (-80 °C) and self-extinguishing. As a sensor device, ACP gel can effectively monitor human movements and microscopic expression changes and achieve real-time monitoring under harsh conditions (After multiple cutting-healing steps, under low-temperature conditions, even a month later). Additionally, ACP gel could be served to detect temperature changes with a wide operating range and a high sensitivity of 33 %·°C-1, which is promising to monitor the changes in temperature. More interestingly, ACP gel can even monitor the cooking process and breathing frequency with fast response, implying applications in food processing, disease diagnosis and medical treatment. This study provides new opportunities for the design and fabrication of carbohydrate-based gels with multiple performance and multifunctional electronic devices.
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22
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Wu X, Yang Q, Zhang X, Tsou C, De Guzman MR, Li X, Yuan L, Xia Y, Sheng Y, Li Q, Gao C. A tough conductive hydrogel with triple physical cross-linking, pH-Responsive swelling behaviors, and excellent strain sensitivity. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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23
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Dual Network Hydrogel with High Mechanical Properties, Electrical Conductivity, Water Retention and Frost Resistance, Suitable for Wearable Strain Sensors. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030224. [PMID: 36975673 PMCID: PMC10048269 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the progress of science and technology, intelligent wearable devices have become more and more popular in our daily life. Hydrogels are widely used in flexible sensors due to their good tensile and electrical conductivity. However, traditional water-based hydrogels are limited by shortcomings of water retention and frost resistance if they are used as the application materials of flexible sensors. In this study, the composite hydrogels formed by polyacrylamide (PAM) and TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers (TOCNs) are immersed in LiCl/CaCl2/GI solvent to form double network (DN) hydrogel with better mechanical properties. The method of solvent replacement give the hydrogel good water retention and frost resistance, and the weight retention rate of the hydrogel was 80.5% after 15 days. The organic hydrogels still have good electrical and mechanical properties after 10 months, and can work normally at −20 °C, and has excellent transparency. The organic hydrogel show satisfactory sensitivity to tensile deformation, which has great potential in the field of strain sensors.
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24
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Chen H, Chen J, Liu Y, Li B, Li H, Zhang X, Lv C, Dong H. Wearable Dual-Signal NH 3 Sensor with High Sensitivity for Non-invasive Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3420-3430. [PMID: 36880227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
NH3 gas in human exhaled breath contains abundant physiological information related to human health, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, up to now, most wearable NH3 sensors show inevitable defects (low sensitivity, easy to be interfered by the environment, etc.), which may lead to misdiagnosis of CKD. To solve the above dilemma, a nanoporous, heterogeneous, and dual-signal (optical and electrical) wearable NH3 sensor mask is developed successfully. More specifically, a polyacrylonitrile/bromocresol green (PAN/BCG) nanofiber film as a visual NH3 sensor and a polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide (PAN/PANI/rGO) nanofiber film as a resistive NH3 sensor are constructed. Due to the high specific surface area and abundant NH3 binding sites of these two nanofiber films, they exhibit good NH3 sensing performance. However, although the visual NH3 sensor (PAN/BCG nanofiber film) is simple without the need of any detecting facilities and quite stable when temperature and humidity change, it shows poor sensitivity and resolution. In comparison, the resistive NH3 sensor (PAN/PANI/rGO nanofiber film) is of high sensitivity, fast response, and good resolution, but its electrical signal is easily interfered by the external environment (such as humidity, temperature, etc.). Considering that the sensing principles between a visual NH3 sensor and resistive NH3 sensor are significantly different, a wearable dual-signal NH3 sensor containing both a visual NH3 sensor and resistive NH3 sensor is further explored. Our data prove that the two sensing signals in this dual-signal NH3 sensor mask can not only work well without interference with each other but also complement each other to improve the sensing accuracy, indicating its potential application in non-invasive diagnosis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Junlin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Haofei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chuhan Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
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25
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Kang B, Gao M, Zhao R, Zhao Z, Song S. Multi-environmentally stable and underwater adhesive DNA ionogels enabling flexible strain sensor. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Khan M, Shah LA, Rahman TU, Yoo HM, Ye D, Vacharasin J. Cellulose nanocrystals boosted hydrophobic association in dual network polymer hydrogels as advanced flexible strain sensor for human motion detection. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105610. [PMID: 36509014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels attract the attention of researchers worldwide, especially in the field of flexible sensors like strain and pressure. These flexible materials have potential applications in the field of electronic skin, soft robotics, energy storage, and human motion detection. However, its practical application is limited due to low stretchability, high hysteresis energy, low conductivity, long-range strain sensitivity, and high response time. It's still a challenging job to endow all these properties in a single hydrogel network. In the present work, cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) reinforced hydrophobically associated gels were developed using APS as a source of radical polymerization, acrylamide and lauryl methacrylate were used as a monomer. CNCs reinforced the hydrophobically associated hydrogels through hydrogen bonding to retain the hydrogel's network structure. Hydrogels consist of dual crosslinking, which demonstrate exceptional mechanical performance (fracture stress and strain, toughness, and Young's modulus). The low hysteresis energy (10.9 kJm-3) and high conductivity (22.97 mS/cm) make the hydrogels a strong candidate for strain sensors with high sensitivity (GF = 19.25 at 700% strain) and a fast response time of 200 ms. Cyclic performance was also investigated up to 300 continuous cycles. After 300 cycles, the hydrogels were still stable and no considerable change was observed. These hydrogels are capable of sensing different human motions like wrist, finger bending, and neck (up-down and straight and right/left motion of neck). The hydrogels also demonstrate changes in current in response to swallowing, different speaking words, and writing different alphabets. These results suggest that our prepared materials can sense different small and large human motions, and also could be used in any electronic device where strain sensing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Khan
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Tanzil Ur Rahman
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Hyeong-Min Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan, 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Daixin Ye
- Institute for Sustainable Energy, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Janay Vacharasin
- Department of Biology, Francis Marion University, Florence, 29506, United States
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Xie Y, Lv X, Li Y, Lv A, Sui X, Tian S, Jiang L, Li R, Sun S. Carbon Nanotubes and Silica@polyaniline Core-Shell Particles Synergistically Enhance the Toughness and Electrical Conductivity in Hydrophobic Associated Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1299-1308. [PMID: 36630713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soft, conductive, and stretchable sensors are highly desirable in many applications, including artificial skin, biomonitoring patches, and so on. Recently, a combination of good electrical and mechanical properties was regarded as the most important evaluation criterion for judging whether hydrogel sensors are suitable for practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate a novel carboxylated carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH)-embedded P(AM/LMA)/SiO2@PANI hydrogel. The hydrogel benefits from a double-network structure (hydrogen bond cross-linking and hydrophobic connectivity network) due to the role of MWCNT-COOH and SiO2@PANI as cross-linkers, thus resulting in tough composite hydrogels. The obtained P(AM/LMA)/SiO2@PANI/MWCNT-COOH hydrogels exhibited high tensile strength (1939 kPa), super stretchability (3948.37%), and excellent strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 11.566 at 100-1100% strain). Obviously, MWCNT-COOH not only improved the electrical conductivity but also enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Therefore, the integration of MWCNT-COOH and SiO2@PANI-based hydrogel strain sensors will display broad application in sophisticated intelligence, soft robotics, bionic prosthetics, personal health care, and other fields using inexpensive, green, and easily available biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xue Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Youqiang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Aowei Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xinyi Sui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Song Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Li'an Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
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28
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Zheng G, Gao W, Li X, Wu Z, Cao LA, Feng E, Yang Z. A κ-Carrageenan-Containing Organohydrogel with Adjustable Transmittance for an Antifreezing, Nondrying, and Solvent-Resistant Strain Sensor. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4872-4882. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Lin-An Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Enke Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, 161 Beiguan West Road, Guyuan 756000, China
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