1
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Schoenmakers LLJ, den Uijl MJ, Postma JL, van den Akker TAP, Huck WTS, Driessen AJM. SecYEG-mediated translocation in a model synthetic cell. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2024; 9:ysae007. [PMID: 38807757 PMCID: PMC11131593 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) provide a powerful model compartment for synthetic cells. However, a key challenge is the incorporation of membrane proteins that allow for transport, energy transduction, compartment growth and division. Here, we have successfully incorporated the membrane protein complex SecYEG-the key bacterial translocase that is essential for the incorporation of newly synthesized membrane proteins-in GUVs. Our method consists of fusion of small unilamellar vesicles containing reconstituted SecYEG into GUVs, thereby forming SecGUVs. These are suitable for large-scale experiments while maintaining a high protein:lipid ratio. We demonstrate that incorporation of SecYEG into GUVs does not inhibit its translocation efficiency. Robust membrane protein functionalized proteo-GUVs are promising and flexible compartments for use in the formation and growth of synthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludo L J Schoenmakers
- Physical-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Max J den Uijl
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L Postma
- General Instrumentation, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Tim A P van den Akker
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Physical-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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2
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Bose D, Bera M, Norman CA, Timofeeva Y, Volynski KE, Krishnakumar SS. A minimal presynaptic protein machinery mediating synchronous and asynchronous exocytosis and short-term plasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589559. [PMID: 38659918 PMCID: PMC11042279 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles with remarkable precision in response to presynaptic Ca2+ influx but exhibit significant heterogeneity in exocytosis timing and efficacy based on the recent history of activity. This heterogeneity is critical for information transfer in the brain, yet its molecular basis remains poorly understood. Here, we employ a biochemically-defined fusion assay under physiologically-relevant conditions to delineate the minimal protein machinery sufficient to account for different modes of Ca2+-triggered vesicle fusion and short-term facilitation. We find that Synaptotagmin-1, Synaptotagmin-7, and Complexin, synergistically restrain SNARE complex assembly, thus preserving vesicles in a stably docked state at rest. Upon Ca2+ activation, Synaptotagmin-1 induces rapid vesicle fusion, while Synaptotagmin-7 mediates delayed fusion. Competitive binding of Synaptotagmin-1 and Synaptotagmin-7 to the same SNAREs, coupled with differential rates of Ca2+-triggered fusion clamp reversal, govern the kinetics of vesicular fusion. Under conditions mimicking sustained neuronal activity, the Synaptotagmin-7 fusion clamp is destabilized by the elevated basal Ca2+ concentration, thereby enhancing the synchronous component of fusion. These findings provide a direct demonstration that a small set of proteins is sufficient to account for how nerve terminals adapt and regulate the Ca2+-evoked neurotransmitter exocytosis process to support their specialized functions in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Bose
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Manindra Bera
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Chris A Norman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Yulia Timofeeva
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kirill E Volynski
- Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Shyam S Krishnakumar
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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3
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Nair KS, Bajaj H. Advances in giant unilamellar vesicle preparation techniques and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102935. [PMID: 37320960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are versatile and promising cell-sized bio-membrane mimetic platforms. Their applications range from understanding and quantifying membrane biophysical processes to acting as elementary blocks in the bottom-up assembly of synthetic cells. Definite properties and requisite goals in GUVs are dictated by the preparation techniques critical to the success of their applications. Here, we review key advances in giant unilamellar vesicle preparation techniques and discuss their formation mechanisms. Developments in lipid hydration and emulsion techniques for GUV preparation are described. Novel microfluidic-based techniques involving lipid or surfactant-stabilized emulsions are outlined. GUV immobilization strategies are summarized, including gravity-based settling, covalent linking, and immobilization by microfluidic, electric, and magnetic barriers. Moreover, some of the key applications of GUVs as biomimetic and synthetic cell platforms during the last decade have been identified. Membrane interface processes like phase separation, membrane protein reconstitution, and membrane bending have been deciphered using GUVs. In addition, vesicles are also employed as building blocks to construct synthetic cells with defined cell-like functions comprising compartments, metabolic reactors, and abilities to grow and divide. We critically discuss the pros and cons of preparation technologies and the properties they confer to the GUVs and identify potential techniques for dedicated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika S Nair
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Harsha Bajaj
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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4
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Bera M, Grushin K, Sundaram RVK, Shahanoor Z, Chatterjee A, Radhakrishnan A, Lee S, Padmanarayana M, Coleman J, Pincet F, Rothman JE, Dittman JS. Two successive oligomeric Munc13 assemblies scaffold vesicle docking and SNARE assembly to support neurotransmitter release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549017. [PMID: 37503179 PMCID: PMC10369971 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The critical presynaptic protein Munc13 serves numerous roles in the process of docking and priming synaptic vesicles. Here we investigate the functional significance of two distinct oligomers of the Munc13 core domain (Munc13C) comprising C1-C2B-MUN-C2C. Oligomer interface point mutations that specifically destabilized either the trimer or lateral hexamer assemblies of Munc13C disrupted vesicle docking, trans-SNARE formation, and Ca 2+ -triggered vesicle fusion in vitro and impaired neurotransmitter secretion and motor nervous system function in vivo. We suggest that a progression of oligomeric Munc13 complexes couples vesicle docking and assembly of a precise number of SNARE molecules to support rapid and high-fidelity vesicle priming.
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5
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Lipowsky R, Pramanik S, Benk AS, Tarnawski M, Spatz JP, Dimova R. Elucidating the Morphology of the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Puzzles and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37377213 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Artificial or synthetic organelles are a key challenge for bottom-up synthetic biology. So far, synthetic organelles have typically been based on spherical membrane compartments, used to spatially confine selected chemical reactions. In vivo, these compartments are often far from being spherical and can exhibit rather complex architectures. A particularly fascinating example is provided by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which extends throughout the whole cell by forming a continuous network of membrane nanotubes connected by three-way junctions. The nanotubes have a typical diameter of between 50 and 100 nm. In spite of much experimental progress, several fundamental aspects of the ER morphology remain elusive. A long-standing puzzle is the straight appearance of the tubules in the light microscope, which form irregular polygons with contact angles close to 120°. Another puzzling aspect is the nanoscopic shapes of the tubules and junctions, for which very different images have been obtained by electron microcopy and structured illumination microscopy. Furthermore, both the formation and maintenance of the reticular networks require GTP and GTP-hydrolyzing membrane proteins. In fact, the networks are destroyed by the fragmentation of nanotubes when the supply of GTP is interrupted. Here, it is argued that all of these puzzling observations are intimately related to each other and to the dimerization of two membrane proteins anchored to the same membrane. So far, the functional significance of this dimerization process remained elusive and, thus, seemed to waste a lot of GTP. However, this process can generate an effective membrane tension that stabilizes the irregular polygonal geometry of the reticular networks and prevents the fragmentation of their tubules, thereby maintaining the integrity of the ER. By incorporating the GTP-hydrolyzing membrane proteins into giant unilamellar vesicles, the effective membrane tension will become accessible to systematic experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shreya Pramanik
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Amelie S Benk
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Tosaka T, Kamiya K. Function Investigations and Applications of Membrane Proteins on Artificial Lipid Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087231. [PMID: 37108393 PMCID: PMC10138308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins play an important role in key cellular functions, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, and metabolism. Therefore, structural and functional studies of these proteins are essential in fields such as fundamental biology, medical science, pharmacology, biotechnology, and bioengineering. However, observing the precise elemental reactions and structures of membrane proteins is difficult, despite their functioning through interactions with various biomolecules in living cells. To investigate these properties, methodologies have been developed to study the functions of membrane proteins that have been purified from biological cells. In this paper, we introduce various methods for creating liposomes or lipid vesicles, from conventional to recent approaches, as well as techniques for reconstituting membrane proteins into artificial membranes. We also cover the different types of artificial membranes that can be used to observe the functions of reconstituted membrane proteins, including their structure, number of transmembrane domains, and functional type. Finally, we discuss the reconstitution of membrane proteins using a cell-free synthesis system and the reconstitution and function of multiple membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tosaka
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Koki Kamiya
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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7
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Shtykalova S, Deviatkin D, Freund S, Egorova A, Kiselev A. Non-Viral Carriers for Nucleic Acids Delivery: Fundamentals and Current Applications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:903. [PMID: 37109432 PMCID: PMC10142071 DOI: 10.3390/life13040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, non-viral DNA and RNA delivery systems have been intensively studied as an alternative to viral vectors. Despite the most significant advantage over viruses, such as the lack of immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, the widespread use of non-viral carriers in clinical practice is still limited due to the insufficient efficacy associated with the difficulties of overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers. Overcoming barriers by non-viral carriers is facilitated by their chemical structure, surface charge, as well as developed modifications. Currently, there are many different forms of non-viral carriers for various applications. This review aimed to summarize recent developments based on the essential requirements for non-viral carriers for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Shtykalova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Deviatkin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Freund
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Kiselev
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Jin H, Cui J, Zhan W. Enzymatic Janus Liposome Micromotors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4198-4206. [PMID: 36893357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A liposome-based micromotor system that utilizes regional enzymatic conversion and gas generation to achieve directional motion in water is presented. Constituted mainly of a low-melting lipid and a high-melting lipid together with cholesterol, these liposomes maintain stable Janus configuration at room temperature as a result of lipid liquid-liquid phase separation. Local placement of enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase is realized via affinity binding between avidin and biotin, the latter as a lipid conjugate sorted specifically into one domain of these Janus liposomes as a minor component. In the presence of the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, these enzyme-decorated Janus liposomes undergo directional motion, yielding velocities exceeding thermal diffusion by three folds in some cases. Experimental details on liposome size control, motor assembly, and substrate distribution are presented; effects of key experimental factors on liposome motion, such as substrate concentration and liposome Janus ratio, are also examined. This work thus provides a viable approach to building asymmetrical lipid-assembled, enzyme-attached colloids and, in addition, stresses the importance of asymmetry in achieving particle directional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Jinyan Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Wei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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9
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Kaur S, Singh D. A Sojourn on Liposomal Delivery System: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:48-64. [PMID: 36856471 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are unique novel drug delivery carriers that favor the effective transportation of pharmaceuticals. These vesicles acquire one or more phospholipid bilayer membranes, and an inner aqueous core can carry both aqueous and lipid drugs. While hydrophilic molecules can be confined in the aqueous core, hydrophobic molecules are injected into the bilayer membrane. Liposomes have many benefits as a drug delivery method, including biocompatibility, the capacity to carry large drug payloads, and a variety of physicochemical and biological parameters that can be altered to influence their biological characteristics. In addition, being a size of 10-100 nm range can have numerous additional benefits, including enhanced pharmacokinetics, clever escape from the reticuloendothelial system, greater in vivo stability, longer and site-specific administration, and increased internalization in tumor tissue (enhanced permeability and retention impact). The current review focuses on the structural composition of liposomes, formulation technologies, and suitable case studies for optimizing biopharmaceutical performance. Moreover, clinical trials and marketed formulations of liposomes have been also stated in the prior art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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10
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Kalyana Sundaram RV, Bera M, Coleman J, Weerakkody JS, Krishnakumar SS, Ramakrishnan S. Native Planar Asymmetric Suspended Membrane for Single-Molecule Investigations: Plasma Membrane on a Chip. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205567. [PMID: 36328714 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular plasma membranes, in their role as gatekeepers to the external environment, host numerous protein assemblies and lipid domains that manage the movement of molecules into and out of cells, regulate electric potential, and direct cell signaling. The ability to investigate these roles on the bilayer at a single-molecule level in a controlled, in vitro environment while preserving lipid and protein architectures will provide deeper insights into how the plasma membrane works. A tunable silicon microarray platform that supports stable, planar, and asymmetric suspended lipid membranes (SLIM) using synthetic and native plasma membrane vesicles for single-molecule fluorescence investigations is developed. Essentially, a "plasma membrane-on-a-chip" system that preserves lipid asymmetry and protein orientation is created. By harnessing the combined potential of this platform with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, the authors are able to visualize protein complexes with single-molecule precision. This technology has widespread applications in biological processes that happen at the cellular membranes and will further the knowledge of lipid and protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Manindra Bera
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jeff Coleman
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weerakkody
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shyam S Krishnakumar
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sathish Ramakrishnan
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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11
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Han WB, Kang DH, Kim TS. 3D Artificial Cell Membranes as Versatile Platforms for Biological Applications. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Gözen I, Köksal ES, Põldsalu I, Xue L, Spustova K, Pedrueza-Villalmanzo E, Ryskulov R, Meng F, Jesorka A. Protocells: Milestones and Recent Advances. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106624. [PMID: 35322554 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The origin of life is still one of humankind's great mysteries. At the transition between nonliving and living matter, protocells, initially featureless aggregates of abiotic matter, gain the structure and functions necessary to fulfill the criteria of life. Research addressing protocells as a central element in this transition is diverse and increasingly interdisciplinary. The authors review current protocell concepts and research directions, address milestones, challenges and existing hypotheses in the context of conditions on the early Earth, and provide a concise overview of current protocell research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irep Gözen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Elif Senem Köksal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Inga Põldsalu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Lin Xue
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Karolina Spustova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Esteban Pedrueza-Villalmanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Universitetsplatsen 1, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Ruslan Ryskulov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Fanda Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Aldo Jesorka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
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13
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Adrien V, Rayan G, Astafyeva K, Broutin I, Picard M, Fuchs P, Urbach W, Taulier N. How to best estimate the viscosity of lipid bilayers. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106732. [PMID: 34844029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The viscosity of lipid bilayers is a property relevant to biological function, as it affects the diffusion of membrane macromolecules. To determine its value, and hence portray the membrane, various literature-reported techniques lead to significantly different results. Herein we compare the results issuing from two widely used techniques to determine the viscosity of membranes: the Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM), and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). FLIM relates the time of rotation of a molecular rotor inserted into the membrane to the macroscopic viscosity of a fluid. Whereas FRAP measures molecular diffusion coefficients. This approach is based on a hydrodynamic model connecting the mobility of a membrane inclusion to the viscosity of the membrane. We show that: This article emphasizes the pitfalls to be avoided and the rules to be observed in order to obtain a value of the bilayer viscosity that characterizes the bilayer instead of interactions between the bilayer and the embedded probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Adrien
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire CiTCoM, 75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, AP-HP Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Gamal Rayan
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Ksenia Astafyeva
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Broutin
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire CiTCoM, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Martin Picard
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS UMR 7099, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Fuchs
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, UFR Sciences du Vivant, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Wladimir Urbach
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Taulier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France
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14
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Lopez Mora N, Findlay HE, Brooks NJ, Purushothaman S, Ces O, Booth PJ. The membrane transporter lactose permease increases lipid bilayer bending rigidity. Biophys J 2021; 120:3787-3794. [PMID: 34273316 PMCID: PMC8456183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular life relies on membranes, which provide a resilient and adaptive cell boundary. Many essential processes depend upon the ease with which the membrane is able to deform and bend, features that can be characterized by the bending rigidity. Quantitative investigations of such mechanical properties of biological membranes have primarily been undertaken in solely lipid bilayers and frequently in the absence of buffers. In contrast, much less is known about the influence of integral membrane proteins on bending rigidity under physiological conditions. We focus on an exemplar member of the ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily of transporters and assess the influence of lactose permease on the bending rigidity of lipid bilayers. Fluctuation analysis of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is a useful means to measure bending rigidity. We find that using a hydrogel substrate produces GUVs that are well suited to fluctuation analysis. Moreover, the hydrogel method is amenable to both physiological salt concentrations and anionic lipids, which are important to mimic key aspects of the native lactose permease membrane. Varying the fraction of the anionic lipid in the lipid mixture DOPC/DOPE/DOPG allows us to assess the dependence of membrane bending rigidity on the topology and concentration of an integral membrane protein in the lipid bilayer of GUVs. The bending rigidity gradually increases with the incorporation of lactose permease, but there is no further increase with greater amounts of the protein in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Lopez Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather E Findlay
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sowmya Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Beyond Meat, El Segundo, California
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Endoplasmic reticulum phospholipid scramblase activity revealed after protein reconstitution into giant unilamellar vesicles containing a photostable lipid reporter. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14364. [PMID: 34257324 PMCID: PMC8277826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transbilayer movement of phospholipids in biological membranes is mediated by a diverse set of lipid transporters. Among them are scramblases that facilitate a rapid bi-directional movement of lipids without metabolic energy input. Here, we established a new fluorescence microscopy-based assay for detecting phospholipid scramblase activity of membrane proteins upon their reconstitution into giant unilamellar vesicles formed from proteoliposomes by electroformation. The assay is based on chemical bleaching of fluorescence of a photostable ATTO-dye labeled phospholipid with the membrane-impermeant reductant sodium dithionite. We demonstrate that this new methodology is suitable for the study of the scramblase activity of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum at single vesicle level.
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16
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Ramalakshmi S, Ramanan RN, Madhavan S, Ooi CW, Chang CCH, Harper IS, Lewis DM, Lee AK, He L, Seenichamy A. Investigation of selective release of periplasmic proteins through pore size analysis and single-cell microscopy in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Du H, Wang Z, Mu W, Han X. Versatile Phospholipid Assemblies for Functional Synthetic Cells and Artificial Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002635. [PMID: 32830387 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up construction of a synthetic cell from nonliving building blocks capable of mimicking cellular properties and behaviors helps to understand the particular biophysical properties and working mechanisms of a cell. A synthetic cell built in this way possesses defined chemical composition and structure. Since phospholipids are native biomembrane components, their assemblies are widely used to mimic cellular structures. Here, recent developments in the formation of versatile phospholipid assemblies are described, together with the applications of these assemblies for functional membranes (protein reconstituted giant unilamellar vesicles), spherical and nonspherical protoorganelles, and functional synthetic cells, as well as the high-order hierarchical structures of artificial tissues. Their biomedical applications are also briefly summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the field of synthetic cells and artificial tissues based on phospholipid assemblies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Marine Antifouling Engineering Technology Center of Shangdong Province, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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18
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Pazzi J, Subramaniam AB. Nanoscale Curvature Promotes High Yield Spontaneous Formation of Cell-Mimetic Giant Vesicles on Nanocellulose Paper. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56549-56561. [PMID: 33284582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To date, techniques for the assembly of phospholipid films into cell-like giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) use planar surfaces and require the application of electric fields or dissolved molecules to obtain adequate yields. Here, we present the use of nanocellulose paper, which are surfaces composed of entangled cylindrical nanofibers, to promote the facile and high yield assembly of GUVs. Use of nanocellulose paper results in up to a 100 000-fold reduction in costs while increasing yields compared to extant surface-assisted assembly techniques. Quantitative measurements of yields and the distributions of sizes using large data set confocal microscopy illuminates the mechanism of assembly. We present a thermodynamic "budding and merging", BNM, model that offers a unified explanation for the differences in the yields and sizes of GUVs obtained from surfaces of varying geometry and chemistry. The BNM model considers the change in free energy due to budding by balancing the elastic, adhesion, and edge energies of a section of a surface-attached membrane that transitions into a surface-attached spherical bud. The model reveals that the formation of GUVs is spontaneous on hydrophilic surfaces consisting of entangled cylindrical nanofibers with dimensions similar to nanocellulose fibers. This work advances understanding of the effects of surface properties on the assembly of GUVs. It also addresses practical barriers that currently impede the promising use of GUVs as vehicles for the delivery of drugs, for the manufacturing of synthetic cells, and for the assembly of artificial tissues at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pazzi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Anand Bala Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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19
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Abstract
During inflammatory response, blood leukocytes adhere to the endothelium. This process involves numerous adhesion molecules, including a transmembrane chemokine, CX3CL1, which behaves as a molecular cluster. How this cluster assembles and whether this association has a functional role remain unknown. The analysis of CX3CL1 clusters using native electrophoresis and single molecule fluorescence kinetics shows that CX3CL1 is a homo-oligomer of 3 to 7 monomers. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays reveal that the CX3CL1-transmembrane domain peptide self-associates in both cellular and acellular lipid environments, while its random counterpart (i.e. peptide with the same residues in a different order) does not. This strongly indicates that CX3CL1 oligomerization is driven by its intrinsic properties. According to the molecular modeling, CX3CL1 does not associate in compact bundles but rather with monomers linearly assembled side by side. Finally, the CX3CL1 transmembrane peptide inhibits both the CX3CL1 oligomerization and the adhesive function, while its random counterpart does not. This demonstrates that CX3CL1 oligomerization is mandatory for its adhesive potency. Our results provide a new direction to control CX3CL1-dependent cellular adherence in key immune processes.
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20
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Raote I, Ernst AM, Campelo F, Rothman JE, Pincet F, Malhotra V. TANGO1 membrane helices create a lipid diffusion barrier at curved membranes. eLife 2020; 9:57822. [PMID: 32452385 PMCID: PMC7266638 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown TANGO1 organises membranes at the interface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ERGIC/Golgi (Raote et al., 2018). TANGO1 corrals retrograde membranes at ER exit sites to create an export conduit. Here the retrograde membrane is, in itself, an anterograde carrier. This mode of forward transport necessitates a mechanism to prevent membrane mixing between ER and the retrograde membrane. TANGO1 has an unusual membrane helix organisation, composed of one membrane-spanning helix (TM) and another that penetrates the inner leaflet (IM). We have reconstituted these membrane helices in model membranes and shown that TM and IM together reduce the flow of lipids at a region of defined shape. We have also shown that the helices align TANGO1 around an ER exit site. We suggest this is a mechanism to prevent membrane mixing during TANGO1-mediated transfer of bulky secretory cargos from the ER to the ERGIC/Golgi via a tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishier Raote
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Felix Campelo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Ramakrishnan S, Bera M, Coleman J, Rothman JE, Krishnakumar SS. Synergistic roles of Synaptotagmin-1 and complexin in calcium-regulated neuronal exocytosis. eLife 2020; 9:54506. [PMID: 32401194 PMCID: PMC7220375 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-evoked release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles requires mechanisms both to prevent un-initiated fusion of vesicles (clamping) and to trigger fusion following Ca2+-influx. The principal components involved in these processes are the vesicular fusion machinery (SNARE proteins) and the regulatory proteins, Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin. Here, we use a reconstituted single-vesicle fusion assay under physiologically-relevant conditions to delineate a novel mechanism by which Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin act synergistically to establish Ca2+-regulated fusion. We find that under each vesicle, Synaptotagmin-1 oligomers bind and clamp a limited number of 'central' SNARE complexes via the primary interface and introduce a kinetic delay in vesicle fusion mediated by the excess of free SNAREpins. This in turn enables Complexin to arrest the remaining free 'peripheral' SNAREpins to produce a stably clamped vesicle. Activation of the central SNAREpins associated with Synaptotagmin-1 by Ca2+ is sufficient to trigger rapid (<100 msec) and synchronous fusion of the docked vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Manindra Bera
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Jeff Coleman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Shyam S Krishnakumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Vesicle structures primarily embody spherical capsules composed of a single or multiple bilayers, entrapping a pool of aqueous solution in their interior. The bilayers can be synthesised by phospholipids or other amphiphiles (surfactants, block copolymers, etc.). Vesicles with broad-spectrum applications in numerous scientific disciplines, including biochemistry, biophysics, biology, and various pharmaceutical industries, have attracted widespread attention. Consequently, a multitude of protocols have been devised and proposed for their fabrication. In this review, with a motivation to derive the basic conditions for the formation of vesicles, the associated thermodynamic and kinetic aspects are comprehensively appraised. Contextually, an all-purpose overview of the underlying thermodynamics of bilayer/membrane generation and deformation, including the chemical potential of aggregates, geometric packing and the concept of elastic properties, is presented. Additionally, the current review highlights the probable, inherent mechanisms of vesicle formation under distinct modes of manufacturing. We lay focus on vesicle formation from pre-existing bilayers, as well as from bilayers, which form when lipids from an organic solvent are transferred into an aqueous medium. Furthermore, we outline the kinetic effects on vesicle formation from the lamellar phase, with and without the presence of shearing force. Wherever required, the experimental and/or theoretical outcomes, the driving forces for vesicle size selection, and various scaling laws are also reviewed, all of which facilitate an overall improved understanding of the vesicle formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Has
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sharadwata Pan
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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23
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Has C, Sunthar P. A comprehensive review on recent preparation techniques of liposomes. J Liposome Res 2019; 30:336-365. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1668010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Has
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - P. Sunthar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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24
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Coleman J, Jouannot O, Ramakrishnan SK, Zanetti MN, Wang J, Salpietro V, Houlden H, Rothman JE, Krishnakumar SS. PRRT2 Regulates Synaptic Fusion by Directly Modulating SNARE Complex Assembly. Cell Rep 2019; 22:820-831. [PMID: 29346777 PMCID: PMC5792450 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) are associated with a range of paroxysmal neurological disorders. PRRT2 predominantly localizes to the pre-synaptic terminals and is believed to regulate neurotransmitter release. However, the mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we use reconstituted single vesicle and bulk fusion assays, combined with live cell imaging of single exocytotic events in PC12 cells and biophysical analysis, to delineate the physiological role of PRRT2. We report that PRRT2 selectively blocks the trans SNARE complex assembly and thus negatively regulates synaptic vesicle priming. This inhibition is actualized via weak interactions of the N-terminal proline-rich domain with the synaptic SNARE proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that paroxysmal dyskinesia-associated mutations in PRRT2 disrupt this SNARE-modulatory function and with efficiencies corresponding to the severity of the disease phenotype. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms through which loss-of-function mutations in PRRT2 result in paroxysmal neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Coleman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ouardane Jouannot
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sathish K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maria N Zanetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Shyam S Krishnakumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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25
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Ramakrishnan S, Bera M, Coleman J, Krishnakumar SS, Pincet F, Rothman JE. Synaptotagmin oligomers are necessary and can be sufficient to form a Ca 2+ -sensitive fusion clamp. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:154-162. [PMID: 30570144 PMCID: PMC6349546 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The buttressed‐ring hypothesis, supported by recent cryo‐electron tomography analysis of docked synaptic‐like vesicles in neuroendocrine cells, postulates that prefusion SNAREpins are stabilized and organized by Synaptotagmin (Syt) ring‐like oligomers. Here, we use a reconstituted single‐vesicle fusion analysis to test the prediction that destabilizing the Syt1 oligomers destabilizes the clamp and results in spontaneous fusion in the absence of Ca2+. Vesicles in which Syt oligomerization is compromised by a ring‐destabilizing mutation dock and diffuse freely on the bilayer until they fuse spontaneously, similar to vesicles containing only v‐SNAREs. In contrast, vesicles containing wild‐type Syt are immobile as soon as they attach to the bilayer and remain frozen in place, up to at least 1 h until fusion is triggered by Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manindra Bera
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Jeff Coleman
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Shyam S. Krishnakumar
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Laboratoire de Physique StatistiqueEcole Normale SupérieureSorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRSPSL Research UniversityUniversité Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris CitéFrance
| | - James E. Rothman
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
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26
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Crowe CD, Keating CD. Liquid-liquid phase separation in artificial cells. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20180032. [PMID: 30443328 PMCID: PMC6227770 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in biology is a recently appreciated means of intracellular compartmentalization. Because the mechanisms driving phase separations are grounded in physical interactions, they can be recreated within less complex systems consisting of only a few simple components, to serve as artificial microcompartments. Within these simple systems, the effect of compartmentalization and microenvironments upon biological reactions and processes can be studied. This review will explore several approaches to incorporating LLPS as artificial cytoplasms and in artificial cells, including both segregative and associative phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine D. Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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27
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A convenient protocol for generating giant unilamellar vesicles containing SNARE proteins using electroformation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9422. [PMID: 29930377 PMCID: PMC6013450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of membrane proteins in artificial membranes is an essential prerequisite for functional studies that depend on the context of an intact membrane. While straight-forward protocols for reconstituting proteins in small unilamellar vesicles were developed many years ago, it is much more difficult to prepare large membranes containing membrane proteins at biologically relevant concentrations. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) represent a model system that is characterised by low curvature, controllable tension, and large surface that can be easily visualised with microscopy, but protein insertion is notoriously difficult. Here we describe a convenient method for efficient generation of GUVs containing functionally active SNARE proteins that govern exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Preparation of proteo-GUVs requires a simple, in-house-built device, standard and inexpensive electronic equipment, and employs a straight-forward protocol that largely avoids damage of the proteins. The procedure allows upscaling and multiplexing, thus providing a platform for establishing and optimizing preparation of GUVs containing membrane proteins for a diverse array of applications.
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28
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Ramakrishnan S, Gohlke A, Li F, Coleman J, Xu W, Rothman JE, Pincet F. High-Throughput Monitoring of Single Vesicle Fusion Using Freestanding Membranes and Automated Analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5849-5859. [PMID: 29694054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo membrane fusion primarily occurs between highly curved vesicles and planar membranes. A better understanding of fusion entails an accurate in vitro reproduction of the process. To date, supported bilayers have been commonly used to mimic the planar membranes. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins that induce membrane fusion usually have limited fluidity when embedded in supported bilayers. This alters the kinetics and prevents correct reconstitution of the overall fusion process. Also, observing content release across the membrane is hindered by the lack of a second aqueous compartment. Recently, a step toward resolving these issues was achieved by using membranes spread on holey substrates. The mobility of proteins was preserved but vesicles were prone to bind to the substrate when reaching the edge of the hole, preventing the observation of many fusion events over the suspended membrane. Building on this recent advance, we designed a method for the formation of pore-spanning lipid bilayers containing t-SNARE proteins on Si/SiO2 holey chips, allowing the observation of many individual vesicle fusion events by both lipid mixing and content release. With this setup, proteins embedded in the suspended membrane bounced back when they reached the edge of the hole which ensured vesicles did not bind to the substrate. We observed SNARE-dependent membrane fusion with the freestanding bilayer of about 500 vesicles. The time between vesicle docking and fusion is ∼1 s. We also present a new multimodal open-source software, Fusion Analyzer Software, which is required for fast data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Ramakrishnan
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Andrea Gohlke
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Jeff Coleman
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Weiming Xu
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
- Department of Cell Biology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , 333 Cedar Street , Connecticut 06510 , United States
- Nanobiology Institute , 850 West Campus Drive , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
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29
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Mora NL, Gao Y, Gutierrez MG, Peruzzi J, Bakker I, Peters RJRW, Siewert B, Bonnet S, Kieltyka RE, van Hest JCM, Malmstadt N, Kros A. Evaluation of dextran(ethylene glycol) hydrogel films for giant unilamellar lipid vesicle production and their application for the encapsulation of polymersomes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5580-5588. [PMID: 28730206 PMCID: PMC5586486 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) prepared from phospholipids are becoming popular membrane model systems for use in biophysical studies. The quality, size and yield of GUVs depend on the preparation method used to obtain them. In this study, hydrogels consisting of dextran polymers crosslinked by poly(ethylene glycol) (DexPEG) were used as hydrophilic frameworks for the preparation of vesicle suspensions under physiological ionic strength conditions. A comparative study was conducted using hydrogels with varied physicochemical properties to evaluate their performance for GUV production. The prepared GUVs were quantified by flow cytometry using the Coulter Principle to determine the yield and size distribution. We find that hydrogels of lower mechanical strength, increased swellability and decreased lipid interaction favour GUV production, while their resulting size is determined by the surface roughness of the hydrogel film. Moreover, we embedded polymersomes into the crosslinked hydrogel network, creating a DexPEG - polymersome hybrid film. The re-hydration of lipids on those hybrid substrates led to the production of GUVs and the efficient encapsulation of polymersomes in the lumen of GUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Lopez Mora
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Yue Gao
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - M Gertrude Gutierrez
- Departments of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, 90089, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Peruzzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, 400741, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ivan Bakker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud J R W Peters
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Metals in Catalysis, Biomimetics & Inorganic Materials, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Metals in Catalysis, Biomimetics & Inorganic Materials, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne E Kieltyka
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Departments of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, 90089, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Nishigami M, Mori T, Tomita M, Takiguchi K, Tsumoto K. Membrane fusion between baculovirus budded virus-enveloped particles and giant liposomes generated using a droplet-transfer method for the incorporation of recombinant membrane proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:248-256. [PMID: 28432958 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Giant proteoliposomes are generally useful as artificial cell membranes in biochemical and biophysical studies, and various procedures for their preparation have been reported. We present here a novel preparation technique that involves the combination of i) cell-sized lipid vesicles (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) that are generated using the droplet-transfer method, where lipid monolayer-coated water-in-oil microemulsion droplets interact with oil/water interfaces to form enclosed bilayer vesicles, and ii) budded viruses (BVs) of baculovirus (Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus) that express recombinant transmembrane proteins on their envelopes. GP64, a fusogenic glycoprotein on viral envelopes, is activated by weak acids and is thought to cause membrane fusion with liposomes. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we observed that the single giant liposomes fused with octadecyl rhodamine B chloride (R18)-labeled wild-type BV envelopes with moderate leakage of entrapped soluble compounds (calcein), and the fusion profile depended on the pH of the exterior solution: membrane fusion occurred at pH ∼4-5. We further demonstrated that recombinant transmembrane proteins, a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged GPCR (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1, CRHR1) and envelope protein GP64 could be partly incorporated into membranes of the individual giant liposomes with a reduction of the pH value, though there were also some immobile fluorescent spots observed on their circumferences. This combination may be useful for preparing giant proteoliposomes containing the desired membranes and inner phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nishigami
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kingo Takiguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Alavi M, Karimi N, Safaei M. Application of Various Types of Liposomes in Drug Delivery Systems. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:3-9. [PMID: 28507932 PMCID: PMC5426731 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes, due to their various forms, require further exploration. These structures can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulation, diagnostics, ophtalmica, vaccines, enzymes and genetic elements. Preparation of liposomes results in different properties for these systems. In addition, based on preparation methods, liposomes types can be unilamellar, multilamellar and giant unilamellar; however, there are many factors and difficulties that affect the development of liposome drug delivery structure. In the present review, we discuss some problems that impact drug delivery by liposomes. In addition, we discuss a new generation of liposomes, which is utilized for decreasing the limitation of the conventional liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Alavi
- Department of nanobiotecnology, 67149 Baghabrisham, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Karimi
- Department of nanobiotecnology, 67149 Baghabrisham, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Safaei
- Department of nanobiotecnology, 67149 Baghabrisham, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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32
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Beales PA, Khan S, Muench SP, Jeuken LJC. Durable vesicles for reconstitution of membrane proteins in biotechnology. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:15-26. [PMID: 28202656 PMCID: PMC5310719 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The application of membrane proteins in biotechnology requires robust, durable reconstitution systems that enhance their stability and support their functionality in a range of working environments. Vesicular architectures are highly desirable to provide the compartmentalisation to utilise the functional transmembrane transport and signalling properties of membrane proteins. Proteoliposomes provide a native-like membrane environment to support membrane protein function, but can lack the required chemical and physical stability. Amphiphilic block copolymers can also self-assemble into polymersomes: tough vesicles with improved stability compared with liposomes. This review discusses the reconstitution of membrane proteins into polymersomes and the more recent development of hybrid vesicles, which blend the robust nature of block copolymers with the biofunctionality of lipids. These novel synthetic vesicles hold great promise for enabling membrane proteins within biotechnologies by supporting their enhanced in vitro performance and could also contribute to fundamental biochemical and biophysical research by improving the stability of membrane proteins that are challenging to work with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sanobar Khan
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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33
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Jørgensen IL, Kemmer GC, Pomorski TG. Membrane protein reconstitution into giant unilamellar vesicles: a review on current techniques. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 46:103-119. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Sakamoto M, Shoji A, Sugawara M. Giant unilamellar vesicles containing Rhodamine 6G as a marker for immunoassay of bovine serum albumin and lipocalin-2. Anal Biochem 2016; 505:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Ma Q, Song Y, Baier G, Holtze C, Shum HC. Osmo-solidification of all-aqueous emulsion with enhanced preservation of protein activity. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1213-1218. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An “osmo-solidification” approach that solidifies all-aqueous emulsion droplets for encapsulating proteins with superior preservation of their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
- Shenzhen 518000
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
- Shenzhen 518000
| | | | | | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
- Shenzhen 518000
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