1
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Chen J, Song G, Cong S, Zhao Z. Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300179. [PMID: 36929668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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2
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Jiang C, Ge R, Bian C, Chen L, Wang X, Zheng Y, Xu G, Cai G, Xiao X. Multicolored inorganic electrochromic materials: status, challenge, and prospects. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15450-15471. [PMID: 37721398 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of advocacy for green and low-carbon development, electrochromism has attracted academic and industrial attention as an intelligent and energy-saving applied technology due to its optical switching behavior and its special principles of operation. Inorganic electrochromic materials, represented by transition metal oxides, are considered candidates for the next generation of large-scale electrochromic applied technologies due to their excellent stability. However, the limited color diversity and low color purity of these materials greatly restrict their development. Starting from the multicolor properties of inorganic electrochromic materials, this review systematically elaborates on recent progress in the aspects of the intrinsic multicolor of electrochromic materials, and structural multicolor based on the interaction between light and microstructure. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of inorganic electrochromic technology in the field of multicolor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Jiang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Ge
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenchen Bian
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lirong Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingru Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guofa Cai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiudi Xiao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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3
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Li Y, Sun P, Chen J, Zha X, Tang X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Cong S, Geng F, Zhao Z. Colorful Electrochromic Displays with High Visual Quality Based on Porous Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300116. [PMID: 36921294 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of metamaterials into electrochromic (EC) displays has recently inspired a great breakthrough in the EC field, as this can offer a variety of new attractive features, from a very wide gamut of colors to very fast switching times. However, such metamaterial-based EC displays still face significant constraints when developing from single electrodes to full devices, because other supportive components in devices, such as counter electrodes and electrolytes, significantly affect light propagation and the subsequent perceived color quality in metamaterial-based EC devices. Herein, a new, cost-effective device design structured around a new type of porous metamaterial is reported to circumvent the critical problem in metamaterial-based EC displays. Owing to its unique design, the metamaterial-based EC device achieves good color quality with no drop in brightness or shift in color chromaticity when compared with a single electrode. Moreover, the porous-metamaterial-based EC device can exhibit non-iridescence and be viewed from a wide range of angles (5°-85°) and has fast switching response (2.4 and 2.5 s for coloration and bleaching, respectively), excellent cycling performance (at least 2000 cycles), and extremely low power consumption (4.0 mW cm-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowu Li
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Zha
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Tang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Shan Cong
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Geng
- College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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4
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Zubritskaya I, Cichelero R, Faniayeu I, Martella D, Nocentini S, Rudquist P, Wiersma DS, Brongersma ML. Dynamically Tunable Optical Cavities with Embedded Nematic Liquid Crystalline Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209152. [PMID: 36683324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities that can dynamically control light enable novel sensing, imaging and display applications. However, the realization of dynamic cavities incorporating stimuli-responsive materials poses a significant engineering challenge. Current approaches rely on refractive index modulation and suffer from low dynamic tunability, high losses, and limited spectral ranges, and require liquid and hazardous materials for operation. To overcome these challenges, a new tuning mechanism employing reversible mechanical adaptations of a polymer network is proposed, and dynamic tuning of optical resonances is demonstrated. Solid-state temperature-responsive optical coatings are developed by preparing a monodomain nematic liquid crystalline network (LCN) and are incorporated between metallic mirrors to form active optical microcavities. LCN microcavities offer large, reversible and highly linear spectral tuning of FP resonances reaching wavelength-shifts up to 40 nm via thermomechanical actuation while featuring outstanding repeatability and precision over more than 100 heating-cooling cycles. This degree of tunability allows for reversible switching between the reflective and the absorbing states of the device over the entire visible and near-infrared spectral regions, reaching large changes in reflectance with modulation efficiency ΔR = 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zubritskaya
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Rafael Cichelero
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Ihar Faniayeu
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Per Rudquist
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Diederik Sybolt Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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5
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Hopmann E, Zhang W, Li H, Elezzabi AY. Advances in electrochromic device technology through the exploitation of nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic effects. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:637-657. [PMID: 36844468 PMCID: PMC9945060 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding electrochromic (EC) materials, such materials that change their color upon application of an electrochemical stimulus, has been conducted for centuries. However, most recently, increasing efforts have been put into developing novel solutions to utilize these on-off switching materials in advanced nanoplasmonic and nanophotonic devices. Due to the significant change in dielectric properties of oxides such as WO3, NiO, Mn2O3 and conducting polymers like PEDOT:PSS and PANI, EC materials have transcended beyond simple smart window applications and are now found in plasmonic devices for full-color displays and enhanced modulation transmission and photonic devices with ultra-high on-off ratios and sensing abilities. Advancements in nanophotonic ECDs have further decreased EC switching speed by several orders of magnitude, allowing integration in real-time measurement and lab-on-chip applications. The EC nature of such nanoscale devices promises low energy consumption with low operating voltages paired with bistability and long lifetimes. We summarize these novel approaches to EC device design, lay out the current short comings and draw a path forward for future utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hopmann
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Wu Zhang
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Haizeng Li
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong266273, China
| | - Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2V4, Canada
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6
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Song M, Feng L, Huo P, Liu M, Huang C, Yan F, Lu YQ, Xu T. Versatile full-colour nanopainting enabled by a pixelated plasmonic metasurface. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:71-78. [PMID: 36471110 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest to develop modern digital displays and colour printing has driven the advancement of colouration technologies with remarkable speed. In particular, metasurface-based structural colouration shows a remarkable high colour saturation, wide gamut palette, chiaroscuro presentation and polarization tunability. However, previous approaches cannot simultaneously achieve all these features. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate a surface-relief plasmonic metasurface consisting of shallow nanoapertures that enable the independent manipulation of colour hue, saturation and brightness by individually varying the geometric dimensions and orientation of the nanoapertures. We fabricate microscale artworks using a reusable template-stripping technique that features photorealistic and stereoscopic impressions. In addition, through the meticulous arrangement of differently oriented nanoapertures, kaleidoscopic information states can be decrypted by particular combinations of incident and reflected polarized light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maowen Song
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Huo
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingze Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Saifullah Y, He Y, Boag A, Yang G, Xu F. Recent Progress in Reconfigurable and Intelligent Metasurfaces: A Comprehensive Review of Tuning Mechanisms, Hardware Designs, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203747. [PMID: 36117118 PMCID: PMC9685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent metasurfaces have gained significant importance in recent years due to their ability to dynamically manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves. Their multifunctional characteristics, realized by incorporating active elements into the metasurface designs, have huge potential in numerous novel devices and exciting applications. In this article, recent progress in the field of intelligent metasurfaces are reviewed, focusing particularly on tuning mechanisms, hardware designs, and applications. Reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces, classified as space gradient, time modulated, and space-time modulated metasurfaces, are discussed. Then, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that can alter their wireless environments, and are considered as a promising technology for sixth-generation communication networks, are explored. Next, the recent progress made in simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) that can achieve full-space EM wave control are summarized. Finally, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of intelligent metasurfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Saifullah
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yejun He
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Amir Boag
- School of Electrical EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69978Israel
| | - Guo‐Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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8
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Wang Y, Chen B, Meng D, Song B, Liu Z, Hu P, Yang H, Ou TH, Liu F, Pi H, Pi I, Pi I, Wu W. Hot Electron-Driven Photocatalysis Using Sub-5 nm Gap Plasmonic Nanofinger Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12213730. [PMID: 36364506 PMCID: PMC9655529 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysis has received increasing attention because of its potential to address problems related to the energy crisis and environmental issues. However, conventional semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO2 and ZnO, can only be activated by ultraviolet light due to their wide band gap. To extend the light absorption into the visible range, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) has been widely used. Noble metal NPs can couple incident visible light energy to strong LSPR, and the nonradiative decay of LSPR generates nonthermal hot carriers that can be injected into adjacent semiconductor material to enhance its photocatalytic activity. Here we demonstrate that nanoimprint-defined gap plasmonic nanofinger arrays can function as visible light-driven plasmonic photocatalysts. The sub-5 nm gaps between pairs of collapsed nanofingers can support ultra-strong plasmon resonance and thus boost the population of hot carriers. The semiconductor material is exactly placed at the hot spots, providing an efficient pathway for hot carrier injection from plasmonic metal to catalytic materials. This nanostructure thus exhibits high plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. The hot carrier injection mechanism of this platform was systematically investigated. The plasmonic enhancement factor was calculated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and was consistent with the measured improvement of the photocatalytic activity. This platform, benefiting from the precise controllable geometry, provides a deeper understanding of the mechanism of plasmonic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Buyun Chen
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Deming Meng
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Boxiang Song
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zerui Liu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pan Hu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hao Yang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tse-Hsien Ou
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fanxin Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Halton Pi
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Irene Pi
- School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Isleen Pi
- College of Art and Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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9
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Wang P, Krasavin AV, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Guo X, Tong L, Zayats AV. Molecular Plasmonics with Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15031-15081. [PMID: 36194441 PMCID: PMC9562285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications. Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing, and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches, we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed. Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Alexey V Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
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10
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Abstract
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With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liang J, Jin Y, Yu H, Chen X, Zhou L, Huo P, Zhang Y, Ma H, Jiang Y, Zhu B, Xu T, Liu H, Zhu S, Zhu J. Lithium-plasmon-based low-powered dynamic color display. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 10:nwac120. [PMID: 36825119 PMCID: PMC9942666 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Display and power supply have been two essential and independent cornerstones of modern electronics. Here, we report a lithium-plasmon-based low-powered dynamic color display with intrinsic dual functionality (plasmonic display and energy recycling unit) which is a result of the electric-field-driven transformation of nanostructured lithium metals. Dynamic color displays are enabled by plasmonic transformation through electrodeposition (electrostripping) of lithium metals during the charging (discharging) process, while the consumed energy for coloring can be retrieved in the inverse process respectively. Energy recycling of lithium metals brings energy consumption down to 0.390 mW cm-2 (0.105 mW cm-2) for the active (static) coloration state of a proof-of-concept display/battery device, which approaches nearly-zero-energy-consumption in the near-100%-energy-efficiency limit of commercial lithium batteries. Combining the subwavelength feature of plasmonics with effective energy recycling, the lithium-plasmon-based dynamic display offers a promising route towards next-generation integrated photonic devices, with the intriguing advantages of low energy consumption, a small footprint and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huiling Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | - Pengcheng Huo
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haiyang Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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12
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Song H, Hong B, Qiu Y, Yu K, Pei J, Wang GP. Tunable bilayer dielectric metasurface via stacking magnetic mirrors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:22885-22900. [PMID: 36224979 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional tunability, environmental adaptability, and easy fabrication are highly desired properties in metasurfaces. Here we provide a tunable bilayer metasurface composed of two stacked identical dielectric magnetic mirrors. The magnetic mirrors are excited by the interaction between the interference of multipoles of each cylinder and the lattice resonance of the periodic array, which exhibits nonlocal electric field enhancement near the interface and high reflection. We achieve the reversible conversion between high reflection and high transmission by manipulating the interlayer coupling near the interface between the two magnetic mirrors. Controlling the interlayer spacing leads to the controllable interlayer coupling and scattering of meta-atom. The magnetic mirror effect boosts the interlayer coupling when the interlayer spacing is small. Furthermore, the high transmission of the bilayer metasurface has good robustness due to the meta-atom with interlayer coupling can maintain scattering suppression against positional perturbation. This work provides a straightforward method to design tunable metasurface and sheds new light on high-performance optical switches applied in communication and sensing.
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13
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Eaves-Rathert J, Kovalik E, Ugwu CF, Rogers BR, Pint CL, Valentine JG. Dynamic Color Tuning with Electrochemically Actuated TiO 2 Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1626-1632. [PMID: 35138860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic tuning of metamaterials is a critical step toward advanced functionality and improved bandwidth. In the visible spectrum, full spectral color tuning is inhibited by the large absorption that accompanies index changes, particularly at blue wavelengths. Here, we show that the electrochemical lithiation of anatase TiO2 to Li0.5TiO2 (LTO) results in an index change of 0.65 at 649 nm with absorption coefficient less than 0.1 at blue wavelengths, making this material well-suited for dynamic visible color tuning. Dynamic tunability of TiO2 is leveraged in a Fabry-Perot cavity and a gap plasmon metasurface. In the Fabry-Perot configuration, the device exhibits a shift in reflectance of over 100 nm when subjected to only 2 V bias while the gap plasmon metasurface achieves enhanced switching speed. The dynamic range, speed, and cyclability indicate that the TiO2/LTO system is competitive with established actuators like WO3, with the additional advantage of reduced absorption at high frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Eaves-Rathert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Elena Kovalik
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Chibuzor Fabian Ugwu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bridget R Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jason G Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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14
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Chen S, Huang X, Wu Q, Ao X. Photochromic switching of narrow-band lattice resonances. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:337-340. [PMID: 35030600 DOI: 10.1364/ol.446568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-band resonances supported by a variety of periodic metallic or dielectric nanostructures have great potential applications in light sources, optical sensors, and switches or modulators. Here we report the switching of narrow-band lattice resonances in a mirror-backed two-dimensional array of dielectric nanopillars. The nanopillar is composed of a silica core and photochromic coating. By exposure to ultraviolet light, the photochromic molecules can be turned into a state that is highly absorptive around the wavelength of the lattice resonance. Because the lattice resonance has enhanced the near-fields concentrated on the tops of dielectric nanopillars, the absorptive coating can destroy this resonance. The absorptive state of the photochromic molecules can be recovered to a transparent state by exposure to visible light. We fabricate the device and characterize the change of reflection spectra to demonstrate the reversible switching of lattice resonances by exposure to ultraviolet and visible light alternately. An all-optical control of the narrow-band photoluminescence is further demonstrated by combining a fluorescent dye with the photochromic molecules.
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15
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Rossi S, Olsson O, Chen S, Shanker R, Banerjee D, Dahlin A, Jonsson MP. Dynamically Tuneable Reflective Structural Coloration with Electroactive Conducting Polymer Nanocavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105004. [PMID: 34626028 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control of structural colors across the visible spectrum with high brightness has proven to be a difficult challenge. Here, this is addressed with a tuneable reflective nano-optical cavity that uses an electroactive conducting polymer (poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene)) as spacer layer. Electrochemical doping and dedoping of the polymer spacer layer provides reversible tuning of the cavity's structural color throughout the entire visible range and beyond. Furthermore, the cavity provides high peak reflectance that varies only slightly between the reduced and oxidized states of the polymer. The results indicate that the polymer undergoes large reversible thickness changes upon redox tuning, aided by changes in optical properties and low visible absorption. The electroactive cavity concept may find particular use in reflective displays, by opening for tuneable monopixels that eliminate limitations in brightness of traditional subpixel-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Ravi Shanker
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Debashree Banerjee
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Andreas Dahlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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16
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Jung C, Kim G, Jeong M, Jang J, Dong Z, Badloe T, Yang JKW, Rho J. Metasurface-Driven Optically Variable Devices. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13013-13050. [PMID: 34491723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optically variable devices (OVDs) are in tremendous demand as optical indicators against the increasing threat of counterfeiting. Conventional OVDs are exposed to the danger of fraudulent replication with advances in printing technology and widespread copying methods of security features. Metasurfaces, two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength structures known as meta-atoms, have been nominated as a candidate for a new generation of OVDs as they exhibit exceptional behaviors that can provide a more robust solution for optical anti-counterfeiting. Unlike conventional OVDs, metasurface-driven OVDs (mOVDs) can contain multiple optical responses in a single device, making them difficult to reverse engineered. Well-known examples of mOVDs include ultrahigh-resolution structural color printing, various types of holography, and polarization encoding. In this review, we discuss the new generation of mOVDs. The fundamentals of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces are presented to explain how the optical responses of metasurfaces can be manipulated. Then, examples of monofunctional, tunable, and multifunctional mOVDs are discussed. We follow up with a discussion of the fabrication methods needed to realize these mOVDs, classified into prototyping and manufacturing techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook and classification of mOVDs with respect to their capacity and security level. We believe this newly proposed concept of OVDs may bring about a new era of optical anticounterfeit technology leveraging the novel concepts of nano-optics and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore.,Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372, Singapore
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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17
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A Review: Ion Transport of Two-Dimensional Materials in Novel Technologies from Macro to Nanoscopic Perspectives. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ion transport is a significant concept that underlies a variety of technologies including membrane technology, energy storages, optical, chemical, and biological sensors and ion-mobility exploration techniques. These applications are based on the concepts of capacitance and ion transport, so a prior understanding of capacitance and ion transport phenomena is crucial. In this review, the principles of capacitance and ion transport are described from a theoretical and practical point of view. The review covers the concepts of Helmholtz capacitance, diffuse layer capacitance and space charge capacitance, which is also referred to as quantum capacitance in low-dimensional materials. These concepts are attributed to applications in the electrochemical technologies such as energy storage and excitable ion sieving in membranes. This review also focuses on the characteristic role of channel heights (from micrometer to angstrom scales) in ion transport. Ion transport technologies can also be used in newer applications including biological sensors and multifunctional microsupercapacitors. This review improves our understanding of ion transport phenomena and demonstrates various applications that is applicable of the continued development in the technologies described.
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18
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Wang Y, Landreman P, Schoen D, Okabe K, Marshall A, Celano U, Wong HSP, Park J, Brongersma ML. Electrical tuning of phase-change antennas and metasurfaces. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:667-672. [PMID: 33875869 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of semiconductor electronics is built on the creation of compact, low-power switching elements that offer routing, logic and memory functions. The availability of nanoscale optical switches could have a similarly transformative impact on the development of dynamic and programmable metasurfaces, optical neural networks and quantum information processing. Phase-change materials are uniquely suited to enable their creation as they offer high-speed electrical switching between amorphous and crystalline states with notably different optical properties. Their high refractive index has already been harnessed to fashion them into compact optical antennas. Here, we take the next important step, by showing electrically-switchable phase-change antennas and metasurfaces that offer strong, reversible, non-volatile, multi-phase switching and spectral tuning of light scattering in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. Their successful implementation relies on a careful joint thermal and optical optimization of the antenna elements that comprise a silver strip that simultaneously serves as a plasmonic resonator and a miniature heating stage. Our metasurface affords electrical modulation of the reflectance by more than fourfold at 755 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Landreman
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Schoen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Exponent Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kye Okabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ann Marshall
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Umberto Celano
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- IMEC, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H-S Philip Wong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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Gugole M, Olsson O, Rossi S, Jonsson MP, Dahlin A. Electrochromic Inorganic Nanostructures with High Chromaticity and Superior Brightness. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4343-4350. [PMID: 33969987 PMCID: PMC8289301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of actively controlling structural colors has recently attracted a lot of attention, in particular for new types of reflective displays (electronic paper). However, it has proven challenging to achieve good image quality in such devices, mainly because many subpixels are necessary and the semitransparent counter electrodes lower the total reflectance. Here we present an inorganic electrochromic nanostructure based on tungsten trioxide, gold, and a thin platinum mirror. The platinum reflector provides a wide color range and makes it possible to "reverse" the device design so that electrolyte and counter electrode can be placed behind the nanostructures with respect to the viewer. Importantly, this makes it possible to maintain high reflectance regardless of how the electrochemical cell is constructed. We show that our nanostructures clearly outperform the latest commercial color e-reader in terms of both color range and brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Gugole
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P. Jonsson
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Dahlin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Kim I, Kim WS, Kim K, Ansari MA, Mehmood MQ, Badloe T, Kim Y, Gwak J, Lee H, Kim YK, Rho J. Holographic metasurface gas sensors for instantaneous visual alarms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/15/eabe9943. [PMID: 33827821 PMCID: PMC8026120 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid detection of biological and chemical substances in real time is particularly important for public health and environmental monitoring and in the military sector. If the process of substance detection to visual reporting can be implemented into a single miniaturized sensor, there could be a profound impact on practical applications. Here, we propose a compact sensor platform that integrates liquid crystals (LCs) and holographic metasurfaces to autonomously sense the existence of a volatile gas and provide an immediate visual holographic alarm. By combining the advantage of the rapid responses to gases realized by LCs with the compactness of holographic metasurfaces, we develop ultracompact gas sensors without additional complex instruments or machinery to report the visual information of gas detection. To prove the applicability of the compact sensors, we demonstrate a metasurface-integrated gas sensor on safety goggles via a one-step nanocasting process that is attachable to flat, curved, and flexible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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21
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Chen J, Wang Z, Liu C, Chen Z, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhang S, Song G, Cong S, Chen Q, Zhao Z. Mimicking Nature's Butterflies: Electrochromic Devices with Dual-Sided Differential Colorations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007314. [PMID: 33634919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Some butterfly species such as the orange oakleaf (Kallima inachus) have strikingly different colors on the dorsal (front) sides of their wings compared to those on the ventral (back) sides of their wings, which helps camouflage the butterflies from predators and attract potential mates. However, few human-made materials, devices, and technologies can mimic such differential coloring for a long time. Here, a new type of Janus-structured two-sided electrochromic device is developed that, upon application of different voltages, exhibits a coloration state on one side that is distinctly different from that on the other side. This is achieved by inserting an optically thin (4-8 nm) metallic layer with a complex refractive index, such as a layer composed of tungsten, titanium, copper or silver, into typical electrochromic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xueqing Tang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
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22
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Hopmann E, Carnio BN, Firby CJ, Shahriar BY, Elezzabi AY. Nanoscale All-Solid-State Plasmochromic Waveguide Nonresonant Modulator. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1955-1961. [PMID: 33600179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmochromics, the interaction of plasmons with an electrochromic material, have spawned a new class of active plasmonic devices. By introducing electrochromic materials into the plasmon's dielectric environment, plasmons can be actively manipulated. We introduce inorganic WO3 and ion conducting LiNbO3 layers as the core materials in a solid-state plasmochromic waveguide (PCWG) to demonstrate light modulation in a nanoplasmonic waveguide. The PCWG takes advantage of the high plasmonic loss at the high field located at the WO3/Au interface, where the Li+ ions are intercalated into a thin WO3 plasmon modulating layer. Through careful PCWG design, the direction for ion diffusion and plasmon propagation are decoupled, leading to enhanced modulation depth and fast EC switching times. We show that at a bias voltage of 2.5 V, the fabricated PCWG modulator achieves modulation depths as high as 20 and 38 dB for 10 and 20 μm long devices, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hopmann
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Brett N Carnio
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Curtis J Firby
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Basem Y Shahriar
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Abdulhakem Y Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
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23
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Zhang G, Guo K, Shen X, Ning H, Liang H, Zhong J, Xu W, Tang B, Yao R, Peng J. Physical Simulation Model of WO 3 Electrochromic Films Based on Continuous Electron-Transfer Kinetics and Experimental Verification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4768-4776. [PMID: 33445866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten oxide (WO3) electrochromic devices have attracted a lot of interest in the energy conservation field and have shown a preliminary application potential in the market. However, it is difficult to quantitatively direct experiments with the existing electrochromic theoretical models, which can restrict the further development of electrochromism. Here, an electrochromic physical simulation model of WO3 films was built to solve the above problem. Experimentally, the actual electrochromic kinetics of WO3 in the LiClO4/propylene carbonate electrolyte was determined as a continuous electron-transfer process by cyclic voltammetry measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Theoretically, the continuous electron-transfer process, Li+-ion diffusion process, and the transmittance change process were described by a modified Butler-Volmer equation, Fick's law, and charge versus coloration efficiency/bleaching efficiency coupling equation, respectively. The comparisons between theoretical and experimental data were conducted to verify this model. The shape of the simulated current curves was basically consistent with that of experiments. Besides, the difference of transmittance between the simulation and experiments was less than 8%. The difference between theory and experiment was attributed to the influence of the electric double layer and the actual reaction interface. The success of the simulation was attributed to the accurate description of the electrochromic process by continuous electron-transfer kinetics. This model can be applied in the research of electrochromic mechanisms, experimental result prediction, and novel device development due to its clear physical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanguang Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaiyue Guo
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingxing Shen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Honglong Ning
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongfu Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinyao Zhong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rihui Yao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junbiao Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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24
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Duan X, White ST, Cui Y, Neubrech F, Gao Y, Haglund RF, Liu N. Reconfigurable Multistate Optical Systems Enabled by VO 2 Phase Transitions. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:2958-2965. [PMID: 33241075 PMCID: PMC7678723 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable optical systems are the object of continuing, intensive research activities, as they hold great promise for realizing a new generation of compact, miniaturized, and flexible optical devices. However, current reconfigurable systems often tune only a single state variable triggered by an external stimulus, thus, leaving out many potential applications. Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable multistate optical system enabled by phase transitions in vanadium dioxide (VO2). By controlling the phase-transition characteristics of VO2 with simultaneous stimuli, the responses of the optical system can be reconfigured among multiple states. In particular, we show a quadruple-state dynamic plasmonic display that responds to both temperature tuning and hydrogen-doping. Furthermore, we introduce an electron-doping scheme to locally control the phase-transition behavior of VO2, enabling an optical encryption device encoded by multiple keys. Our work points the way toward advanced multistate reconfigurable optical systems, which substantially outperform current optical devices in both breadth of capabilities and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Duan
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Samuel T. White
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Frank Neubrech
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
- E-mail:
| | - Richard F. Haglund
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Na Liu
- Second
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- E-mail:
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25
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Neubrech F, Duan X, Liu N. Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eabc2709. [PMID: 32917622 PMCID: PMC7473667 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Displays are an indispensable medium to visually convey information in our daily life. Although conventional dye-based color displays have been rigorously advanced by world leading companies, critical issues still remain. For instance, color fading and wavelength-limited resolution restrict further developments. Plasmonic colors emerging from resonant interactions between light and metallic nanostructures can overcome these restrictions. With dynamic characteristics enabled by functional materials, dynamic plasmonic coloration may find a variety of applications in display technologies. In this review, we elucidate basic concepts for dynamic plasmonic color generation and highlight recent advances. In particular, we devote our review to a selection of dynamic controls endowed by functional materials, including magnesium, liquid crystals, electrochromic polymers, and phase change materials. We also discuss their performance in view of potential applications in current display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neubrech
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Duan
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Lee Y, Yun J, Seo M, Kim SJ, Oh J, Kang CM, Sun HJ, Chung TD, Lee B. Full-Color-Tunable Nanophotonic Device Using Electrochromic Tungsten Trioxide Thin Film. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6084-6090. [PMID: 32603122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Color generation based on strategically designed plasmonic nanostructures is a promising approach for display applications with unprecedented high-resolution. However, it is disadvantageous in that the optical response is fixed once the structure is determined. Therefore, obtaining high modulation depth with reversible optical properties while maintaining its fixed nanostructure is a great challenge in nanophotonics. In this work, dynamic color tuning and switching using tungsten trioxide (WO3), a representative electrochromic material, are demonstrated with reflection-type and transmission-type optical devices. Thin WO3 films incorporated in simple stacked configurations undergo dynamic color change by the adjustment of their dielectric constant through the electrochromic principle. A large resonance wavelength shift up to 107 nm under an electrochemical bias of 3.2 V could be achieved by the reflection-type device. For the transmission-type device, on/off switchable color pixels with improved purity are demonstrated of which transmittance is modulated by up to 4.04:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Lee
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeongse Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Minjee Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sun-Je Kim
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Oh
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54151, South Korea
| | - Chung Mu Kang
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, South Korea
| | - Ho-Jung Sun
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54151, South Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, South Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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27
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Self-assembled plasmonics for angle-independent structural color displays with actively addressed black states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13350-13358. [PMID: 32493745 PMCID: PMC7306820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001435117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials will enable the next generation of displays, detectors, and photovoltaic devices by interacting with light at subwavelength length scales. However, performance and practical integration with current electronic systems remain a scientific and engineering challenge. Here, we report the wafer-scale self-assembly/growth of nanoparticles which reproduce the cyan, magenta, and yellow color space. We explore the physics of the optical resonances and the advantageous properties they manifest for color filter technology, such as angle insensitivity and high saturation. The versatile formation process then enables integration with commercial devices to realize a hybrid, nanoparticle–liquid crystal reflective display. Nanostructured plasmonic materials can lead to the extremely compact pixels and color filters needed for next-generation displays by interacting with light at fundamentally small length scales. However, previous demonstrations suffer from severe angle sensitivity, lack of saturated color, and absence of black/gray states and/or are impractical to integrate with actively addressed electronics. Here, we report a vivid self-assembled nanostructured system which overcomes these challenges via the multidimensional hybridization of plasmonic resonances. By exploiting the thin-film growth mechanisms of aluminum during ultrahigh vacuum physical vapor deposition, dense arrays of particles are created in near-field proximity to a mirror. The sub-10-nm gaps between adjacent particles and mirror lead to strong multidimensional coupling of localized plasmonic modes, resulting in a singular resonance with negligible angular dispersion and ∼98% absorption of incident light at a desired wavelength. The process is compatible with arbitrarily structured substrates and can produce wafer-scale, diffusive, angle-independent, and flexible plasmonic materials. We then demonstrate the unique capabilities of the strongly coupled plasmonic system via integration with an actively addressed reflective liquid crystal display with control over black states. The hybrid display is readily programmed to display images and video.
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28
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Li H, Elezzabi AY. Simultaneously enabling dynamic transparency control and electrical energy storage via electrochromism. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:691-695. [PMID: 32226963 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transparency-switchable electrochromic devices (ECDs) offer promising applications, including variable optical attenuators, optical shutters, optical filters, and smart windows for energy-efficient buildings. However, the operation of conventional ECDs requires external voltages to trigger coloration/de-coloration processes, which makes them far from being an optimal energy-efficient technology. Electrochromic batteries that incorporate electro-optical modulation and electrical energy storage functionalities in a single platform, are highly-promising in the realization of energy-efficient ECDs. Herein, we report a novel Zn-Prussian blue (PB) system for aqueous electrochromic batteries. By utilizing different dual-ion electrolytes with various cations (e.g. Zn2+-K+ and Zn2+-Al3+), the Zn-PB electrochromic batteries demonstrate excellent performance. We show that the K+-Zn2+ dual-ion electrolyte in the Zn-PB configuration endows a rapid self-bleaching time (2.8 s), a high optical contrast (83% at 632.8 nm), and fast switching times (8.4 s/3 s for the bleaching/coloration processes). Remarkably, the aqueous electrochromic battery exhibits a compelling energy retrieval of 35.7 mW h m-2, where only 47.5 mW h m-2 is consumed during the round-trip coloration-bleaching process. These findings may open a new direction for developing advanced net-zero energy-consumption ECDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizeng Li
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada.
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29
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Hopmann E, Elezzabi AY. Plasmochromic Nanocavity Dynamic Light Color Switching. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1876-1882. [PMID: 32049542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Static plasmonic metal-insulator-nanohole (MIN) cavities have been shown to create high chromaticity spectral colors for display applications. While on-off switching of said devices has been demonstrated, introducing active control over the spectral color of a single cavity is an ongoing challenge. Electrochromic oxides such as tungsten oxide (WO3) offer the possibility to tune their refractive index (2.1-1.8) and extinction (0-0.5) upon ion insertion, allowing active control over resonance conditions for MIN based devices. In combination with the dynamic change in the WO3 layer, the utilization of a plasmonic superstructure allows creation of well-defined spectral reflection of the nanocavity. Here, we employ inorganic, electrochromic WO3 as the tunable dielectric in a MIN nanocavity, resulting in a theoretically achievable resonance wavelength modulation from 601 to 505 nm, while maintaining 35% of reflectance intensity. Experimental values for the spectral modulation result in a 64 nm shift of peak wavelength with high reproducibility and fast switching speed. Remarkably, the introduced device shows electrochemical stability over 100 switching cycles while most of the intercalated charge can be regained (91.1%), leading to low power consumption (5.6 mW/cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hopmann
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Abdulhakem Y Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4, Canada
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