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Tobias C, López-Puertollano D, Abad-Somovilla A, Mercader JV, Abad-Fuentes A, Rurack K. Development of Simple and Rapid Bead-Based Cytometric Immunoassays Using Superparamagnetic Hybrid Core-Shell Microparticles. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:678-688. [PMID: 39713030 PMCID: PMC11659991 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.4c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Flow cytometry-based immunoassays are valuable in biomedical research and clinical applications due to their high throughput and multianalyte capability, but their adoption in areas such as food safety and environmental monitoring is limited by long assay times and complex workflows. Rapid, simplified bead-based cytometric immunoassays are needed to make these methods viable for point-of-need applications, especially with the increasing accessibility of miniaturized cytometers. This work introduces superparamagnetic hybrid polystyrene-silica core-shell microparticles as promising alternatives to conventional polymer beads in competitive cytometric immunoassays. These beads, featuring high specificity, sensitivity, and excellent handling capabilities via magnetic separation, were evaluated with three different antibodies and binding methods, showing variations in signal intensity based on the antibody and its attachment method. The optimal performance was achieved through a secondary antibody binding approach, providing strong and consistent signals with minimal uncertainty. The optimized protocol made it possible to achieve a detection limit of 0.025 nM in a total assay time of only 15 min and was successfully used to detect ochratoxin A (OTA) in raw flour samples. This work highlights the potential of these beads as versatile tools for flow cytometry-based immunoassays, with significant implications for food safety, animal health, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Tobias
- Chemical
and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - Daniel López-Puertollano
- Chemical
and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, Berlin D-12489, Germany
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Institute
of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council
for Scientific Research (CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute
of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council
for Scientific Research (CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Knut Rurack
- Chemical
and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, Berlin D-12489, Germany
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2
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Verhassel A, Kimani M, Gidwani K, Sandholm J, Gawlitza K, Rurack K, Härkönen P. Detection of Tn-antigen in breast and prostate cancer models by VVL-labeled red dye-doped nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:2463-2478. [PMID: 39382009 PMCID: PMC11520574 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2405454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Fluorescence detection of breast and prostate cancer cells expressing Tn-antigen, a tumor marker, with Vicia villosa lectin (VVL)-labeled nanoparticles.Materials & methods: Breast and prostate cancer cells engineered to express high levels of Tn-antigen and non-engineered controls were incubated with VVL-labeled or unlabeled red dye-doped silica-coated polystyrene nanoparticles. The binding to cells was studied with flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy.Results: Flow cytometry showed that the binding of VVL-labeled nanoparticles was significantly higher to Tn-antigen-expressing cancer cells than controls. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that particles bound to the cell surface. According to the correlative light and electron microscopy the particles bound mostly as aggregates.Conclusion: VVL-labeled nanoparticles could provide a new tool for the detection of Tn-antigen-expressing breast and prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Verhassel
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Western Cancer Centre FICAN West, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Martha Kimani
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin,12489, Germany
| | - Kamlesh Gidwani
- Western Cancer Centre FICAN West, Turku, 20521, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Kornelia Gawlitza
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin,12489, Germany
| | - Knut Rurack
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin,12489, Germany
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Western Cancer Centre FICAN West, Turku, 20521, Finland
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3
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Sun Y, Gawlitza K, Valderrey V, Bhattacharya B, Rurack K. Ratiometric Molecularly Imprinted Particle Probes for Reliable Fluorescence Signaling of Carboxylate-Containing Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49944-49956. [PMID: 39231266 PMCID: PMC11420868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
In addition to sensitivity, selectivity, and portability, chemical sensing systems must generate reliable signals and offer modular configurability to address various small molecule targets, particularly in environmental applications. We present a versatile, modular strategy utilizing ratiometric molecularly imprinted particle probes based on BODIPY indicators and dyes for recognition and internal referencing. Our approach employs polystyrene core particles doped with a red fluorescent BODIPY as an internal standard, providing built-in reference for environmental influences. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) recognition shell, incorporating a green-fluorescent BODIPY indicator monomer with a thiourea binding site for carboxylate-containing analytes, is grafted from the core particles in the presence of the analyte as the template. The dual-fluorescent MIP probe detects fexofenadine as the model analyte with a change in green emission signal referenced against a stable red signal, achieving a detection limit of 0.13 μM and a broad dynamic range from 0.16 μM to 1.2 mM, with good discrimination against other antibiotics in acetonitrile. By selecting a versatile dye scaffold and recognition element, this approach can be extended to other carboxylate-containing analytes and/or wavelength combinations, potentially serving as a robust multiplexing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Sun
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kornelia Gawlitza
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Virginia Valderrey
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Biswajit Bhattacharya
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Rurack
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Hülagü D, Tobias C, Dao R, Komarov P, Rurack K, Hodoroaba VD. Towards 3D determination of the surface roughness of core-shell microparticles as a routine quality control procedure by scanning electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17936. [PMID: 39095507 PMCID: PMC11297195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have developed an algorithm to quantitatively evaluate the roughness of spherical microparticles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The algorithm calculates the root-mean-squared profile roughness (RMS-RQ) of a single particle by analyzing the particle's boundary. The information extracted from a single SEM image yields however only two-dimensional (2D) profile roughness data from the horizontal plane of a particle. The present study offers a practical procedure and the necessary software tools to gain quasi three-dimensional (3D) information from 2D particle contours recorded at different particle inclinations by tilting the sample (stage). This new approach was tested on a set of polystyrene core-iron oxide shell-silica shell particles as few micrometer-sized beads with different (tailored) surface roughness, providing the proof of principle that validates the applicability of the proposed method. SEM images of these particles were analyzed by the latest version of the developed algorithm, which allows to determine the analysis of particles in terms of roughness both within a batch and across the batches as a routine quality control procedure. A separate set of particles has been analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a powerful complementary surface analysis technique integrated into SEM, and the roughness results have been compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Hülagü
- Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Charlie Tobias
- Division 1.9 Chemical and Optical Sensing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radek Dao
- NenoVision S.R.O., Purkyňova 649/127, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Komarov
- NenoVision S.R.O., Purkyňova 649/127, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Knut Rurack
- Division 1.9 Chemical and Optical Sensing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Yi X, Bao F, Fu S, Yang Y, Xu Y. Preparation of mesoporous silica/hydroxyapatite loaded quercetin nanoparticles and research on its antibacterial properties. Med Eng Phys 2024; 126:104160. [PMID: 38621842 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, amino-functionalized mesoporous silica/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (MSNS/HAP) with the property of acid dissociation have been prepared as a traditional Chinese medicine monomer carriers to improve the drug loading rate and antibacterial properties of antimicrobial quercetin (QUE) in vitro. The experimental results confirm that the drug loading rate of MSNs/HAP is 28.94 %, which is about 3.6 times higher than that of aminated mesoporous sililca nanoparticles (MSNs). The drug release of QUE on MSNs/HAP is pH-sensitive in phosphate buffered saline (pH=4.0-7.4). The above fabricated traditional Chinese medicine monomer modified nanocomposites (QUE@MSNs/HAP) displays concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, which shows better antibacterial effect than free QUE. The minimum inhibitory concentration for two tested bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli), is 256 mg·L -1. In summary, QUE@MSNs/HAP have successfully prepared, which not only improves the bio-availability of QUE, but also has acid-sensitive drug release properties. Compared with free QUE, its antibacterial performance significantly enhances, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of Chinese medicine molecules in bacterial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yi
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang Bao
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siyuan Fu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yazhi Yang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Gong D, Zhang D, Zhang X, He X, Ji Y, Jia K. Self-Assembly of Homo-Polyarylene Ether Into Reactive Matrix for Fabrication of Hybrid Functional Microparticles. Front Chem 2022; 10:957853. [PMID: 35898972 PMCID: PMC9309306 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.957853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emulsion confinement self-assembly of block copolymer has witnessed increasing research interest in the recent decade, but the post-functionalization and application of the resultant polymeric micro/nano-particles are still in their infancy. In this work, a super-engineering polyarylene ether containing pendent nitrile and carboxyl (PAE-NC) has been synthesized and converted into polymeric microparticles for macromolecular enrichment via emulsion confinement self-assembly and subsequent surface modification. Moreover, the encapsulation capacity of PAE-NC was evaluated using hydrophobic fluorescent quantum dots (QD) as a functional probe. Particularly, we found that both the as-synthesized PAE-NC and its hydrolyzed derivatives could be converted into microparticles via emulsion confinement self-assembly. Furthermore, the co-self-assembly of red-emitting QD and PAE-NC enables the phase transfer of hydrophobic QD into hydrophilic luminescent microparticles with the persisted fluorescence emission. Based on these results, the current PAE-NC would be served as a versatile and robust matrix to fabricate advanced microparticles or microcapsules for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Gong
- Sichuan Aerospace Chuannan Initiating Explosive Technology Limited, Luzhou, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Sichuan Aerospace Chuannan Initiating Explosive Technology Limited, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Sichuan Aerospace Chuannan Initiating Explosive Technology Limited, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong He
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Ji
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Jia
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Jia,
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7
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Kankala RK, Han YH, Xia HY, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Nanoarchitectured prototypes of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for innovative biomedical applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:126. [PMID: 35279150 PMCID: PMC8917689 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite exceptional morphological and physicochemical attributes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are often employed as carriers or vectors. Moreover, these conventional MSNs often suffer from various limitations in biomedicine, such as reduced drug encapsulation efficacy, deprived compatibility, and poor degradability, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes. To address these limitations, several modifications have been corroborated to fabricating hierarchically-engineered MSNs in terms of tuning the pore sizes, modifying the surfaces, and engineering of siliceous networks. Interestingly, the further advancements of engineered MSNs lead to the generation of highly complex and nature-mimicking structures, such as Janus-type, multi-podal, and flower-like architectures, as well as streamlined tadpole-like nanomotors. In this review, we present explicit discussions relevant to these advanced hierarchical architectures in different fields of biomedicine, including drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and miscellaneous applications, such as photoluminescence, artificial enzymes, peptide enrichment, DNA detection, and biosensing, among others. Initially, we give a brief overview of diverse, innovative stimuli-responsive (pH, light, ultrasound, and thermos)- and targeted drug delivery strategies, along with discussions on recent advancements in cancer immune therapy and applicability of advanced MSNs in other ailments related to cardiac, vascular, and nervous systems, as well as diabetes. Then, we provide initiatives taken so far in clinical translation of various silica-based materials and their scope towards clinical translation. Finally, we summarize the review with interesting perspectives on lessons learned in exploring the biomedical applications of advanced MSNs and further requirements to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Hui Han
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Xia
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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8
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Semenova A, Vidallon MLP, Follink B, Brown PL, Tabor RF. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylenimine-Silica Nanocomposite Microparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:191-202. [PMID: 34932365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel procedure for the synthesis of polyethylenimine (PEI)-silica nanocomposite particles with high adsorption capacities has been developed based on an emulsion templating concept. The exceptional chelating properties of PEI as the parent polymer for the particle core promote the binding abilities of the resulting composite for charged species. Further, the subsequent introduction of silica via the self-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane facilitates production of robust composite particles with smooth surfaces, enabling potential use in multiphase environments. To enable tailored application in solid/liquid porous environments, the production of particles with reduced sizes was attempted by modulating the shear rates and surfactant concentrations during emulsification. The use of high-speed homogenization resulted in a substantial decrease in average particle size, while increasing surfactant loading only had a limited effect. All types of nanocomposites produced demonstrated excellent binding capacities for copper ions as a test solute. The maximum binding capacities of the PEI-silica nanocomposites of 210-250 mg/g are comparable to or exceed those of other copper binding materials, opening up great application potential in resources, chemical processing, and remediation industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Semenova
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | | | - Bart Follink
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Paul L Brown
- Bundoora Technical Development Centre, Rio Tinto, 1 Research Avenue, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia
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9
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Robust polymeric scaffold from 3D soft confinement self-assembly of polycondensation aromatic polymer. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Climent E, Gotor R, Tobias C, Bell J, Martin-Sanchez PM, Rurack K. Dip Sticks Embedding Molecular Beacon-Functionalized Core-Mesoporous Shell Particles for the Rapid On-Site Detection of Microbiological Fuel Contamination. ACS Sens 2021; 6:27-34. [PMID: 33356175 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination of fuels by fungi and bacteria presents risks of corrosion and fuel system fouling. In this work, a rapid test for the determination of microbial genomic DNA from aqueous fuel extracts is presented. It combines test strips coated with polystyrene core/mesoporous silica shell particles, to the surface of which modified fluorescent molecular beacons are covalently grafted, with a smartphone detection system. In the hairpin loop, the beacons incorporate a target sequence highly conserved in all bacteria, corresponding to a fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, which is also present to a significant extent in the 18S rRNA gene of fungi, allowing for broadband microbial detection. In the developed assay, the presence of genomic DNA extracts from bacteria and fungi down to ca. 20-50 μg L-1 induced a distinct fluorescence response. The optical read-out was adapted for on-site monitoring by combining a 3D-printed case with a conventional smartphone, taking advantage of the sensitivity of contemporary complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detectors. Such an embedded assembly allowed to detect microbial genomic DNA in aqueous extracts down to ca. 0.2-0.7 mg L-1 and presents an important step toward the on-site uncovering of fuel contamination in a rapid and simple fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Climent
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raúl Gotor
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlie Tobias
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérémy Bell
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro M. Martin-Sanchez
- Department 4 Materials & Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Rurack
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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