1
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Xia M, Meng X, Lin L, Gao A, Diao Y, Liu X, Yang H. pH-Regulated catechol-modified sodium alginate hydrogel with anti-freezing and high toughness for wearable strain sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 302:140140. [PMID: 39842571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices have garnered significant attention due to their excellent mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, and signal sensitivity. Nevertheless, internal water molecules crystallize inevitably at low temperatures, impairing the performance of hydrogels. Designing anti-freezing and tough hydrogels to meet long-term stability requirements is extremely challenging. A double physically crosslinked PVA/SA-g-DA/Fe3+ hydrogel was fabricated using a two-step method. The coordination mode between catechol groups and ferric ions was modified by adjusting pH of soaking solution, subsequently regulating antifreeze performance and mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The obtained PVA/SA-g-DA/Fe3+ hydrogel is stretchable, tough, and has a remarkable freeze tolerance (-42.21 °C). The hydrogels can be assembled into a strain sensor to monitor various human activities accurately at normal and low temperatures. This study proposes a strategy for designing hydrogels for supporting signal detection in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ang Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunhe Diao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huige Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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2
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Zhu G, Javanmardia N, Qian L, Jin F, Li T, Zhang S, He Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Wang T, Feng ZQ. Advances of conductive hydrogel designed for flexible electronics: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 281:136115. [PMID: 39349076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable attention devoted to flexible electronic devices within the realm of biomedical engineering. These devices demonstrate the capability to accurately capture human physiological signals, thereby facilitating efficient human-computer interaction, and providing a novel approach of flexible electronics for monitoring and treating related diseases. A notable contribution to this domain is the emergence of conductive hydrogels as a novel flexible electronic material. Renowned for their exceptional flexibility, adjustable electrical conductivity, and facile processing, conductive hydrogels have emerged as the preferred material for designing and fabricating innovative flexible electronic devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in flexible electronic devices rooted in conductive hydrogels. It offers an in-depth exploration of existing synthesis strategies for conductive hydrogels and subsequently examines the latest progress in their applications, including flexible neural electrodes, sensors, energy storage devices and soft robots. The analysis extends to the identification of technological challenges and developmental opportunities in both the synthesis of new conductive hydrogels and their application in the dynamic field of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhou Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Negar Javanmardia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Lili Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yuyuan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Xuran Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Zhang-Qi Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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3
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Wu R, Zhang H, Ma H, Zhao B, Li W, Chen Y, Liu J, Liang J, Qin Q, Qi W, Chen L, Li J, Li B, Duan X. Synthesis, Modulation, and Application of Two-Dimensional TMD Heterostructures. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10112-10191. [PMID: 39189449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures have attracted a lot of attention due to their rich material diversity and stack geometry, precise controllability of structure and properties, and potential practical applications. These heterostructures not only overcome the inherent limitations of individual materials but also enable the realization of new properties through appropriate combinations, establishing a platform to explore new physical and chemical properties at micro-nano-pico scales. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest research progress in the synthesis, modulation, and application of 2D TMD heterostructures. We first introduce the latest techniques for fabricating 2D TMD heterostructures, examining the rationale, mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of each strategy. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of characteristic modulation in 2D TMD heterostructures and discuss some approaches to achieve novel functionalities. Then, we summarize the representative applications of 2D TMD heterostructures. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future perspectives in the synthesis and device fabrication of 2D TMD heterostructures and provide some feasible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Wu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- Innovation Center for Gallium Oxide Semiconductor (IC-GAO), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technologies, College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianteng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jingyi Liang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qiuyin Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weixu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jia Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bo Li
- Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, School of Physics and Electronics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xidong Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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4
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Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
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5
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Liu S, Xu Z, Li G, Li Z, Ye Z, Xu Z, Chen W, Jin D, Ma X. Ultrasonic-Enabled Nondestructive and Substrate-Independent Liquid Metal Ink Sintering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301292. [PMID: 37316967 PMCID: PMC10427386 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Printing or patterning particle-based liquid metal (LM) ink is a good strategy to overcome poor wettability of LM for its circuits' preparation in flexible and printed electronics. Subsequently, a crucial step is to recover conductivity of LM circuits consisting of insulating LM micro/nano-particles. However, most widely used mechanical sintering methods based on hard contact such as pressing, may not be able to contact the LM patterns' whole surface conformally, leading to insufficient sintering in some areas. Hard contact may also break delicate shapes of the printed patterns. Hereby, an ultrasonic-assisted sintering strategy that can not only preserve original morphology of the LM circuits but also sinter circuits on various substrates of complex surface topography is proposed. The influencing factors of the ultrasonic sintering are investigated empirically and interpreted with theoretical understanding by simulation. LM circuits encapsulated inside soft elastomer are successfully sintered, proving feasibility in constructing stretchable or flexible electronics. By using water as energy transmission medium, remote sintering without any direct contact with substrate is achieved, which greatly protect LM circuits from mechanical damage. In virtue of such remote and non-contact manipulation manner, the ultrasonic sintering strategy would greatly advance the fabrication and application scenarios of LM electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | - Zhiwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)ShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | - Zihan Ye
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)ShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Zirong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)ShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)ShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)ShenzhenGuangdong518055China
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6
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Du P, Wang J, Hsu YI, Uyama H. Bio-Inspired Homogeneous Conductive Hydrogel with Flexibility and Adhesiveness for Information Transmission and Sign Language Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23711-23724. [PMID: 37145870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The wearable electronic technique is increasingly becoming an effective approach to overcoming the communication obstacles between signers and non-signers. However, the efficacy of conducting hydrogels currently proposed as flexible sensor devices is hindered by their poor processability and matrix mismatch, which frequently results in adhesion failure at the combined interfaces and deterioration of mechanical and electrochemical performance. Herein, we propose a hydrogel composed of a rigid matrix in which the hydrophobic and aggregated polyaniline was homogeneously embedded, while quaternate-functionalized nucleobase moieties endowed the flexible network with adhesiveness. Accordingly, the resulting hydrogel with chitosan-graft-polyaniline (chi-g-PANI) copolymers exhibited a promising conductivity (4.8 S·m-1) because of the uniformly dispersed polyaniline components and a high strain strength (0.84 MPa) because of the chain entanglement of chitosan after soaking. In addition, the modified adenine molecules not only realized synchronization in improving the stretchability (up to 1303%) and exhibiting a skin-like elastic modulus (≈184 kPa), but also provided a durable interfacial contact with various materials. The hydrogel was further fabricated into a strain-monitoring sensor for information encryption and sign language transmission based on its sensing stability and strain sensitivity of up to 2.77. The developed wearable sign language interpreting system provides an innovative strategy to assist auditory or speech-impaired people in communicating with non-signers using visual-gestural patterns including body movements and facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu-I Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Murakami K, Isano Y, Asada J, Usami N, Isoda Y, Takano T, Matsuda R, Ueno K, Fuchiwaki O, Ota H. Self-assembling bilayer wiring with highly conductive liquid metal and insulative ion gel layers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5929. [PMID: 37045927 PMCID: PMC10097700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) are expected to be suitable for wiring highly deformable devices because of their high electrical conductivity and stable resistance to extreme deformation. Injection and printed wiring, and wiring using LM-polymer composites are the most popular LM wiring approaches. However, additional processing is required to package the wiring after LM patterning, branch and interrupt wiring shape, and ensure adequate conductivity, which results in unnecessary wiring shape changes and increased complexity of the wiring methods. In this study, we propose an LM-polymer composite comprising LM particles and ion gel as a flexible matrix material with low viscosity and specific gravity before curing. Moreover, the casting method is used for wire patterning, and the material is cured at room temperature to ensure that the upper insulative layer of the ion gel self-assembles simultaneously with the formation of LM wiring in the lower layer. High conductivity and low resistance change rate of the formed wiring during deformation are achieved without an activation process. This ion gel-LM bilayer wiring can be used for three-dimensional wiring by stacking. Furthermore, circuits fabricated using ion gel-LM bilayer wiring exhibit stable operation. Therefore, the proposed method can significantly promote the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Isano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Juri Asada
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Natsuka Usami
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Isoda
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tamami Takano
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ohmi Fuchiwaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
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Kim M, Lim H, Ko SH. Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205795. [PMID: 36642850 PMCID: PMC9951389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics is expected to bring advancements in future soft electronics owing to its conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility. However, various difficulties arise when patterning LM because of its rheological features such as fluidity and surface tension. Numerous attempts are made to overcome these difficulties, resulting in various LM-patterning methods. An appropriate choice of patterning method based on comprehensive understanding is necessary to fully utilize the unique properties. Therefore, the authors aim to provide thorough knowledge about patterning methods and unique properties for LM-based future soft electronics. First, essential considerations for LM-patterning are investigated. Then, LM-patterning methods-serial-patterning, parallel-patterning, intermetallic bond-assisted patterning, and molding/microfluidic injection-are categorized and investigated. Finally, perspectives on LM-based soft electronics with unique properties are provided. They include outstanding features of LM such as conformability, biocompatibility, permeability, restorability, and recyclability. Also, they include perspectives on future LM-based soft electronics in various areas such as radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. LM-based soft devices are expected to permeate the daily lives if patterning methods and the aforementioned features are analyzed and utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology77 Chungam‐ro, Nam‐guPohang37673South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
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