1
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Papangelakis P, O'Brien CP, Shayesteh Zeraati A, Liu S, Paik A, Nelson V, Park S, Xiao YC, Dorakhan R, Sun P, Wu J, Gabardo CM, Wang N, Miao RK, Sargent EH, Sinton D. Scaled CO Electroreduction to Alcohols. Nat Commun 2025; 16:4969. [PMID: 40436848 PMCID: PMC12120069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 06/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalysis offers a promising route to convert CO2 into alcohols, which is most efficient in a two-step cascade reaction with CO2-to-CO followed by CO-to-alcohol. However, current alcohol-producing CO2/CO electrolyzers suffer from low selectivity or alcohol crossover, resulting in alcohol concentrations of less than 1%, which are further diluted in downstream cold-traps. As a result, electrocatalytic alcohol production has yet to be scaled beyond the lab (1-10 cm2). Here, we reverse the electroosmotic drag of water using a cation exchange membrane assembly, enabling the recovery of over 85% of alcohol products at a concentration of 6 wt.%. We develop a multi-step condenser strategy to separate the produced alcohols from the effluent gas stream without dilution. Scaling up this approach to an 800 cm2 cell resulted in an output of 200 mL alcohol/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papangelakis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colin P O'Brien
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CERT Systems Inc, 501 Alliance Avenue, Suite 406, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Shayesteh Zeraati
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Paik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian Nelson
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yurou Celine Xiao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roham Dorakhan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Puhua Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ning Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rui Kai Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Cheng Y, Li Q, Salaman MIB, Wei C, Wang Q, Ma X, Liu B, Wong AB. Microenvironment Tailoring for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction: Effects of Interfacial Structure on Controlling Activity and Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:12438-12448. [PMID: 40073338 PMCID: PMC12007005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
The performance of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is highly dependent on the microenvironment around the cathode. Despite efforts to optimize the microenvironment by modifying nanostructured catalysts or microporous gas diffusion electrodes, their inherent disorder presents a significant challenge to understanding how interfacial structure arrangement within the electrode governs the microenvironment for CO2RR. This knowledge gap limits fundamental understanding of CO2RR while also hindering efforts to enhance CO2RR selectivity and activity. In this work, we investigate this knowledge gap using a tunable system featuring superhydrophobic hierarchical Cu nanowire arrays with microgrooves (NAMs). Adjusting the NAM structure tunes multiple synergistic effects in the microenvironment, which include stabilization of the microwetting state, confinement of CO*, improvement to local CO2 concentration, and modulation of the local pH. Notably, using mass transport modeling, we quantify the role of the gas-liquid-solid interface in boosting local CO2 concentrations within several microns of the interface itself. Leveraging these effects, we elucidate how CO* and H* competitively occupy active sites, influencing reaction pathways toward multicarbon products based on tuning the microenvironment. Consequently, we provide new insights into why the optimized configuration significantly increased CO2RR activity by 690% (as normalized by electrochemical active surface area), C2+ product selectivity by 72%, and Faradaic efficiency by 36%, compared to CO2RR with hydrophobic Cu foil. Based on these insights, our findings unlock new opportunities to engineer the CO2RR microenvironment through the rational organization of hierarchical interface materials in gas diffusion electrodes toward improved CO2RR selectivity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Cheng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qixun Li
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | | | - Chaolong Wei
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Qilun Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xuehu Ma
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Andrew Barnabas Wong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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3
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Zhou G, Li B, Cheng G, Breckner CJ, Dean DP, Yang M, Yao N, Miller JT, Klok JBM, Tsesmetzis N, Wang G, Ren ZJ. Concentrated C 2+ Alcohol Production Enabled by Post-Intermediate Modulation and Augmented CO Adsorption in CO Electrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:31788-31798. [PMID: 39504513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic synthesis of multicarbon products from CO2/CO feedstock represents a sustainable method for chemical production with a reduced carbon footprint. Traditional copper catalysts predominantly produce alkenes, but generating valuable and versatile C2+ alcohols, especially high-energy-density C3 alcohols, has been challenging due to issues with selectivity, activity, and stability. Here, we present the construction of Ru-doped Cu nanowires that enhance the selectivity of n-PrOH and C2+ alcohols. In situ Raman spectroscopy shows that our approach promotes both *CO binding and availability, particularly facilitating the formation of high-frequency-bound *CO (*COHFB) and maintaining multiple *CO adsorption modes on Ru-modified and bare low-coordinated Cu nanowires. Density-functional theory (DFT) simulations illustrate that introducing Ru species onto a low-coordinated Cu step surface simultaneously stabilizes CO and alcohol-related intermediates, shifting the dominant reaction pathway toward alcohols and facilitating CO-C2 coupling at the expense of ethylene selectivity. In an alkaline gas-diffusion electrolyzer, we attained a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 35.9% for n-PrOH and 62.4% for the total C2+ alcohols. Optimizing parameters in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) system enabled the one-pot generation and separation of C2+ alcohols, achieving a record concentration of 18.8 wt % (4.2 wt % n-PrOH and 14.6 wt % EtOH) with nearly 100% purity at 200 mA/cm2 over 100 h. This work not only provides new insights and guidance for the development of future catalysts from the perspectives of surface science and mechanisms but also highlights the importance of coupling material engineering with reactor engineering to optimize the production process of high-value alcohol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangye Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Guangming Cheng
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Christian J Breckner
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David P Dean
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Meiqi Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nan Yao
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Johannes B M Klok
- New Energies Research and Technology, Shell International Exploration and Production Inc, Houston, Texas 77082, United States
| | - Nicolas Tsesmetzis
- New Energies Research and Technology, Shell International Exploration and Production Inc, Houston, Texas 77082, United States
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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4
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O'Brien CP, Miao RK, Shayesteh Zeraati A, Lee G, Sargent EH, Sinton D. CO 2 Electrolyzers. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3648-3693. [PMID: 38518224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
CO2 electrolyzers have progressed rapidly in energy efficiency and catalyst selectivity toward valuable chemical feedstocks and fuels, such as syngas, ethylene, ethanol, and methane. However, each component within these complex systems influences the overall performance, and the further advances needed to realize commercialization will require an approach that considers the whole process, with the electrochemical cell at the center. Beyond the cell boundaries, the electrolyzer must integrate with upstream CO2 feeds and downstream separation processes in a way that minimizes overall product energy intensity and presents viable use cases. Here we begin by describing upstream CO2 sources, their energy intensities, and impurities. We then focus on the cell, the most common CO2 electrolyzer system architectures, and each component within these systems. We evaluate the energy savings and the feasibility of alternative approaches including integration with CO2 capture, direct conversion of flue gas and two-step conversion via carbon monoxide. We evaluate pathways that minimize downstream separations and produce concentrated streams compatible with existing sectors. Applying this comprehensive upstream-to-downstream approach, we highlight the most promising routes, and outlook, for electrochemical CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P O'Brien
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Rui Kai Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ali Shayesteh Zeraati
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Geonhui Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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5
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Zhang J, Kang X, Yan Y, Ding X, He L, Li Y. Cascade Electrocatalytic and Thermocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to Propionaldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315777. [PMID: 38233351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction can convert CO2 to value-added chemicals, but its selectivity toward C3+ products are very limited. One possible solution is to run the reactions in hybrid processes by coupling electrocatalysis with other catalytic routes. In this contribution, we report the cascade electrocatalytic and thermocatalytic reduction of CO2 to propionaldehyde. Using Cu(OH)2 nanowires as the precatalyst, CO2 /H2 O is reduced to concentrated C2 H4 , CO, and H2 gases in a zero-gap membrane electrode assembly (MEA) reactor. The thermochemical hydroformylation reaction is separately investigated with a series of rhodium-phosphine complexes. The best candidate is identified to be the one with the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane diphosphine ligand, which exhibits a propionaldehyde turnover number of 1148 under a mild temperature and close-to-atmospheric pressure. By coupling and optimizing the upstream CO2 electroreduction and downstream hydroformylation reaction, we achieve a propionaldehyde selectivity of ~38 % and a total C3 oxygenate selectivity of 44 % based on reduced CO2 . These values represent a more than seven times improvement over the best prior electrochemical system alone or over two times improvement over other hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xingsi Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of ChemicalPhysics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuchen Yan
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xue Ding
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of ChemicalPhysics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, 999078, China
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6
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Zhao X, Xie H, Deng B, Wang L, Li Y, Dong F. Enhanced CO 2 reduction with hydrophobic cationic-ionomer layer-modified zero-gap MEA in acidic electrolyte. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:542-545. [PMID: 38093711 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A hydrophobic cationic-ionomer layer of quaternary ammonium poly(N-methyl-piperidine-co-p-terphenyl) and PTFE is presented to enhance the CO2 electroreduction in a zero-gap membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer under acidic and low alkali ion concentration conditions. The modified MEA achieved a maximum CO faradaic efficiency of 95.6% at 100 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Zhao
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hongtao Xie
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
| | - Bangwei Deng
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
| | - Yizhao Li
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
| | - Fan Dong
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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7
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Li J, Xiong H, Liu X, Wu D, Su D, Xu B, Lu Q. Weak CO binding sites induced by Cu-Ag interfaces promote CO electroreduction to multi-carbon liquid products. Nat Commun 2023; 14:698. [PMID: 36755022 PMCID: PMC9908878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon monoxide to high-value multi-carbon (C2+) products offers an appealing route to store sustainable energy and make use of the chief greenhouse gas leading to climate change, i.e., CO2. Among potential products, C2+ liquid products such as ethanol are of particular interest owing to their high energy density and industrial relevance. In this work, we demonstrate that Ag-modified oxide-derive Cu catalysts prepared via high-energy ball milling exhibit near 80% Faradaic efficiencies for C2+ liquid products at commercially relevant current densities (>100 mA cm-2) in the CO electroreduction in a microfluidic flow cell. Such performance is retained in an over 100-hour electrolysis in a 100 cm2 membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer. A method based on surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy is developed to characterize the CO binding strength on the catalyst surface. The lower C and O affinities of the Cu-Ag interfacial sites in the prepared catalysts are proposed to be responsible for the enhanced selectivity for C2+ oxygenates, which is the experimental verification of recent computational predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Haocheng Xiong
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Donghuan Wu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dong Su
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Bingjun Xu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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8
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Li M, Wang T, Zhao W, Wang S, Zou Y. A Pair-Electrosynthesis for Formate at Ultra-Low Voltage Via Coupling of CO 2 Reduction and Formaldehyde Oxidation. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:211. [PMID: 36319899 PMCID: PMC9626726 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Formate can be synthesized electrochemically by CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) or formaldehyde oxidation reaction (FOR). The CO2RR approach suffers from kinetic-sluggish oxygen evolution reaction at the anode. To this end, an electrochemical system combining cathodic CO2RR with anodic FOR was developed, which enables the formate electrosynthesis at ultra-low voltage. Cathodic CO2RR employing the BiOCl electrode in H-cell exhibited formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) higher than 90% within a wide potential range from - 0.48 to - 1.32 VRHE. In flow cell, the current density of 100 mA cm-2 was achieved at - 0.67 VRHE. The anodic FOR using the Cu2O electrode displayed a low onset potential of - 0.13 VRHE and nearly 100% formate and H2 selectivity from 0.05 to 0.35 VRHE. The CO2RR and FOR were constructed in a flow cell through membrane electrode assembly for the electrosynthesis of formate, where the CO2RR//FOR delivered an enhanced current density of 100 mA cm-2 at 0.86 V. This work provides a promising pair-electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals with high FE and low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Tehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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