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Lee AW, Dong Y, Natani S, Ban DK, Bandaru PR. Toward the Ultimate Limit of Analyte Detection, in Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1214-1222. [PMID: 38230628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The ultimate sensitivity of field-effect-transistor (FET)-based devices for ionic species detection is of great interest, given that such devices are capable of monitoring single-electron-level modulations. It is shown here, from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, that for such ultimate limits to be approached the thermodynamic as well as kinetic characteristics of the (FET surface)-(linker)-(ion-receptor) ensemble must be considered. The sensitivity was probed in terms of optimal packing of the ensemble, through a minimal charge state/capacitance point of view and atomic force microscopy. Through the fine-tuning of the linker and receptor interaction with the sensing surface, a record limit of detection as well as specificity in the femtomolar range, orders of magnitude better than previously obtained and in excellent accord with prediction, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Yongliang Dong
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Shreyam Natani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Deependra Kumar Ban
- Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, Los Angeles, California 91711, United States
| | - Prabhakar R Bandaru
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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2
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Ono T, Okuda S, Ushiba S, Kanai Y, Matsumoto K. Challenges for Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Graphene Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:333. [PMID: 38255502 PMCID: PMC10817696 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its outstanding physical properties, graphene has attracted attention as a promising biosensor material. Field-effect-transistor (FET)-based biosensors are particularly promising because of their high sensitivity that is achieved through the high carrier mobility of graphene. However, graphene-FET biosensors have not yet reached widespread practical applications owing to several problems. In this review, the authors focus on graphene-FET biosensors and discuss their advantages, the challenges to their development, and the solutions to the challenges. The problem of Debye screening, in which the surface charges of the detection target are shielded and undetectable, can be solved by using small-molecule receptors and their deformations and by using enzyme reaction products. To address the complexity of sample components and the detection mechanisms of graphene-FET biosensors, the authors outline measures against nonspecific adsorption and the remaining problems related to the detection mechanism itself. The authors also introduce a solution with which the molecular species that can reach the sensor surfaces are limited. Finally, the authors present multifaceted approaches to the sensor surfaces that provide much information to corroborate the results of electrical measurements. The measures and solutions introduced bring us closer to the practical realization of stable biosensors utilizing the superior characteristics of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ono
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- High Frequency & Optical Device Works, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 4-1 Mizuhara, Itami, Sendai 664-8641, Japan
| | - Shota Ushiba
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kanai
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Murugasenapathi NK, Ghosh R, Ramanathan S, Ghosh S, Chinnappan A, Mohamed SAJ, Esther Jebakumari KA, Gopinath SCB, Ramakrishna S, Palanisamy T. Transistor-Based Biomolecule Sensors: Recent Technological Advancements and Future Prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1044-1065. [PMID: 34788167 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Transistor-based sensors have been widely recognized to be highly sensitive and reliable for point-of-care/bed-side diagnosis. In this line, a range of cutting-edge technologies has been generated to elevate the role of transistors for biomolecule detection. Detection of a wide range of clinical biomarkers has been reported using various configurations of transistors. The inordinate sensitivity of transistors to the field-effect imparts high sensitivity toward wide range of biomolecules. This overview has gleaned the present achievements with the technological advancements using high performance transistor-based sensors. This review encloses transistors incorporated with a variety of functional nanomaterials and organic elements for their excellence in selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, the technological advancements in fabrication of these microdevices or nanodevices and functionalization of the sensing elements have also been discussed. The technological gap in the realization of sensors in transistor platforms and the resulted scope for research has been discussed. Finally, foreseen technological advancements and future research perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchimuthu Karuppusamy Murugasenapathi
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Soumalya Ghosh
- Department of Production Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syed Abuthahir Jamal Mohamed
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Abraham Esther Jebakumari
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tamilarasan Palanisamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Hwang MT, Park I, Heiranian M, Taqieddin A, You S, Faramarzi V, Pak AA, van der Zande AM, Aluru NR, Bashir R. Ultrasensitive Detection of Dopamine, IL-6 and SARS-CoV-2 Proteins on Crumpled Graphene FET Biosensor. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 6:2100712. [PMID: 34901384 PMCID: PMC8646936 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Universal platforms for biomolecular analysis using label-free sensing modalities can address important diagnostic challenges. Electrical field effect-sensors are an important class of devices that can enable point-of-care sensing by probing the charge in the biological entities. Use of crumpled graphene for this application is especially promising. It is previously reported that the limit of detection (LoD) on electrical field effect-based sensors using DNA molecules on the crumpled graphene FET (field-effect transistor) platform. Here, the crumpled graphene FET-based biosensing of important biomarkers including small molecules and proteins is reported. The performance of devices is systematically evaluated and optimized by studying the effect of the crumpling ratio on electrical double layer (EDL) formation and bandgap opening on the graphene. It is also shown that a small and electroneutral molecule dopamine can be captured by an aptamer and its conformation change induced electrical signal changes. Three kinds of proteins were captured with specific antibodies including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and two viral proteins. All tested biomarkers are detectable with the highest sensitivity reported on the electrical platform. Significantly, two COVID-19 related proteins, nucleocapsid (N-) and spike (S-) proteins antigens are successfully detected with extremely low LoDs. This electrical antigen tests can contribute to the challenge of rapid, point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taeyoung Hwang
- Department of BioNano TechnologyGachon University1342 Seongnam‐Daero, Sujeong‐GuSeongnamGyeonggi13120Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Park
- Micro and Nanotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Mohammad Heiranian
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Amir Taqieddin
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Seungyong You
- Micro and Nanotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Vahid Faramarzi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Angela A. Pak
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Arend M. van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical EngineeringOden Institute for Computational Engineering and SciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Micro and Nanotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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Chehade JA, Bhattacharya S, Iezzi R. Inkjet-Printed Graphene Sensors for the Bedside Detection of Tear Film pH. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:10. [PMID: 34003944 PMCID: PMC7961110 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether an inexpensive, graphene thin-film electronic pH sensor could be used to measure tear film pH. Methods The pH-sensitive electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistors (EG-GFETs) were fabricated by patterning graphene ink and ultraviolet-cured dielectric onto 125 µm–thick polyimide substrate using a nanomaterials inkjet printer. A flow-cell was used to exchange test solutions and record current flow through the EG-GFET. Laboratory reference pH test solutions were used to calibrate the sensor. Contrived tears with lipids were pH buffered using HCL (1 M) or NAOH (1 M) to produce tear solutions ranging in pH from 2.0 to 9.5. A laboratory-reference pH meter was used to verify the pH of each solution. Dirac curves that demonstrate pH-dependent changes in current flow through the EG-GFET were measured for each test solution, using dual sourcemeters. Results Graphene EG-GFET devices were highly sensitive to changes in artificial tear-film pH. The Dirac voltage was defined as the gate voltage at which minimum source drain current was measured. The relationship between Dirac voltage and tear film pH was highly linear with a slope of 17.2 mV per pH unit over the range of solutions tested, from pH 2.0 to pH 9.5 (r2 = 0.977). Conclusions Graphene field-effect transistors accurately measure tear film pH and may be useful in the emergency management of ocular adnexal exposure to acids or bases. Translational Relevance Thin-film graphene sensors are low cost and can rapidly map tear-film pH at multiple sites on the ocular surface and within the conjunctival fornices, avoiding subjective, colorimetric test-paper methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Jung SH, Seo YM, Gu T, Jang W, Kang SG, Hyeon Y, Hyun SH, Lee JH, Whang D. Super-Nernstian pH Sensor Based on Anomalous Charge Transfer Doping of Defect-Engineered Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:34-42. [PMID: 33136414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The conventional pH sensor based on the graphene ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (Gr-ISFET), which operates with an electrostatic gating at the solution-graphene interface, cannot have a pH sensitivity above the Nernst limit (∼59 mV/pH). However, for accurate detection of the pH levels of an aqueous solution, an ultrasensitive pH sensor that can exceed the theoretical limit is required. In this study, a novel Gr-ISFET-based pH sensor is fabricated using proton-permeable defect-engineered graphene. The nanocrystalline graphene (nc-Gr) with numerous grain boundaries allows protons to penetrate the graphene layer and interact with the underlying pH-dependent charge-transfer dopant layer. We analyze the pH sensitivity of nc-Gr ISFETs by adjusting the grain boundary density of graphene and the functional group (OH-, NH2-, CH3-) on the SiO2 surface, confirming an unusual negative shift of the charge-neutral point (CNP) as the pH of the solution increases and a super-Nernstian pH response (approximately -140 mV/pH) under optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ho Jung
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Seo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Taejun Gu
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Wonseok Jang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Seog-Gyun Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Yuhwan Hyeon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Hyun
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Dongmok Whang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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7
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Hui S, Majee P, Singha DK, Daga P, Mondal SK, Mahata P. pH response of a hydroxyl-functionalized luminescent metal–organic framework based phosphor. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00366f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ligand sensitized Tb3+ centered emission of Tb-doped Y-based hydroxyl functionalized MOFs has been utilized for pH sensing in the visible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Hui
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Prakash Majee
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | | | - Pooja Daga
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Sudip Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Partha Mahata
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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Kirchner EM, Hirsch T. Recent developments in carbon-based two-dimensional materials: synthesis and modification aspects for electrochemical sensors. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:441. [PMID: 32656597 PMCID: PMC7354370 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review (162 references) focuses on two-dimensional carbon materials, which include graphene as well as its allotropes varying in size, number of layers, and defects, for their application in electrochemical sensors. Many preparation methods are known to yield two-dimensional carbon materials which are often simply addressed as graphene, but which show huge variations in their physical and chemical properties and therefore on their sensing performance. The first section briefly reviews the most promising as well as the latest achievements in graphene synthesis based on growth and delamination techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, liquid phase exfoliation via sonication or mechanical forces, as well as oxidative procedures ranging from chemical to electrochemical exfoliation. Two-dimensional carbon materials are highly attractive to be integrated in a wide field of sensing applications. Here, graphene is examined as recognition layer in electrochemical sensors like field-effect transistors, chemiresistors, impedance-based devices as well as voltammetric and amperometric sensors. The sensor performance is evaluated from the material's perspective of view and revealed the impact of structure and defects of the 2D carbon materials in different transducing technologies. It is concluded that the performance of 2D carbon-based sensors is strongly related to the preparation method in combination with the electrical transduction technique. Future perspectives address challenges to transfer 2D carbon-based sensors from the lab to the market. Graphical abstract Schematic overview from synthesis and modification of two-dimensional carbon materials to sensor application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Kirchner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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Fan Q, Wang L, Xu D, Duo Y, Gao J, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen X, Li J, Zhang H. Solution-gated transistors of two-dimensional materials for chemical and biological sensors: status and challenges. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11364-11394. [PMID: 32428057 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been the focus of materials research for many years due to their unique fascinating properties and large specific surface area (SSA). They are very sensitive to the analytes (ions, glucose, DNA, protein, etc.), resulting in their wide-spread development in the field of sensing. New 2D materials, as the basis of applications, are constantly being fabricated and comprehensively studied. In a variety of sensing applications, the solution-gated transistor (SGT) is a promising biochemical sensing platform because it can work at low voltage in different electrolytes, which is ideal for monitoring body fluids in wearable electronics, e-skin, or implantable devices. However, there are still some key challenges, such as device stability and reproducibility, that must be faced in order to pave the way for the development of cost-effective, flexible, and transparent SGTs with 2D materials. In this review, the device preparation, device physics, and the latest application prospects of 2D materials-based SGTs are systematically presented. Besides, a bold perspective is also provided for the future development of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Lude Wang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Duo Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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10
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Fan Q, Li J, Zhu Y, Yang Z, Shen T, Guo Y, Wang L, Mei T, Wang J, Wang X. Functional Carbon Quantum Dots for Highly Sensitive Graphene Transistors for Cu 2+ Ion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4797-4803. [PMID: 31909585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cu2+ ions play essential roles in various biological events that occur in the human body. It is important to establish an efficient and reliable detection of Cu2+ ions for people's health. The solution-gated graphene transistors (SGGTs) have been extensively investigated as a promising platform for chemical and biological sensing applications. Herein, highly sensitive and highly selective sensor for Cu2+ ion detection is successfully constructed based on SGGTs with gate electrodes modified by functional carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The sensing mechanism of the sensor is that the coordination of CQDs and Cu2+ ions induces the capacitance change of the electrical double layer (EDL) near the gate electrode and then results in the change of channel current. Compared to other metal ions, Cu2+ ions have an excellent binding nature with CQDs that make it an ultrahigh selective sensor. The CQD-modified sensor achieves excellent Cu2+ ion detection with a minimal level of concentration (1 × 10-14 M), which is several orders of magnitude lower than the values obtained from other conventional detection methods. Interestingly, the device also displays a quick response time on the order of seconds. Due to the functionalized nature of CQDs, SGGTs with CQD-modified gate show good prospects to achieve multifunctional sensing platform in biochemical detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Zilu Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Tao Shen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yizhong Guo
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Tao Mei
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Jianying Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
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11
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Tseng C, Wen C, Huang D, Lai C, Chen S, Hu Q, Chen X, Xu X, Zhang S, Tao Y, Zhang Z. Synergy of Ionic and Dipolar Effects by Molecular Design for pH Sensing beyond the Nernstian Limit. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901001. [PMID: 31993278 PMCID: PMC6974946 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of interfacial interactions between analytes and functionalized sensor surfaces, from where the signal originates, is key to the development and application of electronic sensors. The present work explores the tunability of pH sensitivity by the synergy of surface charge and molecular dipole moment induced by interfacial proton interactions. This synergy is demonstrated on a silicon-nanoribbon field-effect transistor (SiNR-FET) by functionalizing the sensor surface with properly designed chromophore molecules. The chromophore molecules can interact with protons and lead to appreciable changes in interface dipole moment as well as in surface charge state. In addition, the dipole moment can be tuned not only by the substituent on the chromophore but also by the anion in the electrolyte interacting with the protonated chromophore. By designing surface molecules to enhance the surface dipole moment upon protonation, an above-Nernstian pH sensitivity is achieved on the SiNR-FET sensor. This finding may bring an innovative strategy for tailoring the sensitivity of the SiNR-FET-based pH sensor toward a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao‐Wei Tseng
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Chenyu Wen
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Chin‐Hung Lai
- Department of Medical Applied ChemistryChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201Taiwan
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Qitao Hu
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Xi Chen
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Xingxing Xu
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Shi‐Li Zhang
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Yu‐Tai Tao
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Solid‐State ElectronicsThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE‐751 21UppsalaSweden
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12
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Lee CW, Suh JM, Jang HW. Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials for Selective Detection of Ions and Molecules in Liquid. Front Chem 2019; 7:708. [PMID: 31803712 PMCID: PMC6873591 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Up until now, two-dimensional (2D) materials have been researched vigorously for application to sensing ions and molecules in liquid due to their unique structural, chemical, and electronic properties. Features of 2D materials such as high surface area-to-volume ratios and various reaction sites are ideal characteristics for fabricating state-of-the-art high-performed chemical sensors. This review particularly focuses on the detection of pH, metal ions, and biomolecules in liquid media. The final goal of the ion/molecule sensors is a development of the electronic tongue or taste sensors that can be used in medical, food, biotechnology, and health applications. Herein, we introduce recent advances in the field of ion/molecule sensors in liquid media based on 2D materials, especially concentrating in graphene and MoS2, and will emphasize the opportunities and challenges of these unique sensing materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Min Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Neumann C, Kaiser D, Mohn MJ, Füser M, Weber NE, Reimer O, Gölzhäuser A, Weimann T, Terfort A, Kaiser U, Turchanin A. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Graphene Monolayers with Tunable Crystallinity and Porosity. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7310-7322. [PMID: 31117384 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for a bottom-up synthesis of atomically thin graphene sheets with tunable crystallinity and porosity using aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as molecular precursors. To this end, we employ SAMs with pyridine and pyrrole constituents on polycrystalline copper foils and convert them initially into molecular nanosheets-carbon nanomembranes (CNMs)- via low-energy electron irradiation induced cross-linking and then into graphene monolayers via pyrolysis. As the nitrogen atoms are leaving the nanosheets during pyrolysis, nanopores are generated in the formed single-layer graphene. We elucidate the structural changes upon the cross-linking and pyrolysis down to the atomic scale by complementary spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, atomic force, helium ion, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electrical transport measurements. We demonstrate that the crystallinity and porosity of the formed graphene can be adjusted via the choice of molecular precursors and pyrolysis temperature, and we present a kinetic growth model quantitatively describing the conversion of molecular CNMs into graphene. The synthesized nanoporous graphene monolayers resemble a percolated network of graphene nanoribbons with a high charge carrier mobility (∼600 cm2/(V s)), making them attractive for implementations in electronic field-effect devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - David Kaiser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Michael J Mohn
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Matthias Füser
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Frankfurt , 60348 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Nils-Eike Weber
- Faculty of Physics , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33615 , Germany
| | - Oliver Reimer
- Faculty of Physics , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33615 , Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Faculty of Physics , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33615 , Germany
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Frankfurt , 60348 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , 89081 Ulm , Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) , 07743 Jena , Germany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena) , 07743 Jena , Germany
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14
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Jin L, Shi L, Shi W, Meng Z, Shang L, Shen Y. Fluorescence lifetime-based pH sensing by platinum nanoclusters. Analyst 2019; 144:3533-3538. [PMID: 31025668 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report for the first time the application of ultrasmall Pt nanoclusters (Pt NCs) as a fluorescence-lifetime-based pH sensor. The fluorescence properties of our prepared Pt NCs show strong pH dependence, due to the change of the surface states of Pt NCs under alkaline/acidic conditions. Interestingly, both the fluorescence intensity and the fluorescence lifetime of Pt NCs exhibit a good linear relationship in the physiologically relevant pH range of 6.02-7.54. Our Pt NC-based pH sensor possesses many important features as an attractive sensor, including high anti-jamming capability, excellent stability and good reversibility. Moreover, the use of fluorescence lifetime as the optical readout signal rather than the intensity makes the present pH sensor more reliable in practical applications because the fluorescence lifetime is invariant to the probe concentration or changes in excitation conditions. Application of the Pt NC-based system for pH detection in real water samples and simulated intracellular environment samples has also been successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Lulu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Zheng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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15
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Xiong C, Zhang T, Wang D, Lin Y, Qu H, Chen W, Luo L, Wang Y, Zheng L, Fu L. Highly sensitive solution-gated graphene transistor based sensor for continuous and real-time detection of free chlorine. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1033:65-72. [PMID: 30172333 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of free chlorine used for sterilizing drinking water, recreational water, and food processing water is critical for monitoring potential environmental and human health risks, and should be strictly controlled. Here, we report a highly efficient solution-gated graphene transistor (SGGT) device, for the detection of free chlorine in a real-time and convenient manner with excellent selectivity and high sensitivity. The detection mechanism of the SGGT with Au gate electrode is attributed to two combined effects: the reduction of the free chlorine on Au gate electrode; and the direct oxidization of graphene by the free chlorine in solution. The SGGT device shows a linear response range of free chlorine from 1 μM to 100 μM, with detection limit as low as 100 nM, far beyond the sensitivity required for practical applications. Finally, we also demonstrate the performance of the SGGT for determination of free chlorine in local tap water samples. The results presented herein have important implications in the development of portable and disposable devices based on SGGT sensing platform for the simple, real-time, and selective determination of free chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xiong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hao Qu
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Linbao Luo
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Linglin Fu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China.
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16
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Lee JH, Lee WW, Yang DW, Chang WJ, Kwon SS, Park WI. Anomalous Photovoltaic Response of Graphene-on-GaN Schottky Photodiodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14170-14174. [PMID: 29620853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted great attention as an alternative to conventional metallic or transparent conducting electrodes. Despite its similarities with conventional electrodes, recent studies have shown that a single-atom layer of graphene possesses unique characteristics, such as a tunable work function and transparencies for electric potential, reactivity, and wetting. Nevertheless, a systematic analysis of graphene and semiconductor junction characteristics has not yet been carried out. Here, we report the photoresponse characteristics of graphene-on-GaN Schottky junction photodiodes (Gr-GaN SJPDs), showing a typical rectifying behavior and distinct photovoltaic and photoelectric responses. Following the initial abrupt response to UV illumination, the Gr-GaN SJPDs exhibited a distinct difference in photocarrier dynamics depending on the applied bias voltage, which is characterized by either a negative or positive change in photocurrent with time. We propose underlying mechanisms for the anomalous photocarrier dynamics based on the interplay between electrostatic molecular interactions over the one-atom-thick graphene and GaN junction and trapped photocarriers at the defect states in the GaN thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Lee
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Lee
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Yang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Chang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sang Kwon
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
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17
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Kwon SS, Shin JH, Choi J, Nam S, Park WI. Defect-Mediated Molecular Interaction and Charge Transfer in Graphene Mesh-Glucose Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14216-14221. [PMID: 28374989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the role of defects in enzymatic graphene field-effect transistor sensors by introducing engineered defects in graphene channels. Compared with conventional graphene sensors (Gr sensors), graphene mesh sensors (GM sensors), with an array of circular holes, initially exhibited a higher irreversible response to glucose, involving strong chemisorption to edge defects. However, after immobilization of glucose oxidase, the irreversibility of the responses was substantially diminished, without any reduction in the sensitivity of the GM sensors (i.e., -0.53 mV/mM for the GM sensor vs -0.37 mV/mM for Gr sensor). Furthermore, multiple cycle operation led to rapid sensing and improved the reversibility of GM sensors. In addition, control tests with sensors containing a linker showed that sensitivity was increased in Gr sensors but decreased in GM sensors. Our findings indicate that edge defects can be used to replace linkers for immobilization of glucose oxidase and improve charge transfer across glucose oxidase-graphene interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Sang Kwon
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeok Shin
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Won Il Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea
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18
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Fu W, Jiang L, van Geest EP, Lima LMC, Schneider GF. Sensing at the Surface of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603610. [PMID: 27896865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent research trends now offer new opportunities for developing the next generations of label-free biochemical sensors using graphene and other two-dimensional materials. While the physics of graphene transistors operated in electrolyte is well grounded, important chemical challenges still remain to be addressed, namely the impact of the chemical functionalizations of graphene on the key electrical parameters and the sensing performances. In fact, graphene - at least ideal graphene - is highly chemically inert. The functionalizations and chemical alterations of the graphene surface - both covalently and non-covalently - are crucial steps that define the sensitivity of graphene. The presence, reactivity, adsorption of gas and ions, proteins, DNA, cells and tissues on graphene have been successfully monitored with graphene. This review aims to unify most of the work done so far on biochemical sensing at the surface of a (chemically functionalized) graphene field-effect transistor and the challenges that lie ahead. The authors are convinced that graphene biochemical sensors hold great promise to meet the ever-increasing demand for sensitivity, especially looking at the recent progresses suggesting that the obstacle of Debye screening can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P van Geest
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lia M C Lima
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Krishnakumar R, Swathi RS. Tunable Azacrown-Embedded Graphene Nanomeshes for Ion Sensing and Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:999-1010. [PMID: 27997113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable selectivity with which crown ethers served as macrocyclic hosts for various guest species has led to numerous investigations on structure-specific interactions. Successful fabrication of graphene nanomeshes has opened up a plethora of avenues for sensing and separation applications. Embedding crown ether backbones in graphene frameworks can therefore be an interesting strategy for exploring the advantages offered by crown ether backbones, yet having the properties of graphene-based materials. Motivated by the recent success in fabrication of crown ether-based graphene nanopores, herein we investigate their performance toward ion sensing and separation using electronic structure methods. The effect of topology and electronic properties of the nanopore are probed by considering a series of oxygen-based and nitrogen-based graphene crown ethers (crown-n; n = 1-6). Our computations have revealed the excellent alkali ion binding properties of azacrown-based graphene nanomeshes over conventional oxygen crown-based graphene nanomeshes and normal crown ethers. Selectivity in ion transmission through the nanomeshes is demonstrated by employing graphene crown ethers [crown-n (n = 4-6)]. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first report on azacrown-based graphene nanomeshes and their possible applications in ion sensing and separation, an aspect that we hope will be demonstrated in experiments soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Krishnakumar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
| | - Rotti Srinivasamurthy Swathi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
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20
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Mao S, Chang J, Pu H, Lu G, He Q, Zhang H, Chen J. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based field-effect transistors for chemical and biological sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6872-6904. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00827e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent progress in graphene-, 2D transition metal dichalcogenide-, and 2D black phosphorus-based FET sensors for detecting gases, biomolecules, and water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Jingbo Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Haihui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | | | - Qiyuan He
- Center for Programmable Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
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21
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Cho SH, Kwon SS, Yi J, Park WI. Chemical and biological sensors based on defect-engineered graphene mesh field-effect transistors. NANO CONVERGENCE 2016; 3:14. [PMID: 28191424 PMCID: PMC5271147 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been intensively studied for applications to high-performance sensors, but the sensing characteristics of graphene devices have varied from case to case, and the sensing mechanism has not been satisfactorily determined thus far. In this review, we describe recent progress in engineering of the defects in graphene grown by a silica-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique and elucidate the effect of the defects upon the electrical response of graphene sensors. This review provides guidelines for engineering and/or passivating defects to improve sensor performance and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee H. Cho
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Sun Sang Kwon
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yi
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Won Il Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
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