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Li M, Wang F, Ouyang S, Liu Y, Hu Z, Wu Y, Qian J, Li Z, Wang L, Ma S. A comprehensive review on preparation and functional application of the wood aerogel with natural cellulose framework. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133340. [PMID: 38925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As the traditional aerogel has defects such as poor mechanical properties, complicated preparation process, high energy consumption and non-renewable, wood aerogel as a new generation of aerogel shows unique advantages. With a natural cellulose framework, wood aerogel is a novel nano-porous material exhibiting exceptional properties such as light weight, high porosity, large specific surface area, and low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, its adaptability to further functionalization enables versatile applications across diverse fields. Driven by the imperative for sustainable development, wood aerogel as a renewable and eco-friendly material, has garnered significant attention from researchers. This review introduces preparation methods of wood aerogel based on the top-down strategy and analyzes the factors influencing their key properties intending to obtain wood aerogels with desirable properties. Avenues for realizing its functionality are also explored, and research progress across various domains are surveyed, including oil-water separation, conductivity and energy storage, as well as photothermal conversion. Finally, potential challenges associated with wood aerogel exploitation and utilization are addressed, alongside discussions on future prospects and research directions. The results emphasize the broad research value and future prospects of wood aerogels, which are poised to drive high-value utilization of wood and foster the development of green multifunctional aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feijie Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shiqiang Ouyang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yichi Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zihan Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Shufeng Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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Nero M, Ali H, Li Y, Willhammar T. The Nanoscale Ordering of Cellulose in a Hierarchically Structured Hybrid Material Revealed Using Scanning Electron Diffraction. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301304. [PMID: 38072622 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose, being a renewable and abundant biopolymer, has garnered significant attention for its unique properties and potential applications in hybrid materials. Understanding the hierarchical arrangement of cellulose nanofibers is crucial for developing cellulose-based materials with enhanced mechanical properties. In this study, the use of Scanning Electron Diffraction (SED) is presented to map the nanoscale orientation of cellulose fibers in a bio-composite material with a preserved wood cell structure. The SED data provides detailed insights into the ordering of cellulose with an extraordinary resolution of ≈15 nm. It enables a quantitative analysis of the fiber orientation over regions as large as entire cells. A highly organized arrangement of cellulose fibers within the secondary cell wall is observed, with a gradient of orientations toward the outer part of the wall. The in-plane fiber rotation is quantified, revealing a uniform orientation close to the middle lamella. Transversely sectioned material exhibits similar trends, suggesting a layered cell wall structure. Based on the SED data, a 3D model depicting the complex helical alignment of fibers throughout the cell wall is constructed. This study demonstrates the unique opportunities SED provides for characterizing the nanoscale hierarchical arrangement of cellulose nanofibers, empowering further research on a range of hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Nero
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Hasan Ali
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Tom Willhammar
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
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3
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Soula M, Samyn F, Duquesne S, Landry V. Impact of surface delignification on fire retardancy of wood treated with polyelectrolyte complexes. HOLZFORSCHUNG 2024; 78:244-256. [PMID: 38605863 PMCID: PMC11005090 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Wood is a natural composite widely employed as a residential building interior finishing. Although wood is readily available and offers benefits to the occupants, such as enhanced well-being, it is rarely employed in commercial construction due, amongst others, to the potential hazard of fire propagation. The application of flame retardant (FR) treatments leads to a reduction of wood flammability and supports wood as interior finishing. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) deposition is an innovative surface treatment that has already proven its efficiency for fabrics. For wood, recent studies have highlighted that the weight gain impacted the fire-retardancy, and a minimum of 2 wt.-% was set to obtain fire protection. This study explored the potential of surface delignification to activate the wood surface and facilitate the PEC impregnation. Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis, Britt.) was surface delignified (0.3 mm) using sodium chlorite. The treatment impact on wood was evaluated by spectroscopy analysis (FTIR, Raman), and the increase in wood wettability was demonstrated (contact angle decreases from 50° to 35° after the surface delignification). Then, PECs consisting of polyethyleneimine and sodium phytate were surface impregnated in wood and delignified wood. The flame retardancy was evaluated using a cone calorimeter. Despite the increase in weight gain (1.5 wt.-% ± 0.3 wt.-% to 4.3 wt.-% ± 2.5 wt.-%), fire performance was not improved. This study demonstrates that lignin strongly affects char formation, even in the presence of PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Soula
- Wood and Forest Sciences Department, Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la terrasse, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- NSERC Canlak Industrial Research Chair in Interior Wood-Product Finishes (CRIF), Université Laval, 2425 rue de l’Université, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 — UMET — Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Fabienne Samyn
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 — UMET — Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 — UMET — Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Véronic Landry
- Wood and Forest Sciences Department, Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la terrasse, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- NSERC Canlak Industrial Research Chair in Interior Wood-Product Finishes (CRIF), Université Laval, 2425 rue de l’Université, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Bansal R, Barshilia HC, Pandey KK. Nanotechnology in wood science: Innovations and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130025. [PMID: 38340917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Application of nanomaterials is gaining tremendous interest in the field of wood science and technology for value addition and enhancing performance of wood and wood-based composites. This review focuses on the use of nanomaterials in improving the properties of wood and wood-based materials and protecting them from weathering, biodegradation, and other deteriorating agents. UV-resistant, self-cleaning (superhydrophobic) surfaces with anti-microbial properties have been developed using the extraordinary features of nanomaterials. Scratch-resistant nano-coatings also improve durability and aesthetic appeal of wood. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as wood preservatives for increasing the resistance against wood deteriorating agents such as fungi, termites and borers. Wood can be made more resistant to ignition and slower to burn by introducing nano-clays or nanoparticles of metal-oxides. The use of nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles in wood-based products has attracted huge interest in developing novel materials with improved properties. Nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles derived/synthesized from woody biomass can enhance the mechanical properties such as strength and stiffness and impart additional functionalities to wood-based products. Cellulose nano-fibres/crystals find application in wide areas of materials science like reinforcement for composites. Incorporation of nanomaterials in resin has been used to enhance specific properties of wood-based composites. This review paper highlights some of the advancements in the use of nanotechnology in wood science, and its potential impact on the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Bansal
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560003, India
| | - Harish C Barshilia
- CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, HAL Airport Road, Bangalore 560017, India
| | - Krishna K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560003, India.
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5
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Li L, Chen P, Medina L, Yang L, Nishiyama Y, Berglund LA. Residual Strain and Nanostructural Effects during Drying of Nanocellulose/Clay Nanosheet Hybrids: Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Results. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15810-15820. [PMID: 37531258 PMCID: PMC10448751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with 2D silicate nanoplatelet reinforcement readily form multifunctional composites by vacuum-assisted self-assembly from hydrocolloidal mixtures. The final nanostructure is formed during drying. The crystalline nature of CNF and montmorillonite (MTM) made it possible to use synchrotron X-ray scattering (WAXS, SAXS) to monitor structural development during drying from water and from ethanol. Nanostructural changes in the CNF and MTM crystals were investigated. Changes in the out-of-plane orientation of CNF and MTM were determined. Residual drying strains previously predicted from theory were confirmed in both cellulose and MTM platelets due to capillary forces. The formation of tactoid platelet stacks could be followed. We propose that after filtration, the constituent nanoparticles in the swollen, solid gel already have a "fixed" location, although self-assembly and ordering processes take place during drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lengwan Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pan Chen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijing
Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lilian Medina
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lin Yang
- NSLS-II,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | - Lars A. Berglund
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Wang S, Li L, Zha L, Koskela S, Berglund LA, Zhou Q. Wood xerogel for fabrication of high-performance transparent wood. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2827. [PMID: 37198187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Optically transparent wood has been fabricated by structure-retaining delignification of wood and subsequent infiltration of thermo- or photocurable polymer resins but still limited by the intrinsic low mesopore volume of the delignified wood. Here we report a facile approach to fabricate strong transparent wood composites using the wood xerogel which allows solvent-free infiltration of resin monomers into the wood cell wall under ambient conditions. The wood xerogel with high specific surface area (260 m2 g-1) and high mesopore volume (0.37 cm3 g-1) is prepared by evaporative drying of delignified wood comprising fibrillated cell walls at ambient pressure. The mesoporous wood xerogel is compressible in the transverse direction and provides precise control of the microstructure, wood volume fraction, and mechanical properties for the transparent wood composites without compromising the optical transmittance. Transparent wood composites of large size and high wood volume fraction (50%) are successfully prepared, demonstrating potential scalability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shennan Wang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Lengwan Li
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Li Zha
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Salla Koskela
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden.
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7
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Montanari C, Chen H, Lidfeldt M, Gunnarsson J, Olsén P, Berglund LA. Sustainable Thermal Energy Batteries from Fully Bio-Based Transparent Wood. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301262. [PMID: 36970834 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable development of functional energy-saving building materials is important for reducing thermal energy consumption and promoting natural indoor lighting. Phase-change materials embedded in wood-based materials are candidates for thermal energy storage. However, the renewable resource content is usually insufficient, the energy storage and mechanical properties are poor, and the sustainability aspect is unexplored. Here a novel fully bio-based transparent wood (TW) biocomposite for thermal energy storage, combining excellent heat storage properties, tunable optical transmittance, and mechanical performance is introduced. A bio-based matrix based on a synthesized limonene acrylate monomer and renewable 1-dodecanol is impregnated and in situ polymerized within mesoporous wood substrates. The TW demonstrates high latent heat (89 J g-1 ) exceeding commercial gypsum panels, combined with thermo-responsive optical transmittance (up to 86%) and mechanical strength up to 86 MPa. The life cycle assessment shows that the bio-based TW has a 39% lower environmental impact than transparent polycarbonate panels. The bio-based TW holds great potential as scalable and sustainable transparent heat storage solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Montanari
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Matilda Lidfeldt
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, 400 14, Sweden
| | - Josefin Gunnarsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, 400 14, Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
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8
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Chutturi M, Gillela S, Yadav SM, Wibowo ES, Sihag K, Rangppa SM, Bhuyar P, Siengchin S, Antov P, Kristak L, Sinha A. A comprehensive review of the synthesis strategies, properties, and applications of transparent wood as a renewable and sustainable resource. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161067. [PMID: 36565890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties of the environment and the emission levels of nonrenewable resources have compelled humanity to develop sustainable energy savers and sustainable materials. One of the most abundant and versatile bio-based structural materials is wood. Wood has several promising advantages, including high toughness, low thermal conductivity, low density, high Young's modulus, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, while wood has many ecological and structural advantages, it does not meet optical transparency requirements. Transparent wood is ideal for use in various industries, including electronics, packaging, automotive, and construction, due to its high transparency, haze, and environmental friendliness. As a necessary consequence, current research on developing fine wood is summarized in this review. This review begins with an explanation of the history of fine wood. The concept and various synthesis strategies, such as delignification, refractive index measurement methods, and transparent lumber polymerization, are discussed. Approaches and techniques for the characterization of transparent wood are outlined, including microscopic, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Furthermore, the characterization, physical properties, mechanical properties, optical properties, and thermal conductivity of transparent wood are emphasized. Eventually, a brief overview of the various applications of fine wood is presented. The present review summarized the first necessary actions toward future transparent wood applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chutturi
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Swetha Gillela
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Sumit Manohar Yadav
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India; Centre of Advanced Materials, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Eko Setio Wibowo
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation of Indonesia, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Department of Wood and Paper Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kapil Sihag
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangppa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 10800 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prakash Bhuyar
- International College (MJU-IC), Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 10800 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Arijit Sinha
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 234 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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9
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Robust flexural performance and fracture behavior of TiO 2 decorated densified bamboo as sustainable structural materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1234. [PMID: 36871036 PMCID: PMC9985615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance, fast-growing natural materials with sustainable and functional features currently arouse significant attention. Here, facile processing, involving delignification, in situ hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 and pressure densification, is employed to transform natural bamboo into a high-performance structural material. The resulting TiO2-decorated densified bamboo exhibits high flexural strength and elastic stiffness, with both properties more than double that of natural bamboo. Real-time acoustic emission reveals the key role of the TiO2 nanoparticles in enhancing the flexural properties. The introduction of nanoscale TiO2 is found to markedly increase the degree of oxidation and the formation of hydrogen bonds in bamboo materials, leading to extensive interfacial failure between the microfibers, a micro-fibrillation process that results in substantial energy consumption and high fracture resistance. This work furthers the strategy of the synthetic reinforcement of fast-growing natural materials, which could lead to the expanded applications of sustainable materials for high-performance structural applications.
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10
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Liang Y, Jian H, Deng C, Xu J, Liu Y, Park H, Wen M, Sun Y. Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040950. [PMID: 36850233 PMCID: PMC9966695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to improve the fire safety of wood is to modify the wood by deep impregnation or surface coating with flame retardants. Therefore, many researchers have found that environmentally friendly and low-cost biomass materials can be used as a source of green flame retardants. Two aspects of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants are summarized in this paper. On the one hand, biomass is used as one of the three sources or as a flame-retardant synergist in combination with other flame retardants, which are called composite biomass intumescent flame retardants. On the other hand, biomass is used alone as a feedstock to produce all-biomass intumescent flame retardants. In addition, the potential of biomass-based materials as an environmentally friendly and low-cost FR source to produce high-performance biomass-based flame retardants with improved technology was also discussed in detail. The development of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants represents a viable and promising approach for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of biomass-based flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liang
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hao Jian
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Junxian Xu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Wen
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yaoxing Sun
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
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11
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Zhang M, Wang D, Li T, Jiang J, Bai H, Wang S, Wang Y, Dong W. Multifunctional Flame-Retardant, Thermal Insulation, and Antimicrobial Wood-Based Composites. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:957-966. [PMID: 36716207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Wood has been used in a variety of applications in our daily lives and military industry. Nevertheless, its flammability causes potential fire risks and hazards. Improving the flame retardancy of wood is a challenging task. Herein, a phytic acid-based flame retardant (referred to as AMPA) was synthesized based on supramolecular reactions between melamine and p-amino-benzene sulfonic acid followed by a reaction with phytic acid using deionized water as the solvent. A composite wood was prepared by removing lignin to tailor the unique mesoporous structure of the material, followed by coating AMPA on the surfaces of wood microchannels. The limiting oxygen index of wood has been improved to 52.5% with the addition of 5.6 wt % AMPA. The peak heat release rate for the prepared composite wood was reduced by 81% compared to that for delignified wood, which demonstrates the excellent flame-retardant performance of the prepared composite wood. Furthermore, AMPA and mesoporous structures endow antimicrobial and thermal insulation functions. Hence, this work provides a feasible method for preparing flame-retardant wood-based materials for diversified applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huiyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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In Situ Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Acid Nanospheres with anti-Leach Properties for the Development of Fire-Resistant Wood. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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13
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Mohd Taip NA, Jamain Z, Palle I. Fire-Retardant Property of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives with Schiff Base Linking Unit Applied as an Additives in Polyurethane Coating for Wood Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183768. [PMID: 36145913 PMCID: PMC9503959 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphaze derivatives containing Schiff base linkages were successfully synthesized and characterized. The series contains different terminal substituents of pentyl and tetradecyl. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis were used to characterize the intermediates and final compounds, while the thermal stability of the final compounds is evaluated with a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. The final compounds are physically added to the polyurethane coating formulation and then applied to the wood panel using a brush and the compound’s fire-retardant properties are evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. In this research, compound 3b showed good thermal stability compared to compound 3a. In terms of LOI results, polyurethane with an LOI value of 21.90% was employed as a matrix for wood coating and the value increased to 24.90% when this polyurethane is incorporated with 1 wt.% of the compound 3b. The increase in the LOI value indicates that the wood coating containing hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds exhibits excellent fire-retardant properties as additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atiqah Mohd Taip
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zuhair Jamain
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ismawati Palle
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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14
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Morimune-Moriya S, Kotera M, Nishino T. Alignment control of clay and its effect on properties of polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Leng W, He S, Lu B, Thirumalai RVKG, Nayanathara RMO, Shi J, Zhang R, Zhang X. Raman imaging: An indispensable technique to comprehend the functionalization of lignocellulosic material. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:159-174. [PMID: 35981669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demands on sustainability in the material science and engineering landscape, the use of wood, a renewable and biodegradable material, for new material development has drawn increasing attentions in the materials science community. To promote the development of new wood-based materials, it is critical to understanding not only wood's hierarchical structure from molecule to macroscale level, but also the interactions of wood with other materials and chemicals upon modification and functionalization. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the Raman imaging technique, a new approach that combines spectroscopy and microscopy, in wood characterization and structural evolution monitoring during functionalization. We introduce the principles of Raman spectroscopy and common Raman instrumentations. We survey the use of traditional Raman spectroscopy for lignocellulosic material characterizations including cellulose crystallinity determination, holocellulose discrimination, and lignin substructure evaluation. We briefly review the recent studies on wood property enhancement and functional wood-based material development through wood modification including thermal treatment, acetylation, furfurylation, methacrylation, delignification. Subsequently, we highlight the use of the Raman imaging for visualization, spatial and temporal distribution of wood cell wall structure, as well as the microstructure evolution upon functionalization. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Leng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng He
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Buyun Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - R M Oshani Nayanathara
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States
| | - Jiangtao Shi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States.
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16
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Fan C, Gao Y, Li Y, Yan L, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z. A flame‐retardant and optically transparent wood composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuangang Fan
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Long Yan
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yanzhen Zhuang
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
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17
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Ma T, Li L, Mei C, Wang Q, Guo C. Synthesis of a vanillin‐based curing agent and its application in wood to improve dimensional stability and flame retardancy. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Liping Li
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Changtong Mei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Chuigen Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
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18
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Abstract
Wood modifications are becoming popular as a way to enhance the performance of wood, either to make it more durable, improve the performance of wood, or give it new functionality as a multifunctional or smart material. While wood modifications have been examined since the early 1900s, the topic has become a dominant area of study in wood science over the past decade. This review summarizes recent advances and provides future perspective on a selection of wood modifications, i.e., the methods that are currently commercialized (acetylation, furfurylation, and thermal modification), a rediscovered ancient practice (charring), a family of polymerization modifications that have so far made it to the pilot scale, and examples of novel wood-based functional materials explored at laboratory scale.
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19
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Pradeep HK, Patel DH, Onkarappa HS, Pratiksha CC, Prasanna GD. Role of nanocellulose in industrial and pharmaceutical sectors - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:1038-1047. [PMID: 35364203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural residues serves as the critical component to replace synthetic polymeric materials in the coming future. Agricultural residues can be used to obtain cellulose by delignification followed by bleaching. Further, cellulose is converted into nanocellulose by various methods. Nanocellulose is used in multiple pharmaceutical applications as a polymer in hydrogels, transdermal drug delivery systems, aerogels, wound healing dressing materials, as superdisintegrants in fast dissolving tablets, emulgel, microparticles, gels, foams, thickening agents, stabilizers, cosmetics, medical implants, tissue engineering, liposomes, food and composites, etc. This review provides detailed knowledge about the nature of nanocellulose regarding its high surface area, high polymerization, loading, and binding capacity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients and significance of various applications of nanocellulose. Biocompatible and non-toxic, it makes it an ideal material for applications in the biomedical field. A significant advantage is a biocompatibility, which is non-toxic for many biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dipti H Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - H S Onkarappa
- Department of Chemistry, GM Institute of Technology, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - C C Pratiksha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - G D Prasanna
- Department of Physics, Davangere University, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
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20
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Highly efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of polypropylene nanocomposites based on clay and allylamine polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Munier P, Hadi SE, Segad M, Bergström L. Rheo-SAXS study of shear-induced orientation and relaxation of cellulose nanocrystal and montmorillonite nanoplatelet dispersions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:390-396. [PMID: 34901987 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of robust production processes is essential for the introduction of advanced materials based on renewable and Earth-abundant resources. Cellulose nanomaterials have been combined with other highly available nanoparticles, in particular clays, to generate multifunctional films and foams. Here, the structure of dispersions of rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and montmorillonite nanoplatelets (MNT) was probed using small-angle X-ray scattering within a rheological cell (Rheo-SAXS). Shear induced a high degree of particle orientation in both the CNC-only and CNC:MNT composite dispersions. Relaxation of the shear-induced orientation in the CNC-only dispersion decayed exponentially and reached a steady-state within 20 seconds, while the relaxation of the CNC:MNT composite dispersion was found to be strongly retarded and partially inhibited. Viscoelastic measurements and Guinier analysis of dispersions at the shear rate of 0.1 s-1 showed that the addition of MNT promotes gel formation of the CNC:MNT composite dispersions. A better understanding of shear-dependent assembly and orientation of multi-component nanoparticle dispersions can be used to process materials with improved mechanical and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Munier
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Seyed Ehsan Hadi
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Mo Segad
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
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22
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Lu J, Huang Y, Jiang P, Chen Z, Bourbigot S, Fontaine G, Chang L, Zhang L, Pan F. Universal circulating impregnation method for the fabrication of durable flame-retardant plywood with low hygroscopicity and leaching resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Fire Behavior of Wood-Based Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244352. [PMID: 34960903 PMCID: PMC8705567 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood-based composites such as wood plastic composites (WPC) are emerging as a sustainable and excellent performance materials consisting of wood reinforced with polymer matrix with a variety of applications in construction industries. In this context, wood-based composite materials used in construction industries have witnessed a vigorous growth, leading to a great production activity. However, the main setbacks are their high flammability during fires. To address this issue, flame retardants are utilized to improve the performance of fire properties as well as the flame retardancy of WPC material. In this review, flame retardants employed during manufacturing process with their mechanical properties designed to achieve an enhanced flame retardancy were examined. The addition of flame retardants and manufacturing techniques applied were found to be an optimum condition to improve fire resistance and mechanical properties. The review focuses on the manufacturing techniques, applications, mechanical properties and flammability studies of wood fiber/flour polymer/plastics composites materials. Various flame retardant of WPCs and summary of future prospects were also highlighted.
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24
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Chen C, Wang Y, Zhou T, Wan Z, Yang Q, Xu Z, Li D, Jin Y. Toward Strong and Tough Wood-Based Hydrogels for Sensors. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5204-5213. [PMID: 34787399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to develop strong and tough wood-based hydrogels, which are reinforced by an aligned cellulosic wood skeleton. The hypothesis is that improved interfacial interaction between the wood cell wall and a polymer is of great importance for improving the mechanical performance. To this end, a facile and green approach, called ultraviolet (UV) grafting, was performed on the polyacrylamide (PAM)-infiltrated wood skeleton without using initiators. An important finding was that PAM-grafted cellulose nanofiber (CNF) architectures formed in the obtained hydrogels under UV irradiation, where CNFs themselves serve as both initiators and cross-linkers. Moreover, an alkali swelling treatment was utilized to improve the accessibility of the wood cell wall before UV irradiation and thus facilitate grafting efficiency. The resulting alkali-treated Wood-g-PAM hydrogels exhibited significantly higher tensile properties than those of the Wood/PAM hydrogel and were further assembled into conductive devices for sensor applications. We believe that this UV grafting strategy may facilitate the development of strong wood-based composites with interesting features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yiren Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhangmin Wan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Quanling Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaoyang Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dagang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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25
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Innovative Polyelectrolyte Treatment to Flame-Retard Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172884. [PMID: 34502926 PMCID: PMC8433691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire protection has been a major challenge in wood construction for many years, mainly due to the high flame spread risk associated with wood flooring. Wood fire-retardancy is framed by two main axes: coating and bulk impregnation. There is a growing need for economically and environmentally friendly alternatives. The study of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for wood substrates is in its infancy, but PECs’ versatility and eco-friendly character are already recognized for fabric fire-retardancy fabrics. In this study, a new approach to PEC characterization is proposed. First, PECs, which consist of polyethyleneimine and sodium phytate, were chemically and thermally characterized to select the most promising systems. Then, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) was surface-impregnated under reduced pressure with the two PECs identified as the best options. Overall, wood fire-retardancy was improved with a low weight gain of 2 wt.% without increasing water uptake.
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26
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Pang H, Ma C, Shen Y, Sun Y, Li J, Zhang S, Cai L, Huang Z. Novel Bionic Soy Protein-Based Adhesive with Excellent Prepressing Adhesion, Flame Retardancy, and Mildew Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38732-38744. [PMID: 34369140 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soy protein (SP)-based adhesives can replace traditional aldehyde-based adhesives for the manufacturing of wood-based panels. However, developing a SP-based adhesive with excellent prepressing bonding strength, flame retardancy, and mildew resistance remains a challenge. Herein, an inorganic crystal cross-linked hybrid SP adhesive was developed inspired by the "secreting-hardening" process of the mussel adhesive protein and the organic-inorganic hybrid adhesive system of the oyster. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) was introduced into the adhesive mixture of SP and acrylic acid to induce the in situ polymerization of acrylic acid to achieve adhesive gelation. The generation of the inorganic crystals by hydration of CSA not only contributed to the formation of a stable cross-linked hybrid adhesive system for strong cohesion but also provided strong interfacial adhesion between the adhesive layers and the plywood veneers. As anticipated, the prepared plywood sample bonded with the hybrid adhesive gel had an excellent prepressing bonding strength of 544 kPa, representing a significant increase compared to that of the pure SP adhesive (19 kPa). Moreover, the generated inorganic crystals endowed the adhesive with excellent mildew resistance and flame retardancy. This study provides a novel and effective strategy for the preparation of high-performance SP-based adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application and Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application and Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application and Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application and Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application and Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application and Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Liping Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
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27
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Chen C, Hu L. Nanoscale Ion Regulation in Wood-Based Structures and Their Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002890. [PMID: 33108027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport and regulation are fundamental processes for various devices and applications related to energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, sensing, ionotronics, and biotechnology. Wood-based materials, fabricated by top-down or bottom-up approaches, possess a unique hierarchically porous fibrous structure that offers an appealing material platform for multiscale ion regulation. The ion transport behavior in these materials can be regulated through structural and compositional engineering from the macroscale down to the nanoscale, imparting wood-based materials with multiple functions for a range of emerging applications. A fundamental understanding of ion transport behavior in wood-based structures enhances the capability to design high-performance ion-regulating devices and promotes the utilization of sustainable wood materials. Combining this unique ion regulation capability with the renewable and cost-effective raw materials available, wood and its derivatives are the natural choice of materials toward sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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28
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Yang X, Berglund LA. Structural and Ecofriendly Holocellulose Materials from Wood: Microscale Fibers and Nanoscale Fibrils. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001118. [PMID: 32573855 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mildly delignified wood holocellulose fibers show well-preserved cellulose nanofibril (CNF) structure in the fiber cell wall. Fibers, paper, biocomposites, and compression-molded fiber materials demonstrate excellent mechanical properties. Here, wood holocellulose fibers and corresponding CNFs are discussed with respect to nanostructure, mechanical performance, and advanced materials potential. Functionalization routes are discussed, as well as materials selection, nanoscience of recycling, and the embodied energy in cellulosic candidates for multifunctional structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
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29
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Montanari C, Olsén P, Berglund LA. Sustainable Wood Nanotechnologies for Wood Composites Processed by In-Situ Polymerization. Front Chem 2021; 9:682883. [PMID: 34277566 PMCID: PMC8281292 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.682883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of large, multifunctional structures from sustainable wood nanomaterials is challenging. The need to improve mechanical performance, reduce moisture sensitivity, and add new functionalities, provides motivation for nanostructural tailoring. Although existing wood composites are commercially successful, materials development has not targeted nano-structural control of the wood cell wall, which could extend the property range. For sustainable development, non-toxic reactants, green chemistry and processing, lowered cumulative energy requirements, and lowered CO2-emissions are important targets. Here, modified wood substrates in the form of veneer are suggested as nanomaterial components for large, load-bearing structures. Examples include polymerization of bio-based monomers inside the cell wall, green chemistry wood modification, and addition of functional inorganic nanoparticles inside the cell wall. The perspective aims to describe bio-based polymers and green processing concepts for this purpose, along with wood nanoscience challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars A. Berglund
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Munier P, Di A, Hadi SE, Kapuscinski M, Segad M, Bergström L. Assembly of cellulose nanocrystals and clay nanoplatelets studied by time-resolved X-ray scattering. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5747-5755. [PMID: 34019065 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to probe the assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and montmorillonite (MNT) over a wide concentration range in aqueous levitating droplets. Analysis of the SAXS curves of the one-component and mixed dispersions shows that co-assembly of rod-like CNC and MNT nanoplatelets is dominated by the interactions between the dispersed CNC particles and that MNT promotes gelation and assembly of CNC, which occurred at lower total volume fractions in the CNC:MNT than in the CNC-only dispersions. The CNC dispersions displayed a d ∝ φ-1/2 scaling and a low-q power-law exponent of 2.0-2.2 for volume fractions up to 35%, which indicates that liquid crystal assembly co-exists and competes with gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Munier
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Andi Di
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Seyed Ehsan Hadi
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Martin Kapuscinski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Mo Segad
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
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31
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Yan M, Pan Y, Cheng X, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Lun Z, Gong L, Gao M, Zhang H. "Robust-Soft" Anisotropic Nanofibrillated Cellulose Aerogels with Superior Mechanical, Flame-Retardant, and Thermal Insulating Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27458-27470. [PMID: 34081863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced thermal insulation materials with low thermal conductivity and robustness derived from regenerative resources are badly needed for building energy conservation. Among them, nanofibrillated cellulose aerogels have huge application potential in the field of thermal insulation materials, but it is still a challenge to prepare cellulose aerogels of excellent comprehensive properties in a simple way. Herein, we demonstrate a unidirectional freeze-drying strategy to develop a novel "robust-soft" anisotropic nanofibrillated cellulose aerogel (NFC-Si-T) by integrating nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and Si-O-Si bonding networks under the catalytic dehydration of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH). The anisotropic structure endows the NFC-Si-T with high flexibility that can be easily bent or even tied with a knot, and in addition, it possesses high Young's modulus (1-3.66 MPa) that can resist the compression weight of 10,000 times of its own weight without deformation. Furthermore, the NFC-Si-T aerogels exhibit anisotropic thermal insulation performances with a low average thermal conductivity (0.028-0.049 W m-1 K-1). More importantly, the limited oxygen index of the NFC-Si-T reaches up to 42.6-51%, showing excellent flame-retardant performance. Therefore, the "robust-soft" anisotropic NFC-Si-T aerogels can be used as an advanced thermal insulation material for building thermal insulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yuelei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yurui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Lunlun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan
| | - Heping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Huang Y, Sun P, Hai Y, Jiang S. A self-healing, recyclable, and degradable fire-retardant gelatin-based biogel coating for green buildings. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5231-5239. [PMID: 33949608 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood is one of the oldest building materials and commonly employed in construction. However, the inherent fire hazard of wood restricts its practical application. Application of fire retardant coatings has been proved to be a highly efficient method for improving the fire retardancy of structural materials during combustion. However, developing sustainable, renewable and environmentally-friendly coatings is challenging because of the dependence on traditional flame retardants. In this study, a self-healable, fully-recyclable and biodegradable biogel coating was proposed, derived entirely from natural and food-safe constituents, which has rarely been demonstrated for wood safety. A uniform and strongly-adhesive coating could be obtained on wood surfaces via a facile preparation process without compromising the inherent mechanical properties of wood. Meanwhile, the coating showed excellent self-healing properties after damage, full degradability and good recyclability when disposed. Remarkably, biogel-coated wood exhibited enhanced fire-retardant properties, reflected by a 24.0% decrease in peak heat release rate and 17.2% reduction in total heat release with a 350 μm thick coating, along with a sixfold enhancement in ignition delay time and self-extinguishing behavior. We merged all merits in one fire-retardant coating which can be easily reproduced, and is low cost and scalable, making the biogel-coated wood a promising candidate for widespread application in green buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yun Hai
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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Abstract
Wood modification is now widely recognized as offering enhanced properties of wood and overcoming issues such as dimensional instability and biodegradability which affect natural wood. Typical wood modification systems use chemical modification, impregnation modification or thermal modification, and these vary in the properties achieved. As control and understanding of the wood modification systems has progressed, further opportunities have arisen to add extra functionalities to the modified wood. These include UV stabilisation, fire retardancy, or enhanced suitability for paints and coatings. Thus, wood may become a multi-functional material through a series of modifications, treatments or reactions, to create a high-performance material with previously impossible properties. In this paper we review systems that combine the well-established wood modification procedures with secondary techniques or modifications to deliver emerging technologies with multi-functionality. The new applications targeted using this additional functionality are diverse and range from increased electrical conductivity, creation of sensors or responsive materials, improvement of wellbeing in the built environment, and enhanced fire and flame protection. We identified two parallel and connected themes: (1) the functionalisation of modified timber and (2) the modification of timber to provide (multi)-functionality. A wide range of nanotechnology concepts have been harnessed by this new generation of wood modifications and wood treatments. As this field is rapidly expanding, we also include within the review trends from current research in order to gauge the state of the art, and likely direction of travel of the industry.
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Li L, Chen Z, Lu J, Wei M, Huang Y, Jiang P. Combustion Behavior and Thermal Degradation Properties of Wood Impregnated with Intumescent Biomass Flame Retardants: Phytic Acid, Hydrolyzed Collagen, and Glycerol. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3921-3930. [PMID: 33585771 PMCID: PMC7876853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a natural renewable material with a porous structure widely used in construction, furniture, and interior decoration, yet its intrinsic flammability poses safety risks. Therefore, environmentally friendly flame retardants have received increasing attention. In this study, a water-soluble flame retardant, consisting of bio-resourced phytic acid (PA), hydrolyzed collagen (HC), and glycerol (GL), was used to improve the flame retardancy of wood ("PHG/wood") through full cell vacuum-pressure impregnation. Morphology and Fourier transform infrared analysis results show that the flame retardant impregnated the wood and adhered evenly to the wood vessels. A PA/HC/GL ratio of 3:1:1 (concentration of the flame retardant solution = 30%) maximized the limiting oxygen index (LOI, 41%) and weight gain (51.32%) for PHG-C30/wood. The flame retardant formed an expansive layer after heating, and the treated wood showed an improved combustion safety performance such that the fire performance index and residue of PHG-C30/wood were 75 and 126.8% higher compared with that of untreated wood, respectively. The peak and total heat release were also significantly reduced by 54.7 and 47.7%, respectively. The PHG/wood exhibited good carbon-forming performance and a high degree of graphitization after combustion. The dense carbon layer provides condensed phase protective action, and non-combustible volatile gases, such as H2O, CO2, and NH3, are released simultaneously to dilute the fuel load in the gas phase. Thus, PHG is shown to be an effective flame retardant for wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Li
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Lu
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Shangdong
Xingang Enterprise Group Co., Ltd, Yitang Industrial Park, Lanshan District, 276002 Linyi, China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
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Zhang L, Yi D, Hao J, Gao M. One‐step treated wood by using natural source phytic acid and uracil for enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardancy. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Deqi Yi
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering North China Institute of Science and Technology Beijing China
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Yang Y, Shen H, Qiu J. Fabrication of biomimetic robust self-cleaning superhydrophobic wood with canna-leaf-like micro/nanostructure through morph-genetic method improved water-, UV-, and corrosion resistance properties. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fu Q, Tu K, Goldhahn C, Keplinger T, Adobes-Vidal M, Sorieul M, Burgert I. Luminescent and Hydrophobic Wood Films as Optical Lighting Materials. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13775-13783. [PMID: 32986407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most materials used for optical lighting applications need to produce a uniform illumination and require high mechanical and hydrophobic properties. However, they are rarely eco-friendly. Herein, a bio-based, polymer matrix-free, luminescent, and hydrophobic film with excellent mechanical properties for optical lighting purposes is demonstrated. A template is prepared by turning a wood veneer into porous scaffold from which most of the lignin and half of the hemicelluloses are removed. The infiltration of quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) into the porous template prior to densification resulted in almost uniform luminescence (isotropic light scattering) and could be extended to various quantum dot particles, generating different light colors. In a subsequent step, the luminescent wood film is coated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) via chemical vapor deposition. The presence of the quantum dots coupled with the HDTMS coating renders the film hydrophobic (water contact angle ≈ 140°). This top-down process strongly eliminates lumen cavities and preserves the orientation of the original cellulose fibrils to create luminescent and polymer matrix-free films with high modulus and strength in the direction of fibers. The proposed optical lighting material could be attractive for interior designs (e.g., lamps and laminated cover panels), photonics, and laser devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Fu
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Goldhahn
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Li K, Wang S, Chen H, Yang X, Berglund LA, Zhou Q. Self-Densification of Highly Mesoporous Wood Structure into a Strong and Transparent Film. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003653. [PMID: 32881202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the native wood cell wall, cellulose microfibrils are highly aligned and organized in the secondary cell wall. A new preparation strategy is developed to achieve individualization of cellulose microfibrils within the wood cell wall structure without introducing mechanical disintegration. The resulting mesoporous wood structure has a high specific surface area of 197 m2 g-1 when prepared by freeze-drying using liquid nitrogen, and 249 m2 g-1 by supercritical drying. These values are 5 to 7 times higher than conventional delignified wood (36 m2 g-1 ) dried by supercritical drying. Such highly mesoporous structure with individualized cellulose microfibrils maintaining their natural alignment and organization can be processed into aerogels with high porosity and high compressive strength. In addition, a strong film with a tensile strength of 449.1 ± 21.8 MPa and a Young's modulus of 51.1 ± 5.2 GPa along the fiber direction is obtained simply by air drying owing to the self-densification of cellulose microfibrils driven by the elastocapillary forces upon water evaporation. The self-densified film also shows high optical transmittance (80%) and high optical haze (70%) with interesting biaxial light scattering behavior owing to the natural alignment of cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Shennan Wang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hui Chen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Xuan Yang
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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Cai T, Shen X, Huang E, Yan Y, Shen X, Wang F, Wang Z, Sun Q. Ag nanoparticles supported on MgAl-LDH decorated wood veneer with enhanced flame retardancy, water repellency and antimicrobial activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
To investigate the effects of changes in biopolymer composition on moisture in acetylated poplar wood (Populus euramericana Cv.), the acetylation of control wood was compared to the acetylation of wood with reduced hemicellulose or lignin content (about 9% reduction of total specimen dry weight in both cases). Time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry of water-saturated wood gave spin–spin relaxation times (T2) of water populations, while deuteration in a sorption balance was used to characterize the hydroxyl accessibility of the wood cell walls. As expected, the acetylation of pyridine-swelled wood reduced hydroxyl accessibility and made the cell wall less accessible to water, resulting in a reduction of cell wall moisture content by about 24% compared with control wood. Hemicellulose loss per se increased the spin–spin relaxation time of cell wall water, while delignification had the opposite effect. The combined effect of hemicellulose removal and acetylation caused more than a 30% decrease of cell wall moisture content when compared with control wood. The acetylated and partially delignified wood cell walls contained higher cell wall moisture content than acetylated wood. An approximate theoretical calculation of hydroxyl accessibility for acetylated wood was in the low range, but it agreed rather well with the measured accessibility, while acetylated and partially hemicellulose-depleted and partially delignified wood for unknown reasons resulted in substantially lower hydroxyl accessibilities than the theoretical estimate.
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41
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Liu H, He H, Huang B. Cellulose
nanocrystals‐organic
montmorillonite nanohybrid material by electrostatic self‐assembly. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Bai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Song K, Ganguly I, Eastin I, Dichiara A. High temperature and fire behavior of hydrothermally modified wood impregnated with carbon nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121283. [PMID: 31585295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wood is one of the most widely used construction materials but it is thermally degradable and combustible, which poses serious safety concerns. In this research, the high temperature and fire behavior of hydrothermally modified western hemlock, impregnated with carbon nanomaterials pre-adsorbed with alkali lignin, was examined by cone calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrothermal treatment made the wood less hydrophilic, allowing the formation of a dense protective layer of carbon-rich additives on the external wood surface at low loading (5 wt%) after aqueous-phase vacuum impregnation. Results revealed that the unique combination of these two processes reduced the total heat release by up to 32%, diminished flame spread by 31%, decreased the average carbon dioxide yield by 12%, lowered the total mass loss by 10%, and significantly slowed the pyrolytic reactions of wood. This research has important implications for the development of valued-added wood products with superior fire safety from relatively low cost timbers, such as western hemlock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Song
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Indroneil Ganguly
- Center of International Trade in Forest Products (CINTRAFOR), School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan Eastin
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Dichiara
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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43
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Robust, sustainable cellulose composite aerogels with outstanding flame retardancy and thermal insulation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Synthesis of organophosphate-functionalized graphene oxide for enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of transparent fire-retardant coatings. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Wang W, Cao H, Liu J, Jia S, Ma L, Guo X, Sun W. A thermal energy storage composite by incorporating microencapsulated phase change material into wood. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8097-8103. [PMID: 35497872 PMCID: PMC9049884 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09549g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase change energy storage wood (PCESW) was prepared by using microencapsulated phase change materials (MicroPCM) as thermal energy storage (TES) materials and wood as the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Lab Wood Sci & Technol
- Zhejiang A & F Univ
- Hangzhou 311300
- PR China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Lab Wood Sci & Technol
- Zhejiang A & F Univ
- Hangzhou 311300
- PR China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Lab Wood Sci & Technol
- Zhejiang A & F Univ
- Hangzhou 311300
- PR China
| | - Shifang Jia
- Lab Wood Sci & Technol
- Zhejiang A & F Univ
- Hangzhou 311300
- PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Zhejiang Shiyou Timber Co., Ltd
- Huzhou 313000
- PR China
| | - Xi Guo
- Lab Wood Sci & Technol
- Zhejiang A & F Univ
- Hangzhou 311300
- PR China
| | - Weisheng Sun
- Lab Wood Sci & Technol
- Zhejiang A & F Univ
- Hangzhou 311300
- PR China
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Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4273253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.
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47
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Fan Z, Zhang L, Liu S, Luan L, Li G, Sun D. Mechanism of high temperature induced destabilization of nonpolar organoclay suspension. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:53-63. [PMID: 31376768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS High temperatures can reduce the colloidal stability and rheological properties of nonpolar organoclay suspensions. The desorption of surfactants from organoclay has been proposed to explain this effect, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this work, it was hypothesized that the high-temperature-induced desorption of ion-exchanged surfactants is the main factor affecting the stabilization of suspensions. EXPERIMENTS Using the cationic surfactant dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DODMAC) and Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT), the high-temperature-induced reestablishment of the adsorption-desorption equilibrium of DODMAC in organoclay suspensions was studied. Thermogravimetric analysis combined with infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry experiments were performed to determine the thermal decomposition products and, ultimately, infer the adsorption modes and locations of DODMAC on Na-MMT. Thermal analysis and rheology were utilized to demonstrate the high-temperature-induced desorption and transfer of DODMAC in organoclay suspensions. FINDINGS High temperatures induced the complete desorption of physically adsorbed DODMAC molecules from particle surfaces, the partial desorption of ion-exchanged dimethyldioctadecylammonium ions (DODMA+ ions) from particle surfaces, and the partial transfer of ion-exchanged DODMA+ ions from the surfaces to the interlayers. Importantly, desorption of ion-exchanged DODMA+ ions resulted in destabilization of the organoclay suspensions at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Fan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China.
| | - Shangying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Lingyu Luan
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Gongrang Li
- Drilling Technology Research Institute, Shengli Petroleum Engineering Corporation Limited of SINOPEC, Dongying, Shandong 257017, PR China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
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Alves L, Ferraz E, Gamelas J. Composites of nanofibrillated cellulose with clay minerals: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 272:101994. [PMID: 31394436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers-based composites are, in general, environmentally friendly materials, which can be obtained from renewable sources. Some of them can also present promising properties to be used in food packaging and electronic devices, being thus logical substitutes to petroleum-based polymers, specifically plastics. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) obtained by chemical/enzymatic pre-treatments followed by a mechanical treatment appear as a new suitable biomaterial. However, CNF are still quite expensive materials, due to the required chemicals/equipment/energy involved, and additionally, they present some limitations such as high hydrophilicity/high water vapour permeability. The combination of CNF with clay minerals, such as montmorillonite or kaolinite, as widely available geo-resources, represents an excellent way to reduce the amount of CNF used, enabling the production of valuable materials and reducing costs; and, at the same time it is possible to improve the characteristics of the formed materials, such as mechanical, gas barrier and fire retardancy properties, if appropriate conditions of preparation are used. Nevertheless, to obtain hybrid CNF/clay composites with superior properties it is necessary to ensure a good dispersion of the inorganic material in the CNF suspension and a good compatibility among the inorganic and organic components. To fulfil this goal, several strategies can be considered, including physical treatments of the suspensions, CNF and clay surface chemical modifications, and the use of a coupling agent. In this review article, the state-of-the-art on a new emerging generation of composites (films, foams or coatings) based on nanofibrillated cellulose and nanoclay, with focus on strategies for their preparation and most relevant achievements is critically reviewed, bearing in mind their potential application as substitutes for common plastics. A third component has been eventually added to these organic-inorganic hybrids, e.g., chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose, borate or epoxy resin, to enhance specific characteristics of the material. Some general background on the production of different types of CNF and their main properties is previously provided.
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Grönquist P, Frey M, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Mesoporosity of Delignified Wood Investigated by Water Vapor Sorption. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12425-12431. [PMID: 31460361 PMCID: PMC6682004 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wood represents a highly suitable biobased scaffold for the development of mechanically robust and functional materials. Its functionalizability can be enhanced by means of delignification, resulting in an increase in porosity due to partial or complete removal of lignin and hemicellulose constituents. In this work, the impact of partial and complete delignification on the mesoporous structure is investigated via water vapor sorption isotherms and deuterium exchange. Pore size distributions of wood samples with five different delignification levels were compared to native wood. The derived pore size distributions at the water swollen state reveal an increase in porosity with decreasing lignin content. However, after complete lignin removal, drying causes a nonreversible collapse of the cell wall, which results in reduced porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grönquist
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Frey
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Yang Y, He H, Li Y, Qiu J. Using Nanoimprint Lithography to Create Robust, Buoyant, Superhydrophobic PVB/SiO 2 Coatings on wood Surfaces Inspired by Red roses petal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9961. [PMID: 31292503 PMCID: PMC6620340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust, buoyant, superhydrophobic PVB/SiO2 coatings were successfully formed on wood surface through a one-step solvothermal method and a nanoimprint lithography method. The as-prepared PVB/SiO2/wood specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analyses. The superhydrophobic property and abrasion resistance of rose-petal-like wood were measured and assessed by water contact angle (WCA) and sand abrasion tests. The results show that PVB/SiO2/wood not only exhibited a robust superhydrophobic performance with a WCA of 160° but also had excellent durability and thermostability during the sand abrasion tests and against corrosive liquids. Additionally, the as-prepared PVB/SiO2/wood specimens show high buoyancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishan He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Yougui Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qiu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China. .,Wood Collection, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China.
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