Uniform MnCo2O4 Porous Dumbbells for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

Identification of Suitable Mesh Size of Commercial Stainless-Steel for Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The study examines the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalytic efficiency of various stainless-steel mesh (SSM) sizes in electrolytic cells. Stainless steel is chosen due to its widespread availability and stability, making it an economically viable option. The primary objective of this investigation is to determine the optimal stainless-steel mesh size among those currently widely available on the market. The classification of stainless-steel mesh sizes as SS304 is confirmed by the minimal compositional variations observed across all mesh sizes through electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. Remarkably, CV experiments carried out at different scan rates indicate that SSM 200 has the maximum specific electrochemical surface area (ECSA). As a result, SSM 200 demonstrates superior performance in terms of current density response and shows the lowest overpotential in the alkaline medium compared to other stainless-steel mesh sizes. Furthermore, the SSM 200 exhibits a low overpotential of 337 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope of 62.2 mV/decade, surpassing the performance of several previously reported electrodes for the OER. Stability tests conducted under constant voltage further confirm the remarkable stability of SSM 200, making it an ideal anode for electrolytic cell applications. These findings emphasize the cost-effectiveness and high stability of SSM 200, presenting intriguing possibilities for future research and advancements in this field.

Chemical Cross-linked Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Boosting the Structural Integrity of High Nickel Cathode Materials

High nickel cathode material LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM) (x ≥ 0.6) has represented the most critical material in virtue of outstanding specific capacity and low self-discharge. However, the high surface alkalinity and detrimental interfacial stability lead to the parasitic reaction and a series of phase deterioration. Herein, in situ cross-linking binder molecular chains with a 3D network structure to construct a stable and robust electrode-electrolyte interface, which can maintain the structural integrity and restrain side reactions is designed. Simultaneously, the cross-linked polymer can form stable hydrogen bonds with the pristine binder, greatly enhancing the bonding property. More importantly, the functional groups contained in the cross-linked co-polymers can chemically anchor transition metals, effectively preventing the dissolution of transition metals. Theoretical calculations confirm the feasibility and advancement of the anchoring mechanism, driving excellent structural stability and inhibition of the NiO impurity phase. This work provides a practical strategy to realize the high stability of cathode materials.

Sulfur-doped carbonized bacterial cellulose as a flexible binder-free 3D anode for improved sodium ion storage

Carbon-based materials have received wide attention as electrodes for energy storage and conversion owing to their rapid mass transfer processes, outstanding electronic conductivities, and high stabilities. Here, sulfur-doped carbonized bacterial cellulose (S-CBC) was prepared as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) by simultaneous carbonization and sulfidation using the bacterial cellulose membrane produced by microbial fermentation as the precursor. Doping sublimed sulfur powder into CBC results in a greater degree of disorder and defects, buffering the volume expansion during the cycle. Significantly, the three-dimensional (3D) network structure of bacterial cellulose endows S-CBC with flexible self-support. As an anode for sodium ion batteries, S-CBC exhibits a high specific capacity of 302.9 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 after 50 cycles and 177.6 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 after 1000 cycles. Compared with the CBC electrode, the S-CBC electrode also exhibits enhanced rate performance in sodium storage. Moreover, theoretical simulations reveal that Na+ has good adsorption stability and a faster diffusion rate in S-CBC. The doping of the S element introduces defects that enlarge the interlayer distance, and the synergies of adsorption and bonding are the main reasons for its high performance. These results indicate the potential application prospects of S-CBC as a flexible binder-free electrode for high-performance SIBs.

General Route to Colloidally Stable, Low-Dispersity Manganese-Based Ternary Spinel Oxide Nanocrystals

While certain ternary spinel oxides have been well-explored with colloidal nanochemistry, notably the ferrite spinel family, ternary manganese (Mn)-based spinel oxides have not been tamed. A key composition is cobalt (Co)-Mn oxide (CMO) spinel, CoxMn3-xO4, that, despite exemplary performance in multiple electrochemical applications, has few reports in the colloidal literature. Of these reports, most show aggregated and polydisperse products. Here, we describe a synthetic method for small, colloidally stable CMO spinel nanocrystals with tunable composition and low dispersity. By reacting 2+ metal-acetylacetonate (M(acac)2) precursors in an amine solvent under an oxidizing environment, we developed a pathway that avoids the highly reducing conditions of typical colloidal synthesis reactions; these reducing conditions typically push the system toward a monoxide impurity phase. Through surface chemistry studies, we identify organic byproducts and their formation mechanism, enabling us to engineer the surface and obtain colloidally stable nanocrystals with low organic loading. We report a CMO/carbon composite with low organic contents that performs the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.87 V vs RHE in 1.0 M potassium hydroxide at 1600 rpm, rivaling previous reports for the highest activity of this material in ORR electrocatalysis. We extend the general applicability of this procedure to other Mn-based spinel nanocrystals such as Zn-Mn-O, Fe-Mn-O, Ni-Mn-O, and Cu-Mn-O. Finally, we show the scalability of this method by producing inorganic nanocrystals at the gram scale.

MnCo2O4/NiCo2O4/rGO as a Catalyst Based on Binary Transition Metal Oxide for the Methanol Oxidation Reaction

The demands for alternative energy have led researchers to find effective electrocatalysts in fuel cells and increase the efficiency of existing materials. This study presents new nanocatalysts based on two binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) and their hybrid with reduced graphene oxide for methanol oxidation. Characterization of the introduced three-component composite, including cobalt manganese oxide (MnCo₂O₄), nickel cobalt oxide (NiCo₂O₄), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the form of MnCo₂O₄/NiCo₂O₄/rGO (MNR), was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The alcohol oxidation capability of MnCo₂O₄/NiCo₂O₄ (MN) and MNR was evaluated in the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) process. The crucial role of rGO in improving the electrocatalytic properties of catalysts stems from its large active surface area and high electrical conductivity. The alcohol oxidation tests of MN and MNR showed an adequate ability to oxidize methanol. The better performance of MNR was due to the synergistic effect of MnCo₂O₄/NiCo₂O₄ and rGO. MN and MNR nanocatalysts, with a maximum current density of 14.58 and 24.76 mA/cm² and overvoltage of 0.6 and 0.58 V, as well as cyclic stability of 98.3% and 99.7% (at optimal methanol concentration/scan rate of 20 mV/S), respectively, can be promising and inexpensive options in the field of efficient nanocatalysts for use in methanol fuel cell anodes.

Recent Progress on Bimetallic-Based Spinels as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising and viable technology to produce clean, sustainable, and storable hydrogen as an energy carrier. However, to meet the ever-increasing global energy demand, it is imperative to develop high-performance non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as the OER is considered the bottleneck for electrocatalytic water splitting. Spinels, in particular, are considered promising OER electrocatalysts due to their unique properties, precise structures, and compositions. Herein, the recent progress on the application of bimetallic-based spinels (AFe₂ O₄ , ACo₂ O₄ , and AMn₂ O₄ ; where A = Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn) as electrocatalysts for the OER is presented. The fundamental concepts of the OER are highlighted after which the family of spinels, their general formula, and classifications are introduced. This is followed by an overview of the various classifications of bimetallic-based spinels and their recent developments and applications as OER electrocatalysts, with special emphasis on enhancing strategies that have been formulated to improve the OER performance of these spinels. In conclusion, this review summarizes all studies mentioned therein and provides the challenges and future perspectives for bimetallic-based spinel OER electrocatalysts.

A Review of Cobalt-Containing Nanomaterials, Carbon Nanomaterials and Their Composites in Preparation Methods and Application

With the increasing demand for sustainable and green energy, electric energy storage technologies have received enough attention and extensive research. Among them, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used because of their excellent performance, but in practical applications, the electrochemical performance of electrode materials is not satisfactory. Carbon-based materials with high chemical stability, strong conductivity, high specific surface area, and good capacity retention are traditional anode materials in electrochemical energy storage devices, while cobalt-based nano-materials have been widely used in LIBs anodes because of their high theoretical specific capacity. This paper gives a systematic summary of the state of research of cobalt-containing nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, and their composites in LIBs anodes. Moreover, the preparation methods of electrode materials and measures to improve electrochemical performance are also summarized. The electrochemical performance of anode materials can be significantly improved by compounding carbon nanomaterials with cobalt nanomaterials. Composite materials have better electrical conductivity, as well as higher cycle ability and reversibility than single materials, and the synergistic effect between them can explain this phenomenon. In addition, the electrochemical performance of materials can be significantly improved by adjusting the microstructure of materials (especially preparing them into porous structures). Among the different microscopic morphologies of materials, porous structure can provide more positions for chimerism of lithium ions, shorten the diffusion distance between electrons and ions, and thus promote the transfer of lithium ions and the diffusion of electrolytes.

Fabrication of N-Doped Reduced Graphite Oxide/MnCo2O4 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance

The present work reports on the fabrication of a lightweight microwave absorber comprising MnCo₂O₄ prepared from the urea complex of manganese (Mn)/cobalt (Co) and nitrogen-doped reduced graphite oxide (NRGO) by facile hydrothermal method followed by annealing process and characterized. The phase analysis, compositional, morphological, magnetic, and conductivity measurements indicated dispersion of paramagnetic MnCo₂O₄ spherical particles on the surface of NRGO. Our findings also showed that Mn, Co-urea complex, and GO in the weight ratio of 1:4 (NGMC3) exhibited maximum shielding efficiency in the range of 55-38 dB with absorption as an overall dominant shielding mechanism. The reflection loss of NGMC3 was found to be in the range of -90 to -77 dB with minima at -103 dB (at 2.9 GHz). Such outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption performance of NRGO/MnCo₂O₄ nanocomposite compared to several other metal cobaltates could be attributed to the formation of percolated network assisted electronic polarization, interfacial polarization and associated relaxation losses, conductance loss, dipole polarization and corresponding relaxation loss, impedance matching, and magnetic resonance to some extent.

Spinel of Nickel-Cobalt Oxide with Rod-Like Architecture as Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The renewable energy technologies require electrocatalysts for reactions, such as the oxygen and/or hydrogen evolution reaction (OER/HER). They are complex electrochemical reactions that take place through the direct transfer of electrons. However, mostly they have high over-potentials and slow kinetics, that is why they require electrocatalysts to lower the over-potential of the reactions and enhance the reaction rate. The commercially used catalysts (e.g., ruthenium nanoparticles—Ru, iridium nanoparticles—Ir, and their oxides: RuO₂, IrO₂, platinum—Pt) contain metals that have poor stability, and are not economically worthwhile for widespread application. Here, we propose the spinel structure of nickel-cobalt oxide (NiCo₂O₄) fabricated to serve as electrocatalyst for OER. These structures were obtained by a facile two-step method: (1) One-pot solvothermal reaction and subsequently (2) pyrolysis or carbonization, respectively. This material exhibits novel rod-like morphology formed by tiny spheres. The presence of transition metal particles such as Co and Ni due to their conductivity and electron configurations provides a great number of active sites, which brings superior electrochemical performance in oxygen evolution and good stability in long-term tests. Therefore, it is believed that we propose interesting low-cost material that can act as a super stable catalyst in OER.

Localized inside-out Ostwald ripening of hybrid double-shelled cages into SnO2 triple-shelled hollow cubes for improved toluene detection

Unique SnO2 triple-shelled hollow cages with a well-defined cubic shape have been successfully prepared via additional deposition of polycrystalline SnO2 on hybrid Zn2SnO4/SnO2 double-shelled nanotemplates followed by removal of Zn2SnO4. Structural characterization demonstrates that SnO2 triple-shelled hollow cubes (THCs) are hierarchically composed of numerous primary nanoparticles with a size of about several nanometers. The synthetic step-dependent multilayered evolution mechanism can be addressed in terms of different hollowing strategies. Based on the unique less-agglomerated multilayered and porous configuration, the gas sensing performances of SnO2 THCs exhibit an obvious improvement of response and shortened response-recovery characteristics at their optimal working temperature, compared with those of referenced single- and double-shelled SnO2 nanostructures.

Formation of uniform porous yolk-shell MnCo2O4 microrugby balls with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium storage and the oxygen evolution reaction

Mixed transition metal oxides with favorable electrochemical properties are promising electrode materials in energy storage and conversion systems. In this work, uniform porous yolk-shell MnCo₂O₄ (denoted as YSM-MCO) microrugby balls have been synthesized by simple annealing treatment of metal carbonates with a microrugby ball shape in air. Benefiting from the desired porous structure and composition, the as-synthesized YSM-MCO exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance when investigated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. The YSM-MCO demonstrates remarkable lithium storage properties with a good cycling stability (94% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 0.5 A g^-1) and superior rate capability (414 mA h g^-1 at 5 A g^-1). In addition, the YSM-MCO also exhibits better OER activity than most of the reported MnCo₂O₄-based electrocatalysts.

Facile Preparation of Porous Rod-like Cu x Co3-x O4/C Composites via Bimetal-Organic Framework Derivation as Superior Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

To meet growing demand of energy, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are under enormous attention. The development of well-designed ternary transition metal oxides with high capacity and high stability is important and challengeable for using as electrode materials for LIBs. Herein, a new and highly reversible carbon-coated Cu-Co bimetal oxide composite material (Cu x Co3-x O4/C) with a one-dimensional (1D) porous rod-like structure was prepared through a bimetal-organic framework (BMOF) template strategy followed by a morphology-inherited annealing treatment. During the annealing process, carbon derived from organic frameworks in situ fully covered the synthesized bimetal oxide nanoparticles, and a large number of porous spaces were generated in the MOF-derived final samples, thus ensuring high electrical conductivity and fast ion diffusion. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of bimetals, the unique 1D porous structure, and conductive carbon network, the as-synthesized Cu x Co3-x O4/C delivers a high capacity retention up to 92.4% after 100 cycles, with a high reversible capacity still maintained at 900 mA h g-1, indicating an excellent cycling stability. Also, a good rate performance is demonstrated. These outstanding electrochemical properties show us a concept of synthesis of MOF-derived bimetal oxides combining both advantages of carbon incorporation and porous structure for progressive lithium-ion batteries.

Necklace-like Si@C nanofibers as robust anode materials for high performance lithium ion batteries

Silicon is believed to be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its highest theoretical capacity and low discharge potential. However, severe pulverization and capacity fading caused by huge volume change during cycling limits its practical application. In this work, necklace-like N-doped carbon wrapped mesoporous Si nanofibers (NL-Si@C) network has been synthesized via electrospinning method followed by magnesiothermic reduction reaction process to suppress these issues. The mesoporous Si nanospheres are wrapped with N-doped carbon shells network to form yolk-shell structure. Interestingly, the distance of adjacent Si@C nanospheres can be controllably adjusted by different addition amounts of SiO₂ nanospheres. When used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the NL-Si@C-0.5 exhibits best cycling stability and rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the necklace-like network structure and N-doped carbon layers, which can ensure fast ions and electrons transportation, facilitate the electrolyte penetration and provide finite voids to allow large volume expansion of inner Si nanoparticles. Moreover, the protective carbon layers are also beneficial to the formation of stable solid electrolyte interface film.

Encapsulation of CoS x Nanocrystals into N/S Co-Doped Honeycomb-Like 3D Porous Carbon for High-Performance Lithium Storage

A honeycomb-like 3D N/S co-doped porous carbon-coated cobalt sulfide (CoS, Co9S8, and Co1-x S) composite (CS@PC) is successfully prepared using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the nitrogen-containing carbon source through a facile solvothermal method and subsequent in situ conversion. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the CS@PC composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity, good rate capability, and cyclic stability. The composite electrode delivers specific capacities of 781.2 and 466.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 and 5 A g-1, respectively. When cycled at a current density of 1 A g-1, it displays a high reversible capacity of 717.0 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles. The ability to provide this level of performance is attributed to the unique 3D multi-level porous architecture with large electrode-electrolyte contact area, bicontinuous electron/ion transport pathways, and attractive structure stability. Such micro-/nanoscale design and engineering strategies may also be used to explore other nanocomposites to boost their energy storage performance.

Rational design of MnCo2O4@NC@MnO2 three-layered core–shell octahedron for high-rate and long-life lithium storage

With the depletion of fossil energy and rapid development of electronic equipment, the commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) do not meet the current energy demand.