1
|
Liang Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chen W, Liu B, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Kang DH, Zeng J, Gao X, Wang Q, Hu H, Zhou H, Cai X, Tian X, Reiss P, Xu B, Kirchartz T, Xiao Z, Dai S, Park NG, Ye J, Pan X. Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells. Nature 2023; 624:557-563. [PMID: 37913815 PMCID: PMC10733143 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells with the formula FA1-xCsxPbI3, where FA is formamidinium, provide an attractive option for integrating high efficiency, durable stability and compatibility with scaled-up fabrication. Despite the incorporation of Cs cations, which could potentially enable a perfect perovskite lattice1,2, the compositional inhomogeneity caused by A-site cation segregation is likely to be detrimental to the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells3,4. Here we visualized the out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity along the vertical direction across perovskite films and identified the underlying reasons for the inhomogeneity and its potential impact for devices. We devised a strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to homogenize the distribution of cation composition in perovskite films. The resultant p-i-n devices yielded a certified steady-state photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of 25.2% and durable stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyao Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ho Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianrong Zeng
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Zhou
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Instruments Center for Physical Science (PIC), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Cai
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Reiss
- University Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INP, IRIG/SyMMES, STEP, Grenoble, France
| | - Baomin Xu
- Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Kirchartz
- IEK5-Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University (NCEPU), Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiajiu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- IEK5-Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Xu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Wang HY, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang JP. Perovskite Solar Cell Performance Boosted by Regulating the Ion Migration and Charge Transport Dynamics via Dual-Interface Modification of Electron Transport Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8620-8629. [PMID: 37728520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the buried interfaces of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is crucial for optimizing the device performance. We herein report a novel strategy by modifying the ETL-FTO interface with MgO, as well as the interface between the perovskite layer (PVKL) and the SnO2 electron transfer layer (ETL) with formamidine bromide (FABr). The dual-interface ETL engineering substantially improved the photoelectric conversion efficiency (19.62 → 22.04%) and suppressed the hysteresis index (14.98 → 1.09%). The structure-activity relationship was explored by using transient photoelectric and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopic analyses. It was found that the FABr treatment enhanced the PVKL crystallinity and the PVKL-ETL interaction and that the MgO modification dramatically retarded the ion migration, which together optimized the ETL function. The mechanism underlying the influence of ion distribution on the dynamics of ions and free carriers is discussed, which may be helpful for the rational design of high-performance PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haris MP, Xia J, Kazim S, Molenda Z, Hirsch L, Buffeteau T, Bassani DM, Nazeeruddin MK, Ahmad S. Probing proton diffusion as a guide to environmental stability in powder-engineered FAPbI 3 and CsFAPbI 3 perovskites. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101304. [PMID: 36970227 PMCID: PMC10030310 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium lead iodide-based solar cells show promising device reliability. The grain imperfection can be further suppressed by developing powder methodology. The water uptake capability is critical for the stability of α-formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) thin films, and elucidating the migration of hydrogen species is challenging using routine techniques such as imaging or mass spectroscopy. Here, we decipher the proton diffusion to quantify indirect monitoring of H migration by following the N-D vibration using transmission infrared spectroscopy. The technique allows a direct assessment of the perovskite degradation associated with moisture. The inclusion of Cs in FAPbI3, reveals significant differences in proton diffusion rates, attesting to its impact. CsFAPbI3's ability to block the active layer access by water molecules is five times higher than α-FAPbI3, which is significantly higher than methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3). Our protocol directly probes the local environment of the material to identify its intrinsic degradation mechanisms and stability, a key requirement for optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed P.U. Haris
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU, Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jianxing Xia
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Samrana Kazim
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU, Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Molenda
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, IMS, CNRS UMR 5218, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Lionel Hirsch
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, IMS, CNRS UMR 5218, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Dario M. Bassani
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Shahzada Ahmad
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU, Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Xing Z, Fan B, Ni Z, Wang F, Hu X, Chen Y. Uncovering Aging Chemistry of Perovskite Precursor Solutions and Anti-aging Mechanism of Additives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215799. [PMID: 36575131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aging of precursor solutions is the major stumbling block for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, for the first time we used the state-of-the-art in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to molecularly explore the perovskite precursor solution chemistry. We identified that the methylammonium and formamidinium cations and the I- anion are the motivators of the aging chemistry. Further, we introduced two kinds of Lewis bases, triethyl phosphate (TP) and ethyl ethanesulfonate (EE), as new additives in the solution and unraveled that both of them can protect the reactive cations from aging through weak interactions. Significantly, TP is superior to EE in enhancing long-term solution stability as it can well-maintain the internal interaction structures within the solution phase. The PSC derived from a fresh TP-doped solution delivered a high power conversion efficiency of 23.06 %, 92.23 % of which remained in that from a 21-day-old solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhi Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Baojin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Control of perovskite film crystallization and growth direction to target homogeneous monolithic structures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6655. [PMCID: PMC9636165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGetting performant organo-metal halide perovskite films for various application remains challenging. Here, we show the behavior of solvent and perovskite elements for four different perovskites families and nine different initial precursor solution systems in the case of the most popular preparation process which includes an anti-solvent dripping-assisted spin coating of a precursor solution and a subsequent thermal annealing. We show how the initial solution composition affects, first, the film formed by spin coating and anti-solvent dripping and, second, the processes occurring upon thermal annealing, including crystal domain evolution and the grain growth mechanism. We propose a universal typology which distinguishes three types for the growth direction of perovskite crystals: downward (Type I), upward (Type II) and lateral (Type III). The latter results in large, monolithic grains and we show that this mode must be targeted for the preparation of efficient perovskite light absorber thin films of solar cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Muscarella LA, Hutter EM. Halide Double-Perovskite Semiconductors beyond Photovoltaics. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:2128-2135. [PMID: 35719270 PMCID: PMC9199010 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Halide double perovskites, A2MIMIIIX6, offer a vast chemical space for obtaining unexplored materials with exciting properties for a wide range of applications. The photovoltaic performance of halide double perovskites has been limited due to the large and/or indirect bandgap of the presently known materials. However, their applications extend beyond outdoor photovoltaics, as halide double perovskites exhibit properties suitable for memory devices, indoor photovoltaics, X-ray detectors, light-emitting diodes, temperature and humidity sensors, photocatalysts, and many more. This Perspective highlights challenges associated with the synthesis and characterization of halide double perovskites and offers an outlook on the potential use of some of the properties exhibited by this so far underexplored class of materials.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma C, Xu F, Song T. Dual-Layered Interfacial Evolution of Lithium Metal Anode: SEI Analysis via TOF-SIMS Technology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20197-20207. [PMID: 35470659 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal battery has been considered as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage systems due to its high energy density. However, the lithium metal may react with the electrolyte, resulting in the instability of the solid/liquid interface. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer was found to affect the interface stability of the lithium metal anode; the real structure of SEI couldn't be accurately analyzed so far. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has been thought as a powerful tool to carry out three-dimensional (3D) characterization and structural reconstruction at a high-resolution nanoscale, as well as detect ionized elements and molecule fragments at the ppb level due to its excellent sensitivity. Herein, we employed TOF-SIMS to investigate the chemical composition of SEI at the surface of the lithium metal anode after electrochemical cycles. We find that SEI is not a completely dense interface layer. The organic phase of SEI can accommodate part of the electrolyte, enhancing the lithium-ion conductivity. Meanwhile, SEI is an interface layer that changes with the state of the electrolyte, and this process of change is expressed by conventional characterization methods. However, the distribution of lithium salt can be analyzed by TOF-SIMS to judge the change degree of SEI. Our work provides significant guidance for accurately characterizing the SEI layer, as well as constructing a more realistic interface layer model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Tinglu Song
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu XG, Sun S, Song T, Zhang X, Wang C, Yang Y, Wang S, Zhong H. Revealing the vertical structure of in-situ fabricated perovskite nanocrystals films toward efficient pure red light-emitting diodes. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
9
|
Richheimer F, Toth D, Hailegnaw B, Baker MA, Dorey RA, Kienberger F, Castro FA, Kaltenbrunner M, Scharber MC, Gramse G, Wood S. Ion-driven nanograin formation in early-stage degradation of tri-cation perovskite films. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2605-2616. [PMID: 35129185 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The operational stability of organic-inorganic halide perovskite based solar cells is a challenge for widespread commercial adoption. The mobility of ionic species is a key contributor to perovskite instability since ion migration can lead to unfavourable changes in the crystal lattice and ultimately destabilisation of the perovskite phase. Here we study the nanoscale early-stage degradation of mixed-halide mixed-cation perovskite films under operation-like conditions using electrical scanning probe microscopy to investigate the formation of surface nanograin defects. We identify the nanograins as lead iodide and study their formation in ambient and inert environments with various optical, thermal, and electrical stress conditions in order to elucidate the different underlying degradation mechanisms. We find that the intrinsic instability is related to the polycrystalline morphology, where electrical bias stress leads to the build-up of charge at grain boundaries and lateral space charge gradients that destabilise the local perovskite lattice facilitating escape of the organic cation. This mechanism is accelerated by enhanced ionic mobility under optical excitation. Our findings highlight the importance of inhibiting the formation of local charge imbalance, either through compositions preventing ionic redistribution or local grain boundary passivation, in order to extend operational stability in perovskite photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Richheimer
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Materials, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - David Toth
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, Linz, 4020, Austria
- Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Bekele Hailegnaw
- Division of Soft Matter Physics and LIT Soft Materials Lab, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, 4040, Austria
- Department Soft Matter Physics (SoMaP), Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Mark A Baker
- Centre for Engineering Materials, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Robert A Dorey
- Centre for Engineering Materials, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | | | - Martin Kaltenbrunner
- Department Soft Matter Physics (SoMaP), Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Markus C Scharber
- Division of Soft Matter Physics and LIT Soft Materials Lab, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Georg Gramse
- Keysight Technologies GmbH, Linz, 4020, Austria
- Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wood
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Probing Surface Information of Alloy by Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) has been widely employed to acquire surface information of materials. Here, we investigated the alloy surface by combining the mass spectra and 2D mapping images of ToF-SIMS. We found by surprise that these two results seem to be inconsistent with each other. Therefore, other surface characteristic tools such as SEM-EDS were further used to provide additional supports. The results indicated that such differences may originate from the variance of secondary ion yields, which might be affected by crystal orientation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Combination of Metal Oxide and Polytriarylamine: A Design Principle to Improve the Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14165115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, perovskite photovoltaics gained popularity as a potential rival for crystalline silicon solar cells, which provide comparable efficiency for lower fabrication costs. However, insufficient stability is still a bottleneck for technology commercialization. One of the key aspects for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is encapsulating the photoactive material with the hole-transport layer (HTL) with low gas permeability. Recently, it was shown that the double HTL comprising organic and inorganic parts can perform the protective function. Herein, a systematic investigation and comparison of four double HTLs incorporating polytriarylamine and thermally evaporated transition metal oxides in the highest oxidation state are presented. In particular, it was shown that MoOx, WOx, and VOx-based double HTLs provided stable performance of PSCs for 1250 h, while devices with NbOx lost 30% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h. Additionally, the encapsulating properties of all four double HTLs were studied in trilayer stacks with HTL covering perovskite, and insignificant changes in the absorber composition were registered after 1000 h under illumination. Finally, it was demonstrated using ToF-SIMS that the double HTL prevented the migration of perovskite volatile components within the structure. Our findings pave the way towards improved PSC design that ensures their long-term operational stability.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hao J, Kim YH, Habisreutinger SN, Harvey SP, Miller EM, Foradori SM, Arnold MS, Song Z, Yan Y, Luther JM, Blackburn JL. Low-energy room-temperature optical switching in mixed-dimensionality nanoscale perovskite heterojunctions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabf1959. [PMID: 33910894 PMCID: PMC8081365 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived photon-stimulated conductance changes in solid-state materials can enable optical memory and brain-inspired neuromorphic information processing. It remains challenging to realize optical switching with low-energy consumption, and new mechanisms and design principles giving rise to persistent photoconductivity (PPC) can help overcome an important technological hurdle. Here, we demonstrate versatile heterojunctions between metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes that enable room-temperature, long-lived (thousands of seconds), writable, and erasable PPC. Optical switching and basic neuromorphic functions can be stimulated at low operating voltages with femto- to pico-joule energies per spiking event, and detailed analysis demonstrates that PPC in this nanoscale interface arises from field-assisted control of ion migration within the nanocrystal array. Contactless optical measurements also suggest these systems as potential candidates for photonic synapses that are stimulated and read in the optical domain. The tunability of PPC shown here holds promise for neuromorphic computing and other technologies that use optical memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hao
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | | | - Elisa M Miller
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yanfa Yan
- University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kausar A, Sattar A, Xu C, Zhang S, Kang Z, Zhang Y. Advent of alkali metal doping: a roadmap for the evolution of perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2696-2736. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal–halide hybrid perovskites have prompted the prosperity of the sustainable energy field and simultaneously demonstrated their great potential in meeting both the growing consumption of energy and the increasing social development requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammarah Kausar
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Chenzhe Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Suicai Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li N, Niu X, Chen Q, Zhou H. Towards commercialization: the operational stability of perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8235-8286. [PMID: 32909584 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00573h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention owing to their high power conversion efficiency (25.2%) and low fabrication cost. However, the short lifetime under operation is the major obstacle for their commercialization. With efforts from the entire PSC research community, significant advances have been witnessed to improve the device operational stability, and a timely summary on the progress is urgently needed. In this review, we first clarify the definition of operational stability and its significance in the context of practical use. By analyzing the mechanisms in established approaches for operational stability improvement, we summarize several effective strategies to extend device lifetime in a layer-by-layer sequence across the entire PSC. These mechanisms are discussed in the contexts of chemical reactions, photo-physical management, technological modification, etc., which may inspire future R&D for stable PSCs. Finally, emerging operational stability standards with respect to testing and reporting device operational stability are summarized and discussed, which may help reliable device stability data circulate in the research community. The main target of this review is gaining insight into the operational stability of PSCs, as well as providing useful guidance to further improve their operational lifetime by rational materials processing and device fabrication, which would finally promote the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nengxu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, BIC-ESAT, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Das C, Wussler M, Hellmann T, Mayer T, Zimmermann I, Maheu C, Nazeeruddin MK, Jaegermann W. Surface, Interface, and Bulk Electronic and Chemical Properties of Complete Perovskite Solar Cells: Tapered Cross-Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy, a Novel Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40949-40957. [PMID: 32794739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surface, interface, and bulk properties are a few of the most critical factors that influence the performance of perovskite solar cells. The photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is used as a technique to analyze these properties. However, the information depth of PES is limited to 10-20 nm, which makes it not suitable to study the complete devices, which have a thickness of ∼1 μm. Here, we introduce a novel and simple technique of PES on a tapered cross section (TCS-PES). It provides both lateral and vertical resolutions compared to the conventional PES so that it is suitable to study a complete perovskite solar cell. It offers many benefits over conventional PES methods such as the chemical composition in the micrometer scale from the surface to the bulk and the electronic properties at the multiple interfaces. The chemical natures of different layers of the perovskite-based solar cells [(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15] can be identified precisely for the first time using the TCS-PES method. We found that the perovskite layer has higher iodine concentration at the Spiro/perovskite interface and higher bromine concentration at the TiO2/perovskite interface. UPS measurements on the tapered cross section revealed that the perovskite is n-type, and the solar cell studied here is a p-n-n structure type device. The unique possibilities to analyze the complete solar cell by XPS and UPS allow us to estimate the band bending in a working solar cell. Moreover, this technique can further be used to study the device under operating conditions, and it can be applied in other solid-state devices like solid electrolyte Li-ion batteries, LEDs, or photoelectrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Das
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Wussler
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim Hellmann
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Iwan Zimmermann
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Station 6, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Maheu
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Station 6, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Jaegermann
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao Q, Xue Q, Li Z, Zhang K, Zhang T, Li N, Yang S, Brabec CJ, Yip HL, Cao Y. Graded 2D/3D Perovskite Heterostructure for Efficient and Operationally Stable MA-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000571. [PMID: 32449209 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Almost all highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of greater than 22% currently contain the thermally unstable methylammonium (MA) molecule. MA-free perovskites are an intrinsically more stable optoelectronic material for use in solar cells but compromise the performance of PVSCs with relatively large energy loss. Here, the open-circuit voltage (Voc ) deficit is circumvented by the incorporation of β-guanidinopropionic acid (β-GUA) molecules into an MA-free bulk perovskite, which facilitates the formation of quasi-2D structure with face-on orientation. The 2D/3D hybrid perovskites embed at the grain boundaries of the 3D bulk perovskites and are distributed through half the thickness of the film, which effectively passivates defects and minimizes energy loss of the PVSCs through reduced charge recombination rates and enhanced charge extraction efficiencies. A PCE of 22.2% (certified efficiency of 21.5%) is achieved and the operational stability of the MA-free PVSCs is improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qifan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kaicheng Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Xili University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hou CH, Hung SH, Jhang LJ, Chou KJ, Hu YK, Chou PT, Su WF, Tsai FY, Shieh J, Shyue JJ. Validated Analysis of Component Distribution Inside Perovskite Solar Cells and Its Utility in Unveiling Factors of Device Performance and Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22730-22740. [PMID: 32357293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been used for gaining insights into perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the importance of selecting ion beam parameters to eliminate artifacts in the resulting depth profile is often overlooked. In this work, significant artifacts were identified with commonly applied sputter sources, i.e., an O2+ beam and an Ar-gas cluster ion beam (Ar-GCIB), which could lead to misinterpretation of the PSC structure. On the other hand, polyatomic C60+ and Ar+ ion beams were found to be able to produce depth profiles that properly reflect the distribution of the components. On the basis of this validated method, differences in component distribution, depending on the fabrication processes, were identified and discussed. The solvent-engineering process yielded a homogeneous film with higher device performance, but sequential deposition led to a perovskite layer sandwiched by methylammonium-deficient layers that impeded the performance. For device degradation, it was found that most components remained intact at their original position except for iodide. This result unambiguously indicated that iodide diffusion was one of the key factors governing the device lifetime. With the validated parameters provided, ToF-SIMS was demonstrated as a powerful tool to unveil the structure variation amid device performance and during degradation, which are crucial for the future development of PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Hung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ji Jhang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Jiunh Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jay Shieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sadhu S, Buffeteau T, Sandrez S, Hirsch L, Bassani DM. Observing the Migration of Hydrogen Species in Hybrid Perovskite Materials through D/H Isotope Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10431-10437. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sadhu
- Univ.́ de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, ENSCBP F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Univ.́ de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Simon Sandrez
- Univ.́ de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, ENSCBP F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Lionel Hirsch
- Univ.́ de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, ENSCBP F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Dario M. Bassani
- Univ.́ de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu J, Boyd CC, Yu ZJ, Palmstrom AF, Witter DJ, Larson BW, France RM, Werner J, Harvey SP, Wolf EJ, Weigand W, Manzoor S, van Hest MFAM, Berry JJ, Luther JM, Holman ZC, McGehee MD. Triple-halide wide-band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems. Science 2020; 367:1097-1104. [PMID: 32139537 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wide-band gap metal halide perovskites are promising semiconductors to pair with silicon in tandem solar cells to pursue the goal of achieving power conversion efficiency (PCE) greater than 30% at low cost. However, wide-band gap perovskite solar cells have been fundamentally limited by photoinduced phase segregation and low open-circuit voltage. We report efficient 1.67-electron volt wide-band gap perovskite top cells using triple-halide alloys (chlorine, bromine, iodine) to tailor the band gap and stabilize the semiconductor under illumination. We show a factor of 2 increase in photocarrier lifetime and charge-carrier mobility that resulted from enhancing the solubility of chlorine by replacing some of the iodine with bromine to shrink the lattice parameter. We observed a suppression of light-induced phase segregation in films even at 100-sun illumination intensity and less than 4% degradation in semitransparent top cells after 1000 hours of maximum power point (MPP) operation at 60°C. By integrating these top cells with silicon bottom cells, we achieved a PCE of 27% in two-terminal monolithic tandems with an area of 1 square centimeter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Xu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Caleb C Boyd
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhengshan J Yu
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Witter
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Bryon W Larson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ryan M France
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jérémie Werner
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Eli J Wolf
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William Weigand
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Salman Manzoor
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Zachary C Holman
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Michael D McGehee
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wygant BR, Ye AZ, Dolocan A, Vu Q, Abbot DM, Mullins CB. Probing the Degradation Chemistry and Enhanced Stability of 2D Organolead Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18170-18181. [PMID: 31630513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper phase organolead halide perovskites has shown that they possess many interesting optical and physical properties. Most notably, they are significantly more stable when exposed to moisture when compared to the typical 3D perovskite methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI); direct evidence for the chemical source of this stability remains elusive, however. Here, we present a detailed study of the superior moisture stability of a quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite, n-butylammonium methylammonium lead iodide (nBA-MAPI), compared to that of MAPI, and examine a simple, yet efficient, methodology to improve the stability of MAPI devices through the application of a thin layer of nBA-MAPI to the surface. By employing a variety of analytical techniques (photoluminescence, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction) we determine that the improved stability of Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites is a consequence of a unique degradation pathway which produces a passivating surface layer, composed of increasingly stable phases of the 2D perovskite, via disproportionation. Our work establishes that this protective material isolates the bulk of the perovskite from a newly identified hydration layer which is found to accumulate at the C60/perovskite interface of full devices, slowing further hydrolysis reactions that would damage the device. As MAPI devices degrade quickly without any protection, a surface treatment of nBA-MAPI is an efficient way to delay device deterioration by creating an artificial 2D surface layer that similarly inhibits interaction with the hydration layer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Harvey SP, Zhang F, Palmstrom A, Luther JM, Zhu K, Berry JJ. Mitigating Measurement Artifacts in TOF-SIMS Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30911-30918. [PMID: 31373481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is one of the few techniques that can specifically distinguish between organic cations such as methylammonium and formamidinium. Distinguishing between these two species can lead to specific insight into the origins and evolution of compositional inhomogeneity and chemical gradients in halide perovskite solar cells, which appears to be a key to advancing the technology. TOF-SIMS can obtain chemical information from hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in up to three dimensions, while not simply splitting the organic components into their molecular constituents (C, H, and N for both methylammonium and formamidinium), unlike other characterization methods. Here, we report on the apparently ubiquitous A-site organic cation gradient measured when doing TOF-SIMS depth-profiling of PSC films. Using thermomechanical methods to cleave perovskite samples at the buried glass/transparent conducting oxide interface enables depth profiling in a reverse direction from normal depth profiling (backside depth profiling). When comparing the backside depth profiles to the traditional front side profiled devices, an identical slight gradient in the A-site organic cation signal is observed in each case. This indicates that the apparent A-site cation gradient is a measurement artifact due to beam damage from the primary ion beam causing a continually decreasing ion yield for secondary ions of methylammonium and formamidinium. This is due to subsurface implantation and bond breaking from the 30 keV bismuth primary ion beam impact when profiling with too high of a data density. Here, we show that the beam-generated artifact associated with this damage can mostly be mitigated by altering the measurement conditions. We also report on a new method of depth profiling applied to PSC films that enables enhanced sensitivity to halide ions in positive measurement polarity, which can eliminate the need for a second measurement in negative polarity in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Axel Palmstrom
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao Q, Hazarika A, Chen X, Harvey SP, Larson BW, Teeter GR, Liu J, Song T, Xiao C, Shaw L, Zhang M, Li G, Beard MC, Luther JM. High efficiency perovskite quantum dot solar cells with charge separating heterostructure. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2842. [PMID: 31253800 PMCID: PMC6599010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite semiconductors possess outstanding characteristics for optoelectronic applications including but not limited to photovoltaics. Low-dimensional and nanostructured motifs impart added functionality which can be exploited further. Moreover, wider cation composition tunability and tunable surface ligand properties of colloidal quantum dot (QD) perovskites now enable unprecedented device architectures which differ from thin-film perovskites fabricated from solvated molecular precursors. Here, using layer-by-layer deposition of perovskite QDs, we demonstrate solar cells with abrupt compositional changes throughout the perovskite film. We utilize this ability to abruptly control composition to create an internal heterojunction that facilitates charge separation at the internal interface leading to improved photocarrier harvesting. We show how the photovoltaic performance depends upon the heterojunction position, as well as the composition of each component, and we describe an architecture that greatly improves the performance of perovskite QD photovoltaics. Metal halide perovskites have wide tunability in both material and device structure. Here Zhao et al. fabricate heterojunctions of colloidal perovskite quantum dots with different composition using layer-by-layer deposition and demonstrate improved photovoltaic performance with enhanced photocarrier harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.,Institute of New Energy Chemistry Material, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Xihan Chen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Steve P Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Bryon W Larson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Glenn R Teeter
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Tao Song
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Chuanxiao Xiao
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Liam Shaw
- Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC, 28815, USA
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoran Li
- Institute of New Energy Chemistry Material, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Matthew C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tong J, Song Z, Kim DH, Chen X, Chen C, Palmstrom AF, Ndione PF, Reese MO, Dunfield SP, Reid OG, Liu J, Zhang F, Harvey SP, Li Z, Christensen ST, Teeter G, Zhao D, Al-Jassim MM, van Hest MFAM, Beard MC, Shaheen SE, Berry JJ, Yan Y, Zhu K. Carrier lifetimes of >1 μs in Sn-Pb perovskites enable efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Science 2019; 364:475-479. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All-perovskite–based polycrystalline thin-film tandem solar cells have the potential to deliver efficiencies of >30%. However, the performance of all-perovskite–based tandem devices has been limited by the lack of high-efficiency, low–band gap tin-lead (Sn-Pb) mixed-perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We found that the addition of guanidinium thiocyanate (GuaSCN) resulted in marked improvements in the structural and optoelectronic properties of Sn-Pb mixed, low–band gap (~1.25 electron volt) perovskite films. The films have defect densities that are lower by a factor of 10, leading to carrier lifetimes of greater than 1 microsecond and diffusion lengths of 2.5 micrometers. These improved properties enable our demonstration of >20% efficient low–band gap PSCs. When combined with wider–band gap PSCs, we achieve 25% efficient four-terminal and 23.1% efficient two-terminal all-perovskite–based polycrystalline thin-film tandem solar cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Design and modification of interfaces, always a critical issue for semiconductor devices, has become a primary tool to harness the full potential of halide perovskite (HaP)-based optoelectronics, including photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes. In particular, the outstanding improvements in HaP solar cell performance and stability can be primarily ascribed to a careful choice of the interfacial layout in the layer stack. In this review, we describe the unique challenges and opportunities of these approaches (section 1). For this purpose, we first elucidate the basic physical and chemical properties of the exposed HaP thin film and crystal surfaces, including topics such as surface termination, surface reactivity, and electronic structure (section 2). This is followed by discussing experimental results on the energetic alignment processes at the interfaces between the HaP and transport and buffer layers. This section includes understandings reached as well as commonly proposed and applied models, especially the often-questionable validity of vacuum level alignment, the importance of interface dipoles, and band bending as the result of interface formation (section 3). We follow this by elaborating on the impact of the interface formation on device performance, considering effects such as chemical reactions and surface passivation on interface energetics and stability. On the basis of these concepts, we propose a roadmap for the next steps in interfacial design for HaP semiconductors (section 4), emphasizing the importance of achieving control over the interface energetics and chemistry (i.e., reactivity) to allow predictive power for tailored interface optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schulz
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF) , 91120 Palaiseau , France.,CNRS , Institut Photovoltaı̈que d'Île de France (IPVF) , UMR 9006 , 91120 Palaiseau , France.,National Center for Photovoltaics , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tennyson EM, Roose B, Garrett JL, Gong C, Munday JN, Abate A, Leite MS. Cesium-Incorporated Triple Cation Perovskites Deliver Fully Reversible and Stable Nanoscale Voltage Response. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1538-1546. [PMID: 30586503 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells that incorporate small concentrations of Cs in their A-site have shown increased lifetime and improved device performance. Yet, the development of fully stable devices operating near the theoretical limit requires understanding how Cs influences perovskites' electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here, we determine how the chemical composition of three perovskites (MAPbBr3, MAPbI3, and Cs-mixed) affects their short- and long-term voltage stabilities, with <50 nm spatial resolution. We map an anomalous irreversible electrical signature on MAPbBr3 at the mesoscale, resulting in local V oc variations of ∼400 mV, and in entire grains with negative contribution to the V oc. These measurements prove the necessity of high spatial resolution mapping to elucidate the fundamental limitations of this emerging material. Conversely, we capture the fully reversible voltage response of Cs-mixed perovskites, composed by Cs0.06(MA0.17FA0.83)0.94Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3, demonstrating that the desired electrical output persists even at the nanoscale. The Cs-mixed material presents no spatial variation in V oc, as ion motion is restricted. Our results show that the nanoscale electrical behavior of the perovskites is intimately connected to their chemical composition and macroscopic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Tennyson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Bart Roose
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , CB3 0HE Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L Garrett
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Jeremy N Munday
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Kekuléstraße 5 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Tecchio 80 , 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples , Italy
| | - Marina S Leite
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| |
Collapse
|