1
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Li Y, Xu J, Oliveira JC, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Enantioselective C-H Annulation by Achiral Rhodium(III)/Chiral Brønsted Base Domino Catalysis. ACS Catal 2024; 14:8160-8167. [PMID: 38868099 PMCID: PMC11165455 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Rhodium(III)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool for assembling enabling chiral molecules. However, this approach is significantly hampered by the cumbersome synthetic routes for preparing chiral rhodium catalysts. In sharp contrast, we herein report on an electrochemical domino catalysis system that exploits an achiral Cp*-rhodium catalyst along with an easily accessible chiral Brønsted base for an enantioselective C-H activation/annulation reaction of alkenes by benzoic acids. Our strategy offers an environmentally benign and most user-friendly approach for assembling synthetically useful chiral phthalides in good enantioselectivity, employing electricity as the sustainable oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Hasegawa S, Harano K, Motokura K. RhRu Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Catalysts for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Arenes and Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38842195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters are promising novel catalysts. In this study, we developed carbon-supported RhRu bimetallic oxide clusters (RhRuOx/C) with a mean diameter of 1.2 nm, which showed remarkable catalytic activity for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of arenes and carboxylic acids with O2 as the sole oxidant. RhRu bimetallic oxide cluster formation was confirmed by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Kinetic isotope and substituent effects indicated that arene C-H bond cleavage was the rate-determining step and proceeded via electrophilic concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism, with a carboxylate as an internal base. Density functional theory calculations supported the proposed mechanism and indicated that the active center for C-H bond activation was Rh(V) rather than Rh(III), while Ru enhanced the electrophilicity of the Rh(V) site by decreasing the negative charge of the surrounding oxygen atoms. Electron-rich arenes showed relatively high reactivity for the RhRuOx/C-catalyzed CDC reaction, and both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids were applicable to the reaction. The RhRuOx/C catalyst is promising for the CDC reaction of arenes and carboxylic acids to produce aryl esters. This work promotes the development of noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters for C-H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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3
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Ojea V, Ruiz M. DLPNO-CCSD(T) and DFT study of the acetate-assisted C-H activation of benzaldimine at [RuCl 2( p-cymene)] 2: the relevance of ligand exchange processes at ruthenium(II) complexes in polar protic media. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8662-8679. [PMID: 38695752 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00380b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
To gain mechanistic insights into the acetate-assisted cyclometallations of arylimines promoted by [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 in polar protic media, DFT geometry optimizations (with M06 and ωB97X-D3 functionals and the cc-pVDZ-PP[Ru] basis set) followed by DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS energy evaluations were performed using benzaldimine as a model substrate and methanol as the solvent (with CPCM or SMD models). The calculation results show that coordination of the imine to an acetate ruthenium precursor is followed by anion (chloride or acetate) dissociation as the rate-determining step of the process. H-Bonding of two explicit MeOH to the anion reduces the calculated activation energy to ca. 23 kcal mol-1, in good agreement with the experimental half-life at room temperature. Subsequent AMLA/CMD C-H activation of the intermediate cationic complexes is a faster, reversible process. Alternative reaction pathways involving neutral diacetate ruthenium complexes offer AMLA/CMD transition state structures of lower energy but are precluded due to higher energy barriers for the initial ligand exchange processes at ruthenium. Solvent assistance accelerates the final chloride/acetate exchange processes on the cycloruthenate intermediates, particularly when compression in the condensed phase is taken into consideration. The performance of six DFT functionals (with the aug-pVTZ-PP[Ru] basis set) was assessed using the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS reference energies. Neutral diacetate ruthenium complexes were incorrectly predicted as being kinetically relevant when using hybrid DFT methods (PBE0-D3(BJ), M06-2X or ωB97M-V). Good agreement between the calculated barrier heights and our benchmark energy results was obtained by using double-hybrid DFT methods. PWPB95 with D3(BJ) or D4 dispersion energy corrections was found to be the most accurate (ΔG≠ MUE of ca. 1 kcal mol-1). This study may aid our understanding of and help with further experimental investigations of synthetically useful carboxylate-assisted C-H bond functionalizations involving (N,C)-cyclometallated (p-cymene)Ru(II) intermediate complexes in sustainable polar protic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ojea
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, E-15078 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, E-15078 A Coruña, Spain.
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4
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Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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5
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Alves EHS, Oliveira DAS, Braga AAC. Palladium(II)-catalyzed annulation of N-methoxy amides and arynes: computational mechanistic insights and substituents effects. J Mol Model 2024; 30:152. [PMID: 38687370 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The combined use of transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation with aryne annulation reactions has emerged as an important strategy in organic synthesis. In this study, the mechanisms of the palladium(II)-catalyzed annulation reaction of N-methoxy amides and arynes were computationally investigated by density functional theory. The role of methoxy amide as a directing group was elucidated through the calculation of three different pathways for the C-H activation step, showing that the pathway where amide nitrogen acts as a directing group is preferable. At the reductive elimination transition state, an unstable seven-membered ring is formed preventing the lactam formation. A substituent effect study based on an NBO analysis, Hammet, and using a More O'Ferall-Jenks plot indicates that the C-H activation step proceeds via an electrophilic concerted metalation-deprotonation (eCMD) mechanism. The results show that electron-withdrawing groups increase the activation barrier and contribute to an early Pd-C bond formation and a late C-H bond breaking when compared with electron-donating substituents. Our computational results are in agreement with the experimental data provided in the literature. METHODS All calculations were performed using Gaussian 16 software. Geometry optimizations, frequency analyses at 393.15 K, and IRC calculations were conducted at the M06L/Def2-SVP level of theory. Corrected electronic energies, NBO charges, and Wiberg bond indexes were computed at the M06L/Def2-TZVP//M06L/Def2-SVP level of theory. Implicit solvent effects were considered in all calculations using the SMD model, with acetonitrile employed as the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick H S Alves
- Departament of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel A S Oliveira
- Departament of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ataualpa A C Braga
- Departament of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Tokura Y, Xu S, Yasui K, Nishii Y, Hirano K. Pd-catalysed C-H alkynylation of benzophospholes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2792-2795. [PMID: 38362673 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalysed C2-H alkynylation of benzophospholes with alkynyl bromides has been developed to afford the corresponding phosphole-alkyne conjugations in good to high yields. The C-C triple bond as well as terminal alkyne C-H bond in the obtained products is a good synthetic handle for further manipulations, thus giving the versatile π-conjugated benzophosphole derivatives. The optoelectronic properties of the newly synthesized conjugated benzophospholes are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tokura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shibo Xu
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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7
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Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Controlling Reactivity and Selectivity in the Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2459-2472. [PMID: 37639549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAromatic structures are widespread motifs throughout organic chemistry, and C-H activation has been recognized as a major tool for enabling their sustainable and efficient functionalization. Through C-H activation, arenes can be modified without the need for prefunctionalization, leading to inherent atom- and step-economic advantages over traditional methods. However, for the development of synthetically useful methods, several hurdles have to be overcome. The strength of C-H bonds necessitates the development of sufficiently reactive catalysts, while the presence of multiple C-H bonds within a substrate poses challenges in terms of site-selectivity. Traditionally these challenges have been addressed by substrate control. By attaching different directing groups (DGs), the reactivity of the respective arene was significantly enhanced and the DG guided the metal in close proximity to specific C-H bonds, resulting in high site-selectivity. However, the introduction and removal of the DG add additional steps to the synthetic sequence, and the scope of the reaction is limited to a specific substrate class. The development of complementary nondirected methods that can be applied to a broad range of arenes without the necessity to carry a specific functional group that coordinates to Pd (referred to as simple arenes) is therefore highly desirable. However, the intrinsically lower reactivity of such substrates and the absence of a selectivity-determining DG pose significant challenges that can be solved only by the development of highly efficient catalysts. Consequently, the field of nondirected C-H activation, especially with respect to Pd-catalyzed methods, remained comparatively underdeveloped when we initiated our research program in 2017. At that time, state-of-the-art methods required the arene to be used in large excess, precluding its use in late-stage functionalization. Since organopalladium species are among the most versatile synthetic intermediates, we realized that developing a system, which can effectively and selectively activate C-H bonds in simple arenes with the arene as the limiting reagent, would be a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. This account summarizes our groups' research toward the development and application of catalytic systems offering this desired reactivity and focuses explicitly on Pd-catalyzed nondirected C-H functionalization reactions of arenes, where the arene is employed as a limiting reagent. After an introduction that summarizes the state of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation of arenes before 2017 and the associated challenges, experimental and mechanistic details about the development of the first arene-limited, nondirected C-H functionalization of simple arenes with palladium will be discussed. This reactivity was enabled by the identification and combination of two complementary ligands, an N-heterocycle and an amino acid-derived ligand. Afterward we will discuss the expansion of this dual-ligand approach to further arene-limited transformations. Finally, we describe two methodologies that originated from the observations we made during our studies, namely, the late-stage deuteration of simple arenes and a highly selective olefination method that uses noncovalent interactions to induce meta selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaltenberger
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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8
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Korábková T, Bartáček J, Marek L, Hanusek J, Růžička A, Váňa J. Switchable cyclopalladation of substrates containing two directing groups: on the way to non-symmetrical [2.2]-dipalladaparacyclophanes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11113-11119. [PMID: 37493412 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02019c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple switching of the site-selectivity of C-H activation reactions of substrates containing multiple directing groups is particularly important for the so-called late stage functionalization synthetic approach. In this work, we verified the possibility of achieving this by adding acids of different strengths. Using a substrate containing two differently strong (and basic) directing groups, the influence of the addition of acids on the regioselectivity of the C-H activation step of the reaction with palladium acetate was thoroughly studied. The addition of no or weak acids results in cyclopalladation being controlled by a stronger directing group. However, the addition of a strong acid causes protonation of this group and the reaction is then controlled by a weaker directing group. Finally, this approach enables double C-H activation leading to a unique class of compounds: "non-symmetrical" [2.2]-dipalladaparacyclophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Korábková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Bartáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Hanusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Váňa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
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9
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Cui CX, Peng J, Jiang J. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Cobalt-Catalyzed C-O Silylation and Stannylation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23791-23798. [PMID: 37426225 PMCID: PMC10324068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Organosilicon and organotin compounds have been widely used in many fields, such as organic synthesis, materials science, and biochemistry, because of their unique physical and electronic properties. Recently, two novel compounds containing C-Si or C-Sn bonds have been synthesized. These compounds can be used for late modification of drug-like molecules such as probenecid, duloxetine, and fluoxetine derivatives. However, the detailed reaction mechanisms and the influencing factors that determine selectivity are still unclear. Moreover, several questions remain that are valuable to investigate further, such as (1) the influence of the solvent and the lithium salt on the reaction of the Si/Sn-Zn reagent, (2) the stereoselective functionalization of C-O bonds, and (3) the differences between silylation and stannylation. In the current study, we have explored the above issues with density functional theory and have found that stereoselectivity was most likely caused by the oxidative addition of cobalt to the C-O bond of alkenyl acetate with chelation assistance and that transmetalation was most likely the rate-determining step. For Sn-Zn reagents, the transmetalation was achieved by anion and cation pairs, whereas for Si-Zn reagents, the process was facilitated by Co-Zn complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Computational
Chemistry, Henan Institute of Science and
Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P. R. China
- ZhengZhou
JiShu Institute of AI Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Computational
Chemistry, Henan Institute of Science and
Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P. R. China
- Engineering
Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- ZhengZhou
JiShu Institute of AI Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry
and Materials Science, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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10
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Baghel AS, Pratap R, Kumar A. Ru(II)-Catalyzed Weakly Coordinating Carbonyl-Assisted Dialkynylation of (Hetero)Aryl Ketones. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37307505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized aryl(heteroaryl) ketones are present in many natural products as key structural components and serve as basic synthetic building blocks for various organic transformation reactions. Therefore, the development of an effective and sustainable route for making these classes of compounds remains challenging yet highly desirable. Herein, we report a simple and efficient catalytic system for dialkynylation of aromatic/heteroaromatic ketones via a double C-H bond activation in the presence of less expensive ruthenium(II)-salt as a catalyst using the weakly and native carbonyl group as the desired directing group. The developed protocol is highly compatible, tolerant, and sustainable toward various functional groups. The synthetic utility of the developed protocol has been demonstrated through the scale-up synthesis and functional group transformation. Control experiments support the involvement of the base-assisted internal electrophilic substitution (BIES) reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh Baghel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801106, Bihar, India
| | - Ramendra Pratap
- Department of Chemistry, Delhi University, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801106, Bihar, India
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11
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Piszel PE, Orzolek BJ, Olszewski AK, Rotella ME, Spiewak AM, Kozlowski MC, Weix DJ. Protodemetalation of (Bipyridyl)Ni(II)-Aryl Complexes Shows Evidence for Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Cyclic Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2023:10.1021/jacs.3c00618. [PMID: 37026854 PMCID: PMC10558627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Protonation of C-M bonds and its microscopic reverse, metalation of C-H bonds, are fundamental steps in a variety of metal-catalyzed processes. As such, studies on protonation of C-M bonds can shed light on C-H activation. We present here studies on the rate of protodemetalation (PDM) of a suite of arylnickel(II) complexes with various acids that provide evidence for a concerted, cyclic transition state for the PDM of C-Ni bonds and demonstrate that five-, six-, and seven-membered transition states are particularly favorable. Our data show that while the rate of protodemetalation of arylnickel(II) complexes scales with acidity for many acids, several are faster than predicted by pKa. For example, while acetic acid and acetohydroxamic acid are much less acidic than HCl, they both protodemetalate arylnickel(II) complexes significantly faster than HCl. Our data also show how in the case of acetohydroxamic acid, a seven-membered cyclic transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH) can be more favorable than a six-membered transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH). Similarly, five-membered transition states, such as for pyrazole, are highly favorable as well. Comparison of transition state polarization (from density functional theory) compares these new nickel transition states to better-studied precious-metal systems and demonstrates how the base can change the polarization of the transition state giving rise to opposing electronic preferences. Collectively, these studies suggest several new avenues for study in C-H activation as well as approaches to accelerate or slow protodemetalation in nickel catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Piszel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brandon J. Orzolek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alyssa K. Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amanda M. Spiewak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Zhang WW, Wang Q, Zhang SZ, Zheng C, You SL. (SCp)Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Satoh-Miura Reaction for Building-up Axial Chirality: Counteranion-Directed Switching of Reaction Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214460. [PMID: 36383091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Satoh-Miura reaction is an important method for extending π-systems by forging multi-substituted benzene rings via double aryl C-H activation and annulation with alkynes. However, the development of highly enantioselective Satoh-Miura reaction remains rather challenging. Herein, we report an asymmetric Satoh-Miura reaction between 1-aryl benzo[h]isoquinolines and internal alkynes enabled by a SCpRh-catalyst. Judiciously choosing the counteranion of the Rh-catalyst is crucial for the desired reactivity over the competitive formation of azoniahelicenes. Detailed mechanistic studies support the proposal of counteranion-directed switching of reaction pathways in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Zhang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Su-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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13
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Mondal S, Bera R, Chowdhury D, Dana S, Baidya M. Redox-Neutral Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Enol-Directed Arene C-H Alkylation with Maleimides. Org Lett 2023; 25:70-75. [PMID: 36579895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An enol-assisted regioselective arene C-H alkylation with maleimides is developed under redox-neutral ruthenium(II) catalysis, offering a wide variety of valuable 3-aryl succinimides including amino acid embedded frameworks in good to excellent yields. The products were also aromatized to produce synthetically useful resorcinol-based biaryls. Mechanistic studies support an organometallic pathway with a reversible C-H metalation step for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ratnadeep Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Deepan Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Suman Dana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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14
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Mahato SK, Zhang T, Chatani N. Ir(III)-Catalyzed C(sp 2)–H Amidation of 2-Aroylimidazoles with 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl Azide (TrocN 3). J Org Chem 2022; 87:16390-16398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Mahato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Chemistry At CreAgro (Discovery), PI Industries Ltd., Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Liu Y, Arndtsen BA. Palladium-Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of C(sp 2)-Triflates as a Route to Heteroarene C–H Functionalization and Ketone Synthesis. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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16
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Dhankhar J, Hofer MD, Linden A, Čorić I. Site-Selective C-H Arylation of Diverse Arenes Ortho to Small Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205470. [PMID: 35830351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic systems for direct C-H activation of arenes commonly show preference for electronically activated and sterically exposed C-H sites. Here we show that a range of functionally rich and pharmaceutically relevant arene classes can undergo site-selective C-H arylation ortho to small alkyl substituents, preferably endocyclic methylene groups. The C-H activation is experimentally supported as being the selectivity-determining step, while computational studies of the transition state models indicate the relevance of non-covalent interactions between the catalyst and the methylene group of the substrate. Our results suggest that preference for C(sp2 )-H activation next to alkyl groups could be a general selectivity mode, distinct from common steric and electronic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Micha D Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Site‐Selective C–H Arylation of Diverse Arenes Ortho to Small Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Mahato SK, Chatani N. Carboxylate-Assisted Iridium (III)-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-H Amidation of 2-Aroylimidazoles With Dioxazolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8183-8193. [PMID: 35666267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Ir(III)-catalyzed ortho C-H amidation of 2-aroylimidazoles with 3-aryldioxazolones as an amidating reagent is reported. The method provides a broad substrate scope with wide functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies indicate that C-H bond cleavage is reversible and appears not to be the rate-determining step. The presence of an electron-donating group in the 2-aroylimidazoles and an electron-withdrawing group in the 3-aryldioxazoles significantly accelerates the reaction, suggesting that nitrene insertion is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K Mahato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Liu ZQ, Liang C, Luo Z, Wu YF, Hong CM, Li QH, Liu TL. Transfer Vinylation and Dienylation via Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Deketonation of Allylic Alcohols. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Ming Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Tang-Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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20
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Rubčić M, Hernández JG. Cocrystal Formation Precedes the Mechanochemically Acetate-Assisted C-H Activation with [Cp*RhCl 2 ] 2. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200737. [PMID: 35274769 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the experimentally studied mechanochemical formation of rhodacycles by ball milling pyridine- and quinoline-derived substrates and [Cp*RhCl2 ]2 in the presence of NaOAc. Ex-situ analysis of the mechanochemical reactions using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state UV-vis spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the formation of unexpected cocrystals between the substrates and the rhodium dimer prior to the C-H activation step. This sequence of events differs from the generally accepted steps in solution in which cleavage of [Cp*RhCl2 ]2 is initiated by acetate ions. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach enabled the synthesis of the six-membered rhodacycle [Cp*Rh(2-benzilpyridine)Cl], a metal complex repeatedly reported as inaccessible in solution. Altogether, the results of this investigation clarify some of the fundamental aspects of mechanochemical cyclometallations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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Kurihara T, Kojima M, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Achiral Cp*Rh(III)/Chiral Lewis Base Cooperative Catalysis for Enantioselective Cyclization via C–H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7058-7065. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumaru Kurihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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22
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Liu M, Yan K, Wen J, Shang W, Sui X, Wang X. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C7‐Formylmethylation or Sequential Acetalization of Indolines with Vinylene Carbonate in Different Solvents. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenda Shang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Sui
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 People's Republic of China
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23
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Teng S, Zhou JS. Metal-catalyzed asymmetric heteroarylation of alkenes: diverse activation mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1592-1607. [PMID: 35166742 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of heteroarenes using alkenes (covering literature from 2000 to late 2021). Based on elementary reactions on metals for substrate activation, these reactions are broadly classified in several categories: (A) concerted oxidative addition of heteroaryl C-H bonds on rhodium(I) and iridium(I), (B) ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) on low-valent 3d metal complexes of nickel and cobalt, (C) different ways for deprotonation of heteroaryl C-H bonds by late transition metal complexes, especially palladium, including electrophilic aromatic substitution and a related mechanism, base-assisted intramolecular electrophilic substitution, concerted and nonconcerted metalation deprotonation, (D) σ-bond metathesis by d0 early transition metal complexes, (E) electrophilic activation of olefins by Pd(II), Pt(II) and Au(I), and (F) metal hydride insertion of aryl olefins and dienes. The demand to achieve enantiocontrol in the heteroarylation reactions has also driven innovation in chiral ancillary ligands, exemplified by extremely bulky, chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes for nickel catalysts, bulky monodentate oxazolines for Wacker-type reactions and chiral cyclopentadienyl ligands for half-sandwich complexes of scandium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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24
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Čorić I, Dhankhar J. Introduction to Spatial Anion Control for Direct C–H Arylation. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H activation of functionally rich molecules without the need for directing groups promises shorter organic syntheses and late-stage diversification of molecules for drug discovery. We highlight recent examples of palladium-catalyzed nondirected functionalization of C–H bonds in arenes as limiting substrates with a focus on the development of the concept of spatial anion control for direct C–H arylation.1 C–H Activation and the CMD Mechanism2 Nondirected C–H Functionalizations of Arenes as Limiting Substrates3 Nondirected C–H Arylation4 Spatial Anion Control for Direct C–H Arylation5 Coordination Chemistry with Spatial Anion Control6 Conclusion
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25
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Liu D, Xu Z, Liu M, Fu Y. Mechanistic insights into the rhodium-catalyzed aryl C–H carboxylation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01560e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted an in-depth theoretical exploration of the details for direct C–H bond activation and lactonization of 2-arylphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeGuang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - ZheYuan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - MingQiang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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26
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Wang C, Xing Z, Ge Q, Yu Y, Wang M, Duan WL. Site-Selective Desaturation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) Bond via Photoinduced Ruthenium Catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00332e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) photocatalysis has emerged as one of the most advanced tools amongst modern synthetic chemistry whereas its catalytic mode is generally limited to single electron transfer and triplet energy transfer...
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27
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Atkin L, Priebbenow DL. Cobalt-catalysed acyl silane directed ortho C–H functionalisation of benzoyl silanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12604-12607. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acyl silanes can be engaged as weakly coordinating directing groups in cobalt catalysed C–H functionalisation reactions to prepare benzoyl silanes that are highly amenable to subsequent synthetic manipulations yet inaccessible via existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselle Atkin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Priebbenow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Hou X, Kaplaneris N, Yuan B, Frey J, Ohyama T, Messinis AM, Ackermann L. Ruthenaelectro-Catalyzed C–H Acyloxylation for Late-Stage Tyrosine and Oligopeptide Diversification. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3461-3467. [PMID: 35432858 PMCID: PMC8943857 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07267f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenaelectro(ii/iv)-catalyzed intermolecular C–H acyloxylations of phenols have been developed by guidance of experimental, CV and computational insights. The use of electricity bypassed the need for stoichiometric chemical oxidants. The sustainable electrocatalysis strategy was characterized by ample scope, and its unique robustness enabled the late-stage C–H diversification of tyrosine-derived peptides. Ruthenaelectro(ii/iv)-catalyzed intermolecular C–H acyloxylations of oligopeptides have been developed by the guidance of key experimental, CV and computational insights.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Johanna Frey
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohyama
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Potsdamer Straße 58 10785 Berlin Germany
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29
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Tamosiunaite N, Logie LC, Neale SE, Singh K, Davies DL, Macgregor SA. Experimental and Computational Studies on the Acetate-Assisted C-H Activation of N-Aryl Imidazolium Salts at Rhodium and Iridium: A Chloride Additive Changes the Selectivity of C-H Activation. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1445-1456. [PMID: 34967215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies of the reactions of unsymmetrical, para-substituted N-aryl imidazolium salts, L2-R1,R2, at [MCl2Cp*]2 (M = Rh, Ir) in the presence of NaOAc are reported. These proceed via intermediate N-heterocyclic carbene complexes that then allow an internal competition between two differently substituted aryl rings toward C-H activation to be monitored. At 348 K in dichloroethane C-H activation of the aryl with the more electron-withdrawing substituents is generally favored. DFT calculations show similar barriers for proton transfer and dissociative HOAc/Cl- ligand substitution, with proton transfer favoring electron-donating substituents, and ligand substitution favoring electron-withdrawing substituents. Microkinetic simulations reproduce the experimental preference implying that the ligand substitution step dominates selectivity. For several substrates, notably L2-F,OMe and L2-F,H, running the C-H activation reactions at 298 K in the presence of added [Et4N]Cl reverses the selectivity. The greater availability of chloride in solution makes an alternative dissociative interchange ligand substitution mechanism accessible, leaving proton transfer as selectivity determining and so favoring electron-donating substituents. Our results highlight the potential importance of the ligand substitution step in the interpretation of substituent effects and demonstrate how a simple additive, [Et4N]Cl, can have a dramatic effect on selectivity by changing the mechanism of ligand substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren C Logie
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Kuldip Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - David L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
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30
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Choi I, Messinis AM, Hou X, Ackermann L. A Strategy for Site‐ and Chemoselective C−H Alkenylation through Osmaelectrooxidative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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31
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Choi I, Messinis AM, Hou X, Ackermann L. A Strategy for Site- and Chemoselective C-H Alkenylation through Osmaelectrooxidative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27005-27012. [PMID: 34665924 PMCID: PMC9298884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose osmaelectrocatalyzed C-H activations that set the stage for electrooxidative alkyne annulations by benzoic acids. The osmium electrocatalysis enables site- and chemoselective electrooxidative C-H activations with unique levels of selectivity. The isolation of unprecedented osmium(0) and osmium(II) intermediates, along with crystallographic characterization and analyses by spectrometric and spectroscopic in operando techniques delineate a synergistic osmium redox catalyst regime. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed a facile C-H cleavage, which allows for an ample substrate scope, providing provide robust and user-friendly access to annulated heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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32
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Kanai Y, Müller‐Borges D, Plenio H. The Regioselective Arylation of 1,3‐Benzodioxoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanai
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Dorian Müller‐Borges
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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33
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Jacob C, Maes BUW, Evano G. Transient Directing Groups in Metal-Organic Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13899-13952. [PMID: 34286873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is among the most fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis. However, when the innate reactivity of the substrate cannot be utilized for the functionalization of a given single C-H bond, this selective C-H bond functionalization mostly relies on the use of directing groups that allow bringing the catalyst in close proximity to the C-H bond to be activated and these directing groups need to be installed before and cleaved after the transformation, which involves two additional undesired synthetic operations. These additional steps dramatically reduce the overall impact and the attractiveness of C-H bond functionalization techniques since classical approaches based on substrate pre-functionalization are sometimes still more straightforward and appealing. During the past decade, a different approach involving both the in situ installation and removal of the directing group, which can then often be used in a catalytic manner, has emerged: the transient directing group strategy. In addition to its innovative character, this strategy has brought C-H bond functionalization to an unprecedented level of usefulness and has enabled the development of remarkably efficient processes for the direct and selective introduction of functional groups onto both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. The processes unlocked by the development of these transient directing groups will be comprehensively overviewed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Zhu BB, Ye WB, He ZT, Zhang SS, Feng CG, Lin GQ. Regioselective Tandem C–H Alkylation/Coupling Reaction of ortho-Iodophenylethylenes via C, C-Pallada(II)cycles. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Bo Ye
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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35
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Evans R, Sampson J, Wang L, Lückemeier L, Carrow BP. Ligand switchable site selectivity in C-H alkenylation of thiophenes by turnover-limiting step control. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9076-9079. [PMID: 34498633 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The origin of switchable site selectivity during Pd-catalysed C-H alkenylation of heteroarenes has been examined through More O'Ferrall-Jencks, isotope effect, and DFT computational analyses, which indicate substitution of ionic thioether for pyridine dative ligands induces a change from selectivity-determining C-H cleavage to C-C bond formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jessica Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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36
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Devkota S, Kim S, Yoo SY, Mohandoss S, Baik MH, Lee YR. Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective direct C4- and C5-diamidation of indoles and mechanistic studies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11427-11437. [PMID: 34567497 PMCID: PMC8409494 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective direct diamidation of 3-carbonylindoles at the C4- and C5-positions using various dioxazolones is described. This novel protocol allows for the effective installation of two amide groups on the benzene ring in indole. A remarkably broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and mild reaction conditions are notable features of this protocol. Further explorations reveal that benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxaldehyde is a viable substrate and affords its corresponding diamidation products. The diamido indoles are further converted into various functionalized products and used as sensors for metal ion detection. Density functional theory studies are also conducted to propose a reaction mechanism and provide a detailed understanding of the regioselectivity observed in the reaction. Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective C4-/C5-diamidation of 3-carbonylindoles is described and a DFT study is conducted to understand the observed regioselectivity and the mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreedhar Devkota
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Yeol Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
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37
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Priebbenow DL, Hua C. Acyl silane directed Cp*Rh(III)-catalysed alkylation/annulation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7938-7941. [PMID: 34286753 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies into the Cp*Rh(iii)-catalysed hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl acyl silanes led to the discovery of a new synthetic strategy to access unique silicon derived indene frameworks. Rather than protodemetalation of the metal enolate formed following insertion of an alkene into the aryl C-H bond, intramolecular aldol condensation of the acyl silane occurred to generate a series of 2-formyl- and 2-acetyl-3-silyl indenes. This represents only the second example of rhodium-catalysed C-H functionalisation employing acyl silanes as weakly coordinating directing groups and the intramolecular aldol condensation strategy was extended to access analogous silicon derived benzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Carol Hua
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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38
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Stangier M, Messinis AM, Oliveira JCA, Yu H, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectro-catalyzed access to chromones via formyl C-H activation towards peptide electro-labeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4736. [PMID: 34354056 PMCID: PMC8342597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromones represent a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry and are an omnipresent structural motif in natural products. Chemically encoded non-natural peptidomimetics feature improved stability towards enzymatic degradation, cell permeability and binding affinity, translating into a considerable impact on pharmaceutical industry. Herein, a strategy for the sustainable assembly of chromones via electro-formyl C–H activation is presented. The rational design of the rhodaelectro-catalysis is guided by detailed mechanistic insights and provides versatile access to tyrosine-based fluorogenic peptidomimetics. The chromone scaffold is present in drugs and bioactive natural products, but conventional approaches to access chromones require stoichiometric amounts of oxidants. Here, the authors report rhodaelectro-catalyzed assembly of chromones by electrochemical formyl C–H activations, providing the basis for late-stage peptide diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stangier
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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39
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Yu F, Shen W, Sun Y, Liao Y, Jin S, Lu X, He R, Zhong L, Zhong G, Zhang J. Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H amination of aroylsilanes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6313-6321. [PMID: 34212972 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acylsilane represents a valuable synthon in synthetic chemistry. We report on ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed ortho-C-H amination of aroylsilanes to provide facile access to synthetically useful imidobenzoylsilanes and tosyl-amidobenzoylsilanes. The protocols, with broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, are enabled with the weak chelation-assistance of acylsilane via C-H cyclometallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Wenzhou Shen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Yaling Sun
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Yilei Liao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xiunan Lu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Rui He
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China. and Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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40
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Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, van Gemmeren M. Mechanism of the Arene-Limited Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15641-15649. [PMID: 33998116 PMCID: PMC8361776 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently palladium catalysts have been discovered that enable the directing-group-free C-H activation of arenes without requiring an excess of the arene substrate, thereby enabling methods for the late-stage modification of complex organic molecules. The key to success has been the use of two complementary ligands, an N-acyl amino acid and an N-heterocycle. Detailed experimental and computational mechanistic studies on the dual-ligand-enabled C-H activation of arenes have led us to identify the catalytically active species and a transition state model that explains the exceptional activity and selectivity of these catalysts. These findings are expected to be highly useful for further method development using this powerful class of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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41
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Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Gemmeren M. Mechanismus der Aren‐limitierten, nicht‐dirigierten C‐H‐Aktivierung von Arenen mit Palladium**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
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42
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Rogge T, Kaplaneris N, Chatani N, Kim J, Chang S, Punji B, Schafer LL, Musaev DG, Wencel-Delord J, Roberts CA, Sarpong R, Wilson ZE, Brimble MA, Johansson MJ, Ackermann L. C–H activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Zhu XK, Zheng YQ, Liu JB. A Computational Mechanistic Study of Cp*Co(III)-Catalyzed Three-Component C-H Bond Addition to Terpenes and Formaldehydes: Insights into the Origins of Regioselectivity. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5031-5039. [PMID: 34080859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed three-component reactions of arenes, dienes, and carbonyls enable the convergent synthesis of homoallylic alcohols. Controlling regioselectivity is a central challenge for the difunctionalization of substituted 1,3-dienes in which multiple unbiased C═C bonds exist. Here, the mechanisms of Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed three-component C-H bond addition to terpenes and formaldehydes were investigated by density functional theory calculations. The reaction proceeds via sequential C(sp2)-H activation, migratory insertion, β-hydride elimination, hydride reinsertion, and C-C bond formation to yield the final product. The migratory insertion is the rate- and regioselectivity-determining step of the overall reaction. We employed an energy decomposition approach to quantitatively dissect the contributions of different types of interactions to regioselectivity. For the 2-alkyl substituted 1,3-dienes, the orbital interactions in the 3,4-insertion are intrinsically more favorable as compared to that in the 4,3-insertion, while the stronger steric effects between metallacycle and 1,3-diene override the intrinsic electronic preference. However, the steric effects failed to rationalize the unfavorable 1,2-insertion that is analogous to 4,3-insertion and even bears smaller steric effects. The donor-acceptor interaction analysis indicates that orbital interactions between σCo-C and πC═C decreased significantly in the 1,2-insertion transition state, which leads to higher activation energy barriers. These insights into the dominant effects controlling regioselectivity will enable rational design of new catalysts for selective functionalization of dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Kun Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Biao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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44
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Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Chiral Carboxylic Acid Assisted Enantioselective C–H Activation with Achiral CpxMIII (M = Co, Rh, Ir) Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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45
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Catalytic C-H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6660-6666. [PMID: 33031646 PMCID: PMC7986365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical, solvent-free, highly regioselective, rhodium-catalyzed C-H methylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The reaction shows excellent functional-group compatibility and is demonstrated to work for the late-stage C-H methylation of biologically active compounds. The method requires no external heating and benefits from considerably shorter reaction times than previous solution-based C-H methylation protocols. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach is shown to enable the efficient synthesis of organometallic complexes that are difficult to generate conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström LaboratoriesUppsala UniversityBox 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's Close, CliftonBristolBS8 1TSUK
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46
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Hammarback LA, Aucott BJ, Bray JTW, Clark IP, Towrie M, Robinson A, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Direct Observation of the Microscopic Reverse of the Ubiquitous Concerted Metalation Deprotonation Step in C-H Bond Activation Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1356-1364. [PMID: 33428402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of carboxylate groups to promote the direct functionalization of C-H bonds in organic compounds is unquestionably one of the most important discoveries in modern chemical synthesis. Extensive computational studies have indicated that this process proceeds through the deprotonation of a metal-coordinated C-H bond by the basic carboxylate, yet experimental validation of these predicted mechanistic pathways is limited and fraught with difficulty, mainly as rapid proton transfer is frequently obscured in ensemble measures in multistep reactions (i.e., a catalytic cycle consisting of several steps). In this paper, we describe a strategy to experimentally observe the microscopic reverse of the key C-H bond activation step underpinning functionalization processes (viz. M-C bond protonation). This has been achieved by utilizing photochemical activation of the thermally robust precursor [Mn(ppy)(CO)4] (ppy = metalated 2-phenylpyridine) in neat acetic acid. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on the picosecond-millisecond time scale allows direct observation of the states involved in the proton transfer from the acetic acid to the cyclometalated ligand, providing direct experimental evidence for the computationally predicted reaction pathways. The power of this approach to probe the mechanistic pathways in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions is demonstrated through experiments performed in toluene solution in the presence of PhC2H and HOAc. These allowed for the observation of sequential displacement of the metal-bound solvent by the alkyne, C-C bond formation though insertion in the Mn-C bond, and a slower protonation step by HOAc to generate the product of a Mn(I)-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin J Aucott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Joshua T W Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, Münchwilen 433, Switzerland
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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47
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Ryabov AD. The Exchange of Cyclometalated Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:E210. [PMID: 33401624 PMCID: PMC7795987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of cyclometalated compounds are numerous. This account is focused on one of such reactions, the exchange of cyclometalated ligands, a reaction between a cyclometalated compound and an incoming ligand that replaces a previously cyclometalated ligand to form a new metalacycle: + H-C*~Z ⇄ + H-C~Y. Originally discovered for PdII complexes with Y/Z = N, P, S, the exchange appeared to be a mechanistically challenging, simple, and convenient routine for the synthesis of cyclopalladated complexes. Over four decades it was expanded to cyclometalated derivatives of platinum, ruthenium, manganese, rhodium, and iridium. The exchange, which is also questionably referred to as transcyclometalation, offers attractive synthetic possibilities and assists in disclosing key mechanistic pathways associated with the C-H bond activation by transition metal complexes and C-M bond cleavage. Both synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the exchange are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Ryabov
- Institute for Green Science, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent‐Free Catalytic C−H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Swarna K. Baddigam
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Clifton Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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Dhankhar J, González-Fernández E, Dong CC, Mukhopadhyay TK, Linden A, Čorić I. Spatial Anion Control on Palladium for Mild C-H Arylation of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19040-19046. [PMID: 33125849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-H arylation of arenes without the use of directing groups is a challenge, even for simple molecules, such as benzene. We describe spatial anion control as a concept for the design of catalytic sites for C-H bond activation, thereby enabling nondirected C-H arylation of arenes at ambient temperature. The mild conditions enable late-stage structural diversification of biologically relevant small molecules, and site-selectivity complementary to that obtained with other methods of arene functionalization can be achieved. These results reveal the potential of spatial anion control in transition-metal catalysis for the functionalization of C-H bonds under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa González-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chao-Chen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tufan K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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