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Tom AA, Rajendran V, Thottasseri AA, Goswami K, Roy S, Gopan G, Mani M, Kannan T. Antiplasmodial action of 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide chalcones: Design, synthesis, characterisation, in vitro and in silico evaluation against blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22233. [PMID: 39030842 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is an intracellular protozoan parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species with significant morbidity and mortality in endemic regions. The complex lifecycle of the parasite and the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum have hampered the efficacy of current anti-malarial agents. To circumvent this situation, the present study attempts to demonstrate the blood-stage anti-plasmodial action of 26 hybrid compounds containing the three privileged bioactive scaffolds (sulfonamide, chalcone, and nitro group) with synergistic and multitarget action. These three parent scaffolds exhibit divergent activities, such as antibacterial, anti-malarial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. All the synthesised compounds were characterised using various spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro blood-stage inhibitory activity of 26 hybrid compounds was evaluated against mixed-stage culture (asynchronize) of human malarial parasite P. falciparum, Pf 3D7 at different concentrations ranging from 25.0 µg/mL to 0.78 µg/mL using SYBR 1 green assay, with IC50 values determined after 48 h of treatment based on the drug-response curves. Two potent compounds (11 and 10), with 2-Br and 2,6-diCl substitutions, showed pronounced activity with IC50 values of 5.4 µg/mL and 5.6 µg/mL, whereas others displayed varied activity with IC50 values ranging from 7.0 µg/mL to 22.0 µg/mL. Both 11 and 10 showed greater susceptibility towards mature-stage trophozoites than ring-stage parasites. The hemolytic and in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that compounds 11 and 10 did not cause any toxic effects on host red blood cells (uninfected), human-derived Mo7e cells, and murine-derived BA/F3 cells. The in vitro observations are consistent with the in silico studies using P. falciparum-dihydrofolate reductase, where 11 and 10 showed a binding affinity of -10.4 Kcal/mol. This is the first report of the hybrid scaffold, 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide chalcones, demonstrating its potential as an anti-plasmodial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Agnes Tom
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Koustav Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Gopika Gopan
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Maheswaran Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Sharma M, Pandey V, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Lolli ML, Vyas VK. A comprehensive review of synthetic strategies and SAR studies for the discovery of PfDHODH inhibitors as antimalarial agents. Part 1: triazolopyrimidine, isoxazolopyrimidine and pyrrole-based (DSM) compounds. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107249. [PMID: 38493638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
One of the deadliest infectious diseases, malaria, still has a significant impact on global morbidity and mortality. Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) catalyzes the fourth step in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and has been clinically validated as an innovative and promising target for the development of novel targeted antimalarial drugs. PfDHODH inhibitors have the potential to significantly slow down parasite growth at the blood and liver stages. Several PfDHODH inhibitors based on various scaffolds have been explored over the past two decades. Among them, triazolopyrimidines, isoxazolopyrimidines, and pyrrole-based derivatives known as DSM compounds showed tremendous potential as novel antimalarial agents, and one of the triazolopyrimidine-based compounds (DSM265) was able to reach phase IIa clinical trials. DSM compounds were synthesized as PfDHODH inhibitors with various substitutions based on structure-guided medicinal chemistry approaches and further optimised as well. For the first time, this review provides an overview of all the synthetic approaches used for the synthesis, alternative synthetic routes, and novel strategies involving various catalysts and chemical reagents that have been used to synthesize DSM compounds. We have also summarized SAR study of all these PfDHODH inhibitors. In an attempt to assist readers, scientists, and researchers involved in the development of new PfDHODH inhibitors as antimalarials, this review provides accessibility of all synthetic techniques and SAR studies of the most promising triazolopyrimidines, isoxazolopyrimidines, and pyrrole-based PfDHODH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Vinita Pandey
- MIT College of Pharmacy, Ramganga Vihar, Phase-II, Moradabad, UP-244001, India
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco L Lolli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 - Turin, Italy
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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Jones J, Clark RD, Lawless MS, Miller DW, Waldman M. The AI-driven Drug Design (AIDD) platform: an interactive multi-parameter optimization system integrating molecular evolution with physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2024; 38:14. [PMID: 38499823 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-024-00552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Computer-aided drug design has advanced rapidly in recent years, and multiple instances of in silico designed molecules advancing to the clinic have demonstrated the contribution of this field to medicine. Properly designed and implemented platforms can drastically reduce drug development timelines and costs. While such efforts were initially focused primarily on target affinity/activity, it is now appreciated that other parameters are equally important in the successful development of a drug and its progression to the clinic, including pharmacokinetic properties as well as absorption, distribution, metabolic, excretion and toxicological (ADMET) properties. In the last decade, several programs have been developed that incorporate these properties into the drug design and optimization process and to varying degrees, allowing for multi-parameter optimization. Here, we introduce the Artificial Intelligence-driven Drug Design (AIDD) platform, which automates the drug design process by integrating high-throughput physiologically-based pharmacokinetic simulations (powered by GastroPlus) and ADMET predictions (powered by ADMET Predictor) with an advanced evolutionary algorithm that is quite different than current generative models. AIDD uses these and other estimates in iteratively performing multi-objective optimizations to produce novel molecules that are active and lead-like. Here we describe the AIDD workflow and details of the methodologies involved therein. We use a dataset of triazolopyrimidine inhibitors of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum to illustrate how AIDD generates novel sets of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Jones
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534‑7059, USA.
| | - Robert D Clark
- The Indiana University Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Michael S Lawless
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534‑7059, USA
| | - David W Miller
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534‑7059, USA
| | - Marvin Waldman
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534‑7059, USA
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Sikam KG, Happi GM, Ahmed SA, Dzouemo LC, Yimtchui MT, Nguissong M, Nforninwe IN, Wansi JD. 30-norfriedelanes and other compounds from the stem bark and fruits of Caloncoba glauca (Achariaceae), their antiplasmodial activity, structure-activity relationship and computational validation. Fitoterapia 2023; 170:105627. [PMID: 37517558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new 30-norfriedelane triterpenoids namely glaucalactone C (1) and glaucanoic acid (2) along with sixteen known compounds (3-18) have been isolated from the methanolic extracts of the stem bark and fruits of Caloncoba glauca (P.Beauv.) Gilg (Achariaceae). The structures of all the isolated compounds have been established with the aid of their extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D-NMR) as well as mass spectrometry. Six compounds (1-5, 9) were screened for antiplasmodial activity against two strains P. falciparum Dd2 and P. falciparum 3D7. The results showed that glaucanoic acid (2) was the most active one with IC50 values of (3.5 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and (4.6 ± 0.7 μg/mL) against PfDd2 and Pf3D7, respectively, while glaucalactone C (1) moderately inhibited PfDd2 (9.4 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and weakly Pf3D7 (15.9 ± 2.3 μg/mL). The molecular docking analyses of the isolated compounds showed that compounds 1-4 and 9-11 are potential drug targets and were further supported by their ADMET studies that revealed welwitschiilactones B and C (4 and 5) as well as β-sitosterol (10) as the most qualified compounds to be safe as drugs. The results indicate that C. glauca is an important source of good candidates in new antiplasmodial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klev Gaïtan Sikam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Gervais Mouthé Happi
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
| | - Sikiru Akinyeye Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, P.M.B 1530, Ilorin 23431, Nigeria
| | - Liliane Clotilde Dzouemo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mireille Towa Yimtchui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mero Nguissong
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Ignatius Nfor Nforninwe
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Vyas VK, Shukla T, Sharma M. Medicinal chemistry approaches for the discovery of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors as antimalarial agents. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1295-1321. [PMID: 37551689 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe human disease and a global health problem because of drug-resistant strains. Drugs reported to prevent the growth of Plasmodium parasites target various phases of the parasites' life cycle. Antimalarial drugs can inhibit key enzymes that are responsible for the cellular growth and development of parasites. Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is one such enzyme that is necessary for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This review focuses on various medicinal chemistry approaches used for the discovery and identification of selective P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors as antimalarial agents. This comprehensive review discusses recent advances in the selective therapeutic activity of distinct chemical classes of compounds as P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors and antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Tanvi Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Manmohan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
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Gehlot P, Vyas VK. Recent advances on patents of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ( PfDHODH) inhibitors as antimalarial agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:579-596. [PMID: 37942637 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2280596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrimidine nucleotides are essential for the parasite's growth and replication. Parasites have only a de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) enzyme is involved in the rate-limiting step of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. DHODH is a biochemical target for the discovery of new antimalarial agents. AREA COVERED This review discussed the development of patented PfDHODH inhibitors published between 2007 and 2023 along with their chemical structures and activities. EXPERT OPINION PfDHODH enzyme is involved in the rate-limiting fourth step of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Thus, inhibition of PfDHODH using species-selective inhibitors has drawn much attention for treating malaria because they inhibit parasite growth without affecting normal human functions. Looking at the current scenario of antimalarial drug resistance with most of the available antimalarial drugs, there is a huge need for targeted newer agents. Newer agents with unique mechanisms of action may be devoid of drug toxicity, adverse effects, and the ability of parasites to quickly gain resistance, and PfDHODH inhibitors can be those newer agents. Many PfDHODH inhibitors were patented in the past, and the dependency of Plasmodium on de novo pyrimidine provided a new approach for the development of novel antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Gehlot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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Kreutzfeld O, Tumwebaze PK, Okitwi M, Orena S, Byaruhanga O, Katairo T, Conrad MD, Rasmussen SA, Legac J, Aydemir O, Giesbrecht D, Forte B, Campbell P, Smith A, Kano H, Nsobya SL, Blasco B, Duffey M, Bailey JA, Cooper RA, Rosenthal PJ. Susceptibility of Ugandan Plasmodium falciparum Isolates to the Antimalarial Drug Pipeline. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0523622. [PMID: 37158739 PMCID: PMC10269555 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05236-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, especially Plasmodium falciparum infection, remains an enormous problem, and its treatment and control are seriously challenged by drug resistance. New antimalarial drugs are needed. To characterize the Medicines for Malaria Venture pipeline of antimalarials under development, we assessed the ex vivo drug susceptibilities to 19 compounds targeting or potentially impacted by mutations in P. falciparum ABC transporter I family member 1, acetyl-CoA synthetase, cytochrome b, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, elongation factor 2, lysyl-tRNA synthetase, phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, plasmepsin X, prodrug activation and resistance esterase, and V-type H+ ATPase of 998 fresh P. falciparum clinical isolates collected in eastern Uganda from 2015 to 2022. Drug susceptibilities were assessed by 72-h growth inhibition (half-maximum inhibitory concentration [IC50]) assays using SYBR green. Field isolates were highly susceptible to lead antimalarials, with low- to midnanomolar median IC50s, near values previously reported for laboratory strains, for all tested compounds. However, outliers with decreased susceptibilities were identified. Positive correlations between IC50 results were seen for compounds with shared targets. We sequenced genes encoding presumed targets to characterize sequence diversity, search for polymorphisms previously selected with in vitro drug pressure, and determine genotype-phenotype associations. We identified many polymorphisms in target genes, generally in <10% of isolates, but none were those previously selected in vitro with drug pressure, and none were associated with significantly decreased ex vivo drug susceptibility. Overall, Ugandan P. falciparum isolates were highly susceptible to 19 compounds under development as next-generation antimalarials, consistent with a lack of preexisting or novel resistance-conferring mutations in circulating Ugandan parasites. IMPORTANCE Drug resistance necessitates the development of new antimalarial drugs. It is important to assess the activities of compounds under development against parasites now causing disease in Africa, where most malaria cases occur, and to determine if mutations in these parasites may limit the efficacies of new agents. We found that African isolates were generally highly susceptible to the 19 studied lead antimalarials. Sequencing of the presumed drug targets identified multiple mutations in these genes, but these mutations were generally not associated with decreased antimalarial activity. These results offer confidence that the activities of the tested antimalarial compounds now under development will not be limited by preexisting resistance-mediating mutations in African malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Kreutzfeld
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Martin Okitwi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Orena
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Thomas Katairo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melissa D. Conrad
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Legac
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Barbara Forte
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Campbell
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroki Kano
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Andenmatten N, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Gobeau N, Cherkaoui-Rabti MH, Fuchs A, Díaz P, Berja S, Sánchez R, Gómez H, Ruiz E, Sainz P, Salazar E, Gil-Merino R, Mendoza LM, Eguizabal C, Leroy D, Moehrle JJ, Tornesi B, Angulo-Barturen I. Predicting Optimal Antimalarial Drug Combinations from a Standardized Plasmodium falciparum Humanized Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0157422. [PMID: 37133382 PMCID: PMC10269072 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new combinations of antimalarial drugs is urgently needed to prevent the spread of parasites resistant to drugs in clinical use and contribute to the control and eradication of malaria. In this work, we evaluated a standardized humanized mouse model of erythrocyte asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum (PfalcHuMouse) for the selection of optimal drug combinations. First, we showed that the replication of P. falciparum was robust and highly reproducible in the PfalcHuMouse model by retrospective analysis of historical data. Second, we compared the relative value of parasite clearance from blood, parasite regrowth after suboptimal treatment (recrudescence), and cure as variables of therapeutic response to measure the contributions of partner drugs to combinations in vivo. To address the comparison, we first formalized and validated the day of recrudescence (DoR) as a new variable and found that there was a log-linear relationship with the number of viable parasites per mouse. Then, using historical data on monotherapy and two small cohorts of PfalcHuMice evaluated with ferroquine plus artefenomel or piperaquine plus artefenomel, we found that only measurements of parasite killing (i.e., cure of mice) as a function of drug exposure in blood allowed direct estimation of the individual drug contribution to efficacy by using multivariate statistical modeling and intuitive graphic displays. Overall, the analysis of parasite killing in the PfalcHuMouse model is a unique and robust experimental in vivo tool to inform the selection of optimal combinations by pharmacometric pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aline Fuchs
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Díaz
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Sandra Berja
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Hazel Gómez
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Paula Sainz
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Basque Centre for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
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Happi GM, Ahmed SA, Kemayou GPM, Salau S, Dzouemo LC, Sikam KG, Yimtchui MT, Wansi JD. Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antiplasmodial Compounds from Hypericum lanceolatum Lam. (Hypericaceae) and Their Cytotoxicity and Molecular Docking. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:4693765. [PMID: 37284030 PMCID: PMC10241580 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4693765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Cameroon, malaria is still the cause of several deaths yearly and leading to the continued search for new potent leads to fight against Plasmodium falciparum. Medicinal plants like Hypericum lanceolatum Lam. are introduced in local preparations for the treatment of affected people. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract of the twigs and stem bark of H. lanceolatum Lam. led to the identification of the dichloromethane-soluble fraction as the most active (with 32.6% of the parasite P. falciparum 3D7 survival) which was further purified by successive column chromatography to obtain four compounds identified by their spectrometric data as two xanthones 1,6-dihydroxyxanthone (1) and norathyriol (2) and two triterpenes betulinic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4). In the antiplasmodial assay against P. falciparum 3D7, the triterpenoids 3 and 4 displayed the most significant potencies with IC50 values of 2.8 ± 0.8 μg/mL and 11.8 ± 3.2 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, both compounds were also the most cytotoxic against P388 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.8 ± 2.2 μg/mL and 2.5 ± 0.6 μg/mL, respectively. Further insights on the inhibition method of the bioactive compounds and their drug-likeness were obtained from their molecular docking and ADMET studies. The results obtained help in identifying additional antiplasmodial agents from H. lanceolatum and support its use in folk medicine for the treatment of malaria. The plant might be considered as a promising source of new antiplasmodial candidates in new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Mouthé Happi
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Sikiru Akinyeye Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, P.M.B 1530, Ilorin 23431, Nigeria
| | - Guy Paulin Mouthé Kemayou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Shina Salau
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, P.M.B 1530, Ilorin 23431, Nigeria
| | - Liliane Clotilde Dzouemo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Klev Gaïtan Sikam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mireille Towa Yimtchui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Chowdhary S, Shalini, Mosnier J, Fonta I, Pradines B, Cele N, Seboletswe P, Singh P, Kumar V. Synthesis, Anti-Plasmodial Activities, and Mechanistic Insights of 4-Aminoquinoline-Triazolopyrimidine Hybrids. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1068-1076. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chowdhary
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Pule Seboletswe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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Wadwale NB, Prasad D, Jadhav AH, Karad AR, Khansole GS, Choudhare SS, Navhate SV, Bhosale VN. Synthetic Development and Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Imino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile and Its Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Marfurt J, Wirjanata G, Prayoga P, Chalfein F, Leonardo L, Sebayang BF, Apriyanti D, Sihombing MAEM, Trianty L, Suwanarusk R, Brockman A, Piera KA, Luo I, Rumaseb A, MacHunter B, Auburn S, Anstey NM, Kenangalem E, Noviyanti R, Russell B, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN. Longitudinal ex vivo and molecular trends of chloroquine and piperaquine activity against Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax before and after introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Papua, Indonesia. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 17:46-56. [PMID: 34193398 PMCID: PMC8358472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistant Plasmodium parasites are a major threat to malaria control and elimination. After reports of high levels of multidrug resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax in Indonesia, in 2005, the national first-line treatment policy for uncomplicated malaria was changed in March 2006, to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine against all species. This study assessed the temporal trends in ex vivo drug susceptibility to chloroquine (CQ) and piperaquine (PIP) for both P. falciparum and P. vivax clinical isolates collected between 2004 and 2018, by using schizont maturation assays, and genotyped a subset of isolates for known and putative molecular markers of CQ and PIP resistance by using Sanger and next generation whole genome sequencing. The median CQ IC50 values varied significantly between years in both Plasmodium species, but there was no significant trend over time. In contrast, there was a significant trend for increasing PIP IC50s in both Plasmodium species from 2010 onwards. Whereas the South American CQ resistant 7G8 pfcrt SVMNT isoform has been fixed since 2005 in the study area, the pfmdr1 86Y allele frequencies decreased and became fixed at the wild-type allele in 2015. In P. vivax isolates, putative markers of CQ resistance (no pvcrt-o AAG (K10) insertion and pvmdr1 Y967F and F1076L) were fixed at the mutant alleles since 2005. None of the putative PIP resistance markers were detected in P. falciparum. The ex vivo drug susceptibility and molecular analysis of CQ and PIP efficacy for P. falciparum and P. vivax after 12 years of intense drug pressure with DHP suggests that whilst the degree of CQ resistance appears to have been sustained, there has been a slight decline in PIP susceptibility, although this does not appear to have reached clinically significant levels. The observed decreasing trend in ex vivo PIP susceptibility highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Marfurt
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia.
| | - Grennady Wirjanata
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Pak Prayoga
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Jl. Caritas No. 1, 99961, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Ferryanto Chalfein
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Jl. Caritas No. 1, 99961, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Leo Leonardo
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Jl. Caritas No. 1, 99961, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Boni F Sebayang
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Apriyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maic A E M Sihombing
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Alan Brockman
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Kim A Piera
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Irene Luo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Angela Rumaseb
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Barbara MacHunter
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Jl. Caritas No. 1, 99961, Timika, Papua, Indonesia; District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bruce Russell
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia
| | - Jeanne R Poespoprodjo
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Jl. Caritas No. 1, 99961, Timika, Papua, Indonesia; Paediatric Research Office, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Darwin, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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van Schalkwyk DA, Moon RW, Duffey M, Leroy D, Sutherland CJ. Ex vivo susceptibility to new antimalarial agents differs among human-infecting Plasmodium species. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 17:5-11. [PMID: 34315108 PMCID: PMC8327131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several promising antimalarial drugs are currently being tested in human trials, such as artefenomel, cipargamin, ferroquine and ganaplacide. Many of these compounds were identified using high throughput screens against a single species of human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, under the assumption that effectiveness against all malaria species will be similar, as has been observed for other antimalarial drugs. However, using our in vitro adapted line, we demonstrated recently that P. knowlesi is significantly less susceptible than P. falciparum to some new antimalarial drugs (e.g., cipargamin and DSM265), and more susceptible to others (e.g., ganaplacide). There is, therefore, an urgent need to determine the susceptibility profile of all human malaria species to the current generation of antimalarial compounds. We obtained ex vivo malaria samples from travellers returning to the United Kingdom and, using the [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation method, compared susceptibility to select established and experimental antimalarial agents among all major human infective Plasmodium species. We demonstrate that P. malariae and P. ovale spp. are significantly less susceptible than P. falciparum to cipargamin, DSM265 and AN13762, but are more susceptible to ganaplacide. Preliminary ex vivo data from single isolates of P. knowlesi and P. vivax demonstrate a similar profile. Our findings highlight the need to ensure cross species susceptibility profiles are determined early in the drug development pipeline. Our data can also be used to inform further drug development, and illustrate the utility of the P. knowlesi in vitro model as a scalable approach for predicting the drug susceptibility of non-falciparum malaria species in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donelly A van Schalkwyk
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Maëlle Duffey
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 rte de Pré Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 rte de Pré Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Centre, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JB, UK
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14
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Barber BE, Grigg MJ, Cooper DJ, van Schalkwyk DA, William T, Rajahram GS, Anstey NM. Clinical management of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:45-76. [PMID: 34620385 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic parasite Plasmodium knowlesi has emerged as an important cause of human malaria in parts of Southeast Asia. The parasite is indistinguishable by microscopy from the more benign P. malariae, but can result in high parasitaemias with multiorgan failure, and deaths have been reported. Recognition of severe knowlesi malaria, and prompt initiation of effective therapy is therefore essential to prevent adverse outcomes. Here we review all studies reporting treatment of uncomplicated and severe knowlesi malaria. We report that although chloroquine is effective for the treatment of uncomplicated knowlesi malaria, artemisinin combination treatment is associated with faster parasite clearance times and lower rates of anaemia during follow-up, and should be considered the treatment of choice, particularly given the risk of administering chloroquine to drug-resistant P. vivax or P. falciparum misdiagnosed as P. knowlesi malaria in co-endemic areas. For severe knowlesi malaria, intravenous artesunate has been shown to be highly effective and associated with reduced case-fatality rates, and should be commenced without delay. Regular paracetamol may also be considered for patients with severe knowlesi malaria or for those with acute kidney injury, to attenuate the renal damage resulting from haemolysis-induced lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Barber
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Daniel J Cooper
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy William
- Gleneagles Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Giri S Rajahram
- Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Queen Elizabeth Hospital 2, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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15
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Maher SP, Vantaux A, Chaumeau V, Chua ACY, Cooper CA, Andolina C, Péneau J, Rouillier M, Rizopoulos Z, Phal S, Piv E, Vong C, Phen S, Chhin C, Tat B, Ouk S, Doeurk B, Kim S, Suriyakan S, Kittiphanakun P, Awuku NA, Conway AJ, Jiang RHY, Russell B, Bifani P, Campo B, Nosten F, Witkowski B, Kyle DE. Probing the distinct chemosensitivity of Plasmodium vivax liver stage parasites and demonstration of 8-aminoquinoline radical cure activity in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19905. [PMID: 34620901 PMCID: PMC8497498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved control of Plasmodium vivax malaria can be achieved with the discovery of new antimalarials with radical cure efficacy, including prevention of relapse caused by hypnozoites residing in the liver of patients. We screened several compound libraries against P. vivax liver stages, including 1565 compounds against mature hypnozoites, resulting in one drug-like and several probe-like hits useful for investigating hypnozoite biology. Primaquine and tafenoquine, administered in combination with chloroquine, are currently the only FDA-approved antimalarials for radical cure, yet their activity against mature P. vivax hypnozoites has not yet been demonstrated in vitro. By developing an extended assay, we show both drugs are individually hypnozonticidal and made more potent when partnered with chloroquine, similar to clinically relevant combinations. Post-hoc analyses of screening data revealed excellent performance of ionophore controls and the high quality of single point assays, demonstrating a platform able to support screening of greater compound numbers. A comparison of P. vivax liver stage activity data with that of the P. cynomolgi blood, P. falciparum blood, and P. berghei liver stages reveals overlap in schizonticidal but not hypnozonticidal activity, indicating that the delivery of new radical curative agents killing P. vivax hypnozoites requires an independent and focused drug development test cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Victor Chaumeau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd., Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Adeline C Y Chua
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin A Cooper
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chiara Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd., Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Péneau
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Mélanie Rouillier
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zaira Rizopoulos
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sivchheng Phal
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Eakpor Piv
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Chantrea Vong
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Sreyvouch Phen
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Chansophea Chhin
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Baura Tat
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Sivkeng Ouk
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Bros Doeurk
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Sangrawee Suriyakan
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd., Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - Praphan Kittiphanakun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd., Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - Nana Akua Awuku
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amy J Conway
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd Suite 402, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Rays H Y Jiang
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd Suite 402, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Bifani
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Rd., Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Benoît Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr. Suite 370, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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16
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Study on Significance of Receptor Targeting in Killing of Intracellular Bacteria with Membrane‐Impermeable Antibiotics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Tisnerat C, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Gosselet F, Sonnet P. Antimalarial drug discovery: from quinine to the most recent promising clinical drug candidates. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3326-3365. [PMID: 34344287 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210803152419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, resulting in 409,000 deaths in 2019. The delay of mortality and morbidity has been compounded by the widespread of drug resistant parasites from Southeast Asia since two decades. The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium in Africa, where most cases are accounted, highlights the urgent need for new medicines. In this effort, the World Health Organization and Medicines for Malaria Venture joined to define clear goals for novel therapies and characterized the target candidate profile. This ongoing search for new treatments is based on imperative labor in medicinal chemistry which is summarized here with particular attention to hit-to-lead optimizations, key properties, and modes of action of these novel antimalarial drugs. This review, after presenting the current antimalarial chemotherapy, from quinine to the latest marketed drugs, focuses in particular on recent advances of the most promising antimalarial candidates in clinical and preclinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tisnerat
- AGIR UR4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens. France
| | | | | | - Pascal Sonnet
- AGIR UR4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens. France
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18
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Identification of 3,4-Dihydro-2 H,6 H-pyrimido[1,2- c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine Derivatives as Novel Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137236. [PMID: 34281290 PMCID: PMC8268581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum's resistance to available antimalarial drugs highlights the need for the development of novel drugs. Pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis is a validated drug target for the prevention and treatment of malaria infection. P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) catalyzes the oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate and utilize ubiquinone as an electron acceptor in the fourth step of pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis. PfDHODH is targeted by the inhibitor DSM265, which binds to a hydrophobic pocket located at the N-terminus where ubiquinone binds, which is known to be structurally divergent from the mammalian orthologue. In this study, we screened 40,400 compounds from the Kyoto University chemical library against recombinant PfDHODH. These studies led to the identification of 3,4-dihydro-2H,6H-pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine and its derivatives as a new class of PfDHODH inhibitor. Moreover, the hit compounds identified in this study are selective for PfDHODH without inhibition of the human enzymes. Finally, this new scaffold of PfDHODH inhibitors showed growth inhibition activity against P. falciparum 3D7 with low toxicity to three human cell lines, providing a new starting point for antimalarial drug development.
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20
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Yang T, Ottilie S, Istvan ES, Godinez-Macias KP, Lukens AK, Baragaña B, Campo B, Walpole C, Niles JC, Chibale K, Dechering KJ, Llinás M, Lee MCS, Kato N, Wyllie S, McNamara CW, Gamo FJ, Burrows J, Fidock DA, Goldberg DE, Gilbert IH, Wirth DF, Winzeler EA. MalDA, Accelerating Malaria Drug Discovery. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:493-507. [PMID: 33648890 PMCID: PMC8261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Malaria Drug Accelerator (MalDA) is a consortium of 15 leading scientific laboratories. The aim of MalDA is to improve and accelerate the early antimalarial drug discovery process by identifying new, essential, druggable targets. In addition, it seeks to produce early lead inhibitors that may be advanced into drug candidates suitable for preclinical development and subsequent clinical testing in humans. By sharing resources, including expertise, knowledge, materials, and reagents, the consortium strives to eliminate the structural barriers often encountered in the drug discovery process. Here we discuss the mission of the consortium and its scientific achievements, including the identification of new chemically and biologically validated targets, as well as future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eva S Istvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Karla P Godinez-Macias
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Building 56-341, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16082, USA
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Felicetti T, Pismataro MC, Cecchetti V, Tabarrini O, Massari S. Triazolopyrimidine Nuclei: Privileged Scaffolds for Developing Antiviral Agents with a Proper Pharmacokinetic Profile. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1379-1407. [PMID: 34042030 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are a continuing threat to global health. The lack or limited therapeutic armamentarium against some viral infections and increasing drug resistance issues make the search for new antiviral agents urgent. In recent years, a growing literature highlighted the use of triazolopyrimidine (TZP) heterocycles in the development of antiviral agents, with numerous compounds that showed potent antiviral activities against different RNA and DNA viruses. TZP core represents a privileged scaffold for achieving biologically active molecules, thanks to: i) the synthetic feasibility that allows to variously functionalize TZPs in the different positions of the nucleus, ii) the ability of TZP core to establish multiple interactions with the molecular target, and iii) its favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In the present review, after mentioning selected examples of TZP-based compounds with varied biological activities, we will focus on those antivirals that appeared in the literature in the last 10 years. Approaches used for their identification, the hit-to-lead studies, and the emerged structure-activity relationship will be described. A mention of the synthetic methodologies to prepare TZP nuclei will also be given. In addition, their mechanism of action, the binding mode within the biological target, and pharmacokinetic properties will be analyzed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of compounds based on the TZP scaffold, which is increasingly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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22
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Buyon LE, Elsworth B, Duraisingh MT. The molecular basis of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 16:23-37. [PMID: 33957488 PMCID: PMC8113647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread cause of human malaria and is responsible for the majority of cases outside of the African continent. While great progress has been made towards eliminating human malaria, drug resistant parasite strains pose a threat towards continued progress. Resistance has arisen to multiple antimalarials in P. vivax, including to chloroquine, which is currently the first line therapy for P. vivax in most regions. Despite its importance, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in this species remains elusive, in large part due to the complex biology of P. vivax and the lack of in vitro culture. In this review, we will cover the extent and challenges of measuring clinical and in vitro drug resistance in P. vivax. We will consider the roles of candidate drug resistance genes. We will highlight the development of molecular approaches for studying P. vivax biology that provide the opportunity to validate the role of putative drug resistance mutations as well as identify novel mechanisms of drug resistance in this understudied parasite. Validated molecular determinants and markers of drug resistance are essential for the rapid and cost-effective monitoring of drug resistance in P. vivax, and will be useful for optimizing drug regimens and for informing drug policy in control and elimination settings. Drug resistance is emerging in Plasmodium vivax, an important cause of malaria. The complex biology of P. vivax and the limited range of research tools make it difficult to identify drug resistance. The molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in P. vivax remain elusive. This review highlights the extent of drug resistance, the putative mechanisms of resistance and new technologies for the study of P. vivax drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E Buyon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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23
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Palmer MJ, Deng X, Watts S, Krilov G, Gerasyuto A, Kokkonda S, El Mazouni F, White J, White KL, Striepen J, Bath J, Schindler KA, Yeo T, Shackleford DM, Mok S, Deni I, Lawong A, Huang A, Chen G, Wang W, Jayaseelan J, Katneni K, Patil R, Saunders J, Shahi SP, Chittimalla R, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Wittlin S, Tumwebaze PK, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Aguiar ACC, Guido RVC, Pereira DB, Mittal N, Winzeler EA, Tomchick DR, Laleu B, Burrows JN, Rathod PK, Fidock DA, Charman SA, Phillips MA. Potent Antimalarials with Development Potential Identified by Structure-Guided Computational Optimization of a Pyrrole-Based Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Series. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6085-6136. [PMID: 33876936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) has been clinically validated as a target for the development of new antimalarials. Experience with clinical candidate triazolopyrimidine DSM265 (1) suggested that DHODH inhibitors have great potential for use in prophylaxis, which represents an unmet need in the malaria drug discovery portfolio for endemic countries, particularly in areas of high transmission in Africa. We describe a structure-based computationally driven lead optimization program of a pyrrole-based series of DHODH inhibitors, leading to the discovery of two candidates for potential advancement to preclinical development. These compounds have improved physicochemical properties over prior series frontrunners and they show no time-dependent CYP inhibition, characteristic of earlier compounds. Frontrunners have potent antimalarial activity in vitro against blood and liver schizont stages and show good efficacy in Plasmodium falciparum SCID mouse models. They are equally active against P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax field isolates and are selective for Plasmodium DHODHs versus mammalian enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyi Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - Shawn Watts
- Schrodinger, Inc., 120 West 45th St, 17th Floor, New York, New York 100036-4041, United States
| | - Goran Krilov
- Schrodinger, Inc., 120 West 45th St, 17th Floor, New York, New York 100036-4041, United States
| | - Aleksey Gerasyuto
- Schrodinger, Inc., 120 West 45th St, 17th Floor, New York, New York 100036-4041, United States
| | - Sreekanth Kokkonda
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Farah El Mazouni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - John White
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jade Bath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kyra A Schindler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Ioanna Deni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Aloysus Lawong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - Ann Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wen Wang
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jaya Jayaseelan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rahul Patil
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- TAD, Biscay Science and Technology Park, Astondo Bidea, BIC Bizkaia Bd 612, Derio, 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- TAD, Biscay Science and Technology Park, Astondo Bidea, BIC Bizkaia Bd 612, Derio, 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | | | - Rafael V C Guido
- University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, Sáo Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Dhelio B Pereira
- Tropical Medicine Research Center of Rondonia, Av. Guaporé, 215, Porto Velho, RO 76812-329, Brazil
| | - Nimisha Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Diana R Tomchick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
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24
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Parasite-Host Dynamics throughout Antimalarial Drug Development Stages Complicate the Translation of Parasite Clearance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01539-20. [PMID: 33526486 PMCID: PMC8097426 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01539-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring continued success against malaria depends on a pipeline of new antimalarials. Antimalarial drug development utilizes preclinical murine and experimental human malaria infection studies to evaluate drug efficacy. Ensuring continued success against malaria depends on a pipeline of new antimalarials. Antimalarial drug development utilizes preclinical murine and experimental human malaria infection studies to evaluate drug efficacy. A sequential approach is typically adapted, with results from each stage informing the design of the next stage of development. The validity of this approach depends on confidence that results from murine malarial studies predict the outcome of clinical trials in humans. Parasite clearance rates following treatment are key parameters of drug efficacy. To investigate the validity of forward predictions, we developed a suite of mathematical models to capture parasite growth and drug clearance along the drug development pathway and estimated parasite clearance rates. When comparing the three infection experiments, we identified different relationships of parasite clearance with dose and different maximum parasite clearance rates. In Plasmodium berghei-NMRI mouse infections, we estimated a maximum parasite clearance rate of 0.2 (1/h); in Plasmodium falciparum-SCID mouse infections, 0.05 (1/h); and in human volunteer infection studies with P. falciparum, we found a maximum parasite clearance rate of 0.12 (1/h) and 0.18 (1/h) after treatment with OZ439 and MMV048, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that host-parasite driven processes account for up to 25% of variance in parasite clearance for medium-high doses of antimalarials. Although there are limitations in translating parasite clearance rates across these experiments, they provide insight into characterizing key parameters of drug action and dose response and assist in decision-making regarding dosage for further drug development.
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25
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Aggarwal R, Sumran G. An insight on medicinal attributes of 1,2,4-triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112652. [PMID: 32771798 PMCID: PMC7384432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present review aims to summarize the pharmacological profile of 1,2,4-triazole, one of the emerging privileged scaffold, as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, antiviral, antiparasitic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, etc. along with structure-activity relationship. The comprehensive compilation of work carried out in the last decade on 1,2,4-triazole nucleus will provide inevitable scope for researchers for the advancement of novel potential drug candidates having better efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119, India; CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India.
| | - Garima Sumran
- Department of Chemistry, D. A. V. College (Lahore), Ambala City, 134 003, Haryana, India.
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26
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Driving antimalarial design through understanding of target mechanism. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2067-2078. [PMID: 32869828 PMCID: PMC7609028 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a global health threat, affecting approximately 219 million people in 2018 alone. The recurrent development of resistance to existing antimalarials means that the design of new drug candidates must be carefully considered. Understanding of drug target mechanism can dramatically accelerate early-stage target-based development of novel antimalarials and allows for structural modifications even during late-stage preclinical development. Here, we have provided an overview of three promising antimalarial molecular targets, PfDHFR, PfDHODH and PfA-M1, and their associated inhibitors which demonstrate how mechanism can inform drug design and be effectively utilised to generate compounds with potent inhibitory activity.
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27
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Madhav H, Hoda N. An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112955. [PMID: 33131885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions which cost half of million deaths annually. The eradication of malaria is one of the global health priority nevertheless, current therapeutic efforts seem to be insufficient due to the emergence of drug resistance towards most of the available drugs, even first-line treatment ACT, unavailability of the vaccine, and lack of drugs with a new mechanism of action. Intensification of antimalarial research in recent years has resulted into the development of single dose multistage therapeutic agents which has advantage of overcoming the antimalarial drug resistance. The present review explored the current progress in the development of new promising antimalarials against prominent target proteins that have the potential to be a clinical candidate. Here, we also reviewed different aspects of drug resistance and highlighted new drug candidates that are currently in a clinical trial or clinical development, along with a few other molecules with excellent antimalarial activity overs ACTs. The summarized scientific value of previous approaches and structural features of antimalarials related to the activity are highlighted that will be helpful for the development of next-generation antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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28
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Silveira FF, de Souza JO, Hoelz LVB, Campos VR, Jabor VAP, Aguiar ACC, Nonato MC, Albuquerque MG, Guido RVC, Boechat N, Pinheiro LCS. Comparative study between the anti-P. falciparum activity of triazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine and quinoline derivatives and the identification of new PfDHODH inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112941. [PMID: 33158577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we designed and synthesized 35 new triazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine and quinoline derivatives as P. falciparum inhibitors (3D7 strain). Thirty compounds exhibited anti-P. falciparum activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.030 to 9.1 μM. The [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were more potent than the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and quinoline analogues. Compounds 20, 21, 23 and 24 were the most potent inhibitors, with IC50 values in the range of 0.030-0.086 μM and were equipotent to chloroquine. In addition, the compounds were selective, showing no cytotoxic activity against the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. All [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives inhibited PfDHODH activity in the low micromolar to low nanomolar range (IC50 values of 0.08-1.3 μM) and did not show significant inhibition against the HsDHODH homologue (0-30% at 50 μM). Molecular docking studies indicated the binding mode of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives to PfDHODH, and the highest interaction affinities for the PfDHODH enzyme were in agreement with the in vitro experimental evaluation. Thus, the most active compounds against P. falciparum parasites 20 (R = CF3, R1 = F; IC50 = 0.086 μM), 21 (R = CF3; R1 = CH3; IC50 = 0.032 μM), 23, (R = CF3, R1 = CF3; IC50 = 0.030 μM) and 24 (R = CF3, 2-naphthyl; IC50 = 0.050 μM) and the most active inhibitor against PfDHODH 19 (R = CF3, R1 = Cl; IC50 = 0.08 μM - PfDHODH) stood out as new lead compounds for antimalarial drug discovery. Their potent in vitro activity against P. falciparum and the selective inhibition of the PfDHODH enzyme strongly suggest that this is the mechanism of action underlying this series of new [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia F Silveira
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana O de Souza
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas V B Hoelz
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valquíria A P Jabor
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna C C Aguiar
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Magaly G Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C S Pinheiro
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil.
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29
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Clark RD, Morris DN, Chinigo G, Lawless MS, Prudhomme J, Le Roch KG, Lafuente MJ, Ferrer S, Gamo FJ, Gadwood R, Woltosz WS. Design and tests of prospective property predictions for novel antimalarial 2-aminopropylaminoquinolones. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:1117-1132. [PMID: 32833084 PMCID: PMC7533260 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to improve the efficiency of drug development, and nowhere is that need more clear than in the case of neglected diseases like malaria. The peculiarities of pyrimidine metabolism in Plasmodium species make inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) an attractive target for antimalarial drug design. By applying a pair of complementary quantitative structure-activity relationships derived for inhibition of a truncated, soluble form of the enzyme from Plasmodium falciparum (s-PfDHODH) to data from a large-scale phenotypic screen against cultured parasites, we were able to identify a class of antimalarial leads that inhibit the enzyme and abolish parasite growth in blood culture. Novel analogs extending that class were designed and synthesized with a goal of improving potency as well as the general pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles. Their synthesis also represented an opportunity to prospectively validate our in silico property predictions. The seven analogs synthesized exhibited physicochemical properties in good agreement with prediction, and five of them were more active against P. falciparum growing in blood culture than any of the compounds in the published lead series. The particular analogs prepared did not inhibit s-PfDHODH in vitro, but advanced biological assays indicated that other examples from the class did inhibit intact PfDHODH bound to the mitochondrial membrane. The new analogs, however, killed the parasites by acting through some other, unidentified mechanism 24-48 h before PfDHODH inhibition would be expected to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Clark
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534-7059, USA.
| | - Denise N Morris
- Cognigen Corporation, a Simulations Plus Company, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gary Chinigo
- Kalexsyn, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA.,Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Michael S Lawless
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534-7059, USA
| | - Jacques Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maria José Lafuente
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus-Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus-Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus-Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Walter S Woltosz
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA, 93534-7059, USA
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30
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Pinheiro S, Pinheiro EMC, Muri EMF, Pessôa JC, Cadorini MA, Greco SJ. Biological activities of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and analogs. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Kempf DJ, Marsh KC. Assembling Pharma Resources to Tackle Diseases of Underserved Populations. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1094-1100. [PMID: 32550987 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical diseases that disproportionally affect the world's poorest people have traditionally been neglected from research efforts toward the discovery and development of new and effective therapies. Over the past two decades, major global health funders have made efforts to bring together various research institutions to work together in these disease areas offering little or no commercial return. This work describes the genesis and growth of an informal program devoted to contributing to new therapies for neglected tropical diseases within the environment of a major biopharmaceutical company (AbbVie).
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Kokkonda S, Deng X, White KL, El Mazouni F, White J, Shackleford DM, Katneni K, Chiu FCK, Barker H, McLaren J, Crighton E, Chen G, Angulo-Barturen I, Jimenez-Diaz MB, Ferrer S, Huertas-Valentin L, Martinez-Martinez MS, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Chittimalla R, Shahi SP, Wittlin S, Waterson D, Burrows JN, Matthews D, Tomchick D, Rathod PK, Palmer MJ, Charman SA, Phillips MA. Lead Optimization of a Pyrrole-Based Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Series for the Treatment of Malaria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4929-4956. [PMID: 32248693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria puts at risk nearly half the world's population and causes high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, while drug resistance threatens current therapies. The pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a validated target for malaria treatment based on our finding that triazolopyrimidine DSM265 (1) showed efficacy in clinical studies. Herein, we describe optimization of a pyrrole-based series identified using a target-based DHODH screen. Compounds with nanomolar potency versus Plasmodium DHODH and Plasmodium parasites were identified with good pharmacological properties. X-ray studies showed that the pyrroles bind an alternative enzyme conformation from 1 leading to improved species selectivity versus mammalian enzymes and equivalent activity on Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax DHODH. The best lead DSM502 (37) showed in vivo efficacy at similar levels of blood exposure to 1, although metabolic stability was reduced. Overall, the pyrrole-based DHODH inhibitors provide an attractive alternative scaffold for the development of new antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Kokkonda
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Deng
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Farah El Mazouni
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - John White
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Barker
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jenna McLaren
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elly Crighton
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Santiago Ferrer
- GSK, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dave Matthews
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diana Tomchick
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Margaret A Phillips
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9135, United States
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Burgert L, Rottmann M, Wittlin S, Gobeau N, Krause A, Dingemanse J, Möhrle JJ, Penny MA. Ensemble modeling highlights importance of understanding parasite-host behavior in preclinical antimalarial drug development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4410. [PMID: 32157151 PMCID: PMC7064600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging drug resistance and high-attrition rates in early and late stage drug development necessitate accelerated development of antimalarial compounds. However, systematic and meaningful translation of drug efficacy and host-parasite dynamics between preclinical testing stages is missing. We developed an ensemble of mathematical within-host parasite growth and antimalarial action models, fitted to extensive data from four antimalarials with different modes of action, to assess host-parasite interactions in two preclinical drug testing systems of murine parasite P. berghei in mice, and human parasite P. falciparum in immune-deficient mice. We find properties of the host-parasite system, namely resource availability, parasite maturation and virulence, drive P. berghei dynamics and drug efficacy, whereas experimental constraints primarily influence P. falciparum infection and drug efficacy. Furthermore, uninvestigated parasite behavior such as dormancy influences parasite recrudescence following non-curative treatment and requires further investigation. Taken together, host-parasite interactions should be considered for meaningful translation of pharmacodynamic properties between murine systems and for predicting human efficacious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Burgert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Krause
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Clinical Pharmacology, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Clinical Pharmacology, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jörg J Möhrle
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Triazolopyrimidinium salts: discovery of a new class of agents for cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:387-402. [PMID: 32028797 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core is highly privileged in medicinal chemistry due to its versatile pharmacological activity profile. Recently, the search for novel anticancer agents has focused on [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. Results: Our hit functionalization has led to the discovery of new [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinium salts with potential anticancer activity. Among a small library of molecules, compound 9 significantly inhibits cancer cell growth in a panel of in vitro models. Molecular docking studies and preliminary binding assay have displayed that 9 could directly bind the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of STAT3 protein. Conclusion: Compound 9 is a novel promising lead compound that motivates additional evaluation of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinium salts as novel potential chemotherapeutics.
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Charman SA, Andreu A, Barker H, Blundell S, Campbell A, Campbell M, Chen G, Chiu FCK, Crighton E, Katneni K, Morizzi J, Patil R, Pham T, Ryan E, Saunders J, Shackleford DM, White KL, Almond L, Dickins M, Smith DA, Moehrle JJ, Burrows JN, Abla N. An in vitro toolbox to accelerate anti-malarial drug discovery and development. Malar J 2020; 19:1. [PMID: 31898492 PMCID: PMC6941357 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modelling and simulation are being increasingly utilized to support the discovery and development of new anti-malarial drugs. These approaches require reliable in vitro data for physicochemical properties, permeability, binding, intrinsic clearance and cytochrome P450 inhibition. This work was conducted to generate an in vitro data toolbox using standardized methods for a set of 45 anti-malarial drugs and to assess changes in physicochemical properties in relation to changing target product and candidate profiles. Methods Ionization constants were determined by potentiometric titration and partition coefficients were measured using a shake-flask method. Solubility was assessed in biorelevant media and permeability coefficients and efflux ratios were determined using Caco-2 cell monolayers. Binding to plasma and media proteins was measured using either ultracentrifugation or rapid equilibrium dialysis. Metabolic stability and cytochrome P450 inhibition were assessed using human liver microsomes. Sample analysis was conducted by LC–MS/MS. Results Both solubility and fraction unbound decreased, and permeability and unbound intrinsic clearance increased, with increasing Log D7.4. In general, development compounds were somewhat more lipophilic than legacy drugs. For many compounds, permeability and protein binding were challenging to assess and both required the use of experimental conditions that minimized the impact of non-specific binding. Intrinsic clearance in human liver microsomes was varied across the data set and several compounds exhibited no measurable substrate loss under the conditions used. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes was minimal for most compounds. Conclusions This is the first data set to describe in vitro properties for 45 legacy and development anti-malarial drugs. The studies identified several practical methodological issues common to many of the more lipophilic compounds and highlighted areas which require more work to customize experimental conditions for compounds being designed to meet the new target product profiles. The dataset will be a valuable tool for malaria researchers aiming to develop PBPK models for the prediction of human PK properties and/or drug–drug interactions. Furthermore, generation of this comprehensive data set within a single laboratory allows direct comparison of properties across a large dataset and evaluation of changing property trends that have occurred over time with changing target product and candidate profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Alice Andreu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Barker
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Scott Blundell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Campbell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Campbell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elly Crighton
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Julia Morizzi
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rahul Patil
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Thao Pham
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa Almond
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Maurice Dickins
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | | | - Joerg J Moehrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Nada Abla
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
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36
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Quinoline derivatives as possible lead compounds for anti-malarial drugs: Spectroscopic, DFT and MD study. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kümpornsin K, Kochakarn T, Chookajorn T. The resistome and genomic reconnaissance in the age of malaria elimination. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/12/dmm040717. [PMID: 31874839 PMCID: PMC6955228 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa in the Plasmodium genus. A complete understanding of the biology of these parasites is challenging in view of their need to switch between the vertebrate and insect hosts. The parasites are also capable of becoming highly motile and of remaining dormant for decades, depending on the stage of their life cycle. Malaria elimination efforts have been implemented in several endemic countries, but the parasites have proven to be resilient. One of the major obstacles for malaria elimination is the development of antimalarial drug resistance. Ineffective treatment regimens will fail to remove the circulating parasites and to prevent the local transmission of the disease. Genomic epidemiology of malaria parasites has become a powerful tool to track emerging drug-resistant parasite populations almost in real time. Population-scale genomic data are instrumental in tracking the hidden pockets of Plasmodium in nationwide elimination efforts. However, genomic surveillance data can be useful in determining the threat only when combined with a thorough understanding of the malarial resistome – the genetic repertoires responsible for causing and potentiating drug resistance evolution. Even though long-term selection has been a standard method for drug target identification in laboratories, its implementation in large-scale exploration of the druggable space in Plasmodium falciparum, along with genome-editing technologies, have enabled mapping of the genetic repertoires that drive drug resistance. This Review presents examples of practical use and describes the latest technology to show the power of real-time genomic epidemiology in achieving malaria elimination. Summary: This Review discusses the challenges in malaria elimination and how implementation of national-scale genomic surveillance programmes in combination with resistome analyses could provide a powerful solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittikorn Kümpornsin
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Theerarat Kochakarn
- Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine Unit (GEM), Centre of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanat Chookajorn
- Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine Unit (GEM), Centre of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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C. S. Pinheiro L, M. Feitosa L, O. Gandi M, F. Silveira F, Boechat N. The Development of Novel Compounds Against Malaria: Quinolines, Triazolpyridines, Pyrazolopyridines and Pyrazolopyrimidines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224095. [PMID: 31766184 PMCID: PMC6891514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on medicinal chemistry tools, new compounds for malaria treatment were designed. The scaffolds of the drugs used to treat malaria, such as chloroquine, primaquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine and sulfadoxine, were used as inspiration. We demonstrated the importance of quinoline and non-quinoline derivatives in vitro with activity against the W2 chloroquine-resistant (CQR) Plasmodium falciparum clone strain and in vivo against Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse model. Among the quinoline derivatives, new hybrids between chloroquine and sulfadoxine were designed, which gave rise to an important prototype that was more active than both chloroquine and sulfadoxine. Hybrids between chloroquine-atorvastatin and primaquine-atorvastatin were also synthesized and shown to be more potent than the parent drugs alone. Additionally, among the quinoline derivatives, new mefloquine derivatives were synthesized. Among the non-quinoline derivatives, we obtained excellent results with the triazolopyrimidine nucleus, which gave us prototype I that inspired the synthesis of new heterocycles. The pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives stood out as non-quinoline derivatives that are potent inhibitors of the P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) enzyme. We also examined the pyrazolopyridine and pyrazolopyrimidine nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C. S. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil (L.M.F.); (M.O.G.); (F.F.S.)
| | - Lívia M. Feitosa
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil (L.M.F.); (M.O.G.); (F.F.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, PPGFQM, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Marilia O. Gandi
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil (L.M.F.); (M.O.G.); (F.F.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, PPGFQM, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Flávia F. Silveira
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil (L.M.F.); (M.O.G.); (F.F.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil (L.M.F.); (M.O.G.); (F.F.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, PPGFQM, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3977-2464
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Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors in anti-infective drug research. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111681. [PMID: 31557612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrimidines are essential for the cell survival and proliferation of living parasitic organisms, such as Helicobacter pylori, Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni, that are able to impact upon human health. Pyrimidine building blocks, in human cells, are synthesised via both de novo biosynthesis and salvage pathways, the latter of which is an effective way of recycling pre-existing nucleotides. As many parasitic organisms lack pyrimidine salvage pathways for pyrimidine nucleotides, blocking de novo biosynthesis is seen as an effective therapeutic means to selectively target the parasite without effecting the human host. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), which is involved in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines, is a validated target for anti-infective drug research. Recent advances in the DHODH microorganism field are discussed herein, as is the potential for the development of DHODH-targeted therapeutics.
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Ashton TD, Devine SM, Möhrle JJ, Laleu B, Burrows JN, Charman SA, Creek DJ, Sleebs BE. The Development Process for Discovery and Clinical Advancement of Modern Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10526-10562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trent D. Ashton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shane M. Devine
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jörg J. Möhrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Singh PK, Choudhary S, Kashyap A, Verma H, Kapil S, Kumar M, Arora M, Silakari O. An exhaustive compilation on chemistry of triazolopyrimidine: A journey through decades. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lynch JJ, Rossignol E, Moehrle JJ, Van Vleet TR, Marsh KC, Parman T, Mirsalis J, Ottinger SE, Segreti JA, Rao M, Mittelstadt SW. Increased stress associated with head-out plethysmography testing can exacerbate respiratory effects and lead to mortality in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 99:106580. [PMID: 31085318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DSM421, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, was in preclinical development as a potential treatment option for malaria. When tested in a core battery of safety pharmacology assays, DSM421 did not produce any effects at oral doses up to 750 mg/kg in an Irwin test in rats, but a respiratory study in rats using head-out plethysmography resulted in substantial changes in respiratory function as well as moribundity and mortality at that and lower doses. An investigation was performed to determine the source of this discrepancy. METHODS Potential testing errors, differences in types of plethysmography testing chambers, effects on stress indicators, and off-target activity were investigated. RESULTS Respiratory changes and toxicity (resulting in euthanasia in extremis) were confirmed in a repeat, head-out plethysmography test, but the effects of DSM421 were much less severe overall when the rats were tested in whole-body chambers. Additionally, at the end of the 5-h post-dosing respiratory monitoring periods, levels of stress-related hormones (particularly corticosterone) were higher overall in the head-out, than in the whole-body, tested rats. Furthermore, DSM421 was found to produce changes in cardiovascular function in unrestrained rats, and it was shown to have off-target binding affinity at the adenosine A3 receptor (which is associated with bronchoconstriction). DISCUSSION The generalized stress inherent to head-out plethysmography testing exacerbated the respiratory effects of DSM421 and was possibly compounded by DSM421's cardiovascular effects, thus artifactually resulting in moribundity and mortality in rats. Care should be taken when choosing whether to use head-out versus whole-body plethysmography chambers during respiratory function testing in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Emilie Rossignol
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, P.O. Box 1826, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Joerg J Moehrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, P.O. Box 1826, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | | | - Kennan C Marsh
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Toufan Parman
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jon Mirsalis
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sean E Ottinger
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Jason A Segreti
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Mohan Rao
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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To kill a piroplasm: genetic technologies to advance drug discovery and target identification in Babesia. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:153-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Oukoloff K, Lucero B, Francisco KR, Brunden KR, Ballatore C. 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:332-346. [PMID: 30703745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (TP) heterocycle, in spite of its relatively simple structure, has proved to be remarkably versatile as evidenced by its use in many different applications reported over the years in different areas of drug design. For example, as the ring system of TPs is isoelectronic with that of purines, this heterocycle has been proposed as a possible surrogate of the purine ring. However, depending on the choice of substituents, the TP ring has also been described as a potentially viable bio-isostere of the carboxylic acid functional group and of the N-acetyl fragment of ε-N-acetylated lysine. In addition, the metal-chelating properties of the TP ring have also been exploited to generate candidate treatments for cancer and parasitic diseases. In the present review article, we discuss recent applications of the TP scaffold in medicinal chemistry, and provide an overview of its properties and methods of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Oukoloff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bobby Lucero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karol R Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Farouk F, Shamma R. Chemical structure modifications and nano-technology applications for improving ADME-Tox properties, a review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800213. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faten Farouk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Ahram Canadian University; Giza Egypt
| | - Rehab Shamma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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Fischer G. Recent advances in 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ribeiro CJA, Kankanala J, Xie J, Williams J, Aihara H, Wang Z. Triazolopyrimidine and triazolopyridine scaffolds as TDP2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:257-261. [PMID: 30522956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) repairs topoisomerase II (TOP2) mediated DNA damages and causes cellular resistance to clinically used TOP2 poisons. Inhibiting TDP2 can potentially sensitize cancer cells toward TOP2 poisons. Commercial compound P10A10, to which the structure was assigned as 7-phenyl triazolopyrimidine analogue 6a, was previously identified as a TDP2 inhibitor hit in our virtual and fluorescence-based biochemical screening campaign. We report herein that the hit validation through resynthesis and structure elucidation revealed the correct structure of P10A10 (Chembridge ID 7236827) to be the 5-phenyl triazolopyrimidine regioisomer 7a. Subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) via the synthesis of a total of 47 analogues of both the 5-phenyl triazolopyrimidine scaffold (7) and its bioisosteric triazolopyridine scaffold (17) identified four derivatives (7a, 17a, 17e, and 17z) with significant TDP2 inhibition (IC50 < 50 µM), with 17z showing excellent cell permeability and no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J A Ribeiro
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jayakanth Kankanala
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jessica Williams
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Kokkonda S, El Mazouni F, White KL, White J, Shackleford DM, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Rowland P, Manjalanagara K, Joseph JT, Garcia-Pérez A, Fernandez J, Gamo FJ, Waterson D, Burrows JN, Palmer MJ, Charman SA, Rathod PK, Phillips MA. Isoxazolopyrimidine-Based Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase with Antimalarial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9227-9240. [PMID: 30197997 PMCID: PMC6120730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria kills nearly 0.5 million people yearly and impacts the lives of those living in over 90 countries where it is endemic. The current treatment programs are threatened by increasing drug resistance. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is now clinically validated as a target for antimalarial drug discovery as a triazolopyrimidine class inhibitor (DSM265) is currently undergoing clinical development. We discovered a related isoxazolopyrimidine series in a phenotypic screen, later determining that it targeted DHODH. To determine if the isoxazolopyrimidines could yield a drug candidate, we initiated hit-to-lead medicinal chemistry. Several potent analogues were identified, including a compound that showed in vivo antimalarial activity. The isoxazolopyrimidines were more rapidly metabolized than their triazolopyrimidine counterparts, and the pharmacokinetic data were not consistent with the goal of a single-dose treatment for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Kokkonda
- Departments
of Chemistry and Global Health, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Farah El Mazouni
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Karen L. White
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John White
- Departments
of Chemistry and Global Health, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David M. Shackleford
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Paul Rowland
- Tres
Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GSK, Severo Ochoa, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | | | | | - Adolfo Garcia-Pérez
- Tres
Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GSK, Severo Ochoa, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Jorge Fernandez
- Tres
Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GSK, Severo Ochoa, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | | | - David Waterson
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Palmer
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Pradipsinh K. Rathod
- Departments
of Chemistry and Global Health, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
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UCT943, a Next-Generation Plasmodium falciparum PI4K Inhibitor Preclinical Candidate for the Treatment of Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00012-18. [PMID: 29941635 PMCID: PMC6125526 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00012-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2-aminopyridine MMV048 was the first drug candidate inhibiting Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K), a novel drug target for malaria, to enter clinical development. In an effort to identify the next generation of PI4K inhibitors, the series was optimized to improve properties such as solubility and antiplasmodial potency across the parasite life cycle, leading to the 2-aminopyrazine UCT943. The compound displayed higher asexual blood stage, transmission-blocking, and liver stage activities than MMV048 and was more potent against resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates. Excellent in vitro antiplasmodial activity translated into high efficacy in Plasmodium berghei and humanized P. falciparum NOD-scid IL-2Rγ null mouse models. The high passive permeability and high aqueous solubility of UCT943, combined with low to moderate in vivo intrinsic clearance, resulted in sustained exposure and high bioavailability in preclinical species. In addition, the predicted human dose for a curative single administration using monkey and dog pharmacokinetics was low, ranging from 50 to 80 mg. As a next-generation Plasmodium PI4K inhibitor, UCT943, based on the combined preclinical data, has the potential to form part of a single-exposure radical cure and prophylaxis (SERCaP) to treat, prevent, and block the transmission of malaria.
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Llanos-Cuentas A, Casapia M, Chuquiyauri R, Hinojosa JC, Kerr N, Rosario M, Toovey S, Arch RH, Phillips MA, Rozenberg FD, Bath J, Ng CL, Cowell AN, Winzeler EA, Fidock DA, Baker M, Möhrle JJ, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Gobeau N, Araeipour N, Andenmatten N, Rückle T, Duparc S. Antimalarial activity of single-dose DSM265, a novel plasmodium dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria infection: a proof-of-concept, open-label, phase 2a study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:874-883. [PMID: 29909069 PMCID: PMC6060173 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DSM265 is a novel, long-duration inhibitor of plasmodium dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with excellent selectivity over human DHODH and activity against blood and liver stages of Plasmodium falciparum. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of DSM265 in patients with P falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria infection. METHODS This proof-of-concept, open-label, phase 2a study was conducted at the Asociación Civil Selva Amazónica in Iquitos, Peru. Patients aged 18-70 years, weighing 45-90 kg, who had clinical malaria (P falciparum or P vivax monoinfection) and fever within the previous 24 h were eligible. Exclusion criteria were clinical or laboratory signs of severe malaria, inability to take oral medicine, and use of other antimalarial treatment in the preceding 14 days. Patients were divided into cohorts of those with P falciparum (cohort a) or P vivax (cohort b) infection. Two initial cohorts received single oral doses of 400 mg DSM265. Patients were followed up for efficacy for 28 days and safety for 35 days. Further cohorts received escalated or de-escalated doses of DSM265, after safety and efficacy assessment of the initial dose. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving PCR-adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) by day 14 for patients infected with P falciparum and the proportion of patients achieving a crude cure by day 14 for those infected with P vivax. Cohort success, the criteria for dose escalation, was defined as ACPR (P falciparum) or crude cure (P vivax) in at least 80% of patients in the cohort. The primary analysis was done in the intention-to-treat population (ITT) and the per-protocol population, and safety analyses were done in all patients who received the study drug. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02123290). FINDINGS Between Jan 12, 2015, and Dec 2, 2015, 45 Peruvian patients (24 with P falciparum [cohort a] and 21 with P vivax [cohort b] infection) were sequentially enrolled. For patients with P falciparum malaria in the per-protocol population, all 11 (100%) in the 400 mg group and eight (80%) of ten in the 250 mg group achieved ACPR on day 14. In the ITT analysis, 11 (85%) of 13 in the 400 mg group and eight (73%) of 11 in the 250 mg group achieved ACPR at day 14. For the patients with P vivax malaria, the primary endpoint was not met. In the per-protocol analysis, none of four patients who had 400 mg, three (50%) of six who had 600 mg, and one (25%) of four who had 800 mg DSM265 achieved crude cure at day 14. In the ITT analysis, none of five in the 400 mg group, three (33%) of nine in the 600 mg group, and one (14%) of seven in the 800 mg group achieved crude cure at day 14. During the 28-day extended observation of P falciparum patients, a resistance-associated mutation in the gene encoding the DSM265 target DHODH was observed in two of four recurring patients. DSM265 was well tolerated. The most common adverse events were pyrexia (20 [44%] of 45) and headache (18 [40%] of 45), which are both common symptoms of malaria, and no patients had any treatment-related serious adverse events or adverse events leading to study discontinuation. INTERPRETATION After a single dose of DSM265, P falciparum parasitaemia was rapidly cleared, whereas against P vivax, DSM265 showed less effective clearance kinetics. Its long duration of action provides the potential to prevent recurrence of P falciparum after treatment with a single dose, which should be further assessed in future combination studies. FUNDING The Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI103058), the Wellcome Trust, and the UK Department of International Development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raúl Chuquiyauri
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Civil Selva Amazónica, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Nicola Kerr
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosario
- Takeda Development Center Americas Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert H Arch
- Takeda Development Center Americas Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Felix D Rozenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jade Bath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline L Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annie N Cowell
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Baker
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Switzerland AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
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