1
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Ketoja JA, Saurio K, Rautkoski H, Kenttä E, Tanaka A, Koponen AI, Virkajärvi J, Heinonen K, Kostamo K, Järvenpää A, Hyry N, Heikkilä P, Hankonen N, Harlin A. Design of biodegradable cellulose filtration material with high efficiency and breathability. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 336:122133. [PMID: 38670771 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Using respiratory protective equipment is one of the relevant preventive measures for infectious diseases, including COVID-19, and for various occupational respiratory hazards. Because experienced discomfort may result in a decrease in the utilization of respirators, it is important to enhance the material properties to resolve suboptimal usage. We combined several technologies to produce a filtration material that met requirements set by a cross-disciplinary interview study on the usability of protective equipment. Improved breathability, environmental sustainability, and comfort of the material were achieved by electrospinning poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers on a thin foam-formed fabric from regenerated cellulose fibers. The high filtration efficiency of sub-micron-sized diethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS) aerosol particles resulted from the small mean segment length of 0.35 μm of the nanofiber network. For a particle diameter of 0.6 μm, the filtration efficiency of a single PEO layer varied in the range of 80-97 % depending on the coat weight. The corresponding pressure drop had the level of 20-90 Pa for the airflow velocity of 5.3 cm/s. Using a multilayer structure, a very high filtration efficiency of 99.5 % was obtained with only a slightly higher pressure drop. This opens a route toward designing sustainable personal protective media with improved user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka A Ketoja
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Kaisa Saurio
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Hille Rautkoski
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Eija Kenttä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti I Koponen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi Virkajärvi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kimmo Heinonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Katri Kostamo
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Anastasia Järvenpää
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Niina Hyry
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Pirjo Heikkilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Ali Harlin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
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2
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Tang L, Wang D, Sun S, Cheng Q, Zhang L, Xia W, Zheng J, Cui J, Wang Y, Zhou H. Fiber-in-Tube Electrifiable Structure for Virus Filtration Self-Generated Static Electricity by Vibration/Sound. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38701174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Fiber has been considered as an ideal material for virus insulation due to the readily available electrostatic adsorption. However, restricted by the electrostatic attenuation and filtration performance decline, their long-lasting applications are unable to satisfy the requirements of medical protective equipment for major medical and health emergencies such as global epidemics, which results in both a waste of resources and environmental pollution. We overcame these issues by constructing a fiber-in-tube structure, achieving the robust reusability of fibrous membranes. Core fibers within the hollow could form generators with tube walls of shell fibers to provide persistent, renewable static electricity via piezoelectricity and triboelectricity. The PM0.3 insulation efficiency achieved 98% even after 72 h of humidity and heat aging, through beating and acoustic waves, which is greatly improved compared with that of traditional nonwoven fabric (∼10% insulation). A mask spun with our fiber also has a low breathing resistance (differential pressure <24.4 Pa/cm2). We offer an approach to enrich multifunctional fiber for developing electrifiable filters, which make the fiber-in-tube filtration membrane able to durably maintain a higher level of protective performance to reduce the replacement and provide a new train of thought for the preparation of other high-performance protective products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qikuang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weibang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingqiang Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer Materials Technology and Application, TuoRen Medical Device Research & Development Institute Co., Ltd., Health Technology Industry Park, Changyuan County, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Yunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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Tang J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Lin Y, Liang L, Li X, Casals G, Zhou X, Casals E, Zeng M. Versatile Antibacterial and Antioxidant Bacterial Cellulose@Nanoceria Biotextile: Application in Reusable Antimicrobial Face Masks. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304156. [PMID: 38271691 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in medical and pharmaceutical fields, there remains a notable absence of functional textiles that concurrently exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Herein, a new composite fabric constructed using nanostructured bacterial cellulose (BC) covalently-linked with cerium oxide nanoparticles (BC@CeO2NPs) is introduced. The synthesis of CeO2NPs on the BC is performed via a microwave-assisted, in situ chemical deposition technique, resulting in the formation of mixed valence Ce3+/Ce4+ CeO2NPs. This approach ensures the durability of the composite fabric subjected to multiple washing cycles. The Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of CeO2NPs and their rapid and efficient eradication of >99% model microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus remain unaltered in the composite. To demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating the fabric in marketable products, antimicrobial face masks are fabricated with filter layers made of BC@CeO2NPs cross-linked with propylene or cotton fibers. These masks exhibit complete inhibition of bacterial growth in the three bacterial strains, improved breathability compared to respirator masks and enhanced filtration efficiency compared to single-use surgical face masks. This study provides valuable insights into the development of functional BC@CeO2NPs biotextiles in which design can be extended to the fabrication of medical dressings and cosmetic products with combined antibiotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Xingfei Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Yichao Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Lihua Liang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Gregori Casals
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari and The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Fundamental Care and Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08007, Spain
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Eudald Casals
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Muling Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
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4
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Cavallo A, Al Kayal T, Soldani G, Losi P, Tedeschi L. Riboflavin based setup as an alternative method for a preliminary screening of face mask filtration efficiency. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8830. [PMID: 38632265 PMCID: PMC11024099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Face masks are essential in reducing the transmission of respiratory infections and bacterial filtration efficiency, a key parameter of mask performances, requires the use of Staphylococcus aureus and specialised staff. This study aims to develop a novel method for a preliminary screening of masks or materials filtration efficiency by a green, easy and rapid setup based on the use of a riboflavin solution, a safe autofluorescent biomolecule. The proposed setup is composed of a commercial aerosol generator commonly used for aerosol therapy, custom 3D printed aerosol chamber and sample holder, a filter for downstream riboflavin detection and a vacuum pump. The filtration efficiency of four different masks was assessed using the riboflavin-based setup and the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE). The averaged filtration efficiency values, measured with both methods, were similar but were higher for the riboflavin-based setup (about 2% for all tested samples) than bacterial filtration efficiency. Considering the good correlation, the riboflavin-based setup can be considered validated as an alternative method to bacterial filtration efficiency for masks and related materials fabrics filtration efficiency screening but This study aims to develop a novel method for a preliminary screening of masks or materials filtration efficiency by a green, easy and rapid setup based on the use of a riboflavin solution, a safe autofluorescent biomolecule, but not to replace regulation approaches. The proposed setup can be easily implemented at low price, is more rapid and eco-friendly and can be performed in chemical-physical laboratories without the needing of biosafety laboratory and specialised operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Cavallo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tamer Al Kayal
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Soldani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Losi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorena Tedeschi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Potisk T, Remškar M, Pirker L, Filipič G, Mihelič I, Ješelnik M, Čoko U, Ravnik M. Single-Layer and Double-Layer Filtration Materials Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Co-hexafluoropropylene Nanofibers Coated on Melamine Microfibers. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:15807-15819. [PMID: 37706065 PMCID: PMC10496027 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate selected optimization changes in the simple design of filtration masks to increase particle removal efficiency (PRE) and filter quality factor by combining experiments and numerical modeling. In particular, we focus on single-layer filters fabricated from uniform thickness fibers and double-layer filters consisting of a layer of highly permeable thick fibers as a support and a thin layer of filtering electrospun nanofibers. For single-layer filters, we demonstrate performance improvement in terms of the quality factor by optimizing the geometry of the composition. We show significantly better PRE performance for filters composed of micrometer-sized fibers covered by a thin layer of electrospun nanofibers. This work is motivated and carried out in collaboration with a targeted industrial development of selected melamine-based filter nano- and micromaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilen Potisk
- Laboratory
for Molecular Modeling, National Institute
of Chemistry, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Remškar
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pirker
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Urban Čoko
- Laboratory
for Molecular Modeling, National Institute
of Chemistry, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Ravnik
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Collings K, Boisdon C, Sham TT, Skinley K, Oh HK, Prince T, Ahmed A, Pennington SH, Brownridge PJ, Edwards T, Biagini GA, Eyers CE, Lamb A, Myers P, Maher S. Attaching protein-adsorbing silica particles to the surface of cotton substrates for bioaerosol capture including SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5033. [PMID: 37596260 PMCID: PMC10439164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has necessitated a global increase in the use of face masks to limit the airborne spread of the virus. The global demand for personal protective equipment has at times led to shortages of face masks for the public, therefore makeshift masks have become commonplace. The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a spherical particle size of ~97 nm. However, the airborne transmission of this virus requires the expulsion of droplets, typically ~0.6-500 µm in diameter (by coughing, sneezing, breathing, and talking). In this paper, we propose a face covering that has been designed to effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 whilst providing uncompromised comfort and breathability for the wearer. Herein, we describe a material approach that uses amorphous silica microspheres attached to cotton fibres to capture bioaerosols, including SARS CoV-2. This has been demonstrated for the capture of aerosolised proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, ubiquitin, bovine serum albumin) and aerosolised inactivated SARS CoV-2, showing average filtration efficiencies of ~93% with minimal impact on breathability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Collings
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tung-Ting Sham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin Skinley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hyun-Kyung Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adham Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shaun H Pennington
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip J Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda Lamb
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Applied Health Insights Ltd, Cheshire, UK
| | - Peter Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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7
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Wang C, Song X, Li T, Zhu X, Yang S, Zhu J, He X, Gao J, Xu H. Biodegradable Electroactive Nanofibrous Air Filters for Long-Term Respiratory Healthcare and Self-Powered Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37580-37592. [PMID: 37490285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The concept of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based fibrous air filters, in which the electroactive fibers are ready to enhance the electrostatic adsorption by sustainable energy harvesting, is appealing for long-term respiratory protection and in vivo real-time monitoring. This effort discloses a self-reinforcing electroactivity strategy to confer extreme alignment and refinement of the electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers, significantly facilitating formation of electroactive phases (i.e., β-phase and highly aligned chains and dipoles) and promotion of polarization and electret properties. It endowed the PLA nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) with largely increased surface potential and filtration performance, as exemplified by efficient removal of PM0.3 and PM2.5 (90.68 and 99.82%, respectively) even at the highest airflow capacity of 85 L/min. With high electroactivity and a well-controlled morphology, the PLA NFMs exhibited superior TENG properties triggered by regular respiratory vibrations, enabling 9.21-fold increase of surface potential (-1.43 kV) and nearly 68% increase of PM0.3 capturing (94.3%) compared to those of conventional PLA membranes. The remarkable TENG mechanisms were examined to elaborately monitor the personal respiration characteristics, particularly those triggered large and rapid variations of output voltages like coughing and tachypnea. Featuring desirable biocompatibility and degradability, the self-powered PLA NFMs permit promising applications in the fabrication of ecofriendly air filters toward high-performance purification and intelligent monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunmin Wang
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xinyi Song
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xuanjin Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Shugui Yang
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jintuo Zhu
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xinjian He
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Dust Control and Occupational Protection, Xuzhou 221008, China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 272100, China
| | - Huan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Dust Control and Occupational Protection, Xuzhou 221008, China
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8
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Cimini A, Imperi E, Picano A, Rossi M. Electrospun nanofibers for medical face mask with protection capabilities against viruses: State of the art and perspective for industrial scale-up. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2023; 32:101833. [PMID: 37152683 PMCID: PMC10151159 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2023.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Face masks have proven to be a useful protection from airborne viruses and bacteria, especially in the recent years pandemic outbreak when they effectively lowered the risk of infection from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or Omicron variants, being recognized as one of the main protective measures adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). The need for improving the filtering efficiency performance to prevent penetration of fine particulate matter (PM), which can be potential bacteria or virus carriers, has led the research into developing new methods and techniques for face mask fabrication. In this perspective, Electrospinning has shown to be the most efficient technique to get either synthetic or natural polymers-based fibers with size down to the nanoscale providing remarkable performance in terms of both particle filtration and breathability. The aim of this Review is to give further insight into the implementation of electrospun nanofibers for the realization of the next generation of face masks, with functionalized membranes via addiction of active material to the polymer solutions that can give optimal features about antibacterial, antiviral, self-sterilization, and electrical energy storage capabilities. Furthermore, the recent advances regarding the use of renewable materials and green solvent strategies to improve the sustainability of electrospun membranes and to fabricate eco-friendly filters are here discussed, especially in view of the large-scale nanofiber production where traditional membrane manufacturing may result in a high environmental and health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cimini
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00161, Italy
- LABOR s.r.l., Industrial Research Laboratory, Via Giacomo Peroni, 386, Rome, Italy
| | - E Imperi
- LABOR s.r.l., Industrial Research Laboratory, Via Giacomo Peroni, 386, Rome, Italy
| | - A Picano
- LABOR s.r.l., Industrial Research Laboratory, Via Giacomo Peroni, 386, Rome, Italy
| | - M Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00161, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
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9
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Moschovis PP, Lombay J, Rooney J, Schenkel SR, Singh D, Rezaei SJ, Salo N, Gong A, Yonker LM, Shah J, Hayden D, Hibberd PL, Demokritou P, Kinane TB. The effect of activity and face masks on exhaled particles in children. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:75-85. [PMID: 37324601 PMCID: PMC10262878 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Despite the high burden of respiratory infections among children, the production of exhaled particles during common activities and the efficacy of face masks in children have not been sufficiently studied. Objective To determine the effect of type of activity and mask usage on exhaled particle production in children. Methods Healthy children were asked to perform activities that ranged in intensity (breathing quietly, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing) while wearing no mask, a cloth mask, or a surgical mask. The concentration and size of exhaled particles were assessed during each activity. Results Twenty-three children were enrolled in the study. Average exhaled particle concentration increased by intensity of activity, with the lowest particle concentration during tidal breathing (1.285 particles/cm3 [95% CI 0.943, 1.627]) and highest particle concentration during sneezing (5.183 particles/cm3 [95% CI 1.911, 8.455]). High-intensity activities were associated with an increase primarily in the respirable size (≤ 5 µm) particle fraction. Surgical and cloth masks were associated with lower average particle concentration compared to no mask (P = 0.026 for sneezing). Surgical masks outperformed cloth masks across all activities, especially within the respirable size fraction. In a multivariable linear regression model, we observed significant effect modification of activity by age and by mask type. Interpretation Similar to adults, children produce exhaled particles that vary in size and concentration across a range of activities. Production of respirable size fraction particles (≤ 5 µm), the dominant mode of transmission of many respiratory viruses, increases significantly with coughing and sneezing and is most effectively reduced by wearing surgical face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Moschovis
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesiel Lombay
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jennifer Rooney
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sara R. Schenkel
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringRutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shawheen J. Rezaei
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nora Salo
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amanda Gong
- David Geffen School of Medicinethe University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jhill Shah
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Douglas Hayden
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Patricia L. Hibberd
- Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringRutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - T. Bernard Kinane
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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10
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Sathish T, Saravanan R, Sharma K, Zahmatkesh S, Muthukumar K, Panchal H. A novel investigations on medical and non-medical mask performance with influence of marine waste microplastics (polypropylene). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115004. [PMID: 37163794 PMCID: PMC10166062 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The entire human race is struggling with the spread of COVID-19. Worldwide, the wearing of face masks is indispensable to prevent such spread. Despite numerous studies reporting on the fabrication of face masks and surgical masks to reduce spread and thus human deaths, this novel work is considered the marine waste of microplastics, namely Polypropylene (PP) polymer, used to fabricate non-woven fabric masks through the melt-blown process. This experimental work aims to maximize the mask's quality and minimize its fabrication cost by optimizing the melt-blown process parameters and using microplastics. The melt-blown process was used to make masks. Parameters such as extruder temperature, hot air temperature, melt flow rate, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) were investigated as independent variables. The quality of the mask was investigated in terms of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), particle filtration efficiency (PFE), and differential pressure. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and Taguchi analysis were employed for experimental design and statistical optimization, respectively. The results reveal that the higher BFE and PFE are recorded at 96.7 % and 98.6 %, respectively. The surface morphological investigation on different layers ensured the fine and uniform porosity of the layers and exhibited minimum breath resistance (a low differential pressure of 0.00152 kPa/cm2). Hence the chemically treated marine waste microplastics improved the masks' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sathish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Saravanan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA university, Mathura, India.
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - K Muthukumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be university), Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hitesh Panchal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College Patan, Gujarat, India
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11
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Solomon A. Questioning cloth breathability in "Designing better cloth masks". JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:D7-D8. [PMID: 37184880 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2203046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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12
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Elbadawy HM, Khattab A, El-Agamy DS, Eltahir HM, Alhaddad A, Aljohani FD, Almuzaini TM, Abouzied MM, Aldhafiri A. IL-6 at the center of cytokine storm: Circulating inflammation mediators as biomarkers in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24881. [PMID: 37096731 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients depends largely on controlling the intensified inflammatory response known as the cytokine storm. Candidate inflammatory cytokines can serve as new biomarkers for the management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS Patients (80) were recruited into three groups: room air (RA), oxygen (OX) and mechanical ventilator (MV). Blood analysis was performed for RBC, WBC, Hb, Platelets, serum albumin and creatinine, INR, PTT, and hematocrit. ELISA was used to quantify a panel of inflammatory mediators including GM-SCF, IFN-α, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-2, IL-2Ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, MCP-1, MIP-1a, and TNF-α. Correlations between laboratory results and the levels of circulating inflammation mediators were investigated. RESULTS Patients on MV had low RBC, Hb, albumin, and HCT and high WBC count, PTT, and INR when compared to RA and OX groups. A statistical positive correlation was found between WBC and the levels of IL-6 and MCP-1. RBCs correlated negatively with IL-6 and IL-10 and positively with IL-8. Higher TNF-α correlated with lower platelet counts while higher levels of IL-1Rα and IL-10 were associated with lower Hb levels. Increases in IFN-γ and TNF-α were indicative of compromised kidney functions as creatinine levels increased significantly. Most significant correlations were found between IL-6 and lab results, showing positive correlation with WBC and INR, and negative correlation with RBC, albumin, and HCT. CONCLUSIONS Having the most significant correlations, IL-6 high levels in mechanically ventilated patients were shown to affect laboratory results, and, therefore, is suggested as a severity biomarker of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein M Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dina S El-Agamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Heba M Eltahir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mekky M Abouzied
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Aldhafiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Akrich M, Cochoy F. A Masked Truth? Public Discussions about Face Masks on a French Health Forum. MINERVA 2023; 61:1-20. [PMID: 37359301 PMCID: PMC10106318 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-023-09493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
By analyzing the discussion on a health forum, we examine how wearing sanitary masks during the Covid-19 pandemic changed people's lives and what adjustments were required. During our review, we encountered theories referred to by participants as "conspiracy theories" that led to heated exchanges on the forum. Surprisingly, these interactions promoted, rather than prevented, collective exploration and resulted in a rich discussion of the issues related to wearing masks. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, we first analyze the dynamics of the discussion, its progression, and the conditions under which it was maintained over time, even given the radical expression of irreconcilable positions. Second, we examine the results of the discussion in terms of describing the problems triggered by the mask and the different authorities on which these descriptions were based. We conclude that the boundaries between science and non-science were occasionally blurred because of the wavering of scientific authorities and the uncertainty of the questions related to the pandemic, rather than because of a generalized distrust of science. We recognize that paradoxically, "conspiracist" theories contribute to the production of knowledge and that the adherence to these theories may stem more from the personal experiences of the individuals who profess them, rather than from the contaminating power of conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Akrich
- Mines Paris, Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation (CSI), Université PSL, i3 UMR CNRS, 60 bd St Michel, Paris, 75006 France
| | - Franck Cochoy
- LISST (UMR CNRS) and Institut Universitaire de France, Maison de la Recherche, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès, 5 allées Antonio Machado 31058 TOULOUSE Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
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14
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Ivanoska-Dacikj A, Oguz-Gouillart Y, Hossain G, Kaplan M, Sivri Ç, Ros-Lis JV, Mikucioniene D, Munir MU, Kizildag N, Unal S, Safarik I, Akgül E, Yıldırım N, Bedeloğlu AÇ, Ünsal ÖF, Herwig G, Rossi RM, Wick P, Clement P, Sarac AS. Advanced and Smart Textiles during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Issues, Challenges, and Innovations. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081115. [PMID: 37107948 PMCID: PMC10137734 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has hugely affected the textile and apparel industry. Besides the negative impact due to supply chain disruptions, drop in demand, liquidity problems, and overstocking, this pandemic was found to be a window of opportunity since it accelerated the ongoing digitalization trends and the use of functional materials in the textile industry. This review paper covers the development of smart and advanced textiles that emerged as a response to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. We extensively cover the advancements in developing smart textiles that enable monitoring and sensing through electrospun nanofibers and nanogenerators. Additionally, we focus on improving medical textiles mainly through enhanced antiviral capabilities, which play a crucial role in pandemic prevention, protection, and control. We summarize the challenges that arise from personal protective equipment (PPE) disposal and finally give an overview of new smart textile-based products that emerged in the markets related to the control and spread reduction of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ivanoska-Dacikj
- Research Centre for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Yesim Oguz-Gouillart
- Department of Building and Urban Environment, Innovative Textile Material, JUNIA, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Gaffar Hossain
- V-Trion GmbH Textile Research, Millennium Park 15, 6890 Lustenau, Austria
| | - Müslüm Kaplan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74110, Turkey
| | - Çağlar Sivri
- Management Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, İstanbul 34349, Turkey
| | - José Vicente Ros-Lis
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnologico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 56, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daiva Mikucioniene
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 56, 50404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 56, 50404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nuray Kizildag
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Pendik, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
| | - Serkan Unal
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Pendik, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Material Science and Nanoengineering, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Esra Akgül
- Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Nida Yıldırım
- Trabzon Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Çelik Bedeloğlu
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Ünsal
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey
| | - Gordon Herwig
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particle-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Clement
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particle-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - A Sezai Sarac
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Science and Technology, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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15
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Shi S, Si Y, Li Z, Meng S, Zhang S, Wu H, Zhi C, Io WF, Ming Y, Wang D, Fei B, Huang H, Hao J, Hu J. An Intelligent Wearable Filtration System for Health Management. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7035-7046. [PMID: 36994837 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To develop intelligent wearable protection systems is of great significance to human health engineering. An ideal intelligent air filtration system should possess reliable filtration efficiency, low pressure drop, healthcare monitoring function, and man-machine interactive capability. However, no existing intelligent protection system covers all these essential aspects. Herein, we developed an intelligent wearable filtration system (IWFS) via advanced nanotechnology and machine learning. Based on the triboelectric mechanism, the fabricated IWFS exhibits a long-lasting high particle filtration efficiency and bacteria protection efficiency of 99% and 100%, respectively, with a low-pressure drop of 5.8 mmH2O. Correspondingly, the charge accumulation of the optimized IWFS (87 nC) increased to 3.5 times that of the pristine nanomesh, providing a significant enhancement of the particle filtration efficiency. Theoretical principles, including the enhancement of the β-phase and the lower surface potential of the modified nanomesh, were quantitatively investigated by molecular dynamics simulation, band theory, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Furthermore, we endowed the IWFS with a healthcare monitoring function and man-machine interactive capability through machine learning and wireless transmission technology. Crucial physiological signals of people, including breath, cough, and speaking signals, were detected and classified, with a high recognition rate of 92%; the fabricated IWFS can collect healthcare data and transmit voice commands in real time without hindrance by portable electronic devices. The achieved IWFS not only has practical significance for human health management but also has great theoretical value for advanced wearable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yifan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Zihua Li
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Shuo Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Hanbai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Chuanwei Zhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Weng-Fu Io
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yang Ming
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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16
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Qin LY. A Comparison of the Effect of Facemasks on Perceived Breathability and Air Quality during Daily Activities and Indoor Exercises. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4144. [PMID: 36901156 PMCID: PMC10002446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of COVID-19 occurs predominantly through respired droplets and aerosols containing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As a solution, face masks have been used to protect against infection. Wearing face masks during indoor exercises is essential to prevent the spread of virus-containing respiratory droplets and aerosols. However, previous studies have not investigated all elements, including the users' perceived breathability (PB) and perceived air quality (PAQ) when wearing a face mask during indoor exercises. The current study aimed to assess users' perceived comfort (PC) of face masks based on assessment criteria of PB and PAQ during moderate to vigorous exercises, and compare them with those during normal daily activities. Data on PC, PB, and PAQ were collected from an online questionnaire survey from 104 participants doing regular moderate to vigorous exercises. Within-subjects comparison with self-controlled case series design was performed to compare PC, PB, and PAQ between wearing face masks during exercises and daily activities. Results showed that the degree of dissatisfaction with PC, PB, and PAQ while wearing face masks and performing indoor exercises is higher than when performing daily activities (p < 0.05). The significance of the study implies that masks comfortable for daily activities may not remain the same during moderate to vigorous exercises, especially during indoor exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Yin Qin
- Academy of Visual Arts, School of Creative Arts, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Li Y, Liu L, Meng T, Wang L, Xie Z. Structural Engineering of Ionic MOF@COF Heterointerface for Exciton-Boosting Sunlight-Driven Photocatalytic Filter. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2932-2942. [PMID: 36722852 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-driven photocatalytic filters against pathogenic bioaerosols have attracted a lot of interest. However, developing an efficient interception system that shows enhanced visible-light harvesting, controllable charge dynamic, and boosted ROS generation remains a grand challenge. Here, we designed an ionic ZIF-8@iCOF nanocomposite as a sunlight-driven photocatalytic filter through elaborate structural engineering of the heterointerface between ZIF-8 and cationic iCOF layers. The photoactive experiments reveal significant improvements in the visible light absorption and sunlight-driven exciton-enhanced intersystem crossing to boost the generation of singlet oxygen (220%) and also obtain antibacterial efficiency of 99.99999% after 15 min irradiation. After combining with commercial polymer, resultant ZIF-8@iCOF/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibrous membranes exhibited high interception efficiency for both PM10 and PM2.5 (98%), being close to the commercial N95. This fibrous membrane also possesses good biocompatibility and strong elimination of bacteria under sunlight conditions, satisfying for the long-lasting contact usage. This finding not only showcases the promise of the porous materials-based fibrous membranes for efficient photocatalytic filter against pathogenic bioaerosols but also highlights the importance of accurate structural engineering for the advancement of sunlight-driven photocatalytic systems in environment and energy-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yite Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Liqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tian Meng
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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18
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Fu J, Liu T, Binte Touhid SS, Fu F, Liu X. Functional Textile Materials for Blocking COVID-19 Transmission. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1739-1763. [PMID: 36683285 PMCID: PMC9885531 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 provided a warning sign for society worldwide: that is, we urgently need to explore effective strategies for combating unpredictable viral pandemics. Protective textiles such as surgery masks have played an important role in the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic, while revealing serious challenges in terms of supply, cross-infection risk, and environmental pollution. In this context, textiles with an antivirus functionality have attracted increasing attention, and many innovative proposals with exciting commercial possibilities have been reported over the past three years. In this review, we illustrate the progress of textile filtration for pandemics and summarize the recent development of antiviral textiles for personal protective purposes by cataloging them into three classes: metal-based, carbon-based, and polymer-based materials. We focused on the preparation routes of emerging antiviral textiles, providing a forward-looking perspective on their opportunities and challenges, to evaluate their efficacy, scale up their manufacturing processes, and expand their high-volume applications. Based on this review, we conclude that ideal antiviral textiles are characterized by a high filtration efficiency, reliable antiviral effect, long storage life, and recyclability. The expected manufacturing processes should be economically feasible, scalable, and quickly responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone,
Hangzhou310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxing Liu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S1A1,
Canada
| | - S Salvia Binte Touhid
- School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone,
Hangzhou310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feiya Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone,
Hangzhou310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone,
Hangzhou310018, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Li J, Yin J, Ramakrishna S, Ji D. Smart Mask as Wearable for Post-Pandemic Personal Healthcare. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:205. [PMID: 36831971 PMCID: PMC9953568 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A mask serves as a simple external barrier that protects humans from infectious particles from poor air conditions in the surrounding environment. As an important personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect our respiratory system, masks are able not only to filter pathogens and dust particles but also to sense, reflect or even respond to environmental conditions. This smartness is of particular interest among academia and industries due to its potential in disease detection, health monitoring and caring aspects. In this review, we provide an overlook of the current air filtration strategies used in masks, from structural designs to integrated functional modules that empower the mask's ability to sense and transfer physiological or environmental information to become smart. Specifically, we discussed recent developments in masks designed to detect macroscopic physiological signals from the wearer and mask-based disease diagnoses, such as COVID-19. Further, we propose the concept of next-generation smart masks and the requirements from material selection and function design perspectives that enable masks to interact and play crucial roles in health-caring wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117081, Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117081, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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20
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Wang AB, Zhang X, Gao LJ, Zhang T, Xu HJ, Bi YJ. A Review of Filtration Performance of Protective Masks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2346. [PMID: 36767714 PMCID: PMC9915213 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Masks are essential and effective small protective devices used to protect the general public against infections such as COVID-19. However, available systematic reviews and summaries on the filtration performance of masks are lacking. Therefore, in order to investigate the filtration performance of masks, filtration mechanisms, mask characteristics, and the relationships between influencing factors and protective performance were first analyzed through mask evaluations. The summary of filtration mechanisms and mask characteristics provides readers with a clear and easy-to-understand theoretical cognition. Then, a detailed analysis of influencing factors and the relationships between the influencing factors and filtration performance is presented in. The influence of the aerosol size and type on filtration performance is nonlinear and nonconstant, and filtration efficiency decreases with an increase in the gas flow rate; moreover, fitness plays a decisive role in the protective effects of masks. It is recommended that the public should wear surgical masks to prevent COVID-19 infection in low-risk and non-densely populated areas. Future research should focus on fitness tests, and the formulation of standards should also be accelerated. This paper provides a systematic review that will be helpful for the design of masks and public health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Bing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Filtration Performance and Environmental Health of Protective Materials, Xingtai 054000, China
- Advanced Research Center of Thermal and New Energy Technologies, Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Filtration Performance and Environmental Health of Protective Materials, Xingtai 054000, China
- Advanced Research Center of Thermal and New Energy Technologies, Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Li-Jun Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Filtration Performance and Environmental Health of Protective Materials, Xingtai 054000, China
- Advanced Research Center of Thermal and New Energy Technologies, Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hui-Juan Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Filtration Performance and Environmental Health of Protective Materials, Xingtai 054000, China
- Advanced Research Center of Thermal and New Energy Technologies, Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Yan-Jun Bi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Filtration Performance and Environmental Health of Protective Materials, Xingtai 054000, China
- Advanced Research Center of Thermal and New Energy Technologies, Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, Xingtai 054000, China
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21
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In Silico Fit Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Face Coverings. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:34-44. [PMID: 35902414 PMCID: PMC9333071 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to the respiratory protection device shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic, the additive manufacturing (AM) community designed and disseminated numerous AM face masks. Questions regarding the effectiveness of AM masks arose because these masks were often designed with limited (if any) functional performance evaluation. In this study, we present a fit evaluation methodology in which AM face masks are virtually donned on a standard digital headform using finite element-based numerical simulations. We then extract contour plots to visualize the contact patches and gaps and quantify the leakage surface area for each mask frame. We also use the methodology to evaluate the effects of adding a foam gasket and variable face mask sizing, and finally propose a series of best practices. Herein, the methodology is focused only on characterizing the fit of AM mask frames and does not considering filter material or overall performance. We found that AM face masks may provide a sufficiently good fit if the sizing is appropriate and if a sealing gasket material is present to fill the gaps between the mask and face. Without these precautions, the rigid nature of AM materials combined with the wide variation in facial morphology likely results in large gaps and insufficient adaptability to varying user conditions which may render the AM face masks ineffective.
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22
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Polyvinylidene fluoride multi-scale nanofibrous membrane modified using N-halamine with high filtration efficiency and durable antibacterial properties for air filtration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:627-636. [PMID: 36027773 PMCID: PMC9381945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Particulate matter (PM) pollution and the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have increased demand for protective masks. However, typical protective masks only intercept particles and produce peculiar odors if worn for extended periods owing to bacterial growth. Therefore, new protective materials with good filtration and antibacterial capabilities are required. EXPERIMENTS In this study, we prepared multi-scale polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous membranes for efficient filtration and durable antibacterial properties via N-halamine modification. FINDINGS The N-halamine-modified nanofibrous membrane (PVDF-PAA-TMP-Cl) had sufficient active chlorine content (800 ppm), and the tensile stress and strain were improved compared with the original membrane, from 6.282 to 9.435 MPa and from 51.3 % to 56.4 %, respectively. To further improve the interception efficiency, ultrafine nanofibers (20-35 nm) were spun on PVDF-PAA-TMP-Cl nanofibrous membranes, and multi-scale PVDF-PAA-TMP-Cl nanofibrous membranes were prepared. These membranes exhibited good PM0.3 interception (99.93 %), low air resistance (79 Pa), promising long-term PM2.5 purification ability, and high bactericidal efficiency (>98 %). After ten chlorination cycles, the antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus exceeded 90 %; hence, the material demonstrated highly efficient filtration and repeatable antibacterial properties. The results of this study have implications for the development of air and water filtration systems and multi-functional protective materials.
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23
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Filipić A, Fric K, Ravnikar M, Kogovšek P. Assessment of Different Experimental Setups to Determine Viral Filtration Efficiency of Face Masks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15353. [PMID: 36430072 PMCID: PMC9690668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many new materials and masks came onto the market. To determine their suitability, several standards specify which properties to test, including bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), while none describe how to determine viral filtration efficiency (VFE), a property that is particularly important in times of pandemic. Therefore, we focused our research on evaluating the suitability and efficiency of different systems for determining VFE. Here, we evaluated the VFE of 6 mask types (e.g., a surgical mask, a respirator, material for mask production, and cloth masks) with different filtration efficiencies in four experimental setups and compared the results with BFE results. The study included 17 BFE and 22 VFE experiments with 73 and 81 mask samples tested, respectively. We have shown that the masks tested had high VFE (>99% for surgical masks and respirators, ≥98% for material, and 87-97% for cloth masks) and that all experimental setups provided highly reproducible and reliable VFE results (coefficient of variation < 6%). Therefore, the VFE tests described in this study can be integrated into existing standards for mask testing.
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24
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Karakoç A, Miettinen A, Sözümert E, Evans L, Yiğitler H, Bostanci B, Taciroğlu E, Jäntti R. Microstructural evaluation and recommendations for face masks in community use to reduce the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 226:107154. [PMID: 36182670 PMCID: PMC9519173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recommendations for the use of face masks to prevent and protect against the aerosols (≤5µm) and respiratory droplet particles (≥5µm), which can carry and transmit respiratory infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), have been in effect since the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) and air permeability are the most crucial factors affecting the level of pathogen transmission and breathability, i.e. wearer comfort, which should be investigated in detail. METHODS In this context, this article presents a novel assessment framework for face masks combining X-ray microtomography and computational fluid dynamics simulations. In consideration to their widespread public use, two types of face masks were assessed: (I) two layer non-woven face masks and (II) the surgical masks (made out of a melt-blown fabric layer covered with two non-woven fabric layers). RESULTS The results demonstrate that the surgical masks provide PFEs over 75% for particles with diameter over 0.1µm while two layer face masks are found out to have insufficient PFEs, even for the particles with diameter over 2µm (corresponding PFE is computed as 47.2%). Thus, existence of both the non-woven fabric layers for mechanical filtration and insertion of melt-blown fabric layer(s) for electrostatic filtration in the face masks were found to be highly critical to prevent the airborne pathogen transmission. CONCLUSIONS The present framework would assist in computational assessment of commonly used face mask types based on their microstructural characteristics including fiber diameter, orientation distributions and fiber network density. Therefore, it would be also possible to provide new yet feasible design routes for face masks to ensure reliable personal protection and optimal breathability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alp Karakoç
- Aalto University, Department of Communications and Networking, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Arttu Miettinen
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Llion Evans
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, UK
| | - Hüseyin Yiğitler
- Aalto University, Department of Communications and Networking, Espoo, Finland
| | - Başak Bostanci
- Institute Medicana Hospital Istanbul, Ophthalmology Department, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Taciroğlu
- University of California Los Angeles, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, USA
| | - Riku Jäntti
- Aalto University, Department of Communications and Networking, Espoo, Finland
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25
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Whyte HE, Joubert A, Leclerc L, Sarry G, Verhoeven P, Le Coq L, Pourchez J. Impact of washing parameters on bacterial filtration efficiency and breathability of community and medical facemasks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15853. [PMID: 36151269 PMCID: PMC9508161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Can medical face masks be replaced by reusable community face masks with similar performance? The influence of the number of wash cycles, the wash temperature and the use of detergent was evaluated on the performance of one medical face masks (MFM) and ten community face masks (CFM). The performance of the new and washed masks was characterized from the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) and the differential pressure (DP). The tests on the new masks showed that the MFM had always better BFE than CFMs. Although two of the CFMs showed a BFE value exceeding 95%, only one can be classified as type I MFM based on both BFE and DP requirements. The influence of the washing parameters was investigated on the MFM and these two CMFs with excellent BFE properties. The parameters had no effect on the BFE of CFMs whilst the MFM exhibited a loss in efficiency when washed with detergent. The DP of masks were not impacted by the washing. The results clearly show that even though a compromise has to be made between the BFE and breathability, it seems possible to manufacture CFMs with performances similar to a type I MFM, without achieving type II requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Essie Whyte
- Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France.,IMT Atlantique, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Joubert
- IMT Atlantique, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Gwendoline Sarry
- Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Paul Verhoeven
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), GIMAP Team, INSERM, U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, University of Lyon, University of St-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France.,Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of St-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Laurence Le Coq
- IMT Atlantique, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France.
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26
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Single-Side Superhydrophobicity in Si3N4-Doped and SiO2-Treated Polypropylene Nonwoven Webs with Antibacterial Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142952. [PMID: 35890729 PMCID: PMC9323961 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meltblown (MB) nonwovens as air filter materials have played an important role in protecting people from microbe infection in the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic enters the third year in this current global event, it becomes more and more beneficial to develop more functional MB nonwovens with special surface selectivity as well as antibacterial activities. In this article, an antibacterial polypropylene MB nonwoven doped with nano silicon nitride (Si3N4), one of ceramic materials, was developed. With the introduction of Si3N4, both the average diameter of the fibers and the pore diameter and porosity of the nonwovens can be tailored. Moreover, the nonwovens having a single-side moisture transportation, which would be more comfortable in use for respirators or masks, was designed by imparting a hydrophobicity gradient through the single-side superhydrophobic finishing of reactive organic/inorganic silicon coprecipitation in situ. After a nano/micro structural SiO2 precipitation on one side of the fabric surfaces, the contact angles were up to 161.7° from 141.0° originally. The nonwovens were evaluated on antibacterial activity, the result of which indicated that they had a high antibacterial activity when the dosage of Si3N4 was 0.6 wt%. The bacteriostatic rate against E. coli and S. aureus was up to over 96%. Due to the nontoxicity and excellent antibacterial activity of Si3N4, this MB nonwovens are promising as a high-efficiency air filter material, particularly during the pandemic.
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27
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Cheng S, Hao W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yang S. Commercial Janus Fabrics as Reusable Facemask Materials: A Balance of Water Repellency, Filtration Efficiency, Breathability, and Reusability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32579-32589. [PMID: 35794731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Facemasks as personal protective equipment play a significant role in helping prevent the spread of viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A desired reusable fabric facemask should strike a balance of water repellency, good filtration efficiency (FE), breathability, and mechanical robustness against washing cycles. Despite significant efforts in testing various commercial fabric materials for filtration efficiency, few have investigated fabric performance as a function of the fiber/yarn morphology and wettability of the fabric itself. In this study, we examine commercial fabrics with Janus-like behaviors to determine the best reusable fabric facemask materials by understanding the roles of morphology, porosity, and wettability of the fabric on its overall performance. We find that the outer layer of the diaper fabric consisted of laminated polyurethane, which is hydrophobic, has low porosity (∼5%) and tightly woven yarn structures, and shows the highest overall FE (up to 54%) in the submicron particle size range (0.03-0.6 μm) among the fabrics tested. Fabric layers with higher porosity lead to lower-pressure drops, indicating higher breathability but lower FE. Tightly woven waterproof rainwear fabrics perform the best after 10 washing cycles, remaining intact morphologically with only a 2-5% drop in the overall FE in the submicron particle size range, whereas other knitted fabric layers become loosened and the laminated polyurethane thin film on the diaper fabric is wrinkled. In comparison, the surgical masks and N95 respirators made from nonwoven polypropylene (PP) fibers see over a 30% decline in the overall FE after 10 washing cycles. Overall, we find that tightly woven Janus fabrics consisting of a low porosity, a hydrophobic outer layer, and a high porosity and hydrophilic inner layer offer the best performance among the fabrics tested as they can generate a high overall FE, achieve good breathability, and maintain fabric morphology and performance over multiple washing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Weixing Hao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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28
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Santos-Rosales V, López-Iglesias C, Sampedro-Viana A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Ghazanfari S, Magariños B, García-González CA. Supercritical CO 2 sterilization: An effective treatment to reprocess FFP3 face masks and to reduce waste during COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154089. [PMID: 35218842 PMCID: PMC8864888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic unveiled an unprecedented scarcity of personal protective equipment (PPE) available in sanitary premises and for the population worldwide. This situation fostered the development of new strategies to reuse PPE that would ensure sterility and, simultaneously, preserve the filtering properties of the materials. In addition, the reuse of PPEs by reprocessing could reduce the environmental impact of the massive single-use and disposal of these materials. Conventional sterilization techniques such as steam or dry heat, ethylene oxide, and gamma irradiation may alter the functional properties of the PPEs and/or leave toxic residues. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2)-based sterilization is herein proposed as a safe, sustainable, and rapid sterilization method for contaminated face masks while preserving their performance. The functional (bacterial filtration efficiency, breathability, splash resistance, straps elasticity) properties of the processed FFP3 face masks were evaluated after 1 and 10 cycles of sterilization. Log-6 sterilization reduction levels were obtained for face masks contaminated with Bacillus pumilus endospores at mild operating conditions (CO2 at 39 °C and 100 bar for 30 min) and with low contents of H2O2 (150 ppm). Physicochemical properties of the FFP3 face masks remained unchanged after reprocessing and differences in efficacy were not observed neither in the filtration tests, following UNE-EN 14683, nor in the integrity of FFP3 filtration after the sterilization process. The herein presented method based on scCO2 technology is the first reported protocol achieving the reprocessing of FFP3 masks up to 10 cycles while preserving their functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Santos-Rosales
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara López-Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Sampedro-Viana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos A García-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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29
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High-quality and easy-to-regenerate personal filter. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268542. [PMID: 35675288 PMCID: PMC9176855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper respiratory tract protection is the key factor to limiting the rate of COVID-19 spread and providing a safe environment for health care workers. Traditional N95 (FFP2) respirators are not easy to regenerate and thus create certain financial and ecological burdens; moreover, their quality may vary significantly. A solution that would overcome these disadvantages is desirable. In this study a commercially available knit polyester fleece fabric was selected as the filter material, and a total of 25 filters of different areas and thicknesses were prepared. Then, the size-resolved filtration efficiency (40–400 nm) and pressure drop were evaluated at a volumetric flow rate of 95 L/min. We showed the excellent synergistic effect of expanding the filtration area and increasing the number of filtering layers on the filtration efficiency; a filter cartridge with 8 layers of knit polyester fabric with a surface area of 900 cm2 and sized 25 × 14 × 8 cm achieved filtration efficiencies of 98% at 95 L/min and 99.5% at 30 L/min. The assembled filter kit consists of a filter cartridge (14 Pa) carried in a small backpack connected to a half mask with a total pressure drop of 84 Pa at 95 L/min. In addition, it is reusable, and the filter material can be regenerated at least ten times by simple methods, such as boiling. We have demonstrated a novel approach for creating high-quality and easy-to-breathe-through respiratory protective equipment that reduces operating costs and is a green solution because it is easy to regenerate.
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30
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Chen D, Tang L, Wang Y, Tan Y, Fu Y, Cai W, Yu Z, Sun S, Zheng J, Cui J, Wang G, Liu Y, Zhou H. Speaking-Induced Charge-Laden Face Masks with Durable Protectiveness and Wearing Breathability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17774-17782. [PMID: 35362941 PMCID: PMC8982734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Face masks, which serve as personal protection equipment, have become ubiquitous for combating the ongoing COVID-19. However, conventional electrostatic-based mask filters are disposable and short-term effective with high breathing resistance, causing respiratory ailments and massive consumption (129 billion monthly), intensifying global environmental pollution. In an effort to address these challenges, the introduction of a piezoelectric polymer was adopted to realize the charge-laden melt-blown via the melt-blowing method. The charge-laden melt-blown could be applied to manufacture face masks and to generate charges triggered by mechanical and acoustic energy originated from daily speaking. Through an efficient and scalable industrial melt-blown process, our charge-laden mask is capable of overcoming the inevitable electrostatic attenuation, even in a high-humidity atmosphere by long-wearing (prolonging from 4 to 72 h) and three-cycle common decontamination methods. Combined with outstanding protective properties (PM2.5 filtration efficiency >99.9%), breathability (differential pressure <17 Pa/cm2), and mechanical strength, the resultant charge-laden mask could enable the decreased replacement of masks, thereby lowering to 94.4% of output masks worldwide (∼122 billion monthly) without substituting the existing structure or assembling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Lianwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Yunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Yongyao Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji
Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Weihao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Zhaohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Jingqiang Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer
Materials Technology and Application, TuoRen Medical Device Research & Development
Institute Co., Ltd., Health Technology Industry Park Changyuan County,
Changyuan, Henan 453000, China
| | - Guosheng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Polymer
Materials Technology and Application, TuoRen Medical Device Research & Development
Institute Co., Ltd., Health Technology Industry Park Changyuan County,
Changyuan, Henan 453000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die
& Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
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31
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Drouillard KG, Tomkins A, Lackie S, Laengert S, Baker A, Clase CM, De Lannoy CF, Cavallo-Medved D, Porter LA, Rudman RS. Fitted filtration efficiency and breathability of 2-ply cotton masks: Identification of cotton consumer categories acceptable for home-made cloth mask construction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264090. [PMID: 35316263 PMCID: PMC8939836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize commercially-available cotton fabrics to determine their suitability as materials for construction of cloth masks for personal and public use to reduce infectious disease spread. The study focused on cottons because of their widespread availability, moderate performance and they are recommended for inclusion in home-made masks by international health authorities. Fifty-two cottons were analyzed by electron microscopy to determine fabric characteristics and fabric weights. Sixteen fabrics were selected to test for breathability and to construct 2-ply cotton masks of a standard design to use in quantitative fit testing on a human participant. Cotton mask fitted filtration efficiencies (FFEs) for 0.02-1 μm ambient and aerosolized sodium chloride particles ranged from 40 to 66% compared with the mean medical mask FFE of 55±2%. Pressure differentials across 2-ply materials ranged from 0.57 to > 12 mm H2O/cm2 on samples of equal surface area with 6 of 16 materials exceeding the recommended medical mask limit. Models were calibrated to predict 2-ply cotton mask FFEs and differential pressures for each fabric based on pore characteristics and fabric weight. Models indicated cotton fabrics from 6 of 9 consumer categories can produce cloth masks with adequate breathability and FFEs equivalent to a medical mask: T-shirt, fashion fabric, mass-market quilting cotton, home décor fabric, bed sheets and high-quality quilting cotton. Masks from one cloth mask and the medical mask were re-tested with a mask fitter to distinguish filtration from leakage. The fabric and medical masks had 3.7% and 41.8% leakage, respectively. These results indicate a well fitted 2-ply cotton mask with overhead ties can perform similarly to a disposable 3-ply medical mask on ear loops due primarily to the superior fit of the cloth mask which compensates for its lower material filtration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken G. Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Tomkins
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon Lackie
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Laengert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa A. Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca S. Rudman
- Windsor Essex Sewing Force, Community Volunteer Group, Windsor, ON, Canada
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32
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Chiera S, Cristoforetti A, Benedetti L, Nollo G, Borro L, Mazzei L, Tessarolo F. A Simple Method to Quantify Outward Leakage of Medical Face Masks and Barrier Face Coverings: Implication for the Overall Filtration Efficiency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063548. [PMID: 35329234 PMCID: PMC8955475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Face masking proved essential to reduce transmission of COVID-19 and other respiratory infections in indoor environments, but standards and literature do not provide simple quantitative methods for quantifying air leakage at the face seal. This study reports an original method to quantify outward leakage and how wearing style impacts on leaks and filtration efficiency. The amount of air leakage was evaluated on four medical masks and four barrier face coverings, exploiting a theoretical model and an instrumented dummy head in a range of airflows between 30 and 160 L/min. The fraction of air leaking at the face seal of the medical masks and barrier face coverings ranged from 43% to 95% of exhaled air at 30 L/min and reduced to 10–85% at 160 L/min. Filter breathability was the main driver affecting both leak fraction and total filtration efficiency that varied from 5% to 53% and from 15% to 84% at 30 and 160 L/min, respectively. Minor changes were related to wearing style, supporting indications on the correct mask use. The fraction of air leaking from medical masks and barrier face coverings during exhalation is relevant and varies according to design and wearing style. The use of highly breathable filter materials reduces air leaks and improve total filtration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Chiera
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.C.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (G.N.)
| | - Alessandro Cristoforetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.C.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (G.N.)
| | - Luca Benedetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.C.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (G.N.)
| | - Giandomenico Nollo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.C.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (G.N.)
| | - Luca Borro
- 3DLab, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Francesco Tessarolo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.C.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (G.N.)
- Healthcare Research and Innovation Program (IRCS-FBK-PAT), Bruno Kessler Foundation, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence:
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33
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Sharma A, Omidvarborna H, Kumar P. Efficacy of facemasks in mitigating respiratory exposure to submicron aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126783. [PMID: 34523504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We designed a novel experimental set-up to pseudo-simultaneously measure size-segregated filtration efficiency (ηF), breathing resistance (ηP) and potential usage time (tB) for 11 types of face protective equipment (FPE; four respirators; three medical; and four handmade) in the submicron range. As expected, the highest ηF was exhibited by respirators (97 ± 3%), followed by medical (81 ± 7%) and handmade (47 ± 13%). Similarly, the breathing resistance was highest for respirators, followed by medical and handmade FPE. Combined analysis of efficiency and breathing resistance highlighted trade-offs, i.e. respirators showing the best overall performance across these two indicators, followed by medical and handmade FPE. This hierarchy was also confirmed by quality factor, which is a performance indicator of filters. Detailed assessment of size-segregated aerosols, combined with the scanning electron microscope imaging, revealed material characteristics such as pore density, fiber thickness, filter material and number of layers influence their performance. ηF and ηP showed an inverse exponential decay with time. Using their cross-over point, in combination with acceptable breathability, allowed to estimate tB as 3.2-9.5 h (respirators), 2.6-7.3 h (medical masks) and 4.0-8.8 h (handmade). While relatively longer tB of handmade FPE indicate breathing comfort, they are far less efficient in filtering virus-laden submicron aerosols compared with respirators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sharma
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid Omidvarborna
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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34
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Abaluck J, Kwong LH, Styczynski A, Haque A, Kabir MA, Bates-Jefferys E, Crawford E, Benjamin-Chung J, Raihan S, Rahman S, Benhachmi S, Bintee NZ, Winch PJ, Hossain M, Reza HM, Jaber AA, Momen SG, Rahman A, Banti FL, Huq TS, Luby SP, Mobarak AM. Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh. Science 2022; 375:eabi9069. [PMID: 34855513 PMCID: PMC9036942 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a cluster-randomized trial to measure the effect of community-level mask distribution and promotion on symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in rural Bangladesh from November 2020 to April 2021 (N = 600 villages, N = 342,183 adults). We cross-randomized mask type (cloth versus surgical) and promotion strategies at the village and household level. Proper mask-wearing increased from 13.3% in the control group to 42.3% in the intervention arm (adjusted percentage point difference = 0.29; 95% confidence interval = [0.26, 0.31]). The intervention reduced symptomatic seroprevalence (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.91 [0.82, 1.00]), especially among adults ≥60 years old in villages where surgical masks were distributed (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.65 [0.45, 0.85]). Mask distribution with promotion was a scalable and effective method to reduce symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Abaluck
- Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Corresponding author. (J.A.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Laura H. Kwong
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Styczynski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Innovations for Poverty Action Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Emily Crawford
- Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jade Benjamin-Chung
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shabib Raihan
- Innovations for Poverty Action Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shadman Rahman
- Innovations for Poverty Action Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salim Benhachmi
- Yale Research Initiative on Innovation and Scale, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Peter J. Winch
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Hasan Mahmud Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Aura Rahman
- NGRI, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak
- Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.,Corresponding author. (J.A.); (A.M.M.)
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35
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Ayodeji OJ, Hilliard TA, Ramkumar S. Particle-Size-Dependent Filtration Efficiency, Breathability, and Flow Resistance of Face Coverings and Common Household Fabrics Used for Face Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:11. [PMID: 35035493 PMCID: PMC8743850 DOI: 10.1007/s41742-021-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in demand for protective equipment caused a global shortage and homemade barrier face coverings were recommended as alternatives. However, filtration performances of homemade face coverings have not been fully evaluated. Test methods in the ASTM standard (F3502-21) were used to evaluate filtration efficiencies (FE) and breathability (pressure drop, Δp) of face coverings and home fabric materials commonly used during the pandemic. Submicron particulates FE was measured by particle transmission through face covering samples using a Condensation Particle Counter equipped with differential mobility analyzer and electronic manometer. Flow resistance of 0.1 μm-diameter fluorescent nanoparticles in droplets was determined by measuring fluorescence intensity of residual collected at the reverse side of samples. The size-dependent FE (3-94%) and Δp (0.8-72 mmH2O) varied considerably among fabrics. Of the 16 mask types, 31.25% and 81.25% met the minimum FE and breathability standards in the ASTM F3502-21, respectively. Overall performance (qF) was highest for velcro masks (max qF = 3.36, min qF = 2.80) and lowest for Dutch wax print fabrics (max qF = 0.12, min qF = 0.03). Most of the samples resisted the flow of 0.1 µm-diameter nanoparticles in droplets. Low flow resistance was observed in bandana, neck gaiter, t-shirt I, tank top and bedspread fabrics. GSM and fabric finishing seems to affect performance. Low performances can be improved by selecting optimum-performance fabrics in the design and manufacture of barrier face coverings. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41742-021-00390-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode James Ayodeji
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA
| | - Terrell A. Hilliard
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA
| | - Seshadri Ramkumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA
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36
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Mumma JM, Jordan E, Ayeni O, Kaufman N, Wheatley MJ, Grindle A, Morgan J. Development and validation of the discomfort of cloth Masks-12 (DCM-12) scale. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103616. [PMID: 34688120 PMCID: PMC8527896 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks by the public has helped to slow the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the community. Cloth masks have been recommended because of their effectiveness, availability, and reusability. Like other types of face masks, however, user discomfort while wearing cloth masks is thought to engender behaviors that limit the effectiveness of cloth masks as source control (e.g., adjusting or removing one's mask temporarily while in public). To design cloth masks that are more tolerable, a measurement instrument for assessing subjective user discomfort is needed. Across two studies, we identified and confirmed a two-dimensional factor structure underlying the discomfort of cloth masks - discomfort related to the breathability and discomfort related to the tightness of the mask against the face and head. Additionally, we provide replicable evidence that both factor-subscales predict the self-reported frequencies of problematic mask-wearing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Mumma
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road Northeast, GG17A, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Ellen Jordan
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Oluwateniola Ayeni
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Noah Kaufman
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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37
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Applications of Nanotechnology in Smart Textile Industry: A Critical Review. J Adv Res 2022; 38:55-75. [PMID: 35572402 PMCID: PMC9091772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current trends of using nanotechnology in textile industries. Nanotechnology-driven techniques for fabrication and modification of textile fibers. Wearable nanotechnology for energy storage, sensing, drug release, optics, electronics and photonics. Environmental concerns associated with nanotechnology processed textiles.
Background In recent years, nanotechnology has been playing an important role in designing smart fabrics. Nanomaterials have been employed to introduce in a sustainable manner, antimicrobial, ultraviolet resistant, electrically conductive, optical, hydrophobic and flame-retardant properties into textiles and garments. Nanomaterial based smart devices are now also being integrated with the textiles so as to perform various functions such as energy harvesting and storage, sensing, drug release and optics. These advancements have found wide applications in the fashion industry and are being developed for wider use in defence, healthcare and on-body energy harnessing applications. Aim of review The objective of this work is to provide an insight into the current trends of using nanotechnology in the modern textile industries and to inspire and anticipate further research in this field. This review provides an overview of the most current advances concerning on-body electronics research and the wonders which could be realized by nanomaterials in modern textiles in terms of total energy reliance on our clothes. Key scientific concepts of review The work underlines the various methods and techniques for the functionalization of nanomaterials and their integration into textiles with an emphasis on cost-effectiveness, comfort, wearability, energy conversion efficiency and eco-sustainability. The most recent trends of developing various nanogenerators, supercapacitors and photoelectronic devices on the fabric are highlighted, with special emphasis on the efficiency and wearability of the textile. The potential nanotoxicity associated with the processed textiles due to the tendency of these nanomaterials to leach into the environment along with possible remediation measures are also discussed. Finally, the future outlook regarding progress in the integration of smart nano-devices on textile fabrics is provided.
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38
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Deng W, Sun Y, Yao X, Subramanian K, Ling C, Wang H, Chopra SS, Xu BB, Wang J, Chen J, Wang D, Amancio H, Pramana S, Ye R, Wang S. Masks for COVID-19. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102189. [PMID: 34825783 PMCID: PMC8787406 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable solutions on fabricating and using a face mask to block the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread during this coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) are required as society is directed by the World Health Organization (WHO) toward wearing it, resulting in an increasingly huge demand with over 4 000 000 000 masks used per day globally. Herein, various new mask technologies and advanced materials are reviewed to deal with critical shortages, cross-infection, and secondary transmission risk of masks. A number of countries have used cloth masks and 3D-printed masks as substitutes, whose filtration efficiencies can be improved by using nanofibers or mixing other polymers into them. Since 2020, researchers continue to improve the performance of masks by adding various functionalities, for example using metal nanoparticles and herbal extracts to inactivate pathogens, using graphene to make masks photothermal and superhydrophobic, and using triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to prolong mask lifetime. The recent advances in material technology have led to the development of antimicrobial coatings, which are introduced in this review. When incorporated into masks, these advanced materials and technologies can aid in the prevention of secondary transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Yajun Sun
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Xiaoxue Yao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Karpagam Subramanian
- School of Energy and EnvironmentCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Chen Ling
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Shauhrat S. Chopra
- School of Energy and EnvironmentCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Jie‐Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Jian‐Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Honeyfer Amancio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyCambridge UniversityCambridgeCB2 1TNUK
| | - Stevin Pramana
- School of EngineeringNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Steven Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
- School of Energy and EnvironmentCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
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Kriegel M, Hartmann A, Buchholz U, Seifried J, Baumgarte S, Gastmeier P. SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission Indoors: A Closer Look at Viral Load, Infectivity, the Effectiveness of Preventive Measures and a Simple Approach for Practical Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:220. [PMID: 35010484 PMCID: PMC8750733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is uncertainty about the viral loads of infectious individuals required to transmit COVID-19 via aerosol. In addition, there is a lack of both quantification of the influencing parameters on airborne transmission and simple-to-use models for assessing the risk of infection in practice, which furthermore quantify the influence of non-medical preventive measures. In this study, a dose-response model was adopted to analyze 25 documented outbreaks at infection rates of 4-100%. We show that infection was only possible if the viral load was higher than 108 viral copies/mL. Based on mathematical simplifications of our approach to predict the probable situational attack rate (PARs) of a group of persons in a room, and valid assumptions, we provide simplified equations to calculate, among others, the maximum possible number of persons and the person-related virus-free air supply flow necessary to keep the number of newly infected persons to less than one. A comparison of different preventive measures revealed that testing contributes the most to the joint protective effect, besides wearing masks and increasing ventilation. In addition, we conclude that absolute volume flow rate or person-related volume flow rate are more intuitive parameters for evaluating ventilation for infection prevention than air exchange rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kriegel
- Hermann-Rietschel-Institut, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anne Hartmann
- Hermann-Rietschel-Institut, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Udo Buchholz
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Janna Seifried
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.B.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Petra Gastmeier
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
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40
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Fine S, He P, Huang J. Self-Charging Textile Woven from Dissimilar Household Fibers for Air Filtration: A Proof of Concept. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26311-26317. [PMID: 34660990 PMCID: PMC8515584 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A proof of concept is demonstrated concerning self-charging fabrics for air filtration purposes based on common household fibers. Triboelectrically dissimilar fibers, such as wool and polyester, were interwoven into a single-layer fabric, so that local charges can be developed and partially retained at the junctions of the insulating fibers as a result of their constant frictional contact. Voluminous fibers that are typically used for knitting were chosen here, leveraging their broad availability and ease of use, so that they can be handwoven into a leak-free fabric, preventing unfiltered air to pass through directly. When tested for PM2.5 and PM10 removal, this hybrid fabric outperforms a single-material fabric made similarly from household cotton yarns. And its pressure drop and filtration efficiency were found to be in between those of a common surgical mask and a KN95 mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona
G. Fine
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pan He
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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41
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Duncan S, Bodurtha P, Naqvi S. The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258191. [PMID: 34614026 PMCID: PMC8494377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Face coverings are a key component of preventive health measure strategies to mitigate the spread of respiratory illnesses. In this study five groups of masks were investigated that are of particular relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: re-usable, fabric two-layer and multi-layer masks, disposable procedure/surgical masks, KN95 and N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Experimental work focussed on the particle penetration through mask materials as a function of particle diameter, and the total inward leakage protection performance of the mask system. Geometric mean fabric protection factors varied from 1.78 to 144.5 for the fabric two-layer and KN95 materials, corresponding to overall filtration efficiencies of 43.8% and 99.3% using a flow rate of 17 L/min, equivalent to a breathing expiration rate for a person in a sedentary or standing position conversing with another individual. Geometric mean total inward leakage protection factors for the 2-layer, multi-layer and procedure masks were <2.3, while 6.2 was achieved for the KN95 masks. The highest values were measured for the N95 group at 165.7. Mask performance is dominated by face seal leakage. Despite the additional filtering layers added to cloth masks, and the higher filtration efficiency of the materials used in disposable procedure and KN95 masks, the total inward leakage protection factor was only marginally improved. N95 FFRs were the only mask group investigated that provided not only high filtration efficiency but high total inward leakage protection, and remain the best option to protect individuals from exposure to aerosol in high risk settings. The Mask Quality Factor and total inward leakage performance are very useful to determine the best options for masking. However, it is highly recommended that testing is undertaken on prospective products, or guidance is sought from impartial authorities, to confirm they meet any implied standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Duncan
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Chemical Threat Defence Section, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Bodurtha
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Chemical Threat Defence Section, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Syed Naqvi
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Chemical Threat Defence Section, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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42
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Arumuru V, Samantaray SS, Pasa J. Double masking protection vs. comfort-A quantitative assessment. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2021; 33:077120. [PMID: 34335010 PMCID: PMC8320463 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has forced humankind to adopt face masks as an integral part of everyday life. This preventive measure is an effective source control technique to curb the spread of COVID-19 and other similar diseases. The virus responsible for causing COVID-19 has undergone several mutations in the recent past, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and N501Y, B.1.617, with a higher infectious rate. These viruses' variants are mainly responsible for the recent spike in COVID-19 cases and associated steep rise in mortality rate worldwide. Under these circumstances, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and health experts recommend double masking, which mainly includes a surgical mask and a cotton mask for the general public. This combination provides an additional layer of protection and masks fitment to minimize the leakage of droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking, and breathing. This leakage may cause airborne transmission of the virus. In the present study, we report a systematic quantitative unsteady pressure measurement supplement with flow visualization to quantify the effectiveness of a single and double mask. We have also evaluated double masking consisting of a surgical mask and an N-95 mask used by medical professionals. A simple knot improves the surgical mask fitment significantly, and hence, the leakage of droplets is minimized. The leakage of the droplets was reduced to a large extent by using a double mask combination of a two-layer cotton mask over the surgical mask with a knot. The double mask combination of surgical + N-95 and two-layer cotton + N-95 masks showed the most promising results, and no leakage of the droplets is observed in the forward direction. A double mask combination of surgical and N-95 mask offers 8.6% and 5.6% lower mean and peak pressures compared to surgical, and cotton mask. The best results are observed with cotton and N-95 masks with 54.6% and 23% lower mean and peak pressures than surgical and cotton masks; hence, this combination will offer more comfort to the wearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Arumuru
- Applied Fluids Group, School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Sidhartha Sankar Samantaray
- Applied Fluids Group, School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Jangyadatta Pasa
- Applied Fluids Group, School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
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