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Burgum MJ, Ulrich C, Partosa N, Evans SJ, Gomes C, Seiffert SB, Landsiedel R, Honarvar N, Doak SH. Adapting the in vitro micronucleus assay (OECD Test Guideline No. 487) for testing of manufactured nanomaterials: recommendations for best practices. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:205-217. [PMID: 38502821 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The current Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development test guideline number 487 (OECD TG No. 487) provides instruction on how to conduct the in vitro micronucleus assay. This assay is one of the gold standard approaches for measuring the mutagenicity of test items; however, it is directed at testing low molecular weight molecules and may not be appropriate for particulate materials (e.g. engineered nanoparticles [ENPs]). This study aimed to adapt the in vitro micronucleus assay for ENP testing and underpins the development of an OECD guidance document. A harmonized, nano-specific protocol was generated and evaluated by two independent laboratories. Cell lines utilized were human lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells, human liver hepatocytes (HepG2) cells, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells, whole blood, and buffy coat cells from healthy human volunteers. These cells were exposed to reference ENPs from the Joint Research Council (JRC): SiO2 (RLS-0102), Au5nm and Au30nm (RLS-03, RLS-010), CeO2 (NM212), and BaSO4 (NM220). Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC/Co) was used as a trial particulate positive control. The chemical controls were positive in all cell cultures, but WC/Co was only positive in TK6 and buffy coat cells. In TK6 cells, mutagenicity was observed for SiO2- and both Au types. In HepG2 cells, Au5nm and SiO2 showed sub-two-fold increases in micronuclei. In V79 cells, whole blood, and buffy coat cells, no genotoxicity was detected with the test materials. The data confirmed that ENPs could be tested with the harmonized protocol, additionally, concordant data were observed across the two laboratories with V79 cells. WC/Co may be a suitable particulate positive control in the in vitro micronucleus assay when using TK6 and buffy coat cells. Detailed recommendations are therefore provided to adapt OECD TG No. 487 for testing ENP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Ulrich
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Natascha Partosa
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Gomes
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy - Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
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Morla-Folch J, Ranzenigo A, Fayad ZA, Teunissen AJP. Nanotherapeutic Heterogeneity: Sources, Effects, and Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307502. [PMID: 38050951 PMCID: PMC11045328 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have revolutionized medicine by enabling control over drugs' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biocompatibility. However, most nanotherapeutic batches are highly heterogeneous, meaning they comprise nanoparticles that vary in size, shape, charge, composition, and ligand functionalization. Similarly, individual nanotherapeutics often have heterogeneously distributed components, ligands, and charges. This review discusses nanotherapeutic heterogeneity's sources and effects on experimental readouts and therapeutic efficacy. Among other topics, it demonstrates that heterogeneity exists in nearly all nanotherapeutic types, examines how nanotherapeutic heterogeneity arises, and discusses how heterogeneity impacts nanomaterials' in vitro and in vivo behavior. How nanotherapeutic heterogeneity skews experimental readouts and complicates their optimization and clinical translation is also shown. Lastly, strategies for limiting nanotherapeutic heterogeneity are reviewed and recommendations for developing more reproducible and effective nanotherapeutics provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Morla-Folch
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zahi Adel Fayad
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Abraham Jozef Petrus Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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3
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Kuhn J, McDonald A, Mongoin C, Anderson G, Lafeuillade G, Mitchell S, Elfick APD, Bagnaninchi PO, Yiu HHP, Nelson LJ. Non-invasive methods of monitoring Fe 3O 4 magnetic nanoparticle toxicity in human liver HepaRG cells using impedance biosensing and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic (CARS) microscopy. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:92-101. [PMID: 38428546 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized nanoparticles have been developed for use in nanomedicines for treating life threatening diseases including various cancers. To ensure safe use of these new nanoscale reagents, various assays for biocompatibility or cytotoxicity in vitro using cell lines often serve as preliminary assessments prior to in vivo animal testing. However, many of these assays were designed for soluble, colourless materials and may not be suitable for coloured, non-transparent nanoparticles. Moreover, cell lines are not always representative of mammalian organs in vivo. In this work, we use non-invasive impedance sensing methods with organotypic human liver HepaRG cells as a model to test the toxicity of PEG-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. We also use Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopic (CARS) microscopy to monitor the formation of lipid droplets as a parameter to the adverse effect on the HepaRG cell model. The results were also compared with two commercial testing kits (PrestoBlue and ATP) for cytotoxicity. The results suggested that the HepaRG cell model can be a more realistic model than commercial cell lines while use of impedance monitoring of Fe3O4 nanoparticles circumventing the uncertainties due to colour assays. These methods can play important roles for scientists driving towards the 3Rs principle - Replacement, Reduction and Refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kuhn
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alison McDonald
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3DW
| | - Cyril Mongoin
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3DW
| | - Graham Anderson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine. Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Guillemette Lafeuillade
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3DW
| | - Stephen Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, The Daniel Rutherford Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Alistair P D Elfick
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3DW
| | - Pierre O Bagnaninchi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine. Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3DW.
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Zhang Y, Jia Z, Gao X, Zhao J, Zhang H. Polystyrene nanoparticles induced mammalian intestine damage caused by blockage of BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy and gut microbiota alteration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168064. [PMID: 37884137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics possess the capacity for cellular internalization, and consequentially disrupt mitochondrial functionality, precipitating aberrations in energy metabolism. Given this, the potential accumulation of nanoplastics in alimentary sources presents a considerable hazard to the mammalian gastrointestinal system. While mitophagy serves as a cytoprotective mechanism that sustains redox homeostasis through the targeted removal of compromised mitochondria, the regulatory implications of mitophagy in nanoplastic-induced toxicity remain an underexplored domain. In the present investigation, polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, with a diameter of 80 nm employed as a representative model to assess their toxicological impact and propensity to instigate mitophagy in intestinal cells both in vitro and in vivo. Data indicated that PS nanoparticles elicited BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy within the intestinal milieu. Strikingly, the impediment of this degradation process at elevated concentrations was correlated with exacerbated pathological ramifications. In vitro assays corroborated that high-dosage cellular uptake of PS nanoparticles obstructed the mitophagy pathway. Furthermore, treatment with PS nanoparticles engendered alterations in gut microbiota composition and manifested a proclivity to modulate nutritional metabolism. Collectively, these findings elucidate that oral exposure to PS nanoparticles culminates in the inhibition of mitophagy and induces perturbations in the intestinal microbiota. This contributes valuable insights into the toxicological repercussions of nanoplastics on mammalian gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xianlei Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
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Jiang Y, Li Y, Fu X, Wu Y, Wang R, Zhao M, Mao C, Shi S. Interplay between G protein-coupled receptors and nanotechnology. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:1-18. [PMID: 37517621 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as the largest family of membrane receptors, actively modulate plasma membrane and endosomal signalling. Importantly, GPCRs are naturally nanosized, and spontaneously formed nanoaggregates of GPCRs (natural nano-GPCRs) may enhance GPCR-related signalling and functions. Although GPCRs are the molecular targets of the majority of marketed drugs, the poor pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of GPCR ligands greatly limit their clinical applicability. Nanotechnology, as versatile techniques, can encapsulate GPCR ligands to assemble synthetic nano-GPCRs to overcome their obstacles, robustly elevating drug efficacy and safety. Moreover, endosomal delivery of GPCR ligands by nanoparticles can precisely initiate sustained endosomal signal transduction, while nanotechnology has been widely utilized for isolation, diagnosis, and detection of GPCRs. In turn, due to overexpression of GPCRs on the surface of various types of cells, GPCR ligands can endow nanoparticles with active targeting capacity for specific cells via ligand-receptor binding and mediate receptor-dependent endocytosis of nanoparticles. This significantly enhances the potency of nanoparticle delivery systems. Therefore, emerging evidence has revealed the interplay between GPCRs and nanoparticles, although investigations into their relationship have been inadequate. This review aims to summarize the interaction between GPCRs and nanotechnology for understanding their mutual influences and utilizing their interplay for biomedical applications. It will provide a fundamental platform for developing powerful and safe GPCR-targeted drugs and nanoparticle systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: GPCRs as molecular targets for the majority of marketed drugs are naturally nanosized, and even spontaneously form nano aggregations (nano-GPCRs). Nanotechnology has also been applied to construct synthetic nano-GPCRs or detect GPCRs, while endosomal delivery of GPCR ligands by nanoparticles can magnify endosomal signalling. Meanwhile, molecular engineering of nanoparticles with GPCRs or their ligands can modulate membrane binding and endocytosis, powerfully improving the efficacy of nanoparticle system. However, there are rare summaries on the interaction between GPCRs and nanoparticles. This review will not only provide a versatile platform for utilizing nanoparticles to modulate or detect GPCRs, but also facilitate better understanding of the designated value of GPCRs for molecular engineering of biomaterials with GPCRs in therapeutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Yuke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Boinapalli Y, Shankar Pandey R, Singh Chauhan A, Sudheesh MS. Physiological relevance of in-vitro cell-nanoparticle interaction studies as a predictive tool in cancer nanomedicine research. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122579. [PMID: 36603671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell uptake study is a routine experiment used as a surrogate to predict in vivo response in cancer nanomedicine research. Cell culture conditions should be designed in such a way that it emulates 'real' physiological conditions and avoid artefacts. It is critical to dissect the steps involved in cellular uptake to understand the physical, chemical, and biological factors responsible for particle internalization. The two-dimensional model (2D) of cell culture is overly simplistic to mimic the complexity of cancer tissues that exist in vivo. It cannot simulate the critical tissue-specific properties like cell-cell interaction and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction and its influences on the temporal and spatial distribution of nanoparticles (NPs). The three dimensional model organization of heterogenous cancer and normal cells with the ECM acts as a formidable barrier to NP penetration and cellular uptake. The three dimensional cell culture (3D) technology is a breakthrough in this direction that can mimic the barrier properties of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we discuss the physiological factors that should be considered to bridge the translational gap between in and vitro cell culture studies and in-vivo studies in cancer nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Boinapalli
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495009, India
| | - Abhay Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - M S Sudheesh
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, India.
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Dong C, Xiong J, Ni J, Fang X, Zhang J, Zhu D, Weng L, Zhang Y, Song C, Wang L. Intracellular miRNA-Triggered Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging and Dual Gene-Silencing Therapy of Cancer Cell. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9336-9344. [PMID: 35728270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of theranostic nanosystems integrating cascaded surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging and gene silencing therapy for accurate cancer diagnosis and treatment is still a big challenge and rarely reported. Herein, a novel Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based theranostic nanosystem containing AuNP-Ys and AuNP-Ds for highly sensitive and specific cancer diagnosis and treatment was proposed for cascaded SERS imaging of intracellular cancer-related miR-106a and miR-106a-triggered DNAzyme-based dual gene-silencing therapy of cancer cells. The AuNP-Ys were prepared by modifying the AuNPs with specially designed Y-motifs, and the AuNP-Ds were obtained by colabeling Raman molecules and dsDNA linkers on AuNPs. When identifying the intracellular cancer-related miRNAs, the Y-motifs and dsDNA linkers undergoes miRNA-triggered ATP-driven conformational transitions and releases the miRNA for recycling, which results in the formation of AuNP network nanostructures to generate significantly enhanced SERS signals for sensitive identification of the cancer cells as well as the amplification and specific activation of DNAzymes to catalyze the Mg2+-assisted cleavage of the Survivin and c-Jun mRNAs for effective dual gene-silencing therapy of cancer cells. The AuNP-based theranostic nanosystem achieves the synergism of target-triggered SERS imaging and DNAzyme-based dual gene-silencing therapy with enhanced specificity, sensitivity, and curative effect, which can be a powerful tool for accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingrong Xiong
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Ni
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyue Fang
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lixing Weng
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China
| | - Chunyuan Song
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- State Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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Elespuru RK, Doak SH, Collins AR, Dusinska M, Pfuhler S, Manjanatha M, Cardoso R, Chen CL. Common Considerations for Genotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:859122. [PMID: 35686044 PMCID: PMC9171035 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.859122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing is performed to determine potential hazard of a chemical or agent for direct or indirect DNA interaction. Testing may be a surrogate for assessment of heritable genetic risk or carcinogenic risk. Testing of nanomaterials (NM) for hazard identification is generally understood to require a departure from normal testing procedures found in international standards and guidelines. A critique of the genotoxicity literature in Elespuru et al., 2018, reinforced evidence of problems with genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials (NM) noted by many previously. A follow-up to the critique of problems (what is wrong) is a series of methods papers in this journal designed to provide practical information on what is appropriate (right) in the performance of genotoxicity assays altered for NM assessment. In this “Common Considerations” paper, general considerations are addressed, including NM characterization, sample preparation, dosing choice, exposure assessment (uptake) and data analysis that are applicable to any NM genotoxicity assessment. Recommended methods for specific assays are presented in a series of additional papers in this special issue of the journal devoted to toxicology methods for assessment of nanomaterials: the In vitro Micronucleus Assay, TK Mutagenicity assays, and the In vivo Comet Assay. In this context, NM are considered generally as insoluble particles or test articles in the nanometer size range that present difficulties in assessment using techniques described in standards such as OECD guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie K. Elespuru
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Rosalie K. Elespuru,
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Global Product Stewardship, Human Safety, Procter & Gamble Mason Business Centre, Mason, OH, United States
| | - Mugimane Manjanatha
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | | | - Connie L. Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, MD, United States
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Kawassaki RK, Romano M, Dietrich N, Araki K. Titanium and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Surface Chemistry and Biological Implications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.735434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, cancer is among the most challenging diseases due to its ability to continuously evolve into a more complex muldimentional system, in addition to its high capability to spread to other organs and tissues. In this context, the relevance of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) for the development of new more effective and less harmful treatments is increasing. NBMs provide the possibility of combining several functionalities on a single system, expectedly in a synergic way, to better perform the treatment and cure. However, the control of properties such as colloidal stability, circulation time, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution, assuring the concentration in specific target tissues and organs, while keeping all desired properties, tends to be dependent on subtle changes in surface chemistry. Hence, the behavior of such materials in different media/environments is of uttermost relevance and concern since it can compromise their efficiency and safety on application. Given the bright perspectives, many efforts have been focused on the development of nanomaterials fulfilling the requirements for real application. These include robust and reproducible preparation methods to avoid aggregation while preserving the interaction properties. The possible impact of nanomaterials in different forms of diagnosis and therapy has been demonstrated in the past few years, given the perspectives on how revolutionary they can be in medicine and health. Considering the high biocompatibility and suitability, this review is focused on titanium dioxide– and iron oxide–based nanoagents highlighting the current trends and main advancements in the research for cancer therapies. The effects of phenomena, such as aggregation and agglomeration, the formation of the corona layer, and how they can compromise relevant properties of nanomaterials and their potential applicability, are also addressed. In short, this review summarizes the current understanding and perspectives on such smart nanobiomaterials for diagnostics, treatment, and theranostics of diseases.
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Bortolozzo LS, Côa F, Khan LU, Medeiros AMZ, Da Silva GH, Delite FS, Strauss M, Martinez DST. Mitigation of graphene oxide toxicity in C. elegans after chemical degradation with sodium hypochlorite. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130421. [PMID: 33839394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising and strategic carbon-based nanomaterial for innovative and disruptive technologies. It is therefore essential to address its environmental health and safety aspects. In this work, we evaluated the chemical degradation of graphene oxide by sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, bleach water) and its consequences over toxicity, on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The morphological, chemical, and structural properties of GO and its degraded product, termed NaClO-GO, were characterized, exploring an integrated approach. After the chemical degradation of GO at room temperature, its flake size was reduced from 156 to 29 nm, while NaClO-GO showed changes in UV-vis absorption, and an increase in the amount of oxygenated surface groups, which dramatically improved its colloidal stability in moderately hard reconstituted water (EPA medium). Acute and chronic exposure endpoints (survival, growth, fertility, and reproduction) were monitored to evaluate material toxicities. NaClO-GO presented lower toxicity at all endpoints. For example, an increase of over 100% in nematode survival was verified for the degraded material when compared to GO at 10 mg L-1. Additionally, enhanced dark-field hyperspectral microscopy confirmed the oral uptake of both materials by C. elegans. Finally, this work represents a new contribution toward a better understanding of the links between the transformation of graphene-based materials and nanotoxicity effects (mitigation), which is mandatory for the safety improvements that are required to maximize nanotechnological benefits to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Bortolozzo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Technology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine Côa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Latif U Khan
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline M Z Medeiros
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela H Da Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio S Delite
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathias Strauss
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Centre of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Stéfani T Martinez
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Technology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Johnston ST, Faria M, Crampin EJ. Understanding nano-engineered particle-cell interactions: biological insights from mathematical models. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2139-2156. [PMID: 36133772 PMCID: PMC9417320 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between nano-engineered particles and cells is necessary for the rational design of particles for therapeutic, diagnostic and imaging purposes. In particular, the informed design of particles relies on the quantification of the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the particles and the rate at which cells interact with, and subsequently internalise, particles. Quantitative models, both mathematical and computational, provide a powerful tool for elucidating this relationship, as well as for understanding the mechanisms governing the intertwined processes of interaction and internalisation. Here we review the different types of mathematical and computational models that have been used to examine particle-cell interactions and particle internalisation. We detail the mathematical methodology for each type of model, the benefits and limitations associated with the different types of models, and highlight the advances in understanding gleaned from the application of these models to experimental observations of particle internalisation. We discuss the recent proposal and ongoing community adoption of standardised experimental reporting, and how this adoption is an important step toward unlocking the full potential of modelling approaches. Finally, we consider future directions in quantitative models of particle-cell interactions and highlight the need for hybrid experimental and theoretical investigations to address hitherto unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Johnston
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Matthew Faria
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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12
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Llewellyn SV, Niemeijer M, Nymark P, Moné MJ, van de Water B, Conway GE, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. In Vitro Three-Dimensional Liver Models for Nanomaterial DNA Damage Assessment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006055. [PMID: 33448117 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the liver possesses the ability to repair and restore sections of damaged tissue following acute injury, prolonged exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) may induce repetitive injury leading to chronic liver disease. Screening ENM cytotoxicity using 3D liver models has recently been performed, but a significant challenge has been the application of such in vitro models for evaluating ENM associated genotoxicity; a vital component of regulatory human health risk assessment. This review considers the benefits, limitations, and adaptations of specific in vitro approaches to assess DNA damage in the liver, whilst identifying critical advancements required to support a multitude of biochemical endpoints, focusing on nano(geno)toxicology (e.g., secondary genotoxicity, DNA damage, and repair following prolonged or repeated exposures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Llewellyn
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Penny Nymark
- Division of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm, 17 177, Sweden
| | - Martijn J Moné
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian E Conway
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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13
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Burgum MJ, Clift MJD, Evans SJ, Hondow N, Miller M, Lopez SB, Williams A, Tarat A, Jenkins GJ, Doak SH. In Vitro Primary-Indirect Genotoxicity in Bronchial Epithelial Cells Promoted by Industrially Relevant Few-Layer Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2002551. [PMID: 32734718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene (FLG) has garnered much interest owing to applications in hydrogen storage and reinforced nanocomposites. Consequently, these engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are in high demand, increasing occupational exposure. This investigation seeks to assess the inhalation hazard of industrially relevant FLG engineered with: (i) no surface functional groups (neutral), (ii) amine, and (iii) carboxyl group functionalization. A monoculture of human lung epithelial (16HBE14o- ) cells is exposed to each material for 24-h, followed by cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation using relative population doubling (RPD) and the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay, respectively. Neutral-FLG induces the greatest (two-fold) significant increase (p < 0.05) in micronuclei, whereas carboxyl-FLG does not induce significant (p < 0.05) genotoxicity. These findings correlate to significant (p < 0.05) concentration-dependent increases in interleukin (IL)-8, depletion of intracellular glutathione (rGSH) and a depletion in mitochondrial ATP production. Uptake of FLG is evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, whereby FLG particles are observed within membrane-bound vesicles in the form of large agglomerates (>1 µm diameter). The findings of the present study have demonstrated the capability of neutral-FLG and amine-FLG to induce genotoxicity in 16HBE14o- cells through primary indirect mechanisms, suggesting a possible role for carboxyl groups in scavenging radicals produced via oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burgum
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen J Evans
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Adam Williams
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Afshin Tarat
- Perpetuus Carbon Technologies, Unit B1, Olympus Court, Millstream Way, Swansea Vale, Llansamlet, Swansea, SA70AQ, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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14
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Ilett M, S'ari M, Freeman H, Aslam Z, Koniuch N, Afzali M, Cattle J, Hooley R, Roncal-Herrero T, Collins SM, Hondow N, Brown A, Brydson R. Analysis of complex, beam-sensitive materials by transmission electron microscopy and associated techniques. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190601. [PMID: 33100161 PMCID: PMC7661278 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We review the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and associated techniques for the analysis of beam-sensitive materials and complex, multiphase systems in-situ or close to their native state. We focus on materials prone to damage by radiolysis and explain that this process cannot be eliminated or switched off, requiring TEM analysis to be done within a dose budget to achieve an optimum dose-limited resolution. We highlight the importance of determining the damage sensitivity of a particular system in terms of characteristic changes that occur on irradiation under both an electron fluence and flux by presenting results from a series of molecular crystals. We discuss the choice of electron beam accelerating voltage and detectors for optimizing resolution and outline the different strategies employed for low-dose microscopy in relation to the damage processes in operation. In particular, we discuss the use of scanning TEM (STEM) techniques for maximizing information content from high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy of minerals and molecular crystals. We suggest how this understanding can then be carried forward for in-situ analysis of samples interacting with liquids and gases, provided any electron beam-induced alteration of a specimen is controlled or used to drive a chosen reaction. Finally, we demonstrate that cryo-TEM of nanoparticle samples snap-frozen in vitreous ice can play a significant role in benchmarking dynamic processes at higher resolution. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Dynamic in situ microscopy relating structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rik Brydson
- Leeds Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy (LEMAS) Centre, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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15
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Extracellular Vesicles as an Efficient and Versatile System for Drug Delivery. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102191. [PMID: 33003285 PMCID: PMC7600121 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in drug development, the majority of novel therapeutics have not been successfully translated into clinical applications. One of the major factors hindering their clinical translation is the lack of a safe, non-immunogenic delivery system with high target specificity upon systemic administration. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural carriers of bioactive cargo, have emerged as a promising solution and can be further modified to improve their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we provide an overview of the biogenesis pathways, biochemical features, and isolation methods of EVs with an emphasis on their many intrinsic properties that make them desirable as drug carriers. We then describe in detail the current advances in EV therapeutics, focusing on how EVs can be engineered to achieve improved target specificity, better circulation kinetics, and efficient encapsulation of therapeutic payloads. We also identify the challenges and obstacles ahead for clinical translation and provide an outlook on the future perspective of EV-based therapeutics.
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16
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Ilett M, Wills J, Rees P, Sharma S, Micklethwaite S, Brown A, Brydson R, Hondow N. Application of automated electron microscopy imaging and machine learning to characterise and quantify nanoparticle dispersion in aqueous media. J Microsc 2019; 279:177-184. [PMID: 31823372 PMCID: PMC7496512 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many nanoparticle applications it is important to understand dispersion in liquids. For nanomedicinal and nanotoxicological research this is complicated by the often complex nature of the biological dispersant and ultimately this leads to severe limitations in the analysis of the nanoparticle dispersion by light scattering techniques. Here we present an alternative analysis and associated workflow which utilises electron microscopy. The need to collect large, statistically relevant datasets by imaging vacuum dried, plunge frozen aliquots of suspension was accomplished by developing an automated STEM imaging protocol implemented in an SEM fitted with a transmission detector. Automated analysis of images of agglomerates was achieved by machine learning using two free open‐source software tools: CellProfiler and ilastik. The specific results and overall workflow described enable accurate nanoparticle agglomerate analysis of particles suspended in aqueous media containing other potential confounding components such as salts, vitamins and proteins. Lay Description In order to further advance studies in both nanomedicine and nanotoxicology, we need to continue to understand the dispersion of nanoparticles in biological fluids. These biological environments often contain a number of components such as salts, vitamins and proteins which can lead to difficulties when using traditional techniques to monitor dispersion. Here we present an alternative analysis which utilises electron microscopy. In order to use this approach statistically relevant large image datasets were collected from appropriately prepared samples of nanoparticle suspensions by implementing an automated imaging protocol. Automated analysis of these images was achieved through machine learning using two readily accessible freeware; CellProfiler and ilastik. The workflow presented enables accurate nanoparticle dispersion analysis of particles suspended in more complex biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ilett
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - J Wills
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - P Rees
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, College of Engineering, Swansea, U.K
| | - S Sharma
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - S Micklethwaite
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - A Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - R Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - N Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
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17
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Yang Y, Liu S, Geng J. Microfluidic-Based Platform for the Evaluation of Nanomaterial-Mediated Drug Delivery: From High-Throughput Screening to Dynamic Monitoring. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2953-2968. [PMID: 31362686 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190730100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based drug delivery holds tremendous promise for improving targeting capacity, biodistribution, and performance of therapeutic/diagnostic agents. Accelerating the clinical translation of current nanomedicine requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying the dynamic interaction between nanomaterials and cells in a physiological/pathophysiological-relevant condition. The introduction of the advanced microfluidic platform with miniaturized, well-controlled, and high-throughput features opens new investigation and application opportunities for nanomedicine evaluation. This review highlights the current state-of-theart in the field of 1) microfluidic-assisted in vitro assays that are capable of providing physiological-relevant flow conditions and performing high-throughput drug screening, 2) advanced organ-on-a-chip technology with the combination of microfabrication and tissue engineering techniques for mimicking microenvironment and better predicting in vivo response of nanomedicine, and 3) the integration of microdevice with various detection techniques that can monitor cell-nanoparticle interaction with high spatiotemporal resolution. Future perspectives regarding optimized on-chip disease modeling and personalized nanomedicine screening are discussed towards further expanding the utilization of the microfluidic-based platform in assessing the biological behavior of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfa Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
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18
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Nanoformulation properties, characterization, and behavior in complex biological matrices: Challenges and opportunities for brain-targeted drug delivery applications and enhanced translational potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:146-180. [PMID: 30797956 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (synthetic/cell-based have attracted enormous interest for various therapeutic indications, including neurodegenerative disorders. A broader understanding of the impact of nanomedicines design is now required to enhance their translational potential. Nanoformulations in vivo journey is significantly affected by their physicochemical properties including the size, shape, hydrophobicity, elasticity, and surface charge/chemistry/morphology, which play a role as an interface with the biological environment. Understanding protein corona formation is crucial in characterizing nanocarriers and evaluating their interactions with biological systems. In this review, the types and properties of the brain-targeted nanocarriers are discussed. The biological factors and nanocarriers properties affecting their in vivo behavior are elaborated. The compositional description of cell culture and biological matrices, including proteins potentially relevant to protein corona built-up on nanoformulation especially for brain administration, is provided. Analytical techniques of characterizing nanocarriers in complex matrices, their advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges in industrial GMP environment are discussed. The uses of orthogonal complementary characterization approaches of nanocarriers are also covered.
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19
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Rees P, Wills JW, Brown MR, Barnes CM, Summers HD. The origin of heterogeneous nanoparticle uptake by cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2341. [PMID: 31138801 PMCID: PMC6538724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding nanoparticle uptake by biological cells is fundamentally important to wide-ranging fields from nanotoxicology to drug delivery. It is now accepted that the arrival of nanoparticles at the cell is an extremely complicated process, shaped by many factors including unique nanoparticle physico-chemical characteristics, protein-particle interactions and subsequent agglomeration, diffusion and sedimentation. Sequentially, the nanoparticle internalisation process itself is also complex, and controlled by multiple aspects of a cell's state. Despite this multitude of factors, here we demonstrate that the statistical distribution of the nanoparticle dose per endosome is independent of the initial administered dose and exposure duration. Rather, it is the number of nanoparticle containing endosomes that are dependent on these initial dosing conditions. These observations explain the heterogeneity of nanoparticle delivery at the cellular level and allow the derivation of simple, yet powerful probabilistic distributions that accurately predict the nanoparticle dose delivered to individual cells across a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rees
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University College of Engineering, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - John W Wills
- Biominerals Research, Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - M Rowan Brown
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University College of Engineering, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Claire M Barnes
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University College of Engineering, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Huw D Summers
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University College of Engineering, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
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20
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Uskoković V, Huynh E, Tang S, Jovanović S, Wu VM. Colloids or powders: Which nanoparticle formulations do cells like more? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:39-47. [PMID: 31121380 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the difference in physicochemical properties and biological response between colloidal and powder formulations of identical materials is important before the given materials are used in a medical milieu. In this study we compared a set of biological effects of colloidal and powder formulations of composite nanoparticles comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide cores and silicate/carbon shells. Magnetic dipole interaction between adjacent nanoparticles was more pronounced in their powders than in their colloidal formulations. Nanoparticles delivered as powders were thus more responsive to the magnetic field, but exhibited reduced uptake in bone and brain cancer cells, including K7M2 osteosarcoma line and U87 and E297 glioblastoma lines. Specifically, while the alternate magnetic field elicited a more rapid heat generation in cell culture media supplemented with the magnetic powders, the nanoparticles dispersed in the same media were uptaken by the cancer cells more copiously. The cellular uptake proved to be more crucial in defining the effect on cell survival, given that suspended formulations elicited a greater degree of cancer cell death in the magnetic field compared to the powder-containing formulations. Because of this effect, colloidal formulations were able to target cancer cells more effectively than the powders: they reduced the viability of all three tested cancer cell lines to a significantly greater degree that the viability of the normal, MDCK-MDR1 cell line. It is concluded that better uptake profile can make up for the lower heating rate in the AC field and lead to a more effective magnetic hyperthermia therapy. These results also demonstrate that the direct delivery of ferrofluids is more optimal than the administration of their constitutive particles as powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, United States.
| | - Eric Huynh
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, United States
| | - Sean Tang
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, United States
| | - Sonja Jovanović
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Victoria M Wu
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, United States
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21
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Microfluidic manufacturing improves polydispersity of multicomponent polymeric nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Ilett M, Brydson R, Brown A, Hondow N. Cryo-analytical STEM of frozen, aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles. Micron 2019; 120:35-42. [PMID: 30763878 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In situ characterisation of nanoparticle dispersion and surface coatings is required to further our understanding of the behaviour of nanoparticles in aqueous suspension. Using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) it is possible to analyse a nanoparticle suspension in the frozen, hydrated state; however, this analysis is often limited to imaging alone. This work demonstrates the first use of analytical scanning TEM (STEM) in the examination of nanoparticles captured in a layer of vitreous ice. Imaging and analysis of frozen hydrated suspensions by both STEM energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) under cryogenic conditions demonstrates the identification and separation of CeO2, Fe2O3, ZnO and Ag nanoparticles in suspension. Damage caused by the electron beam was shown to occur at far higher electron fluences in STEM (<2000 e-/Å2) compared to CTEM (<100 e-/Å2) due to diffusion limited damage by the radiolysis products generated in vitreous ice. Further application of cryo-analytical STEM was undertaken on barium titanate biomarker nanoparticles dispersed in cell culture media to show the formation of a Ca and P rich coating around the nanoparticles when suspended in the media. This previously unreported coating changes the surface chemistry of the biomarkers when exposed to cells. Thus we show that the technique has the potential to advance our understanding of the fundamental behaviour of nanoparticles in complex aqueous suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ilett
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rik Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andy Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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23
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Self-stabilized silk sericin-based nanoparticles: In vivo biocompatibility and reduced doxorubicin-induced toxicity. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:385-396. [PMID: 29783089 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A variety of colloid stabilizers and cryoprotectants confer improved nanoparticle (NP) colloidal stability and redisperability. However, discounted tumor targetability, delivery efficacy and possible side effects limit the application in vascular delivery of NPs. Here we present water-soluble silk sericin (SS) not only as a material for the preparation of NPs, but also both a dispersion stabilizer and a cryoprotectant. In the absence of any stabilizers, SS-based NPs (SSC@NPs) can resist the adsorption of serum proteins, preventing the formation of particle agglomerates. Following freeze-drying without addition of cryoprotectants, SSC@NPs powder can be easily resuspended into NP dispersion with a nearly monodispersed distribution. Additionally, SSC@NPs do not result in acute toxicity in mice at a dose of 400 mg/kg with a slow injection. Moreover, doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded SSC@NPs (DOX-SSC@NPs) diminish the biodistribution of DOX in the heart, mitigating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity of mice without compromising therapeutic efficacy. Our results suggest that the self-stabilized SSC@NPs could be a secure and effective drug carrier for intravenous administration when deprived of protective agents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE During manufacturing process such as freeze-drying, or interaction with complex fluids like blood, NPs for systemic drug delivery need to be highly dispersible and structurally intact. In this work, we have demonstrated the self-stability of SSC@NPs subjected to biological media and freeze-drying. This study represents the first work showing water-soluble SS could both act as a dispersion stabilizer and a cryoprotectant due to its hydrophilicity. Plus, good in vivo biocompatibility of SSC@NPs has been confirmed. Therefore, it may be promising that water-soluble SS can be generally used as a safe biomaterial against serum adsorption.
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24
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Mahmoudi M. Debugging Nano-Bio Interfaces: Systematic Strategies to Accelerate Clinical Translation of Nanotechnologies. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:755-769. [PMID: 29559165 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts in the field of nanomedicine that have been made by researchers, funding agencies, entrepreneurs, and the media, fewer nanoparticle (NP) technologies than expected have made it to clinical trials. The wide gap between the efforts and effective clinical translation is, at least in part, due to multiple overlooked factors in both in vitro and in vivo environments, a poor understanding of the nano-bio interface, and misinterpretation of the data collected in vitro, all of which reduce the accuracy of predictions regarding the NPs' fate and safety in humans. To minimize this bench-to-clinic gap, which may accelerate successful clinical translation of NPs, this opinion paper aims to introduce strategies for systematic debugging of nano-bio interfaces in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Låg M, Skuland T, Godymchuk A, Nguyen THT, Pham HLT, Refsnes M. Silica Nanoparticle-induced Cytokine Responses in BEAS-2B and HBEC3-KT Cells: Significance of Particle Size and Signalling Pathways in Different Lung Cell Cultures. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:620-632. [PMID: 29334172 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) of nominal size 50 nm (Si50) induce the pro-inflammatory cytokines CXCL8 and IL-6 in BEAS-2B cells, via mechanisms involving MAPK p38, TACE-mediated TGF-α release and the NF-κB pathway. In this study, we examined whether these findings are cell specific or might be extended to another epithelial lung cell model, HBEC3-KT, and also to SiNPs of a smaller size (nominal size of 10 nm; Si10). The TEM average size of Si10 and Si50 was 10.9 and 34.7 nm, respectively. The surface area (BET) of Si10 was three times higher than for Si50 per mass unit. With respect to hydrodynamic size (DLS), Si10 in exposure medium showed a higher z-average for the main peak than Si50, indicating more excessive agglomeration. Si10 strongly induced CXCL8 and IL-6, as assessed by ELISA and RT-PCR, and was markedly more potent than Si50, even when adjusted to equal surface area. Furthermore, Si10 was far more cytotoxic, measured as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, than Si50 in both epithelial cell cultures. With respect to signalling pathways, Western analysis and experiments with and without inhibition of MAPK, TACE and NF-κB (synthetic inhibitors) revealed that p38-phosphorylation, TACE-mediated TGF-α release and NF-κB activation seem to be important triggering mechanisms for both Si50 and Si10 in the two different lung epithelial cell cultures. In conclusion, the identified signalling pathways are suggested to be important in inducing cytokine responses in different epithelial cell types and also for various sizes of silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Skuland
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Godymchuk
- Department of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology 'MISIS', Moscow, Russia
| | - Thu H T Nguyen
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hang L T Pham
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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