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MacLachlan R, Kanji F, Sakib S, Khan S, Pattyn C, M Imani S, Didar TF, Soleymani L. Superomniphobic and Photoactive Surface Presents Antimicrobial Properties by Repelling and Killing Pathogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55287-55296. [PMID: 37976404 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-acquired infections place a significant burden on the cost and quality of patient care in hospitals. Reducing contamination on surfaces within healthcare environments is critical for halting the spread of these infections. Herein, we report a bifunctional─repel and kill─surface developed using photoactive TiO2 nanoparticles integrated into a hierarchical scaffold (OmniKill). To quantify the repellency of OmniKill, we developed a touch-based assay, capable of simulating the transfer of individual pathogens, multiple pathogens, or pathogen-latent fecal matter from hands to surfaces. OmniKill repels bacterial pathogens by at least 2.77-log (99.8%). The photoactive material within OmniKill further reduces the viability of transferred pathogens on the surface by an additional 2.43-log (99.6%) after 1 h of light exposure. The antipathogenic effects─repel and kill─remain robust under complex biological contaminates such as feces. These findings show the potential use of OmniKill in reducing the physical transmission of bacterial pathogens in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farhaan Kanji
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cedric Pattyn
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara M Imani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Jia D, Lin Y, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q. Recent Advances in Dual-Function Superhydrophobic Antibacterial Surfaces. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300191. [PMID: 37265089 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation on the surfaces of synthetic materials imposes a significant burden in various fields, which can lead to infections in patients or reduce the service life of industrial devices. Therefore, there is increasing interest in imbuing surfaces with antibacterial properties. Bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces with high water contact angles (>150°) exhibit excellent surface repellency against contaminations, thereby preventing initial bacterial adhesion and inhibiting biofilm formation. However, conventional superhydrophobic surfaces typically lack long-term durability and are incapable of achieving persistent efficacy against bacterial adhesion. To overcome these limitations, in recent decades, dual-function superhydrophobic antibacterial surfaces with both bacteria-repelling and bacteria-killing properties have been developed by introducing bactericidal components. These surfaces have demonstrated improved long-term antibacterial performance in addressing the issues associated with surface-attached bacteria. This review summarizes the recent advancements of these dual-function superhydrophobic antibacterial surfaces. First, a brief overview of the fabrication strategies and bacteria-repelling mechanism of superhydrophobic surfaces is provided and then the dual-function superhydrophobic antibacterial surfaces are classified into three types based on the bacteria-killing mechanism: i) mechanotherapy, ii) chemotherapy, and iii) phototherapy. Finally, the limitations and challenges of current research are discussed and future perspectives in this promising area are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuancheng Lin
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Wu W, Duan M, Shao S, Meng F, Qin Y, Zhang M. Recent advances in nanomaterial-mediated bacterial molecular action and their applications in wound therapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6748-6769. [PMID: 37665317 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00663h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of the multi-pathway antibacterial mechanisms of nanomaterials, they have received widespread attention in wound therapy. However, owing to the complexities of bacterial responses toward nanomaterials, antibacterial molecular mechanisms remain unclear, making it difficult to rationally design highly efficient antibacterial nanomaterials. Fortunately, molecular dynamics simulations and omics techniques have been used as effective methods to further investigate the action targets of nanomaterials. Therefore, the review comprehensively analyzes the antibacterial mechanisms of nanomaterials from the morphology-dependent antibacterial activity and physicochemical/optical properties-dependent antibacterial activity, which provided guidance for constructing excellently efficient and broad-spectrum antibacterial nanomaterials for wound therapy. More importantly, the main molecular action targets of nanomaterials from the membranes, DNA, energy metabolism pathways, oxidative stress defense systems, ribosomes, and biofilms are elaborated in detail. Furthermore, nanomaterials used in wound therapy are reviewed and discussed. Finally, future directions of nanomaterials from mechanisms to nanomedicine are further proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfeng Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Mengjiao Duan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Shuxuan Shao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Fanxing Meng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Yanan Qin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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Szpiro L, Bourgeay C, Hoareau AL, Julien T, Menard C, Marie Y, Rosa-Calatrava M, Moules V. Antiviral Activity of Active Materials: Standard and Finger-Pad-Based Innovative Experimental Approaches. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2889. [PMID: 37049183 PMCID: PMC10096329 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surfaces, including high-touch surfaces (HITS), bear a high risk of becoming fomites and can participate in viral dissemination through contact and transmission to other persons, due to the capacity of viruses to persist on such contaminated surface before being transferred to hands or other supports at sufficient concentration to initiate infection through direct contact. Interest in the development of self-decontaminating materials as additional safety measures towards preventing viral infectious disease transmission has been growing. Active materials are expected to reduce the viral charge on surfaces over time and consequently limit viral transmission capacity through direct contact. In this study, we compared antiviral activities obtained using three different experimental procedures by assessing the survival of an enveloped virus (influenza virus) and non-enveloped virus (feline calicivirus) over time on a reference surface and three active materials. Our data show that experimental test conditions can have a substantial impact of over 1 log10 on the antiviral activity of active material for the same contact period, depending on the nature of the virus. We then developed an innovative and reproducible approach based on finger-pad transfer to evaluate the antiviral activity of HITS against a murine norovirus inoculum under conditions closely reflecting real-life surface exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Szpiro
- VirHealth SAS, Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Joint Technology Research Laboratory on Pathogenic Respiratory Viruses (PRV TEchLab), Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Clara Bourgeay
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Joint Technology Research Laboratory on Pathogenic Respiratory Viruses (PRV TEchLab), Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, University Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Loic Hoareau
- VirHealth SAS, Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Julien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Joint Technology Research Laboratory on Pathogenic Respiratory Viruses (PRV TEchLab), Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, University Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Camille Menard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Joint Technology Research Laboratory on Pathogenic Respiratory Viruses (PRV TEchLab), Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, University Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yana Marie
- VirHealth SAS, Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Joint Technology Research Laboratory on Pathogenic Respiratory Viruses (PRV TEchLab), Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir, University Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincent Moules
- VirHealth SAS, Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
- Joint Technology Research Laboratory on Pathogenic Respiratory Viruses (PRV TEchLab), Innovation Centre Lyonbiopole, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
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Abu Jarad N, Rachwalski K, Bayat F, Khan S, Shakeri A, MacLachlan R, Villegas M, Brown ED, Hosseinidoust Z, Didar TF, Soleymani L. A Bifunctional Spray Coating Reduces Contamination on Surfaces by Repelling and Killing Pathogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16253-16265. [PMID: 36926806 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-mediated transmission of pathogens is a major concern with regard to the spread of infectious diseases. Current pathogen prevention methods on surfaces rely on the use of biocides, which aggravate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and pose harmful health effects. In response, a bifunctional and substrate-independent spray coating is presented herein. The bifunctional coating relies on wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane microparticles, decorated with biocidal gold nanoparticles to induce a "repel and kill" effect against pathogens. Pathogen repellency is provided by the structural hierarchy of the microparticles and their surface chemistry, whereas the kill mechanism is achieved using functionalized gold nanoparticles embedded on the microparticles. Bacterial tests with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal a 99.9% reduction in bacterial load on spray-coated surfaces, while antiviral tests with Phi6─a bacterial virus often used as a surrogate to SARS-CoV-2─demonstrate a 98% reduction in virus load on coated surfaces. The newly developed spray coating is versatile, easily applicable to various surfaces, and effective against various pathogens, making it suitable for reducing surface contamination in frequently touched, heavy traffic, and high-risk surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rachwalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Bayat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Villegas
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Zeinab Hosseinidoust
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Engineering Physics, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
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Abu Jarad N, Rachwalski K, Bayat F, Khan S, Shakeri A, MacLachlan R, Villegas M, Brown ED, Soleymani L, Didar TF. An Omniphobic Spray Coating Created from Hierarchical Structures Prevents the Contamination of High-Touch Surfaces with Pathogens. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205761. [PMID: 36587985 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Engineered surfaces that repel pathogens are of great interest due to their role in mitigating the spread of infectious diseases. A robust, universal, and scalable omniphobic spray coating with excellent repellency against water, oil, and pathogens is presented. The coating is substrate-independent and relies on hierarchically structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microparticles, decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Wettability studies reveal the relationship between surface texturing of micro- and/or nano-hierarchical structures and the omniphobicity of the coating. Studies of pathogen transfer with bacteria and viruses reveal that an uncoated contaminated glove transfers pathogens to >50 subsequent surfaces, while a coated glove picks up 104 (over 99.99%) less pathogens upon first contact and transfers zero pathogens after the second touch. The developed coating also provides excellent stability under harsh conditions. The remarkable anti-pathogen properties of this surface combined with its ease of implementation, substantiate its use for the prevention of surface-mediated transmission of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rachwalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Bayat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Martin Villegas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Wang S, Liu Z, Wang L, Xu J, Mo R, Jiang Y, Wen C, Zhang Z, Ren L. Superhydrophobic Mechano-Bactericidal Surface with Photodynamic Antibacterial Capability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:723-735. [PMID: 36573916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion and proliferation on various surfaces pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. Conventional antibacterial strategies that mainly rely on bactericides exhibit high bacteria-killing efficiency but might trigger the well-known risk of antibiotic resistance. Here, we report a superhydrophobic mechano-bactericidal surface with photodynamically enhanced antibacterial capability. First, bioinspired nanopillars with polycarbonate as the bulk material were replicated from anodized alumina oxide templates via a simple hot-pressing molding method. Subsequently, a facile bovine serum albumin phase-transition method was used to introduce chlorin e6 onto the nanopillar-patterned surface, which was then perfluorinated to render the surface superhydrophobic. Benefiting from its strong liquid super-repellency and photodynamically enhanced mechano-bactericidal properties, the superhydrophobic nanopillar-patterned surface exhibits 100% antibacterial efficiency after 30 min visible light irradiation (650 nm, 20 mW cm-2). More strikingly, the surface exhibited impressive long-lasting antimicrobial performance, maintaining a very high bactericidal efficiency (≥99%) even after 10 cycles of bacterial contamination tests. Also, the superhydrophobic nanopillar-patterned surface displays good hemocompatibility with a much lower than the 5% hemolysis rate. Overall, this work offers a new method for significantly enhancing the antibacterial efficiency of structural antimicrobial surfaces without involving any bactericidal agents, and this functional surface shows great potential in the field of advanced medical materials and hospital surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education & College of Biological and Agricultural, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
| | - Ziting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education & College of Biological and Agricultural, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
| | - Jianing Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
| | - Ru Mo
- Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun130021, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education & College of Biological and Agricultural, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria3001, Australia
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education & College of Biological and Agricultural, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education & College of Biological and Agricultural, Jilin University, Changchun130022, China
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Ma Y, Zohaib Aslam M, Wu M, Nitin N, Sun G. Strategies and perspectives of developing anti-biofilm materials for improved food safety. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Leonard H, Jiang X, Arshavsky-Graham S, Holtzman L, Haimov Y, Weizman D, Halachmi S, Segal E. Shining light in blind alleys: deciphering bacterial attachment in silicon microstructures. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:729-742. [PMID: 35616534 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With new advances in infectious disease, antifouling surfaces, and environmental microbiology research comes the need to understand and control the accumulation and attachment of bacterial cells on a surface. Thus, we employ intrinsic phase-shift reflectometric interference spectroscopic measurements of silicon diffraction gratings to non-destructively observe the interactions between bacterial cells and abiotic, microstructured surfaces in a label-free and real-time manner. We conclude that the combination of specific material characteristics (i.e., substrate surface charge and topology) and characteristics of the bacterial cells (i.e., motility, cell charge, biofilm formation, and physiology) drive bacteria to adhere to a particular surface, often leading to a biofilm formation. Such knowledge can be exploited to predict antibiotic efficacy and biofilm formation, and enhance surface-based biosensor development, as well as the design of anti-biofouling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Leonard
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Liran Holtzman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Yuri Haimov
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Daniel Weizman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Sarel Halachmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, 3104800, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Soyekwo F, Wen H, Dan L, Liu C. Crumpled Globule-Heterotextured Polyamide Membrane Interlayered with Protein-Polyphenol Nanoaggregates for Enhanced Forward Osmosis Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24806-24819. [PMID: 35594151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface modulation of polyamide structures and the development of nanochanneled membranes with excellent water transport properties are crucial for the separation performance enhancement of thin-film composite membranes. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a modular nanochannel-integrated polyamide network on a nanoporous interlayer membrane comprising Mxene-reinforced protein-polyphenol nanoaggregates. The research indicates that the confined growth of the polyamide matrix inside this hydrophilic sub-10 nm nanochannel nanoporous intermediate layer stiffened the interfacial channels, leading to the formation of a polyamide layer with a spatial distribution of a network of unique 3D crumpled globule-like nanostructures. The high specific surface area of such a morphology bestowed the membrane with increased filtration area while facilitating the nanofluidic transport of water molecules through the nanochanneled membrane structure, leading to enhanced water flux of up to 26.6 L m-2 h-1 (active layer facing the feed solution) and 41.0 L m-2 h-1 (active layer facing the draw solution) using 1.0 M NaCl as the draw solution. The membrane equally exhibited good treatment for organic solvent forward osmosis filtration and typical seawater desalination. Moreover, the hierarchical nanostructures induced antimicrobial activity by effectively reducing the biofilm formation of Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. This work provides significant insights into the interfacial engineering and compatibility of the nanomaterials and the polymers in interlayer mixed-matrix membranes, which are environmentally sustainable and cost-effective for the fabrication of advanced forward osmosis membranes for water purification and osmotic energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Soyekwo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao Dan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Changkun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Shakeri A, Jarad NA, Khan S, F Didar T. Bio-functionalization of microfluidic platforms made of thermoplastic materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339283. [PMID: 35569863 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a result of their favorable physical and chemical characteristics, thermoplastics have garnered significant interest in the area of microfluidics. The moldable nature of these inexpensive polymers enables easy fabrication, while their durability and chemical stability allow for resistance to high shear stress conditions and functionalization, respectively. This review provides a comprehensive examination several commonly used thermoplastic polymers in the microfluidics space including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), cyclic olefin polymer (COP) and copolymer (COC), polycarbonates (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyester. We describe various biofunctionalization strategies applied within thermoplastic microfluidic platforms and their resultant applications. Lastly, emerging technologies with a focus on applying recently developed microfluidic and biofunctionalization strategies into thermoplastic systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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12
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Khan S, Jarad NA, Ladouceur L, Rachwalski K, Bot V, Shakeri A, Maclachlan R, Sakib S, Weitz JI, Brown ED, Soleymani L, Didar TF. Transparent and Highly Flexible Hierarchically Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces Suppress Bacterial Attachment and Thrombosis Under Static and Dynamic Conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108112. [PMID: 35224860 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface fouling of biomedical devices has been an ongoing issue in healthcare. Bacterial and blood adhesion in particular, severely impede the performance of such tools, leading to poor patient outcomes. Various structural and chemical modifications have been shown to reduce fouling, but all existing strategies lack the combination of physical, chemical, and economic traits necessary for widespread use. Herein, a lubricant infused, hierarchically micro- and nanostructured polydimethylsiloxane surface is presented. The surface is easy to produce and exhibits the high flexibility and optical transparency necessary for incorporation into various biomedical tools. Tests involving two clinically relevant, priority pathogens show up to a 98.5% reduction in the biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. With blood, the surface reduces staining by 95% and suppresses thrombin generation to background levels. Furthermore, the surface shows applicability within applications such as catheters, extracorporeal circuits, and microfluidic devices, through its effectiveness in dynamic conditions. The perfusion of bacterial media shows up to 96.5% reduction in bacterial adhesion. Similarly, a 95.8% reduction in fibrin networks is observed following whole blood perfusion. This substrate stands to hold high applicability within biomedical systems as a means to prevent fouling, thus improving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Liane Ladouceur
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rachwalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Veronica Bot
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Roderick Maclachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L7, Canada
| | - Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and the Thrombosis & Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L7, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
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13
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MacLachlan R, Vahedi F, Imani SM, Ashkar AA, Didar TF, Soleymani L. Pathogen-Repellent Plastic Warp with Built-In Hierarchical Structuring Prevents the Contamination of Surfaces with Coronaviruses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:11068-11077. [PMID: 35225604 PMCID: PMC8903211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, it is evident that viral spread is mediated through several different transmission pathways. Reduction of these transmission pathways is urgently needed to control the spread of viruses between infected and susceptible individuals. Herein, we report the use of pathogen-repellent plastic wraps (RepelWrap) with engineered surface structures at multiple length scales (nanoscale to microscale) as a means of reducing the indirect contact transmission of viruses through fomites. To quantify viral repellency, we developed a touch-based viral quantification assay to mimic the interaction of a contaminated human touch with a surface through the modification of traditional viral quantification methods (viral plaque and TCID50 assays). These studies demonstrate that RepelWrap reduced contamination with an enveloped DNA virus as well as the human coronavirus 229E (HuCoV-229E) by more than 4 log 10 (>99.99%) compared to a standard commercially available polyethylene plastic wrap. In addition, RepelWrap maintained its repellent properties after repeated 300 touches and did not show an accumulation in viral titer after multiple contacts with contaminated surfaces, while increases were seen on other commonly used surfaces. These findings show the potential use of repellent surfaces in reducing viral contamination on surfaces, which could, in turn, reduce the surface-based spread and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick MacLachlan
- Department
of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department
of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Sara M. Imani
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department
of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- McMaster
Immunology Research Center, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Tohid F. Didar
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L7, Canada
- Michael G.
DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department
of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- Michael G.
DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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14
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Feng Y, Lv X, Ran X, Jia C, Qin L, Chen M, Qi R, Peng H, Lin H. High-efficiency synthesis of Cu superfine particles via reducing cuprous and cupric oxides with monoethanolamine and their antimicrobial potentials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:749-757. [PMID: 34634547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO) are widely available and low cost raw materials. Their applications as precursors for wet chemical synthesis of metallic Cu materials are greatly limited due to their insoluble in water and most organic solvents. In this work, copper superfine particles (Cu SPs) are synthesized using Cu2O and CuO as precursors via a heating process in monoethanoamine (MEA). Due to the strong coordinating character, Cu2O and CuO can be partially dissolved in MEA. The dissolved copper source is reduced by MEA at elevated temperature with the drastically releasing of NH3. As the dissolved copper source is reduced, more oxide will be dissolved and finally leads to the full reduction of Cu2O and CuO to produce the Cu SPs. The advantage of this synthesis method is that MEA acts as both the solvent and the reducing agent. The antimicrobial properties are investigated to find that the obtained Cu SPs depress the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (St. aureus) efficiently. More interesting, the composites produced via curing Cu2O and CuO with a small amount of MEA also exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity, indicating the MEA curing method is high-efficiency. The synthesis is low cost, high-efficiency, high atom-economy and up-scale synthesizing easily, which will benefit the wide applications of Cu SPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xinyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xi Ran
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Caifeng Jia
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lujie Qin
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Maoshen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Hechun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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15
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Ladouceur L, Shakeri A, Khan S, Rincon AR, Kasapgil E, Weitz JI, Soleymani L, Didar TF. Producing Fluorine- and Lubricant-Free Flexible Pathogen- and Blood-Repellent Surfaces Using Polysiloxane-Based Hierarchical Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3864-3874. [PMID: 35040309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-touch surfaces are known to be a major route for the spread of pathogens in healthcare and public settings. Antimicrobial coatings have, therefore, garnered significant attention to help mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases via the surface route. Among antimicrobial coatings, pathogen-repellent surfaces provide unique advantages in terms of safety in public settings such as instant repellency, affordability, biocompatibility, and long-term stability. While there have been many advances in the fabrication of biorepellent surfaces in the past two decades, this area of research continues to suffer challenges in scalability, cost, compatibility with high-touch applications, and performance for pathogen repellency. These features are critical for high-touch surfaces to be used in public settings. Additionally, the environmental impact of manufacturing repellent surfaces remains a challenge, mainly due to the use of fluorinated coatings. Here, we present a flexible hierarchical coating with straightforward and cost-effective manufacturing without the use of fluorine or a lubricant. Hierarchical surfaces were prepared through the growth of polysiloxane nanostructures using n-propyltrichlorosilane (n-PTCS) on activated polyolefin (PO), followed by heat shrinking to induce microscale wrinkles. The developed coatings demonstrated repellency, with contact angles over 153° and sliding angles <1°. In assays mimicking touch, these hierarchical surfaces demonstrated a 97.5% reduction in transmission of Escherichia coli (E.coli), demonstrating their potential as antimicrobial coatings to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. Additionally, the developed surfaces displayed a 93% reduction in blood staining after incubation with human whole blood, confirming repellent properties that reduce bacterial deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Ladouceur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Alejandra Rey Rincon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Esra Kasapgil
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Bakircay, TR-35665 Menemen, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Thrombosis & Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8L 2X2
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research (IIDR), McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
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16
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Cao M, Wang S, Hu J, Lu B, Wang Q, Zang S. Silver Cluster-Porphyrin-Assembled Materials as Advanced Bioprotective Materials for Combating Superbacteria. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103721. [PMID: 34761563 PMCID: PMC8805555 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Superbugs are bacteria that have grown resistant to most antibiotics, seriously threating the health of people. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles are known to exert a wide-spectrum antimicrobial property, yet remains challenging against superbugs. Here, Ag clusters are assembled using porphyrin-based linkers and a novel framework structure (Ag9 -AgTPyP) is produced, in which nine-nuclearity Ag9 clusters are uniformly separated by Ag-centered porphyrin units (AgTPyP) in two dimensions, demonstrating open permeant porosity. Ag9 -AgTPyP eliminates over 99.99999% and 99.999% methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) within 2 h upon visible-light irradiation, which are superior to a majority of bacteria inactivation photocatalysts. The novel-established long-term charge-transfer states from AgTPyP to adjacent Ag9 cluster that has preferential affinity to O2 greatly promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production efficiency; and its unique framework accelerates the ROS transportation. Personal protective equipment (masks and protective suits) incorporating Ag9 -AgTPyP film also shows excellent performances against superbugs. This superbugs-killing efficiency is unprecedented among silver complexes and porphyrin derivatives. Utilizing efficient photogenerated electrons and holes between metal cluster and linkers can open up new interests of research in photocatalytic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional MaterialsHenan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster MaterialsGreen Catalysis Centerand College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional MaterialsHenan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster MaterialsGreen Catalysis Centerand College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Jia‐Hua Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional MaterialsHenan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster MaterialsGreen Catalysis Centerand College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Bing‐Huai Lu
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing100029China
- China Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesShenzhen Third People's HospitalSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Qian‐You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional MaterialsHenan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster MaterialsGreen Catalysis Centerand College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Shuang‐Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional MaterialsHenan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster MaterialsGreen Catalysis Centerand College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
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17
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Jiang R, Yi Y, Hao L, Chen Y, Tian L, Dou H, Zhao J, Ming W, Ren L. Thermoresponsive Nanostructures: From Mechano-Bactericidal Action to Bacteria Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60865-60877. [PMID: 34905683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics can increase the risk of notorious antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which has become a growing public health concern worldwide. Featured with the merit of mechanical rupture of bacterial cells, the bioinspired nanopillars are promising alternatives to antibiotics for combating bacterial infections while avoiding antibacterial resistance. However, the resident dead bacterial cells on nanopillars may greatly impair their bactericidal capability and ultimately impede their translational potential toward long-term applications. Here, we show that the functions of bactericidal nanopillars can be significantly broadened by developing a hybrid thermoresponsive polymer@nanopillar-structured surface, which retains all of the attributes of pristine nanopillars and adds one more: releasing dead bacteria. We fabricate this surface through coaxially decorating mechano-bactericidal ZnO nanopillars with thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) brushes. Combining the benefits of ZnO nanopillars and PNIPAAm chains, the antibacterial performances can be controllably regulated between ultrarobust mechano-bactericidal action (∼99%) and remarkable bacteria-releasing efficiency (∼98%). Notably, both the mechanical sterilization against the live bacteria and the controllable release for the pinned dead bacteria solely stem from physical actions, stimulating the exploration of intelligent structure-based bactericidal surfaces with persistent antibacterial properties without the risk of triggering drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China
| | - Yaozhen Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lingwan Hao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Limei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Haixu Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Weihua Ming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, United States
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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18
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He W, Ye X, Cui T. Progress of shrink polymer micro- and nanomanufacturing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:88. [PMID: 34790360 PMCID: PMC8566528 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional lithography plays a significant role in the fabrication of micro- and nanostructures. Nevertheless, the fabrication process still suffers from the limitations of manufacturing devices with a high aspect ratio or three-dimensional structure. Recent findings have revealed that shrink polymers attain a certain potential in micro- and nanostructure manufacturing. This technique, denoted as heat-induced shrink lithography, exhibits inherent merits, including an improved fabrication resolution by shrinking, controllable shrinkage behavior, and surface wrinkles, and an efficient fabrication process. These merits unfold new avenues, compensating for the shortcomings of traditional technologies. Manufacturing using shrink polymers is investigated in regard to its mechanism and applications. This review classifies typical applications of shrink polymers in micro- and nanostructures into the size-contraction feature and surface wrinkles. Additionally, corresponding shrinkage mechanisms and models for shrinkage, and wrinkle parameter control are examined. Regarding the size-contraction feature, this paper summarizes the progress on high-aspect-ratio devices, microchannels, self-folding structures, optical antenna arrays, and nanowires. Regarding surface wrinkles, this paper evaluates the development of wearable sensors, electrochemical sensors, energy-conversion technology, cell-alignment structures, and antibacterial surfaces. Finally, the limitations and prospects of shrink lithography are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xiongying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Tianhong Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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19
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Michalska M, Divan R, Noirot P, Laible PD. Antimicrobial properties of nanostructured surfaces - demonstrating the need for a standard testing methodology. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17603-17614. [PMID: 34668503 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02953c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired nanostructured materials that exhibit antimicrobial properties are being synthesized and tested at increasing rates for use in healthcare, manufacturing processes, and diagnostics. Although progress has been made in improving and understanding their bactericidal activity, arguably, the biggest problem currently in the field is the lack of a standard testing methodology that allows for optimal characterization and better comparison of emerging nanostructures. Here, we examine two forms of nanostructured silicon that vary in their ability to kill certain bacterial species due to different physical mechanisms and derive guidelines for the comparative testing. We perform a comprehensive evaluation of methodologies used extensively in the field (e.g., colony counting and live dead analysis) and the novel application of high-throughput flow cytometry. The data reveal how the techniques are complementary but not always directly equivalent or correlative. Therefore, comparison of results obtained using different methodologies on different materials can be grossly misleading. We report significant variations in bactericidal efficiencies depending on experimental environments (medium type, etc.) and methodologies employed. In addition, we demonstrate how cytometry is yet another powerful complementary tool that can aid the mechanistic understanding of antimicrobial activities of rough surfaces. Besides standardization for comparison, ultimately, evaluation methods need to consider anticipated applications. Then and only then can the true potential (or limitation) of a novel material be determined for its suitability for advancement in a particular field of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Michalska
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Philippe Noirot
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Philip D Laible
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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20
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Li W, Thian ES, Wang M, Wang Z, Ren L. Surface Design for Antibacterial Materials: From Fundamentals to Advanced Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100368. [PMID: 34351704 PMCID: PMC8498904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-acquired infections as well as increasing antimicrobial resistance have become an urgent global challenge, thus smart alternative solutions are needed to tackle bacterial infections. Antibacterial materials in biomedical applications and hospital hygiene have attracted great interest, in particular, the emergence of surface design strategies offer an effective alternative to antibiotics, thereby preventing the possible development of bacterial resistance. In this review, recent progress on advanced surface modifications to prevent bacterial infections are addressed comprehensively, starting with the key factors against bacterial adhesion, followed by varying strategies that can inhibit biofilm formation effectively. Furthermore, "super antibacterial systems" through pre-treatment defense and targeted bactericidal system, are proposed with increasing evidence of clinical potential. Finally, the advantages and future challenges of surface strategies to resist healthcare-associated infections are discussed, with promising prospects of developing novel antimicrobial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- Department of BiomaterialsState Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceCollege of MaterialsXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Eng San Thian
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117576Singapore
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of BiomaterialsState Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceCollege of MaterialsXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Zuyong Wang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of BiomaterialsState Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceCollege of MaterialsXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
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21
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Kim S, Kim WY, Nam SH, Shin S, Choi SH, Kim DH, Lee H, Choi HJ, Lee E, Park JH, Jo I, Fang NX, Cho YT. Microstructured Surfaces for Reducing Chances of Fomite Transmission via Virus-Containing Respiratory Droplets. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14049-14060. [PMID: 34339604 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation-induced particle aggregation in drying droplets is of significant importance in the prevention of pathogen transfer due to the possibility of indirect fomite transmission of the infectious virus particles. In this study, particle aggregation was directionally controlled using contact line dynamics (pinned or slipping) and geometrical gradients on microstructured surfaces by the systematic investigation of the evaporation process on sessile droplets and sprayed microdroplets laden with virus-simulant nanoparticles. Using this mechanism, we designed robust particle capture surfaces by significantly inhibiting the contact transfer of particles from fomite surfaces. For the proof-of-concept, interconnected hexagonal and inverted pyramidal microwall were fabricated using ultraviolet-based nanoimprint lithography, which is considered to be a promising scalable manufacturing process. We demonstrated the potentials of an engineered microcavity surface to limit the contact transfer of particle aggregates deposited with the evaporation of microdroplets by 93% for hexagonal microwall and by 96% for inverted pyramidal microwall. The particle capture potential of the interconnected microstructures was also investigated using biological particles, including adenoviruses and lung-derived extracellular vesicles. The findings indicate that the proposed microstructured surfaces can reduce the indirect fomite transmission of highly infectious agents, including norovirus, rotavirus, or SARS-CoV-2, via respiratory droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Woo Young Kim
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Seunghang Shin
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Su Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Do Hyeog Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Hyeok Jae Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Eungman Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, South Korea
- Ewha Education & Research Center for Infection, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Young Tae Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
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22
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Sharifikolouei E, Najmi Z, Cochis A, Scalia AC, Aliabadi M, Perero S, Rimondini L. Generation of cytocompatible superhydrophobic Zr-Cu-Ag metallic glass coatings with antifouling properties for medical textiles. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100148. [PMID: 34765962 PMCID: PMC8573186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zirconium-Copper-based metallic glass thin films represent promising coatings in the biomedical sector for their combination of antibacterial property and wear resistance. However, finding a Zr-Cu metallic glass composition with desirable cytocompatibility and antibacterial property is extremely challenging. In this work, we have created a cytocompatible and (super-)hydrophobic Zr-Cu-Ag metallic glass coating with ≈95% antifouling properties. First, a range of different chemical compositions were prepared via Physical Vapor Deposition magnetron by co-sputtering Zr, Cu, and Ag onto a Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) substrate among which Zr93·5Cu6·2Ag0.2, Zr76·7Cu22·7Ag0.5, and Zr69·3Cu30·1Ag0.6 were selected to be further investigate for their surface properties, antibacterial activity, and cytocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a micro-roughness fibrous structure holding superhydrophobic properties demonstrated by specimens' static and dynamic contact angle measurements ranging from 130° to 150°. The dynamic contact angle measurements have shown hysteresis below 10° for all coated samples which indicated the superhydrophobicity of the samples. To distinguish between antifouling and bactericidal effect of the coating, ions release from coatings into Luria Bertani Broth (LB), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) solutions were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements after 24 h and 5 days. Antifouling properties were evaluated by infecting the specimens' surface with the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli strain reporting a ≈95% reduction of bacteria adhesion as visually confirmed by FESEM and fluorescent live/dead staining. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were used for direct cytocompatibility evaluation of coated samples and their metabolic activity was evaluated via relative fluorescence unit after 24 h and 5 days confirming that it was comparable to the controls (>97% viable cells). The results were further visualized by FESEM, fluorescent staining by Live/Dead Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit and confirmed the cytocompatibility of all coated samples. Finally, hMSC' cytoplasm was stained by May Grunwald and Giemsa after 5days to detect and visualize the released ions which have diffused through the cells' membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sharifikolouei
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Ziba Najmi
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases − CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases − CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Alessandro Calogero Scalia
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases − CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Maryam Aliabadi
- Competence Center Textile Chemistry, Environment, Energy, German Institute of Textile and Fiber Research, 73770, Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Sergio Perero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases − CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100, Novara, NO, Italy
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23
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Hasanzadeh A, Alamdaran M, Ahmadi S, Nourizadeh H, Bagherzadeh MA, Mofazzal Jahromi MA, Simon P, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Nanotechnology against COVID-19: Immunization, diagnostic and therapeutic studies. J Control Release 2021; 336:354-374. [PMID: 34175366 PMCID: PMC8226031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early 2020 soon led to the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since then, the clinical and scientific communities have been closely collaborating to develop effective strategies for controlling the ongoing pandemic. The game-changing fields of recent years, nanotechnology and nanomedicine have the potential to not only design new approaches, but also to improve existing methods for the fight against COVID-19. Nanomaterials can be used in the development of highly efficient, reusable personal protective equipment, and antiviral nano-coatings in public settings could prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Smart nanocarriers have accelerated the design of several therapeutic, prophylactic, or immune-mediated approaches against COVID-19. Some nanovaccines have even entered Phase IΙ/IIΙ clinical trials. Several rapid and cost-effective COVID-19 diagnostic techniques have also been devised based on nanobiosensors, lab-on-a-chip systems, or nanopore technology. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging role of nanotechnology in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Alamdaran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helena Nourizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sport Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Social Science, Media and Sport, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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24
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Jing L, Hsiao LY, Li S, Yang H, Ng PLP, Ding M, Truong TV, Gao SP, Li K, Guo YX, Valdivia Y Alvarado P, Chen PY. 2D-Material-integrated hydrogels as multifunctional protective skins for soft robots. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2065-2078. [PMID: 34846484 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots provide compliant object-machine interactions, but they exhibit insufficient material stability, which restricts them from working in harsh environments. Herein, we developed a class of soft robotic skins based on two-dimensional materials (2DMs) and gelatin hydrogels, featuring skin-like multifunctionality (stretchability, thermoregulation, threat protection, and strain sensing). The 2DM-integrated hydrogel (2DM/H) skins enabled soft robots to execute designated missions in the presence of high levels of heat and various environmental threats while maintaining mild machine temperatures. Via adopting different 2DMs (graphene oxide (GO), montmorillonite (MMT), and titanium carbide (MXene)), the 2DM/H-protected robots were able to perform soft grasping in organic liquids (GO/H) and open fire (MMT/H), and in the presence of electromagnetic radiation and biocontamination (MXene/H). Through blending MXene nanosheets into gelatin, the MXene-blended hydrogel (M-H) skin became strain sensitive, and a GO/M-H gripper exhibited the high-level integration of skin-mimicking capabilities. Finally, we incorporated 2DM/H skins onto an origami-inspired walker robot and a soft batoid-like robot to execute vision-guided searching in fire and underwater locomotion/navigation in chemical spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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25
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Kollu NV, LaJeunesse DR. Cell Rupture and Morphogenesis Control of the Dimorphic Yeast Candida albicans by Nanostructured Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1361-1369. [PMID: 33490795 PMCID: PMC7818643 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces control microbial biofilm formation by killing mechanically via surface architecture. However, the interactions between nanostructured surfaces (NSS) and cellular fungi have not been thoroughly investigated and the application of NSS as a means of controlling fungal biofilms is uncertain. Cellular yeast such as Candida albicans are structurally and biologically distinct from prokaryotic microbes and therefore are predicted to react differently to nanostructured surfaces. The dimorphic opportunistic fungal pathogen, C. albicans, is responsible for most cases of invasive candidiasis and is a serious health concern due to the rapid increase of drug resistance strains. In this paper, we show that the nanostructured surfaces from a cicada wing alter C. albicans' viability, biofilm formation, adhesion, and morphogenesis through physical contact. However, the fungal cell response to the NSS suggests that nanoscale mechanical interactions impact C. albicans differently than prokaryotic microbes. This study informs on the use of nanoscale architecture for the control of eukaryotic biofilm formation and illustrates some potential caveats with the application of NSS as an antimicrobial means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Venkatesh Kollu
- Department of Nanoscience,
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Dennis R. LaJeunesse
- Department of Nanoscience,
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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26
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Blacutt J, Lan Z, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM, Gordon VD. Quantitative confocal microscopy and calibration for measuring differences in cyclic-di-GMP signalling by bacteria on biomedical hydrogels. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201453. [PMID: 33614081 PMCID: PMC7890475 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The growth of bacterial biofilms on implanted medical devices causes harmful infections and device failure. Biofilm development initiates when bacteria attach to and sense a surface. For the common nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and many others, the transition to the biofilm phenotype is controlled by the intracellular signal and second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). It is not known how biomedical materials might be adjusted to impede c-di-GMP signalling, and there are few extant methods for conducting such studies. Here, we develop such a method. We allowed P. aeruginosa to attach to the surfaces of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels. These bacteria contained a plasmid for a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter for c-di-GMP. We used laser-scanning confocal microscopy to measure the dynamics of the GFP reporter for 3 h, beginning 1 h after introducing bacteria to the hydrogel. We controlled for the effects of changes in bacterial metabolism using a promoterless plasmid for GFP, and for the effects of light passing through different hydrogels being differently attenuated by using fluorescent plastic beads as 'standard candles' for calibration. We demonstrate that this method can measure statistically significant differences in c-di-GMP signalling associated with different PEGDA gel types and with the surface-exposed protein PilY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Blacutt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ziyang Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Vernita D. Gordon
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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27
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Kamelian FS, Mohammadi T, Naeimpoor F, Sillanpää M. One-Step and Low-Cost Designing of Two-Layered Active-Layer Superhydrophobic Silicalite-1/PDMS Membrane for Simultaneously Achieving Superior Bioethanol Pervaporation and Fouling/Biofouling Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56587-56603. [PMID: 33269590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the coupling of biofuel fermentation broths and pervaporation has been receiving increasing attention. Some challenges, such as the destructive effects of constituents of the real fermentation broth on the membrane performances, the lethal effects of the membrane surface chemical modifiers on the microorganisms, and being expensive, are against this concept. For the first time, a continuous study on the one-step and low-cost preparation of superhydrophobic membranes for bioethanol separation is made to address these challenges. In our previous work, spraying as a fast, scalable, and low-cost procedure was applied to fabricate the one-layered active-layer hydrophobic (OALH) silicalite-1/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane on the low-cost mullite support. In this work, the spraying method was adopted to fabricate a two-layered active-layer superhydrophobic (TALS) silicalite-1/PDMS membrane, where the novel active layer consisted of two layers with different hydrophobicities and densities. Contact-angle measurements, surface charge determination, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and pervaporation separation using a 5 wt % ethanol solution were used to statically evaluate the fouling/biofouling resistance and pervaporation performances of OALH and TALS membranes in this study. The TALS membrane presented a better resistance and performance. For dynamic experiments, the Box-Behnken design was used to identify the effects of substrates, microorganisms, and nutrient contents as the leading indicators of fermentation broth on the TALS membrane performances for the long-term utilization. The maximum performances of 1.88 kg/m2·h, 32.34, and 59.04 kg/m2·h concerning the permeation flux, separation factor, and pervaporation separation index were obtained, respectively. The dynamic fouling/biofouling resistance of the TALS membrane was also characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of all the tested membranes. The TALS membrane demonstrated the synergistic resistance of membrane fouling and biofouling. Eventually, the novel TALS membrane was found to have potential for biofuel recovery, especially bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Sadat Kamelian
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
- Research and Technology Center of Membrane Processes, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Toraj Mohammadi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
- Research and Technology Center of Membrane Processes, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Naeimpoor
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, 33199 Miami, Florida, United States
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28
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Imani SM, Maclachlan R, Chan Y, Shakeri A, Soleymani L, Didar TF. Hierarchical Structures, with Submillimeter Patterns, Micrometer Wrinkles, and Nanoscale Decorations, Suppress Biofouling and Enable Rapid Droplet Digitization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004886. [PMID: 33230941 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid repellant surfaces have been shown to play a vital role for eliminating thrombosis on medical devices, minimizing blood contamination on common surfaces as well as preventing non-specific adhesion. Herein, an all solution-based, easily scalable method for producing liquid repellant flexible films, fabricated through nanoparticle deposition and heat-induced thin film wrinkling that suppress blood adhesion, and clot formation is reported. Furthermore, superhydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces are combined onto the same substrate using a facile streamlined process. The patterned superhydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces show selective digitization of droplets from various solutions with a single solution dipping step, which provides a route for rapid compartmentalization of solutions into virtual wells needed for high-throughput assays. This rapid solution digitization approach is demonstrated for detection of Interleukin 6. The developed liquid repellant surfaces are expected to find a wide range of applications in high-throughput assays and blood contacting medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Imani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Roderick Maclachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Yuting Chan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
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29
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Ma Y, Yi J, Pan B, Nitin N, Sun G. Chlorine Rechargeable Biocidal N-Halamine Nanofibrous Membranes Incorporated with Bifunctional Zwitterionic Polymers for Efficient Water Disinfection Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51057-51068. [PMID: 33138373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An intrinsically hydrophilic nanofibrous membrane with chlorine rechargeable biocidal and antifouling functions was prepared by using a combination of chemically bonded N-halamine moieties and zwitterionic polymers (PEI-S). The designed nanofibrous membrane, named as PEI-S@BNF-2 h, can exhibit integrated features of reduced bacterial adhesion, rechargeable biocidal activity, and easy release of killed bacteria by using mild hydrodynamic forces. The representative functional performances of the PEI-S@BNF-2 h membrane include high active chlorine capacity (>4000 ppm), large specific surface area, ease of chlorine rechargeability, long-term stability, and exceptional biocidal activity (99.9999% via contact killing). More importantly, the zwitterionic polymer moieties (PEI-S) brought robust antifouling properties to this biocidal membrane, therefore reducing the biofouling-biofilm effect and prolonging the lifetime of the filtration membrane. These attributes enable the PEI-S@BNF-2 h nanofibrous membrane to effectively disinfect the microbe-contaminated water with high fluxes (10,000 L m-2 h-1) and maintain itself clean for a long-term application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jiyoon Yi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bofeng Pan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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30
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Imani SM, Ladouceur L, Marshall T, Maclachlan R, Soleymani L, Didar TF. Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12341-12369. [PMID: 33034443 PMCID: PMC7553040 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorganic and organic materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Imani
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Liane Ladouceur
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Terrel Marshall
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Roderick Maclachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Tohid F. Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of
Infectious Disease Research, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5,
Canada
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Zheng K, Li S, Jing L, Chen P, Xie J. Synergistic Antimicrobial Titanium Carbide (MXene) Conjugated with Gold Nanoclusters. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001007. [PMID: 32881328 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance toward antibiotics is a world-wide problem, and one potential solution to fight against the resistance is to develop multi-mechanism antimicrobial agents to achieve synergistic performance. Titanium carbide (MXene) is an emerging 2D nanomaterial with antimicrobial ability to physically damage bacterial membrane and chemically induce oxidative stress, and it can be further conjugated with nanomaterials to improve its antibacterial performance. Herein, a synergistic antimicrobial agent is developed through conjugation of the ultra-small gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) on MXene nanosheets. The conjugated AuNCs are effectively delivered into bacteria after bacterial membrane damage caused by MXene, generating localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) of high concentration to effectively oxidize bacterial membrane lipid for enhanced membrane broken, as well as bacterial DNA for violent fragmentation. Thus, the synergistic physical (via MXene) and chemical (via MXene and AuNCs) antimicrobial mechanisms lead to eventual bacterial death of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with low IC50 values of 11.7 µg mL-1 of MXene and 0.04 µm of AuNCs. Moreover, the crumpled MXene-AuNCs structure is constructed to inhibit biofilm formation, which hold synergistic antibacterial ability of MXene-AuNCs conjugation, hydrophobic surface to prevent bacterial attachment, and large surface area containing higher density of bactericides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Po‐Yen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
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Villani M, Bertoglio F, Restivo E, Bruni G, Iervese S, Arciola CR, Carulli F, Iannace S, Bertini F, Visai L. Polyurethane-Based Coatings with Promising Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194296. [PMID: 32993029 PMCID: PMC7579457 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In coatings technology, the possibility of introducing specific characteristics at the surface level allows for the manufacture of medical devices with efficient and prolonged antibacterial properties. This efficiency is often achieved by the use of a small amount of antibacterial molecules, which can fulfil their duty while limiting eventual releasing problems. The object of this work was the preparation and characterization of silver, titanium dioxide and chitosan polyurethane-based coatings. Coatings with the three antibacterials were prepared using different deposition techniques, using a brush or a bar coater automatic film applicator, and compared to solvent casted films prepared with the same components. For silver containing materials, an innovative strategy contemplating the use and preparation of silver nanoparticles in a single step-method was employed. This preparation was obtained starting from a silver precursor and using a single compound as the reducing agent and stabilizer. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, contact angle measurements and adhesion test experiments were used to characterize the prepared coatings. Promising antibacterial properties, measured via direct and indirect methods, were registered for all the silver-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Villani
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”—CNR, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: or (M.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.B.); (E.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.B.); (E.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Center for Colloid and Surfaces Science (C.S.G.I.), Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Iervese
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.B.); (E.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo, 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Carulli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”—CNR, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (F.B.)
| | - Salvatore Iannace
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”—CNR, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabio Bertini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”—CNR, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (F.B.)
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.B.); (E.R.); (S.I.)
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A Società Benefit, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: or (M.V.); (L.V.)
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