1
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McDonough R, Williams CC, Hartley CJ, French N, Scott C, Lewis DA. Kinetic Model for the Heterogeneous Biocatalytic Reactions Using Tethered Cofactors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6685-6693. [PMID: 38525517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of interfacial enzyme kinetics is critical to the development of synthetic biological systems for the production of value-added chemicals. Here, the interfacial kinetics of the catalysis of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes acting on NAD+ tethered to the surface of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has been investigated using two complementary and supporting kinetic approaches: enzyme excess and reactant (NAD+) excess. Kinetic models developed for these two approaches characterize several critical reaction steps including reversible enzyme adsorption, complexation, decomplexation, and catalysis of the surface-bound enzyme/NAD+ complex. The analysis reveals a concentrating effect resulting in a very high local concentration of enzyme and cofactor on the particle surface, in which the enzyme is saturated by surface-bound NAD, facilitating a rate enhancement of enzyme/NAD+ complexation and catalysis. This resulted in high enzyme efficiency within the tethered NAD+ system compared to that of the free enzyme/NAD+ system, which increases with decreasing enzyme concentration. The role of enzyme adsorption onto solid substrates with a tethered catalyst (such as NAD+) has potential for creating highly efficient flow biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan McDonough
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | | | - Nigel French
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A Lewis
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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2
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Kassem R, Cousin A, Clesse D, Poignavent V, Trolet A, Ritzenthaler C, Michon T, Chovin A, Demaille C. Nanobody-guided redox and enzymatic functionalization of icosahedral virus particles for enhanced bioelectrocatalysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108570. [PMID: 37769510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral, 30 nm diameter, grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) virus particles are adsorbed onto electrodes and used as nanoscaffolds for the assembly of an integrated glucose oxidizing system, comprising the enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) and ferrocenylated polyethylene glycol chains (Fc-PEG) as a redox co-substrate. Two different GFLV-specific nanobodies, either fused to the enzyme, or chemically conjugated to Fc-PEG, are used for the regio-selective immunodecoration of the viral particles. A comprehensive kinetic characterization of the enzymatic function of the particles, initially decorated with the enzyme alone shows that simple immobilization on the GFLV capsid has no effect on the kinetic scheme of the enzyme, nor on its catalytic activity. However, we find that co-immobilization of the enzyme and the Fc-PEG co-substrate on GFLV does induce enzymatic enhancement, by promoting cooperativity between the two subunits of the homodimeric enzyme, via "synchronization" of their redox state. A decrease in inhibition of the enzyme by its substrate (glucose) is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Kassem
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Cousin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Clesse
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vianney Poignavent
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Trolet
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thierry Michon
- Université de Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France.
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3
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Krause KD, Rees K, Algar WR. Assessing the Steric Impact of Surface Ligands on the Proteolytic Turnover of Quantum Dot-Peptide Conjugates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38047551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are important biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The advantageous properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have made these nanoparticles useful as probes for protease activity; however, the effects of QD surface chemistry on protease activity are not yet fully understood. Here, we present a systematic study of the impact of sterics on the proteolysis of QD-peptide conjugates. The study utilized eight proteases (chymotrypsin, trypsin, endoproteinase Lys C, papain, endoproteinase Arg C, thrombin, factor Xa, and plasmin) and 41 distinct surface chemistries. The latter included three molecular weights of each of three macromolecular ligands derived from dextran and polyethylene glycol, as well as anionic and zwitterionic small-molecule ligands, and an array of mixed coatings of macromolecular and small-molecule ligands. These surface chemistries spanned a diversity of thicknesses, densities, and packing organization, as characterized by gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. The macromolecular ligands decreased the adsorption of proteases on the QDs and decelerated proteolysis of the QD-peptide conjugates via steric hindrance. The properties of the QD surface chemistry, rather than the protease properties, were the main factor in determining the magnitude of deceleration. The broad scope of this study provides insights into the many ways in which QD surface chemistry affects protease activity, and will inform the development of optimized nanoparticle-peptide conjugates for sensing of protease activity and resistance to unwanted proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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4
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Breger JC, Ellis GA, Walper SA, Susumu K, Medintz IL. Implementing Multi-Enzyme Biocatalytic Systems Using Nanoparticle Scaffolds. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2487:227-262. [PMID: 35687240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2269-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in multi-enzyme synthesis outside of cells (in vitro) is becoming far more prevalent as the field of cell-free synthetic biology grows exponentially. Such synthesis would allow for complex chemical transformations based on the exquisite specificity of enzymes in a "greener" manner as compared to organic chemical transformations. Here, we describe how nanoparticles, and in this specific case-semiconductor quantum dots, can be used to both stabilize enzymes and further allow them to self-assemble into nanocomplexes that facilitate high-efficiency channeling phenomena. Pertinent protocol information is provided on enzyme expression, choice of nanoparticulate material, confirmation of enzyme attachment to nanoparticles, assay format and tracking, data analysis, and optimization of assay formats to draw the best analytical information from the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gregory A Ellis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott A Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, MD, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Washington, DC, USA.
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5
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Wang Y, Pan R, Jiang D, Jiang D, Chen HY. Nanopipettes for the Electrochemical Study of Enhanced Enzymatic Activity in a Femtoliter Space. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14521-14526. [PMID: 34666486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical reaction in a confined space is known to be accelerated due to a high collision probability; however, the study of this confinement effect in a supersmall space down to femtoliter (fL) is seldom reported. Here, an adjustable volume [from picoliter (pL) to fL] of the aqueous phase is retrained at the tip of a nanopipette by an organic solvent so that the confinement effect on the specific activity of glucose oxidase is investigated. The activity is determined by the amount of hydrogen peroxide generated from the reaction between the oxidase and glucose using a nanoelectrode inside the nanopipette. As compared with the activity in bulk solution (82 U/mg), the activity increases up to 7500 U/mg in a 105 fL space. The 2 orders of magnitude increase in the enzymatic activity is the highest amplification in the volume-confined enzyme reaction as reported. A near-exponential drop in the activity is observed with the increase in the space volume, revealing the dominant enhancement in the confined space at the fL level for the first time. The established electrochemical nanopipettes should not only provide a strategy for the study of the enzymatic activity in supersmall confined space but also help understand the confinement effect of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Depeng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
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6
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Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) offer bright and robust photoluminescence among several other advantages in comparison to fluorescent dyes. In order to leverage the advantageous properties of QDs for applications in bioanalysis and imaging, simple and reliable methods for bioconjugation are required. One such method for conjugating peptides to QDs is the use of polyhistidine tags, which spontaneously bind to the surface of QDs. We describe protocols for assembling polyhistidine-tagged peptides to QDs and for characterizing the resultant QD-peptide conjugates. The latter include both electrophoretic and FRET-based protocols for confirming successful peptide assembly, estimating the maximum peptide loading capacity, and measuring the assembly kinetics. Sensors for protease activity and intracellular delivery are briefly noted as prospective applications of QD-peptide conjugates.
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7
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Algar WR, Massey M, Rees K, Higgins R, Krause KD, Darwish GH, Peveler WJ, Xiao Z, Tsai HY, Gupta R, Lix K, Tran MV, Kim H. Photoluminescent Nanoparticles for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Imaging. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9243-9358. [PMID: 34282906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research related to the development and application of luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) for chemical and biological analysis and imaging is flourishing. Novel materials and new applications continue to be reported after two decades of research. This review provides a comprehensive and heuristic overview of this field. It is targeted to both newcomers and experts who are interested in a critical assessment of LNP materials, their properties, strengths and weaknesses, and prospective applications. Numerous LNP materials are cataloged by fundamental descriptions of their chemical identities and physical morphology, quantitative photoluminescence (PL) properties, PL mechanisms, and surface chemistry. These materials include various semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, carbon dots, nanodiamonds, luminescent metal nanoclusters, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and downshifting nanoparticles, triplet-triplet annihilation nanoparticles, persistent-luminescence nanoparticles, conjugated polymer nanoparticles and semiconducting polymer dots, multi-nanoparticle assemblies, and doped and labeled nanoparticles, including but not limited to those based on polymers and silica. As an exercise in the critical assessment of LNP properties, these materials are ranked by several application-related functional criteria. Additional sections highlight recent examples of advances in chemical and biological analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, and cellular, tissue, and in vivo imaging and theranostics. These examples are drawn from the recent literature and organized by both LNP material and the particular properties that are leveraged to an advantage. Finally, a perspective on what comes next for the field is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rehan Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - William J Peveler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zhujun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hsin-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rupsa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelsi Lix
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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8
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Hsiao JC, Buryska T, Kim E, Howes PD, deMello AJ. Tuning DNA-nanoparticle conjugate properties allows modulation of nuclease activity. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4956-4970. [PMID: 33629698 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-nanoparticle interactions can give rise to a range of new phenomena, most notably significant enzymatic rate enhancement. Accordingly, the careful study and optimization of such systems is likely to give rise to advanced biosensing applications. Herein, we report a systematic study of the interactions between nuclease enzymes and oligonucleotide-coated gold nanoparticles (spherical nucleic acids, SNAs), with the aim of revealing phenomena worthy of evolution into functional nanosystems. Specifically, we study two nucleases, an exonuclease (ExoIII) and an endonuclease (Nt.BspQI), via fluorescence-based kinetic experiments, varying parameters including enzyme and substrate concentrations, and nanoparticle size and surface coverage in non-recycling and a recycling formats. We demonstrate the tuning of nuclease activity by SNA characteristics and show that the modular units of SNAs can be leveraged to either accelerate or suppress nuclease kinetics. Additionally, we observe that the enzymes are capable of cleaving restriction sites buried deep in the oligonucleotide surface layer and that enzymatic rate enhancement occurs in the target recycling format but not in the non-recycling format. Furthermore, we demonstrate a new SNA phenomenon, we term 'target stacking', whereby nucleic acid hybridization efficiency increases as enzyme cleavage proceeds during the beginning of a reaction. This investigation provides important data to guide the design of novel SNAs in biosensing and in vitro diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Hsiao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Tomas Buryska
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Division of Bioengineering and Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip D Howes
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Lira AL, Ferreira RS, Oliva MLV, Sousa AA. Regulation of Thrombin Activity with Ultrasmall Nanoparticles: Effects of Surface Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7991-8001. [PMID: 32590899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials displaying well-tailored sizes and surface chemistries can provide novel ways with which to modulate the structure and function of enzymes. Recently, we showed that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the ultrasmall size regime could perform as allosteric effectors inducing partial inhibition of thrombin activity. We now find that the nature of the AuNP surface chemistry controls the interactions to the anion-binding exosites 1 and 2 on the surface of thrombin, the allosterically induced changes to the active-site conformation, and, by extension, the enzymatic activity. Ultrasmall AuNPs passivated with p-mercaptobenzoic acid ligands (AuMBA) and a peptide-based (Ac-ECYN) biomimetic coat (AuECYN) were utilized in our investigations. Remarkably, we found that while AuMBA binds to exosites 1 and 2, AuECYN interacts primarily with exosite 2. It was further established that AuMBA behaves as a "mild denaturant" of thrombin leading to catalytic dysfunction over time. Conversely, AuECYN resembles a proper allosteric effector leading to partial and reversible inhibition of the activity. Collectively, our findings reveal how the distinct binding modes of different AuNP types may uniquely influence thrombin structure and catalysis. The present study further contributes to our understanding of how synthetic nanomaterials could be exploited in the allosteric regulation of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Lira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza V Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Alioscka A Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
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10
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Paiva TO, Torbensen K, Patel AN, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Bataille L, Michon T. Probing the Enzymatic Activity of Individual Biocatalytic fd-Viral Particles by Electrochemical-Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Telmo O. Paiva
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Kristian Torbensen
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Anisha N. Patel
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7591, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Laure Bataille
- Université de Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- Université de Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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11
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Breger JC, Susumu K, Lasarte-Aragonés G, Díaz SA, Brask J, Medintz IL. Quantum Dot Lipase Biosensor Utilizing a Custom-Synthesized Peptidyl-Ester Substrate. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1295-1304. [PMID: 32096987 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are an important class of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes that play significant roles in many aspects of cell biology and digestion; they also have large roles in commercial food and biofuel preparation and are being targeted for pharmaceutical development. Given these, and many other biotechnological roles, sensitive and specific biosensors capable of monitoring lipase activity in a quantitative manner are critical. Here, we describe a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensor that originates from a custom-synthesized ester substrate displaying a peptide at one end and a dye acceptor at the other. These substrates were ratiometrically self-assembled to luminescent semiconductor quantum dot (QD) donors by metal affinity coordination using the appended peptide's terminal hexahistidine motif to give rise to the full biosensing construct. This resulted in a high rate of FRET between the QD donor and the proximal substrate's dye acceptor. The lipase hydrolyzed the intervening target ester bond in the peptide substrate which, in turn, displaced the dye acceptor containing component and altered the rate of FRET in a concentration-dependent manner. Specifics of the substrate's stepwise synthesis are described along with the sensors assembly, characterization, and application in a quantitative proof-of-concept demonstration assay that is based on an integrated Michaelis-Menten kinetic approach. The utility of this unique nanoparticle-based architecture within a sensor configuration is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5600, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
- KeyW Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Sebastián A. Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jesper Brask
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
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12
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Qiu L, Cui P, Zhu Z, Xu M, Jia W, Sheng J, Ni X, Zhou S, Wang J. Multienzyme detection and in‐situ monitoring of enzyme activity by bending CE using quantum dots‐based polypeptide substrate. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1103-1108. [PMID: 32091140 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life ScienceChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life ScienceChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zhilan Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life ScienceChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Xu
- Changzhou Le Sun Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life ScienceChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sheng
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xinye Ni
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life ScienceChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life ScienceChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
- Changzhou Le Sun Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
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13
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Rees K, Tran MV, Massey M, Kim H, Krause KD, Algar WR. Dextran-Functionalized Semiconductor Quantum Dot Bioconjugates for Bioanalysis and Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:861-874. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rees
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V. Tran
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyungki Kim
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine D. Krause
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W. Russ Algar
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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14
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Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles as Scaffolds for Enzymatic Enhancement: Recent Advances and the Influence of Nanoparticle Size. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle scaffolds can impart multiple benefits onto immobilized enzymes including enhanced stability, activity, and recoverability. The magnitude of these benefits is modulated by features inherent to the scaffold–enzyme conjugate, amongst which the size of the nanoscaffold itself can be critically important. In this review, we highlight the benefits of enzyme immobilization on nanoparticles and the factors affecting these benefits using quantum dots and gold nanoparticles as representative materials due to their maturity. We then review recent literature on the use of these scaffolds for enzyme immobilization and as a means to dissect the underlying mechanisms. Detailed analysis of the literature suggests that there is a “sweet-spot” for scaffold size and the ratio of immobilized enzyme to scaffold, with smaller scaffolds and lower enzyme:scaffold ratios generally providing higher enzymatic activities. We anticipate that ongoing studies of enzyme immobilization onto nanoscale scaffolds will continue to sharpen our understanding of what gives rise to beneficial characteristics and allow for the next important step, namely, that of translation to large-scale processes that exploit these properties.
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15
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Feng X, Kang W, Wu X, Wang S, Liu F. Quantitative Detection and Real-Time Monitoring of Endogenous mRNA at the Single Live Cell Level Using a Ratiometric Molecular Beacon. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28752-28761. [PMID: 31329405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) plays an important role in various cellular processes. however, traditional techniques cannot realize mRNA detections in live cells as they rely on mRNA purification or cell fixation. To achieve real-time and quantitative mRNA detections at a single live cell level, a single-strand stem-loop-structured ratiometric molecular beacon (RMB) composed of the phosphorothioate-modified loop domain on the 2'-O-methyl RNA backbone with a reporter dye, quencher, and reference dye is proposed to detect the Hsp27 mRNA as a modeled endogenous mRNA. When the RMB hybridizes with the target, the stem-loop structure opens, causing separation of the reporter dye and the quencher and restores the reporter fluorescent signals; therefore, the Hsp27 mRNA can be quantitatively detected according to the ratio of the reporter fluorescent signal to the reference fluorescent signal. Both the phosphorothioate and 2'-O-methyl RNA modifications obviously reduce the nonspecific opening, and the additional reference dye ensures the detection precision using co-localization analysis. Not only does this remove the false-positive signal caused by the nuclease degradation-generated RMB fragment, but it also corrects variations caused by direct measurement of reporter fluorescence intensities at a single cell level owing to inhomogeneity in probe delivery. The designed RMB could detect the Hsp27 mRNA with high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity as well as excellent specificity and antidegradation capability proved in vitro and in live cells. Furthermore, it was successfully adopted in subcellular localization, quantitative copy number measurements, and even real-time monitoring of Hsp27 mRNA in live cells, demonstrating that the proposed RMB can be a potential quantitative endogenous mRNA detection tool, especially at a single live cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Feng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab) , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Wenjie Kang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab) , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Xuping Wu
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210003 , China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab) , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
- Computational Optics Laboratory, School of Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Fei Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab) , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
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16
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Algar WR, Jeen T, Massey M, Peveler WJ, Asselin J. Small Surface, Big Effects, and Big Challenges: Toward Understanding Enzymatic Activity at the Inorganic Nanoparticle-Substrate Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7067-7091. [PMID: 30415548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are important biomarkers for molecular diagnostics and targets for the action of drugs. In turn, inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are of interest as materials for biological assays, biosensors, cellular and in vivo imaging probes, and vectors for drug delivery and theranostics. So how does an enzyme interact with a NP, and what are the outcomes of multivalent conjugation of its substrate to a NP? This invited feature article addresses the current state of the art in answering this question. Using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as illustrative materials, we discuss aspects of enzyme structure-function and the properties of NP interfaces and surface chemistry that determine enzyme-NP interactions. These aspects render the substrate-on-NP configurations far more complex and heterogeneous than the conventional turnover of discrete substrate molecules in bulk solution. Special attention is also given to the limitations of a standard kinetic analysis of the enzymatic turnover of these configurations, the need for a well-defined model of turnover, and whether a "hopping" model can account for behaviors such as the apparent acceleration of enzyme activity. A detailed and predictive understanding of how enzymes turn over multivalent NP-substrate conjugates will require a convergence of many concepts and tools from biochemistry, materials, and interface science. In turn, this understanding will help to enable rational, optimized, and value-added designs of NP bioconjugates for biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Tiffany Jeen
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - William J Peveler
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8LT , United Kingdom
| | - Jérémie Asselin
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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17
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Jeen T, Algar WR. Mimicking Cell Surface Enhancement of Protease Activity on the Surface of a Quantum Dot Nanoparticle. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3783-3792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Jeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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18
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Hondred JA, Breger JC, Garland NT, Oh E, Susumu K, Walper SA, Medintz IL, Claussen JC. Enhanced enzymatic activity from phosphotriesterase trimer gold nanoparticle bioconjugates for pesticide detection. Analyst 2018; 142:3261-3271. [PMID: 28765846 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02575g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid detection of organophosphates (OPs), a class of strong neurotoxins, is critically important for monitoring acute insecticide exposure and potential chemical warfare agent use. Herein, we improve the enzymatic activity of a phosphotriesterase trimer (PTE3), an enzyme that selectively recognizes OPs directly, by conjugation with distinctly sized (i.e., 5, 10, and 20 nm diameter) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The number of enzymes immobilized on the AuNP was controlled by conjugating increasing molar ratios of PTE3 onto the AuNP surface via metal affinity coordination. This occurs between the PTE3-His6 termini and the AuNP-displayed Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid end groups and was confirmed with gel electrophoresis. The enzymatic efficiency of the resultant PTE3-AuNP bioconjugates was analyzed via enzyme progress curves acquired from two distinct assay formats that compared free unbound PTE3 with the following PTE3-AuNP bioconjugates: (1) fixed concentration of AuNPs while increasing the bioconjugate molar ratio of PTE3 displayed around the AuNP and (2) fixed concentration of PTE3 while increasing the bioconjugate molar ratio of PTE3-AuNP by decreasing the AuNP concentration. Both assay formats monitored the absorbance of p-nitrophenol that was produced as PTE3 hydrolyzed the substrate paraoxon, a commercial insecticide and OP nerve agent simulant. Results demonstrate a general equivalent trend between the two formats. For all experiments, a maximum enzymatic velocity (Vmax) increased by 17-fold over free enzyme for the lowest PTE3-AuNP ratio and the largest AuNP (i.e., ratio of 1 : 1, 20 nm dia. AuNP). This work provides a route to improve enzymatic OP detection strategies with enzyme-NP bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hondred
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, United States Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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19
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Vranish JN, Ancona MG, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Pursuing the Promise of Enzymatic Enhancement with Nanoparticle Assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2901-2925. [PMID: 29115133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The growing emphasis on green chemistry, renewable resources, synthetic biology, regio-/stereospecific chemical transformations, and nanotechnology for providing new biological products and therapeutics is reinvigorating research into enzymatic catalysis. Although the promise is profound, many complex issues remain to be addressed before this effort will have a significant impact. Prime among these is to combat the degradation of enzymes frequently seen in ex vivo formats following immobilization to stabilize the enzymes for long-term application and to find ways of enhancing their activity. One promising avenue for progress on these issues is via nanoparticle (NP) display, which has been found in a number of cases to enhance enzyme activity while also improving long-term stability. In this feature article, we discuss the phenomenon of enhanced enzymatic activity at NP interfaces with an emphasis on our own work in this area. Important factors such as NP surface chemistry, bioconjugation approaches, and assay formats are first discussed because they can critically affect the observed enhancement. Examples are given of improved performance for enzymes such as phosphotriesterase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, horseradish peroxidase, and β-galactosidase and in configurations with either the enzyme or the substrate attached to the NP. The putative mechanisms that give rise to the performance boost are discussed along with how detailed kinetic modeling can contribute to their understanding. Given the importance of biosensing, we also highlight how this configuration is already making a significant contribution to NP-based enzymatic sensors. Finally, a perspective is provided on how this field may develop and how NP-based enzymatic enhancement can be extended to coupled systems and multienzyme cascades.
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20
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Petryayeva E, Jeen T, Algar WR. Optimization and Changes in the Mode of Proteolytic Turnover of Quantum Dot-Peptide Substrate Conjugates through Moderation of Interfacial Adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30359-30372. [PMID: 28846381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have many important roles in biology and industry, and proteases are one of the most important classes of enzymes. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive materials for developing protease activity probes because of their advantageous physical and optical properties; however, interactions between a protease and a QD conjugated with its substrate can affect the turnover of that substrate. Here, we study the turnover of multivalent QD-peptide substrate conjugates as a function of multiple parameters: (i) the ligand coating on the QD, including dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), glutathione (GSH), DHLA-poly(ethylene glycol) (DHLA-PEG), and DHLA-zwitterionic sulfobetaine (DHLA-SB); (ii) the identity of the protease, including trypsin, thrombin, and plasmin; and (iii) the number of substrate and nonsubstrate biomacromolecules conjugated per QD. We show that limiting protease adsorption on QDs is critical for optimizing the turnover of conjugated peptide substrates. Protease adsorption is inhibitory, and very strong adsorption leads to an apparent "scooting" mode of activity with limited turnover. In contrast, with weaker adsorption, enhancements in the turnover rate likely result from a "hopping" mode of activity. The putative hopping mode is thought to feature processive turnover of all substrates in multivalent conjugates with a rate-limiting step of diffusion between individual conjugates, and the magnitude of such enhancements increases with decreases in adsorption. Although it was possible to passivate DHLA- and GSH-coated QDs with high densities of conjugated biomacromolecules, the most effective strategy for reducing adsorption was the substitution of these ligands. Whereas passivation incrementally increased turnover, DHLA-PEG and DHLA-SB ligands converted the mode of turnover with plasmin from scooting to hopping and the DHLA-SB enhanced the turnover rates with thrombin and trypsin by approximately an order of magnitude relative to GSH ligands. The new insights from the broad scope of this study provide an important framework for designing optimized QD conjugates as probes and sensors for enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Tiffany Jeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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21
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Malanoski AP, Breger JC, Brown CW, Deschamps JR, Susumu K, Oh E, Anderson GP, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Kinetic enhancement in high-activity enzyme complexes attached to nanoparticles. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:241-252. [PMID: 32260679 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating studies by many groups have found consistent enhancement in a wide variety of enzyme activities when they are displayed around nanoparticles. However, the underlying mechanism(s) that give rise to this phenomenon are still largely unknown. Herein, we develop a detailed reaction scheme that considers many of the various possible interactions between a substrate and a given enzyme-nanoparticle bioconjugate. The properties and some functional predictions that emanate from the reaction scheme were then tested using a model system where the homotetrameric beta-galactosidase enzyme complex was assembled with luminescent semiconductor nanocrystalline quantum dots displayed around its periphery. This type of assembly occurs as the ∼465 kDa enzyme complex is significantly larger than the 4.2 nm diameter green emitting quantum dots utilized. This unique architecture, in conjunction with the fact that this enzyme functions at or near the diffusion limit, provided a unique opportunity to selectively probe certain aspects of enzyme enhancement when attached to a nanoparticle with minimal potential perturbations to the native enzyme structure. Experimental assays were conducted where both free enzymes and quantum dot-decorated enzymes were compared directly in side-by-side samples and included formats where the kinetic processes were challenged with increasing viscosity and competitive inhibitors. The results strongly suggest that it is possible for there to be significant enhancements in an enzyme's catalytic rate or kcat after attachment to a nanoparticle even when it is apparently diffusion limited without requiring any gross changes to the enzyme's structure. A discussion of how this reaction scheme and model can be applied to other systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Malanoski
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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22
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Díaz SA, Sen S, Boeneman Gemmill K, Brown CW, Oh E, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Breger JC, Lasarte Aragonés G, Field LD, Deschamps JR, Král P, Medintz IL. Elucidating Surface Ligand-Dependent Kinetic Enhancement of Proteolytic Activity at Surface-Modified Quantum Dots. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5884-5896. [PMID: 28603969 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining biomolecules such as enzymes with nanoparticles has much to offer for creating next generation synergistically functional bionanomaterials. However, almost nothing is known about how these two disparate components interact at this critical biomolecular-materials interface to give rise to improved activity and emergent properties. Here we examine how the nanoparticle surface can influence and increase localized enzyme activity using a designer experimental system consisting of trypsin proteolysis acting on peptide-substrates displayed around semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). To minimize the complexity of analyzing this system, only the chemical nature of the QD surface functionalizing ligands were modified. This was accomplished by synthesizing a series of QD ligands that were either positively or negatively charged, zwitterionic, neutral, and with differing lengths. The QDs were then assembled with different ratios of dye-labeled peptide substrates and exposed to trypsin giving rise to progress curves that were monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The resulting trypsin activity profiles were analyzed in the context of detailed molecular dynamics simulations of key interactions occurring at this interface. Overall, we find that a combination of factors can give rise to a localized activity that was 35-fold higher than comparable freely diffusing enzyme-substrate interactions. Contributing factors include the peptide substrate being prominently displayed extending from the QD surface and not sterically hindered by the longer surface ligands in conjunction with the presence of electrostatic and other productive attractive forces between the enzyme and the QD surface. An intimate understanding of such critical interactions at this interface can produce a set of guidelines that will allow the rational design of next generation high-activity bionanocomposites and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Díaz
- American Society for Engineering Education , Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | | | | | - Carl W Brown
- College of Science George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc. , Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc. , Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lauren D Field
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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23
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Yu X, Wang Z, Su Z, Wei G. Design, fabrication, and biomedical applications of bioinspired peptide–inorganic nanomaterial hybrids. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1130-1142. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We presented the design, composition, and typical biomedical applications of bioinspired peptide–inorganic nanomaterial hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Faculty of Production Engineering
- University of Bremen
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Gang Wei
- Faculty of Production Engineering
- University of Bremen
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
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24
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Hildebrandt N, Spillmann CM, Algar WR, Pons T, Stewart MH, Oh E, Susumu K, Díaz SA, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Energy Transfer with Semiconductor Quantum Dot Bioconjugates: A Versatile Platform for Biosensing, Energy Harvesting, and Other Developing Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:536-711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics
Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thomas Pons
- LPEM;
ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Eunkeu Oh
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Sebastian A. Díaz
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC 20036, United States
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25
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Díaz S, Breger J, Medintz I. Monitoring Enzymatic Proteolysis Using Either Enzyme- or Substrate-Bioconjugated Quantum Dots. Methods Enzymol 2016; 571:19-54. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Liu Y, Gong X, Cheng Z, Shuang S, Choi MMF, Li C, Dong C. Near-infrared photoluminescence enhancement of N-acetyl- l-cysteine (NAC)-protected gold nanoparticles via fluorescence resonance energy transfer from NAC-stabilized CdTe quantum dots. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble N-acetyl-l-cysteine-protected gold nanoparticles (NAC-AuNPs) and NAC-stabilized cadmium telluride quantum dots (NAC-CdTeQDs) have been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Institute of Environmental Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Martin M. F. Choi
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
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Abstract
A simple and inexpensive method to fabricate a colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-modified paper-based assay for glucose is herein reported. The circular paper sheets were uniformly loaded and displayed strong fluorescence under a conventional hand-held UV lamp (365 nm). The assay is based on the use of glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx), which impregnated the paper sheets, producing H2O2 upon the reaction with the glucose contained in the samples. After 20 min of exposure, the fluorescence intensity changed due to the quenching caused by H2O2. To obtain a reading, the paper sheets were photographed under 365 nm excitation using a digital camera. Several parameters, including the amount of QD, sample pH, and amount of GOx were optimized to maximize the response to glucose. The paper-based assay showed a sigmoidal-shaped response with respect to the glucose concentration in the 5-200 mg·dL-1 range (limit of detection of 5 μg·dL-1), demonstrating their potential use for biomedical applications.
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28
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Breger JC, Ancona MG, Walper SA, Oh E, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Deschamps JR, Medintz IL. Understanding How Nanoparticle Attachment Enhances Phosphotriesterase Kinetic Efficiency. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8491-503. [PMID: 26230391 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As a specific example of the enhancement of enzymatic activity that can be induced by nanoparticles, we investigate the hydrolysis of the organophosphate paraoxon by phosphotriesterase (PTE) when the latter is displayed on semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). PTE conjugation to QDs underwent extensive characterization including structural simulations, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dynamic light scattering to confirm orientational and ratiometric control over enzyme display which appears to be necessary for enhancement. PTE hydrolytic activity was then examined when attached to ca. 4 and 9 nm diameter QDs in comparison to controls of freely diffusing enzyme alone. The results confirm that the activity of the QD conjugates significantly exceeded that of freely diffusing PTE in both initial rate (∼4-fold) and enzymatic efficiency (∼2-fold). To probe kinetic acceleration, various modified assays including those with increased temperature, presence of a competitive inhibitor, and increased viscosity were undertaken to measure the activation energy and dissociation rates. Cumulatively, the data indicate that the higher activity is due to an acceleration in enzyme-product dissociation that is presumably driven by the markedly different microenvironment of the PTE-QD bioconjugate's hydration layer. This report highlights how a specific change in an enzymatic mechanism can be both identified and directly linked to its enhanced activity when displayed on a nanoparticle. Moreover, the generality of the mechanism suggests that it could well be responsible for other examples of nanoparticle-enhanced catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C Breger
- American Society for Engineering Education , Washington, DC 20036, United States
| | | | | | - Eunkeu Oh
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc. 7230 Lee DeForest Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc. 7230 Lee DeForest Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
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29
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30
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Samanta A, Walper SA, Susumu K, Dwyer CL, Medintz IL. An enzymatically-sensitized sequential and concentric energy transfer relay self-assembled around semiconductor quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7603-7614. [PMID: 25804284 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00828j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control light energy within de novo nanoscale structures and devices will greatly benefit their continuing development and ultimate application. Ideally, this control should extend from generating the light itself to its spatial propagation within the device along with providing defined emission wavelength(s), all in a stand-alone modality. Here we design and characterize macromolecular nanoassemblies consisting of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), several differentially dye-labeled peptides and the enzyme luciferase which cumulatively demonstrate many of these capabilities by engaging in multiple-sequential energy transfer steps. To create these structures, recombinantly-expressed luciferase and the dye-labeled peptides were appended with a terminal polyhistidine sequence allowing for controlled ratiometric self-assembly around the QDs via metal-affinity coordination. The QDs serve to provide multiple roles in these structures including as central assembly platforms or nanoscaffolds along with acting as a potent energy harvesting and transfer relay. The devices are activated by addition of coelenterazine H substrate which is oxidized by luciferase producing light energy which sensitizes the central 625 nm emitting QD acceptor by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). The sensitized QD, in turn, acts as a relay and transfers the energy to a first peptide-labeled Alexa Fluor 647 acceptor dye displayed on its surface. This dye then transfers energy to a second red-shifted peptide-labeled dye acceptor on the QD surface through a second concentric Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. Alexa Fluor 700 and Cy5.5 are both tested in the role of this terminal FRET acceptor. Photophysical analysis of spectral profiles from the resulting sequential BRET-FRET-FRET processes allow us to estimate the efficiency of each of the transfer steps. Importantly, the efficiency of each step within this energy transfer cascade can be controlled to some extent by the number of enzymes/peptides displayed on the QD. Further optimization of the energy transfer process(es) along with potential applications of such devices are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Samanta
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
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31
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Brown III CW, Oh E, Hastman DA, Walper SA, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Deschamps JR, Medintz IL. Kinetic enhancement of the diffusion-limited enzyme beta-galactosidase when displayed with quantum dots. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic of a tetrameric β-galactosidase enzyme attached to and displaying 625 nm emitting QDs coated with a CL4 ligand via each of the 4 pendent His6 tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Brown III
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
- College of Science
| | - E. Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc
| | - D. A. Hastman
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
| | - S. A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
| | - K. Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc
| | - M. H. Stewart
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
| | - J. R. Deschamps
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
| | - I. L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- Washington
- USA
| |
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