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Sreekumar S, Wattjes J, Niehues A, Mengoni T, Mendes AC, Morris ER, Goycoolea FM, Moerschbacher BM. Biotechnologically produced chitosans with nonrandom acetylation patterns differ from conventional chitosans in properties and activities. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7125. [PMID: 36418307 PMCID: PMC9684148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans are versatile biopolymers with multiple biological activities and potential applications. They are linear copolymers of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine defined by their degree of polymerisation (DP), fraction of acetylation (FA), and pattern of acetylation (PA). Technical chitosans produced chemically from chitin possess defined DP and FA but random PA, while enzymatically produced natural chitosans probably have non-random PA. This natural process has not been replicated using biotechnology because chitin de-N-acetylases do not efficiently deacetylate crystalline chitin. Here, we show that such enzymes can partially N-acetylate fully deacetylated chitosan in the presence of excess acetate, yielding chitosans with FA up to 0.7 and an enzyme-dependent non-random PA. The biotech chitosans differ from technical chitosans both in terms of physicochemical and nanoscale solution properties and biological activities. As with synthetic block co-polymers, controlling the distribution of building blocks within the biopolymer chain will open a new dimension of chitosan research and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sreekumar
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany ,grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jasper Wattjes
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany ,grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Niehues
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Tamara Mengoni
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana C. Mendes
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Food Production Engineering, Laboratory of Nano-BioScience, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edwin R. Morris
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Mourier P. Heparinase Digestion of 3-O-Sulfated Sequences: Selective Heparinase II Digestion for Separation and Identification of Binding Sequences Present in ATIII Affinity Fractions of Bovine Intestinal Heparins. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841726. [PMID: 35433769 PMCID: PMC9009448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to antithrombin-III (ATIII) determines the anticoagulant activity of heparin. The complexes formed between heparin and ATIII result from a specific pentasaccharide sequence containing a 3-O-sulfated glucosamine in medium position. Building block analysis of heparins, following heparinase digestion, is a critical method in quality control that provides a simple structural characterization of a complex product. Hence, in these applications, study of the digestion of 3-O-sulfated moieties merits special attention. With heparinase II, specific inhibition of cleavage of the non-reducing bond of 3-O-sulfated units is observed. This specificity was erroneously generalized to other heparinases when it was observed that in exhaustive digests of heparins with the heparinase mixture, resistant 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides were also obtained from the specific ATIII-binding pentasaccharides. In fact, the detection of unsaturated 3-O-sulfated disaccharides in digests of heparin by heparinases I+II+III, resulting from the cleavage of the 3-O sulfated unit by heparinase I in non-conventional sequences, shows that this inhibition has exceptions. Thus, in experiments where heparinase II is selectively applied, these sequences can only be digested into tetra- or hexasaccharides where the 3-O-sulfated glucosamine is shifted on the reducing end. Heparinase I+II+III and heparinase II digests with additional tagging by reductive amination with sulfanilic acid were used to study the structural neighborhood of 3-O-sulfated disaccharides in bovine mucosal heparin fractions with increasing affinity for ATIII. The 3-O-sulfated disaccharides detected in heparinase I+II+III digests turn into numerous specific 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides in heparinase II digests. Additionally, ATIII-binding pentasaccharides with an extra 3-O-sulfate at the reducing glucosamine are detected in fractions of highest affinity as heparinase II-resistant hexasaccharides with two consecutive 3-O-sulfated units.
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Yu Y, Fu L, He P, Xia K, Varghese S, Wang H, Zhang F, Dordick J, Linhardt RJ. Chemobiocatalytic Synthesis of a Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:637-646. [PMID: 35201757 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparin products are widely used clinical anticoagulants essential in the practice of modern medicine. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are currently prepared by the controlled chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparins (UFHs) that are extracted from animal tissues. In many clinical applications, LMWHs have displaced UFHs and currently comprise over 60% of the heparin market. In the past, our laboratory has made extensive efforts to prepare bioengineered UFHs relying on a chemoenzymatic process to address concerns about animal-sourced UFHs. The current study describes the use of a novel chemoenzymatic process to prepare a chemobiosynthetic LMWH from a low-molecular-weight heparosan. The resulting chemobiocatalytic LMWH matches most of the United States pharmacopeial specifications for enoxaparin, a LMWH prepared through the base-catalyzed depolymerization of animal-derived UFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sony Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Production, characteristics and applications of microbial heparinases. Biochimie 2022; 198:109-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hardy M, Douxfils J, Morimont L, Didembourg M, Carlo A, de Maistre E, Lecompte T, Mullier F. Study of in vitro thrombin generation after neutralization of heparin. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 44:168-176. [PMID: 34582127 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombin generation (TG) documents hypercoagulability. TG in platelet-poor plasma is exquisitely sensitive to heparins, which thus must be neutralized before testing. Heparinase and hexadimethrine bromide (polybrene) have been used for that purpose, but their effects per se on TG have been poorly studied so far. METHODS (i) TG was studied in commercial normal pooled plasma (NPP; CryoCheck® , Cryopep) in absence or presence of neutralizing agents. (ii) NPP was spiked with increasing concentrations of unfractionated heparin (UFH; up to 1.0 IU/mL) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; enoxaparin up to 1.2 IU/mL) and TG studied after incubation of heparinase (Hepzyme® ; 15 minutes) or polybrene (0.025 mg/mL; 10 minutes). RESULTS (i) With ThromboScreen reagent to initiate TG, addition of heparinase was associated with increased peak, whereas polybrene caused lengthening of lag time and time to peak, compared with nonsupplemented NPP. (ii) With polybrene, TG was completely restored over the whole range of UFH and LMWH studied. By contrast, heparinase failed to fully restore TG in presence of UFH concentrations ≥0.8 IU/mL or LMWH concentrations ≥1.0 IU/mL. Those effects were matched with detectable tiny residual amounts of non-neutralized heparin (as assessed with an anti-Xa assay) and were less pronounced with a higher picomolar concentration of tissue factor (DrugScreen reagent). CONCLUSION Polybrene fully restored TG of heparinized plasma at the expense of an alteration of TG, pointing to the need to use adapted reference ranges. Heparinase failed to do so in presence of high concentrations of both heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hardy
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), Hematology Laboratory, Yvoir, Belgium.,Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), Anesthesiology Department, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Pharmacy Department, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Qualiblood s.a., Namur, Belgium
| | - Laure Morimont
- Pharmacy Department, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Qualiblood s.a., Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie Didembourg
- Pharmacy Department, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | - Thomas Lecompte
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis - Geneva Platelet Group, Departements of Medecine, Université de Genève et Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mullier
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), Hematology Laboratory, Yvoir, Belgium
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Derler R, Kitic N, Gerlza T, Kungl AJ. Isolation and Characterization of Heparan Sulfate from Human Lung Tissues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185512. [PMID: 34576979 PMCID: PMC8469465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are a class of linear, highly negatively charged, O-linked polysaccharides that are involved in many (patho)physiological processes. In vitro experimental investigations of such processes typically involve porcine-derived heparan sulfate (HS). Structural information about human, particularly organ-specific heparan sulfate, and how it compares with HS from other organisms, is very limited. In this study, heparan sulfate was isolated from human lung tissues derived from five donors and was characterized for their overall size distribution and disaccharide composition. The expression profiles of proteoglycans and HS-modifying enzymes was quantified in order to identify the major core proteins for HS. In addition, the binding affinities of human HS to two chemokines—CXCL8 and CCL2—were investigated, which represent important inflammatory mediators in lung pathologies. Our data revealed that syndecans are the predominant proteoglycan class in human lungs and that the disaccharide composition varies among individuals according to sex, age, and health stage (one of the donor lungs was accidentally discovered to contain a solid tumor). The compositional difference of the five human lung HS preparations affected chemokine binding affinities to various degrees, indicating selective immune cell responses depending on the relative chemokine–glycan affinities. This represents important new insights that could be translated into novel therapeutic concepts for individually treating lung immunological disorders via HS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Derler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikola Kitic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Yan L, Song Y, Xia K, He P, Zhang F, Chen S, Pouliot R, Weiss DJ, Tandon R, Bates JT, Ederer DR, Mitra D, Sharma P, Davis A, Linhardt RJ. Heparan sulfates from bat and human lung and their binding to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117797. [PMID: 33712145 PMCID: PMC7882221 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a pandemic and continues to spread at an unprecedented rate around the world. Although a vaccine has recently been approved, there are currently few effective therapeutics to fight its associated disease in humans, COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 and the related severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) result from zoonotic respiratory viruses that have bats as the primary host and an as yet unknown secondary host. While each of these viruses has different protein-based cell-surface receptors, each rely on the glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulfate as a co-receptor. In this study we compare, for the first time, differences and similarities in the structure of heparan sulfate in human and bat lungs. Furthermore, we show that the spike glycoprotein of COVID-19 binds 3.5 times stronger to human lung heparan sulfate than bat lung heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Yan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Robert Pouliot
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - John T Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - Dallas R Ederer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - Dipanwita Mitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, United States
| | - April Davis
- Rabies Laboratory, New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States.
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8
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Zhao P, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang L, Su H, Wang L, He N, Zhang D, Li Z, Kang H, Sun A, Chen Z, Zhou L, Wang M, Zhang Y, Deng X, Fan Y. Flow shear stress controls the initiation of neovascularization via heparan sulfate proteoglycans within a biomimetic microfluidic model. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:421-434. [PMID: 33351007 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) in vivo are subjected to three forms of shear stress induced by luminal blood flow, transendothelial flow and interstitial flow simultaneously. It is controversial that shear stress, especially the component induced by luminal flow, was thought to inhibit the initialization of angiogenesis and trigger arteriogenesis. Here, we combined microfabrication techniques and delicate numerical simulations to reconstruct the initial physiological microenvironment of neovascularization in vitro, where ECs experience high luminal shear stress, physiological transendothelial flow and various vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) distributions simultaneously. With the biomimetic microfluidic model, cell alignment and endothelial sprouting assays were carried out. We found that luminal shear stress inhibits endothelial sprouting and tubule formation in a dose-dependent manner. Although a high concentration of VEGF increases EC sprouting, neither a positive nor a negative VEGF gradient additionally affects the degree of sprouting, and luminal shear stress significantly attenuates neovascularization even in the presence of VEGF. Heparinase was used to selectively degrade the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) coating on ECs and messenger RNA profiles in ECs were analyzed. It turned out that HSPGs could act as a mechanosensor to sense the change of fluid shear stress, modulate multiple EC gene expressions, and hence affect neovascularization. In summary, distraction from the stabilized state, such as decreased luminal shear stress, increased VEGF and the destructed mechanotransduction of HSPGs would induce the initiation of neovascularization. Our study highlights the key role of the magnitude and forms of shear stress in neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Yan L, Brodfueher P, Fu L, Zhang F, Chen S, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Chemical O-sulfation of N-sulfoheparosan: a route to rare N-sulfo-3-O-sulfoglucosamine and 2-O-sulfoglucuronic acid. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:589-597. [PMID: 32778986 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparosan, the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K5 is currently used as the starting material in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and the structurally related anticoagulant drug heparin. Base hydrolysis of N-acetyl groups and their subsequent N-sulfonation, are used to prepare N-sulfoheparosan an intermediate of biosynthesis. In the present study, when excess sulfonation reagent was used during N-sulfonation, some O-sulfation also took place in the N-sulfoheparosan product. After a nearly full digestion, a hexasaccharide fraction exhibited resistance to heparin lyase II. Excessive digestion by heparin lyase II and structural identification by NMR and mass spectroscopy indicated that the resistant hexasaccharide fraction has two structures, ΔUA-GlcNS-GlcA2S-GlcNS-GlcA-GlcNS and ΔUA-GlcNS-GlcA- GlcNS3S-GlcA-GlcNS in similar amounts. The 2-sulfated structure exhibited partial resistance to heparin lyase II; however the structure of ΔUA-GlcNS-GlcA-GlcNS3S was completely resistant to heparin lyase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Yan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Paul Brodfueher
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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10
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A heparin derivatives library constructed by chemical modification and enzymatic depolymerization for exploitation of non-anticoagulant functions. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 249:116824. [PMID: 32933671 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-anticoagulant biological functions of heparin-based drugs have drawn increasing attention. However, the exploration into the non-anticoagulant activities of various low molecular weight heparins was associated with bleeding risks in clinical practice and often led to controversial conclusions due to the structural differences. In this study, we aimed to establish a process to produce a library of heparin derivatives with structural diversity and reduced/abolished anticoagulant activity through the combination of chemical modifications and enzymatic cleavage of heparins. The depolymerization characteristics of various selectively modified heparin derivatives by three heparinases were comprehensively analyzed. The order of periodate treatment and heparinase-I depolymerization was proved to significantly change the structural characteristics of the oligosaccharide products. Finally, among several heparin derivatives that screened in the bleomycin-induced cell apoptosis model, the low molecular weight partially 6-O-/N-desulfated heparins showed the strongest anti-apoptotic activities. This study provided a useful approach for future development of novel heparin-derivative medications.
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11
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Mouse Cytomegalovirus Differentially Exploits Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans in a Cell Type-Dependent and MCK-2-Independent Manner. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010031. [PMID: 31892128 PMCID: PMC7019585 DOI: 10.3390/v12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses initiate interaction with target cells by binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Heparan sulfate (HS) appears to be particularly important in fibroblasts, epithelial cells and endothelial cells, where it represents the dominant GAG. How GAGs influence viral infectivity in HS-poor target cells such as macrophages has not been clearly defined. Here, we show that mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) targets HS in susceptible fibroblasts and cultured salivary gland acinar cells (SGACs), but not in macrophage cell lines and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, where chondroitin sulfate was the dominant virus-binding GAG. MCK-2, an MCMV-encoded GAG-binding chemokine that promotes infection of macrophages as part of a gH/gL/MCK-2 entry complex, was dispensable for MCMV attachment to the cell surface and for direct infection of SGACs. Thus, MCMV tropism for target cells is markedly influenced by differential GAG expression, suggesting that the specificity of anti-GAG peptides now under development as HCMV therapeutics may need to be broadened for effective application as anti-viral agents.
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12
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Interactions between Sclerostin and Glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:119-128. [PMID: 31828567 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST) is a glycoprotein having many important functions in the regulation of bone formation as a key negative regulator of Wnt signaling in bone. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which allows for a direct quantitative analysis of the label-free molecular interactions in real-time, has been widely used for the biophysical characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interactions. In the present study, we report kinetics, structural analysis and the effects of physiological conditions (e.g., salt concentrations, Ca2+ and Zn2+concentrations) on the interactions between GAGs and recombinant human (rh) and recombinant mouse (rm) SOST using SPR. SPR results revealed that both SOSTs bind heparin with high affinity (rhSOST-heparin, KD~36 nM and rmSOST-heparin, KD~77 nM) and the shortest oligosaccharide of heparin that effectively competes with full size heparin for SOST binding is octadecasaccharide (18mer). This heparin binding protein also interacts with other highly sulfated GAGs including, disulfated-dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the structure of sulfated GAGs that bound to SOST.
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13
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Comparison of the Interactions of Different Growth Factors and Glycosaminoglycans. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183360. [PMID: 31527407 PMCID: PMC6767211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Most growth factors are naturally occurring proteins, which are signaling molecules implicated in cellular multiple functions such as proliferation, migration and differentiation under patho/physiological conditions by interacting with cell surface receptors and other ligands in the extracellular microenvironment. Many of the growth factors are heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) that have a high affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). In the present study, we report the binding kinetics and affinity of heparin interacting with different growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2,7,10, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF β-1), using a heparin chip. Surface plasmon resonance studies revealed that all the tested growth factors bind to heparin with high affinity (with KD ranging from ~0.1 to 59 nM) and all the interactions are oligosaccharide size dependent except those involving TGF β-1. These heparin-binding growth factors also interact with other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), as well as various chemically modified heparins. Other GAGs, including heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates A, B, C, D, E and keratan sulfate, showed different inhibition activities for the growth factor-heparin interactions. FGF2, FGF7, FGF10 and HGF bind heparin but the 2-O-sulfo and 6-O-sulfo groups on heparin have less impact on these interactions than do the N-sulfo groups. All the three sulfo groups (N-, 2-O and 6-O) on heparin are important for TGFβ-1-heparin interaction.
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14
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Nurcombe V, Ling L, Hondermarck H, Cool SM, Smith RAA. Bringing Heparan Sulfate Glycomics Together with Proteomics for the Design of Novel Therapeutics: A Historical Perspective. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800466. [PMID: 31197945 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing knowledge of how peptides bind saccharides, and of how saccharides bind peptides, is starting to revolutionize understanding of cell-extracellular matrix relationships. Here, a historical perspective is taken of the relationship between heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and how they interact with peptide growth factors in order to both drive and modulate signaling through the appropriate cognate receptors. Such knowledge is guiding the preparation of targeted sugar mimetics that will impact the treatment of many different kinds of diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Glycotherapeutics Group, A*STAR, 138648, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University-Imperial College London, 636921, Singapore
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Glycotherapeutics Group, A*STAR, 138648, Singapore
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Glycotherapeutics Group, A*STAR, 138648, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- Institute of Medical Biology, Glycotherapeutics Group, A*STAR, 138648, Singapore
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15
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Tunicate Heparan Sulfate Enriched in 2-Sulfated β-Glucuronic Acid: Structure, Anticoagulant Activity, and Inhibitory Effect on the Binding of Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells to Immobilized P-Selectin. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060351. [PMID: 31212795 PMCID: PMC6627333 DOI: 10.3390/md17060351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin or highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS) has been described in different invertebrates. In ascidians (Chordata-Tunicata), these glycosaminoglycans occur in intracellular granules of oocyte accessory cells and circulating basophil-like cells, resembling mammalian mast cells and basophils, respectively. HS is also a component of the basement membrane of different ascidian organs. We have analyzed an HS isolated from the internal organs of the ascidian Phallusia nigra, using solution 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy, which allowed us to identify and quantify the monosaccharides found in this glycosaminoglycan. A variety of α-glucosamine units with distinct degrees of sulfation and N-acetylation were revealed. The hexuronic acid units occur both as α-iduronic acid and β-glucuronic acid, with variable sulfation at the 2-position. A peculiar structural aspect of the tunicate HS is the high content of 2-sulfated β-glucuronic acid, which accounts for one-third of the total hexuronic acid units. Another distinct aspect of this HS is the occurrence of high content of N-acetylated α-glucosamine units bearing a sulfate group at position 6. The unique ascidian HS is a potent inhibitor of the binding of human colon adenocarcinoma cells to immobilized P-selectin, being 11-fold more potent than mammalian heparin, but almost ineffective as an anticoagulant. Thus, the components of the HS structure required to inhibit coagulation and binding of tumor cells to P-selectin are distinct. Our results also suggest that the regulation of the pathway involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans suffered variations during the evolution of chordates.
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16
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Glycosaminoglycans compositional analysis of Urodele axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and Porcine Retina. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:165-174. [PMID: 30963354 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), are major causes of blindness worldwide. Humans cannot regenerate retina, however, axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a laboratory-bred salamander, can regenerate retinal tissue throughout adulthood. Classic signaling pathways, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), are involved in axolotl regeneration. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interaction with FGF is required for signal transduction in this pathway. GAGs are anionic polysaccharides in extracellular matrix (ECM) that have been implicated in limb and lens regeneration of amphibians, however, GAGs have not been investigated in the context of retinal regeneration. GAG composition is characterized native and decellularized axolotl and porcine retina using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Pig was used as a mammalian vertebrate model without the ability to regenerate retina. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was the main retinal GAG, followed by heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid, and keratan sulfate in both native and decellularized axolotl and porcine retina. Axolotl retina exhibited a distinctive GAG composition pattern in comparison with porcine retina, including a higher content of hyaluronic acid. In CS, higher levels of 4- and 6- O-sulfation were observed in axolotl retina. The HS composition was greater in decellularized tissues in both axolotl and porcine retina by 7.1% and 15.4%, respectively, and different sulfation patterns were detected in axolotl. Our findings suggest a distinctive GAG composition profile of the axolotl retina set foundation for role of GAGs in homeostatic and regenerative conditions of the axolotl retina and may further our understanding of retinal regenerative models.
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17
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Kim SY, Koetzner CA, Payne AF, Nierode GJ, Yu Y, Wang R, Barr E, Dordick JS, Kramer LD, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycan Compositional Analysis of Relevant Tissues in Zika Virus Pathogenesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Heparin as an Antiviral against Zika Virus Infection. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1155-1166. [PMID: 30698412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus from the flavivirus family that can cause fetal neural abnormalities in pregnant women. Previously, we established that ZIKV-EP (envelope protein) binds to human placental chondroitin sulfate (CS), suggesting that CS may be a potential host cell surface receptor in ZIKV pathogenesis. In this study, we further characterized the GAG disaccharide composition of other biological tissues (i.e., mosquitoes, fetal brain cells, and eye tissues) in ZIKV pathogenesis to investigate the role of tissue specific GAGs. Heparan sulfate (HS) was the major GAG, and levels of HS-6-sulfo, HS 0S (unsulfated HS), and CS 4S disaccharides were the main differences in the GAG composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In human fetal neural progenitor and differentiated cells, HS 0S and CS 4S were the main disaccharides. A change in disaccharide composition levels was observed between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. In different regions of the bovine eyes, CS was the major GAG, and the amounts of hyaluronic acid or keratan sulfate varied depending on the region of the eye. Next, we examined heparin (HP) of various structures to investigate their potential in vitro antiviral activity against ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) infection in Vero cells. All compounds effectively inhibited DENV replication; however, they surprisingly promoted ZIKV replication. HP of longer chain lengths more strongly promoted activity in ZIKV replication. This study further expands our understanding of role of GAGs in ZIKV pathogenesis and carbohydrate-based antivirals against flaviviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Slingerlands , New York 12159 , United States
| | - Anne F Payne
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Slingerlands , New York 12159 , United States
| | - Gregory J Nierode
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Evan Barr
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Slingerlands , New York 12159 , United States.,State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
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18
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Persson A, Ellervik U, Mani K. Fine-tuning the structure of glycosaminoglycans in living cells using xylosides. Glycobiology 2018; 28:499-511. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Deciphering the mode of action, structural and biochemical analysis of heparinase II/III (PsPL12a) a new member of family 12 polysaccharide lyase from Pseudopedobacter saltans. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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20
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Persson A, Gomez Toledo A, Vorontsov E, Nasir W, Willén D, Noborn F, Ellervik U, Mani K, Nilsson J, Larson G. LC-MS/MS characterization of xyloside-primed glycosaminoglycans with cytotoxic properties reveals structural diversity and novel glycan modifications. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10202-10219. [PMID: 29739851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans remains a challenge but is essential for determining structure-function relationships between glycosaminoglycans and the biomolecules with which they interact and for gaining insight into the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. We have recently reported that xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast carcinoma cell line, HCC70, has cytotoxic effects and shown that it differs in disaccharide composition from nontoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast fibroblast cell line, CCD-1095Sk. To further investigate the structural requirements for the cytotoxic effect, we developed a novel LC-MS/MS approach based on reversed-phase dibutylamine ion-pairing chromatography and negative-mode higher-energy collision dissociation and used it in combination with cell growth studies and disaccharide fingerprinting. This strategy enabled detailed structural characterization of linkage regions, internal oligosaccharides, and nonreducing ends, revealing not only differences between xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells and CCD-1095Sk cells, but also sialylation of the linkage region and previously undescribed methylation and sulfation of the nonreducing ends. Although the xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells was less complex in terms of presence and distribution of iduronic acid than that from CCD-1095Sk cells, both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid appeared to be essential for the cytotoxic effect. Our data have moved us one step closer to understanding the structure of the cytotoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells primed on xylosides and demonstrate the suitability of the LC-MS/MS approach for structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund.,the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- the Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, and
| | - Waqas Nasir
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Daniel Willén
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Göran Larson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg,
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21
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Fast, sensitive method for trisaccharide biomarker detection in mucopolysaccharidosis type 1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3681. [PMID: 29487322 PMCID: PMC5829143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain recessively inherited diseases result from an enzyme deficiency within lysosomes. In mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a defect in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation leads to GAG accumulation followed by progressive organ and multiple system dysfunctions. Current methods of GAG analysis used to diagnose and monitor the diseases lack sensitivity and throughput. Here we report a LC-MS method with accurate metabolite mass analysis for identifying and quantifying biomarkers for MPS type I without the need for extensive sample preparation. The method revealed 225 LC-MS features that were >1000-fold enriched in urine, plasma and tissue extracts from untreated MPS I mice compared to MPS I mice treated with iduronidase to correct the disorder. Levels of several trisaccharides were elevated >10000-fold. To validate the clinical relevance of our method, we confirmed the presence of these biomarkers in urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from MPS I patients and assessed changes in their levels after treatment.
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22
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Lorè NI, Veraldi N, Riva C, Sipione B, Spagnuolo L, De Fino I, Melessike M, Calzi E, Bragonzi A, Naggi A, Cigana C. Synthesized Heparan Sulfate Competitors Attenuate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010207. [PMID: 29315274 PMCID: PMC5796156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several chronic respiratory diseases are characterized by recurrent and/or persistent infections, chronic inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling, including increased levels of glycosaminoglycans which are known structural components of the airways. Among glycosaminoglycans, heparan sulfate (HS) has been suggested to contribute to excessive inflammatory responses. Here, we aim at (i) investigating whether long-term infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most worrisome threat in chronic respiratory diseases, may impact HS levels, and (ii) exploring HS competitors as potential anti-inflammatory drugs during P. aeruginosa pneumonia. P. aeruginosa clinical strains and ad-hoc synthesized HS competitors were used in vitro and in murine models of lung infection. During long-term chronic P. aeruginosa colonization, infected mice showed higher heparin/HS levels, evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after selective enzymatic digestion, compared to uninfected mice. Among HS competitors, an N-acetyl heparin and a glycol-split heparin dampened leukocyte recruitment and cytokine/chemokine production induced by acute and chronic P. aeruginosa pneumonia in mice. Furthermore, treatment with HS competitors reduced bacterial burden during chronic murine lung infection. In vitro, P. aeruginosa biofilm formation decreased upon treatment with HS competitors. Overall, these findings support further evaluation of HS competitors as a novel therapy to counteract inflammation and infection during P. aeruginosa pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ivan Lorè
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Noemi Veraldi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Camilla Riva
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Barbara Sipione
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Spagnuolo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Ida De Fino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Medede Melessike
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Elisa Calzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cigana
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy.
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23
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Miller RL, Guimond SE, Prescott M, Turnbull JE, Karlsson N. Versatile Separation and Analysis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides Using Graphitized Carbon Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8942-8950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Miller
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
- Oncology
Department, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Mark Prescott
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Niclas Karlsson
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Heparin depolymerization by immobilized heparinase: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:721-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Liu X, St Ange K, Wang X, Lin L, Zhang F, Chi L, Linhardt RJ. Parent heparin and daughter LMW heparin correlation analysis using LC-MS and NMR. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 961:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Kim SY, Zhao J, Liu X, Fraser K, Lin L, Zhang X, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Interaction of Zika Virus Envelope Protein with Glycosaminoglycans. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1151-1162. [PMID: 28151637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In February 2016, the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on Zika Virus (ZIKV), because of its association with severe fetal anomalies of congenitally infected humans. This has led to urgent efforts by academic, federal, and industry research groups to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of ZIKV and to develop detection methods, therapeutic strategies, and vaccines. Although we still do not have the entire picture of the pathogenesis of ZIKV, extensive research has been conducted on related pathogenic flaviviruses (i.e., dengue virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus). Binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) through its envelope protein is the first step in successful host cell invasion of dengue virus. In this study, we examined ZIKV envelope protein (ZIKV E) binding to GAGs in a real time interaction study using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to explore the role of GAGs in host cell entry of ZIKV into placenta and brain. ZIKV E strongly binds (KD = 443 nM) pharmaceutical heparin (HP), a highly sulfated GAG, and binds with lower avidity to less sulfated GAGs, suggesting that the ZIKV E-GAG interaction may be electrostatically driven. Using SPR competition assays with various chain length HP oligosaccharides (from 4 to 18 saccharide units in length), we observed that ZIKV E preferentially binds to longer HP oligosaccharides (with 8-18 saccharides). Next, we examined GAGs prepared from human placentas to determine if they bound ZIKV E, possibly mediating placental cell invasion of ZIKV. Compositional analysis of these GAGs as well as SPR binding studies showed that both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate GAGs, present on the placenta, showed low-micromolar interactions with ZIKV E. Both porcine brain CS and HS also showed micromolar binding with ZIKV E. Moreover, heparan sulfate with a higher TriS content, the dominant repeating unit of HP, shows a high affinity for ZIKV E. These results suggest that GAGs may be utilized as attachment factors for host cell entry of Zika virus as they do in other pathogenic flaviviruses. They may also assist us in advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of ZIKV and guide us in designing therapeutics to combat ZIKV with more insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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27
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Ahmed YA, Yates EA, Moss DJ, Loeven MA, Hussain SA, Hohenester E, Turnbull JE, Powell AK. Panels of chemically-modified heparin polysaccharides and natural heparan sulfate saccharides both exhibit differences in binding to Slit and Robo, as well as variation between protein binding and cellular activity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3166-75. [PMID: 27502551 PMCID: PMC5048398 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are required for Slit-Robo cellular responses. Evidence exists for interactions between each combination of Slit, Robo and heparin/HS and for formation of a ternary complex. Heparin/HS are complex mixtures displaying extensive structural diversity. The relevance of this diversity has been studied to a limited extent using a few select chemically-modified heparins as models of HS diversity. Here we extend these studies by parallel screening of structurally diverse panels of eight chemically-modified heparin polysaccharides and numerous natural HS oligosaccharide chromatographic fractions for binding to both Drosophila Slit and Robo N-terminal domains and for activation of a chick retina axon response to the Slit fragment. Both the polysaccharides and oligosaccharide fractions displayed variability in binding and cellular activity that could not be attributed solely to increasing sulfation, extending evidence for the importance of structural diversity to natural HS as well as model modified heparins. They also displayed differences in their interactions with Slit compared to Robo, with Robo preferring compounds with higher sulfation. Furthermore, the patterns of cellular activity across compounds were different to those for binding to each protein, suggesting that biological outcomes are selectively determined in a subtle manner that does not simply reflect the sum of the separate interactions of heparin/HS with Slit and Robo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir A. Ahmed
- Centre for Glycobiology , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , UK
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , King Faisal University , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Centre for Glycobiology , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , UK
| | - Diana J. Moss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology , University of Liverpool , UK
| | - Markus A. Loeven
- Centre for Glycobiology , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , UK
| | | | | | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , UK
| | - Andrew K. Powell
- Centre for Glycobiology , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK .
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28
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Lin Y, Linask KL, Mallon B, Johnson K, Klein M, Beers J, Xie W, Du Y, Liu C, Lai Y, Zou J, Haigney M, Yang H, Rao M, Chen G. Heparin Promotes Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Chemically Defined Albumin-Free Medium, Enabling Consistent Manufacture of Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:527-538. [PMID: 28191759 PMCID: PMC5442822 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes can be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in defined conditions, but efficient and consistent cardiomyocyte differentiation often requires expensive reagents such as B27 supplement or recombinant albumin. Using a chemically defined albumin-free (E8 basal) medium, we identified heparin as a novel factor that significantly promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency, and developed an efficient method to differentiate hPSCs into cardiomyocytes. The treatment with heparin helped cardiomyocyte differentiation consistently reach at least 80% purity (up to 95%) from more than 10 different hPSC lines in chemically defined Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F-12-based medium on either Matrigel or defined matrices like vitronectin and Synthemax. One of heparin's main functions was to act as a Wnt modulator that helped promote robust and consistent cardiomyocyte production. Our study provides an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective method for cardiomyocyte derivation from hPSCs that can be used for potential large-scale drug screening, disease modeling, and future cellular therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:527-538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Lin
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaari L. Linask
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Klein
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanette Beers
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yubin Du
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinzhi Lai
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Haigney
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hushan Yang
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guokai Chen
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Tapai, Macau, People's Republic of China
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29
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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30
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Zhao J, Liu X, Kao C, Zhang E, Li Q, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Kinetic and Structural Studies of Interactions between Glycosaminoglycans and Langerin. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4552-9. [PMID: 27447199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Langerin, a C-type lectin, is expressed in Langerhans cells. It was reported that langerin binds sulfated glycans, which is an important initial step for its role in blocking human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by capturing HIV pathogens and mediating their internalization into Birbeck granules for their elimination. It is fundamentally important to understand these interactions at the molecular level for the design of new highly specific therapeutic agents for HIV. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which allows for the real-time, direct, quantitative analysis of the label-free molecular interactions, has been used successfully for biophysical characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interactions. In this study, we report kinetics, structural analysis, and the effects of physiological conditions (e.g., pH, salt concentration, and Ca(2+) and Zn(2+)concentrations) on the interactions between GAGs and langerin using SPR. SPR results revealed that langerin binds to heparin with high affinity (KD ∼ 2.4 nM) and the oligosaccharide length required for the interactions is larger than a tetrasaccharide. This heparin/heparan sulfate-binding protein also interacts with other GAGs, including dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates C-E and KS. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to characterize the structure of sulfated glycans that bound to langerin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University (CAU) , Beijing 100083, China
| | | | | | | | - Quanhong Li
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University (CAU) , Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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31
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Oligosaccharide mapping of heparinase I-treated heparins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation and online fluorescence detection and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry characterization. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1445:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Tillo M, Charoy C, Schwarz Q, Maden CH, Davidson K, Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. 2- and 6-O-sulfated proteoglycans have distinct and complementary roles in cranial axon guidance and motor neuron migration. Development 2016; 143:1907-13. [PMID: 27048738 PMCID: PMC4920156 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The correct migration and axon extension of neurons in the developing nervous system is essential for the appropriate wiring and function of neural networks. Here, we report that O-sulfotransferases, a class of enzymes that modify heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), are essential to regulate neuronal migration and axon development. We show that the 6-O-sulfotransferases HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 are essential for cranial axon patterning, whilst the 2-O-sulfotransferase HS2ST (also known as HS2ST1) is important to regulate the migration of facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons in the hindbrain. We have also investigated how HS2ST interacts with other signals in the hindbrain and show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling regulates FBM neuron migration in an HS2ST-dependent manner. Summary: 2-O-sulfated proteoglycans are essential for cranial motor neuron migration, whereas 6-O-sulfated proteoglycans regulate cranial axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tillo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Camille Charoy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Charlotte H Maden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK Yale Cardiovascular Research Centre, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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33
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Screening enoxaparin tetrasaccharide SEC fractions for 3-O-sulfo-N-sulfoglucosamine residues using [1H,15N] HSQC NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1545-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Mori M, Ichikawa M, Kiguchi Y, Miyazaki T, Hattori M, Nishikawa A, Tonozuka T. A Surface Loop in the N-Terminal Domain of <i>Pedobacter heparinus </i>Heparin Lyase II is Important for Activity. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2016; 63:7-11. [PMID: 34354475 PMCID: PMC8056909 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedobacter heparinus heparin lyase II (PhHepII) is composed of N-terminal, central, and C-terminal domains. A long surface loop, designated loop-A, is in the N-terminal domain and is composed of amino acids 84-89. In this study, we deleted two, three, or four residues in loop-A to create Δ86-87, Δ85-87, and Δ84-87 PhHepII deletion mutants. We hypothesized that the deletions would increase PhHepII thermostability. After heating purified PhHepII enzymes at 45 °C for 5 min, 6.1 % of the enzyme activity remained in wild-type PhHepII, whereas 10.6 % of the enzyme activity remained in Δ86-87 PhHepII. The results indicated that the deletion caused a significant decrease in the activity, although Δ86-87 PhHepII is slightly more thermostable than wild-type PhHepII. In addtion, Δ85-87 and Δ84-87 PhHepII had weak or no enzyme activity, even when unheated. Circular dichroism spectra showed that Δ85-87 PhHepII was properly folded. These results suggest that the flexibility of loop-A is important for PhHepII enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mori
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Megumi Ichikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yumiko Kiguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Takashi Tonozuka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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35
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Su G, Li L, Huang H, Zhong W, Yu P, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Production of a low molecular weight heparin production using recombinant glycuronidase. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Wang CP, Hascall VC, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Abbadi A, Wang A. The Responses of Hyperglycemic Dividing Mesangial Cells to Heparin Are Mediated by the Non-reducing Terminal Trisaccharide. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29045-50. [PMID: 26378235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.677401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed: (i) that growth-arrested G0/G1 rat mesangial cells stimulated to divide in hyperglycemic medium initiate intracellular hyaluronan synthesis that induces autophagy and the cyclin D3-induced formation of a monocyte-adhesive extracellular hyaluronan matrix after completing cell division; and (ii) that heparin inhibits the intracellular hyaluronan and autophagy responses, but after completing division, induces hyaluronan synthesis at the plasma membrane with the formation of a larger monocyte-adhesive hyaluronan matrix. This study shows: (i) that the non-terminal trisaccharide of heparin is sufficient to initiate the same responses as intact heparin, (ii) that a fully sulfated tetrasaccharide isolated from bacterial heparin lyase 1 digests of heparin that contains a Δ-2S-iduronate on the non-reducing end does not initiate the same responses as intact heparin, and (iii) that removal of the Δ-2S-iduronate to expose the fully sulfated trisaccharide (GlcNS(6S)-IdoUA(2S)-GlcNS(6S)) does initiate the same responses as intact heparin. These results provide evidence that mammalian heparanase digestion of heparin and heparan sulfate exposes a cryptic motif on the non-reducing termini that is recognized by a receptor on dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina P Wang
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Fuming Zhang
- the Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- the Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Amina Abbadi
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Aimin Wang
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
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37
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Teruya K, Wakao M, Sato M, Hamanaka T, Nishizawa K, Funayama Y, Sakasegawa Y, Suda Y, Doh-ura K. Heparinase I-specific disaccharide unit of heparin is a key structure but insufficient for exerting anti-prion activity in prion-infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:989-95. [PMID: 25839661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans reportedly play important roles in prion formation, but because of their structural complexity, the chemical structures affecting prion formation have not been fully evaluated. Here, we compared two types of low molecular weight heparins and found that heparinase I-sensitive structures influenced anti-prion activity in prion-infected cells. Surface plasmon resonance analyses showed significant binding of a representative heparinase I substrate disaccharide unit, GlcNS6S-IdoA2S, to recombinant prion protein (PrP) fragments, such as full-length PrP23-231 and N-terminal domain PrP23-89, but not to PrP89-230. This binding was competitively inhibited by heparin or pentosan polysulfate, but not by Cu(2+). These PrP binding profiles of the disaccharide unit are consistent with those previously reported for heparin. However, synthetic compounds comprising disaccharide unit alone or its multimers exhibited no anti-prion activity in prion-infected cells. Consequently, the findings suggest that the heparin disaccharide unit that binds to the N-terminal region of PrP is a key structure, but it is insufficient for exerting anti-prion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakao
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masaki Sato
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Taichi Hamanaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nishizawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukino Funayama
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakasegawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suda
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Katsumi Doh-ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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38
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Fragment profiling of low molecular weight heparins using reversed phase ion pair liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2015; 407:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Crosslinking decreases the hemocompatibility of decellularized, porcine small intestinal submucosa. Acta Biomater 2015; 14:96-103. [PMID: 25463505 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized tissues have been widely used as scaffolds for biomedical applications due to their presentation of adhesion peptide sequences and growth factors, which facilitate integration with surrounding tissue. One of the most commonly used decellularized tissues is derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS). In some applications, SIS is crosslinked to modulate the mechanical properties or degradation rate of the scaffold. Despite the widespread use of SIS, there has been no mechanistic characterization of blood reactions with SIS, or how crosslinking affects these reactions. Therefore, we characterized the effect of SIS and carbodiimide-crosslinked SIS (cSIS) on plasma coagulation, including targeted assessments of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, and thrombus formation using flowing whole blood. SIS inhibited plasma coagulation initiated by recalcification, as well as low concentrations of thrombin or tissue factor. SIS prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time by 14.3 ± 1.54s, indicating inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Carbodiimide crosslinking abrogated all anticoagulant effects of SIS, as did heparinase I and III treatment, suggesting that heparin and heparan sulfate are predominantly responsible for SIS anticoagulant effects. Inhibiting contact activation of the intrinsic pathway prevented cSIS-mediated coagulation. When tubular SIS devices were connected to a nonhuman primate arteriovenous shunt loop, which enables whole blood to flow across devices without the use of anticoagulants, SIS demonstrated remarkably limited platelet accumulation and fibrinogen incorporation, while cSIS initiated significantly higher platelet and fibrinogen accumulation. These results demonstrate that SIS is a thromboresistant material and crosslinking markedly reduces the hemocompatibility of SIS.
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40
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Quantitative compositional analysis of heparin using exhaustive heparinase digestion and strong anion exchange chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Córdula CR, Lima MA, Shinjo SK, Gesteira TF, Pol-Fachin L, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Verli H, Yates EA, Rudd TR, Pinhal MAS, Toma L, Dietrich CP, Nader HB, Tersariol ILS. On the catalytic mechanism of polysaccharide lyases: evidence of His and Tyr involvement in heparin lysis by heparinase I and the role of Ca2+. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:54-64. [PMID: 24232366 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structurally diverse polysaccharide lyase enzymes are distributed from plants to animals but share common catalytic mechanisms. One, heparinase I (F. heparinum), is employed in the production of the major anticoagulant drug, low molecular weight heparin, and is a mainstay of cell surface proteoglycan analysis. We demonstrate that heparinase I specificity and efficiency depend on the cationic form of the substrate. Ca(2+)-heparin, in which α-L-iduronate-2-O-sulfate residues adopt (1)C4 conformation preferentially, is a substrate, while Na(+)-heparin is an inhibitor. His and Tyr residues are identified in the catalytic step and a model based on molecular dynamics and docking is proposed, in which deprotonated His203 initiates β-elimination by abstracting the C5 proton of the α-L-iduonate-2-O-sulfate residue in the substrate, and protonated Tyr357 provides the donor to the hexosamine leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Córdula
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Três de Maio, 100, CEP 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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42
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Bioengineered vascular scaffolds: the state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 2014; 37:503-12. [PMID: 25044387 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is increasing clinical need for vascular substitutes due to accidents, malformations, and ischemic diseases. Over the years, many approaches have been developed to solve this problem, starting from autologous native vessels to artificial vascular grafts; unfortunately, none of these have provided the perfect vascular substitute. All have been burdened by various complications, including infection, thrombogenicity, calcification, foreign body reaction, lack of growth potential, late stenosis and occlusion from intimal hyperplasia, and pseudoaneurysm formation. In the last few years, vascular tissue engineering has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for producing mechanically competent vascular substitutes. Nanotechnologies have contributed their part, allowing extraordinarily biostable and biocompatible materials to be developed. Specifically, the use of electrospinning to manufacture conduits able to guarantee a stable flow of biological fluids and guide the formation of a new vessel has revolutionized the concept of the vascular substitute. The electrospinning technique allows extracellular matrix (ECM) to be mimicked with high fidelity, reproducing its porosity and complexity, and providing an environment suitable for cell growth. In the future, a better knowledge of ECM and the manufacture of new materials will allow us to "create" functional biological vessels - the base required to develop organ substitutes and eventually solve the problem of organ failure.
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Lee SC, Lin CC, Wang CH, Wu PL, Huang HW, Chang CI, Wu WG. Endocytotic routes of cobra cardiotoxins depend on spatial distribution of positively charged and hydrophobic domains to target distinct types of sulfated glycoconjugates on cell surface. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20170-81. [PMID: 24898246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobra cardiotoxins (CTX) are a family of three-fingered basic polypeptides known to interact with diverse targets such as heparan sulfates, sulfatides, and integrins on cell surfaces. After CTX bind to the membrane surface, they are internalized to intracellular space and exert their cytotoxicity via an unknown mechanism. By the combined in vitro kinetic binding, three-dimensional x-ray structure determination, and cell biology studies on the naturally abundant CTX homologues from the Taiwanese cobra, we showed that slight variations on the spatial distribution of positively charged or hydrophobic domains among CTX A2, A3, and A4 could lead to significant changes in their endocytotic pathways and action mechanisms via distinct sulfated glycoconjugate-mediated processes. The intracellular locations of these structurally similar CTX after internalization are shown to vary between the mitochondria and lysosomes via either dynamin2-dependent or -independent processes with distinct membrane cholesterol sensitivity. Evidence is presented to suggest that the shifting between the sulfated glycoconjugates as distinct targets of CTX A2, A3, and A4 might play roles in the co-evolutionary arms race between venomous snake toxins to cope with different membrane repair mechanisms at the cellular levels. The sensitivity of endocytotic routes to the spatial distribution of positively charged or hydrophobic domains may provide an explanation for the diverse endocytosis pathways of other cell-penetrating basic polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chen Lee
- From the School of Medicine, FuJen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chu Lin
- the Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Wang
- the Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Long Wu
- the Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Wei Huang
- the Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-I Chang
- the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-guey Wu
- the Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan,
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Testing of potential glycan-based heparanase inhibitors in a fluorescence activity assay using either bacterial heparinase II or human heparanase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:130-8. [PMID: 24667567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase cleaving heparan sulfate (HS) chains at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), is involved in angiogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis as well as in inflammation and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, heparanase is considered a promising therapeutic target and diagnostic marker. Recently, we have developed a simple, rapid, fully automatable fluorimetric activity assay using the synthetic sulfated pentasaccharide fondaparinux as substrate and bacterial heparinase II (HEP-II) instead of human heparanase (hHEP). The aim of this study was to evaluate this assay for inhibitor testing as well as to check whether the assay principle is applicable to measure the activity and inhibition, respectively, of the actual target enzyme hHEP. Besides the known hHEP inhibitor suramin and the antiinflammatory and antimetastatic PS3, two series of β-1,3-glucan sulfates differing in their chain length and degree of sulfation, further semisynthetic sulfated glycans, and two sulfated polysaccharides isolated from algae were included to examine structure-activity relationships. The inhibitory activity of sulfated glycans showed to be greatly dependent on both their degree of sulfation and their basic glycan structure, but independent of their molecular size. The β-1,3-glucan sulfates were superior to suramin as well as to the other glycans with similar degree of sulfations. The most active inhibitor was found to be the β-1,3-glucan sulfate PS3 (IC₅₀=0.017 μM). By using hHEP instead of HEP-II comparable results were obtained. With an IC₅₀ being about 160 times lower than that of suramin, PS3 exhibited again the strongest inhibitory effects. Inhibition of hHEP may therefore contribute to the potent antiinflammatory and antimetastatic activities of PS3 in vivo. In conclusion, the fluorimetric hHEP activity assay proved to be a simple, fully automatable tool for testing potential inhibitors. In case of HS mimetic inhibitors, the assay variant with HEP-II may provide a fast and inexpensive option for initial screening purposes.
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Pitarresi G, Fiorica C, Palumbo FS, Rigogliuso S, Ghersi G, Giammona G. Heparin functionalized polyaspartamide/polyester scaffold for potential blood vessel regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1334-41. [PMID: 23733561 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An interesting issue in tissue engineering is the development of a biodegradable vascular graft able to substitute a blood vessel and to allow its complete regeneration. Here, we report a new scaffold potentially useful as a synthetic vascular graft, produced through the electrospinning of α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl) (2-aminoethylcarbamate)-D,L-aspartamide-graft-polylactic acid (PHEA-EDA-g-PLA) in the presence of polycaprolactone (PCL). The scaffold degradation profile has been evaluated as well as the possibility to bind heparin to electrospun fibers, being it a known anticoagulant molecule able to bind growth factors. In vitro cell compatibility has been investigated using human vascular endothelial cells (ECV 304) and the ability of heparinized PHEA-EDA-g-PLA/PCL scaffold to retain basic fibroblast growth factor has been evaluated in comparison with not heparinized sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Plesso di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy; IBIM-CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a common technique used for glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharide analysis because of its high resolving power, high separation efficiency, high sensitivity, short analysis time, and straightforward operation. CE coupled to laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection shows an approximately 100 times higher sensitivity than traditional UV detection at 232 nm. 2-Aminoacridone (AMAC) is a widely used fluorophore for labeling unsaturated disaccharides by deductive amination, which is one of the most important method of derivatization of disaccharides for CE-LIF detection. Outlined in this chapter is a protocol of analyzing glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharides by CE-LIF with AMAC derivatization.
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Structural basis of heparan sulfate-specific degradation by heparinase III. Protein Cell 2012; 3:950-61. [PMID: 23011846 PMCID: PMC4875378 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparinase III (HepIII) is a 73-kDa polysaccharide lyase (PL) that degrades the heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides at sulfate-rare regions, which are important co-factors for a vast array of functional distinct proteins including the well-characterized antithrombin and the FGF/FGFR signal transduction system. It functions in cleaving metazoan heparan sulfate (HS) and providing carbon, nitrogen and sulfate sources for host microorganisms. It has long been used to deduce the structure of HS and heparin motifs; however, the structure of its own is unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of the HepIII from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron at a resolution of 1.6 Å. The overall architecture of HepIII belongs to the (α/α)₅ toroid subclass with an N-terminal toroid-like domain and a C-terminal β-sandwich domain. Analysis of this high-resolution structure allows us to identify a potential HS substrate binding site in a tunnel between the two domains. A tetrasaccharide substrate bound model suggests an elimination mechanism in the HS degradation. Asn260 and His464 neutralize the carboxylic group, whereas Tyr314 serves both as a general base in C-5 proton abstraction, and a general acid in a proton donation to reconstitute the terminal hydroxyl group, respectively. The structure of HepIII and the proposed reaction model provide a molecular basis for its potential practical utilization and the mechanism of its eliminative degradation for HS polysaccarides.
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Alekseeva A, Casu B, Torri G, Pierro S, Naggi A. Profiling glycol-split heparins by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of their heparinase-generated oligosaccharides. Anal Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23201389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycol-split (gs) heparins, obtained by periodate oxidation/borohydride reduction of heparin currently used as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug, are arousing increasing interest in anticancer and anti-inflammation therapies. These new medical uses are favored by the loss of anticoagulant activity associated with glycol-splitting-induced inactivation of the antithrombin III (AT) binding site. The structure of gs heparins has not been studied yet in detail. In this work, ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IPRP-HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) widely used for unmodified heparin has been adapted to the analysis of oligosaccharides generated by digestion with heparinases of gs heparins usually prepared from porcine mucosal heparin. The method was also found to be very effective in analyzing gs derivatives obtained from heparins of different animal and tissue origins. Besides the major 2-O-sulfated disaccharides, heparinase digests of gs heparins contain mainly tetra- and hexasaccharides incorporating one or two gs residues, with distribution patterns typical for individual gs heparins. A heptasulfated, mono-N-acetylated hexasaccharide with two gs residues was shown to be a marker of the gs-modified AT binding site within heparin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alekseeva
- Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Rational design of a tripartite fusion protein of heparinase I enables one-step affinity purification and real-time activity detection. J Biotechnol 2012; 163:30-7. [PMID: 23073152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of heparin has great potential as an ecological and specific way to produce low molecular weight heparin. However, the commercial use of heparinase I (HepA), one of the most important heparin lyases, has been hampered by low productivity and poor thermostability. Fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP) or maltose-binding protein (MBP) has shown potential in facilitating the industrial use of HepA. Thus, tripartite fusion of GFP, MBP and HepA would be a promising approach. Therefore, in the present study, the tripartite fusion strategy was systematically studied, mainly focusing on the fusion order and the linker sequence, to obtain a fusion protein offering one-step purification and real-time detection of HepA activity by fluorescence as well as high HepA activity and thermostability. Our results show that fusion order is important for MBP binding affinity and HepA activity, while the linker sequences at domain junctions have significant effects on protein expression level, HepA activity and thermostability as well as GFP fluorescence. The best tripartite fusion was identified as MBP-(EAAAK)(3)-GFP-(GGGGS)(3)-HepA, which shows potential to facilitate the production of HepA and its application in industrial preparation of low molecular weight heparin.
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Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: Analysis of heparin digests by RPIP-UHPLC–QTOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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