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Ousset MJ, Pianciola LA, Mazzeo M, Oteiza JM, Jaureguiberry MS, Venturino A, Barril PA. Improved SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery in wastewater matrices using a CTAB-based extraction method. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114918. [PMID: 38556176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has allowed tracking the magnitude and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in communities, allowing public health officials to prepare for impending outbreaks. While many factors influence recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater, proper extraction, concentration, and purification of RNA are key steps to ensure accurate detection of viral particles. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of four commonly used RNA extraction methods for detection of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome in sewage samples artificially inoculated with the virus, in order to identify a protocol that improves viral recovery. These methods included CTAB-based, TRIzol-based, and guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC)-based extraction procedures coupled with silica spin column-based purification, and an automated extraction/purification protocol using paramagnetic particles. Following RNA extraction, virus recovery rates were compared using RT-qPCR-based detection. The CTAB-based approach yielded the highest recovery rates and was the only method to consistently demonstrate stable virus recovery percentages regardless of the specific physicochemical characteristics of the samples tested. The TRIzol method proved to be the second most effective, yielding significantly higher recovery rates compared to both the GTC-based and the automated extraction methods. These results suggest that the CTAB-based approach could be a useful tool for the recovery of viral RNA from complex wastewater matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ousset
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina.
| | - Luis Alfredo Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central "Mg. Luis Alfredo Pianciola", Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Neuquén, Gregorio Martinez 65, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Melina Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central "Mg. Luis Alfredo Pianciola", Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Neuquén, Gregorio Martinez 65, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Oteiza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, Centenario, Neuquén 8309, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Jaureguiberry
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Patricia Angélica Barril
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, Centenario, Neuquén 8309, Argentina
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Beilinson HA, Erickson SA, Golovkina T. The endogenous Mtv8 locus and the immunoglobulin repertoire. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345467. [PMID: 38504980 PMCID: PMC10948529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast diversity of mammalian adaptive antigen receptors allows for robust and efficient immune responses against a wide number of pathogens. The antigen receptor repertoire is built during the recombination of B and T cell receptor (BCR, TCR) loci and hypermutation of BCR loci. V(D)J recombination rearranges these antigen receptor loci, which are organized as an array of separate V, (D), and J gene segments. Transcription activation at the recombining locus leads to changes in the local three-dimensional architecture, which subsequently contributes to which gene segments are utilized for recombination. The endogenous retrovirus (ERV) mouse mammary tumor provirus 8 (Mtv8) resides on mouse chromosome 6 interposed within the large array of light chain kappa V gene segments. As ERVs contribute to changes in genomic architecture by driving high levels of transcription of neighboring genes, it was suggested that Mtv8 could influence the BCR repertoire. We generated Mtv8-deficient mice to determine if the ERV influences V(D)J recombination to test this possibility. We find that Mtv8 does not influence the BCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Beilinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steven A Erickson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tatyana Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and System Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Munguía-Ramírez B, Giménez-Lirola L, Zimmerman J. Assessment of Strategies for Preserving Swine Viral RNA Targets in Diagnostic Specimens. Microorganisms 2024; 12:410. [PMID: 38399814 PMCID: PMC10892022 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful downstream molecular analyses of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in diagnostic laboratories, e.g., reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or next-generation sequencing, are dependent on the quality of the RNA in the specimen. In swine specimens, preserving the integrity of RNA requires proper sample handling at the time the sample is collected on the farm, during transport, and in the laboratory until RNA extraction is performed. Options for proper handling are limited to maintaining the cold chain or using commercial specimen storage matrices. Herein, we reviewed the refereed literature for evidence that commercial specimen storage matrices can play a role in preserving swine viral RNA in clinical specimens. Refereed publications were included if they compared RNA detection in matrix-treated vs. untreated samples. At present, the small number of refereed studies and the inconsistency in reported results preclude the routine use of commercial specimen storage matrices. For example, specimen storage matrices may be useful under specific circumstances, e.g., where it is mandatory to render the virus inactive. In a broader view, statistically sound side-by-side comparisons between specimens, viral RNA targets, and storage conditions are needed to establish if, when, and how commercial specimen storage matrices could be used in diagnostic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
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Skopkó BE, Homoki JR, Fazekas MÉ, Paholcsek M, Fauszt P, Dávid P, Stündl L, Molnár PB, Forgács IN, Váradi J, Bágyi KÁ, Remenyik J. Changes in the Composition of Unstimulated and Stimulated Saliva Due to Chewing Sour Cherry Gum and a Toothbrush Change. Cells 2024; 13:251. [PMID: 38334643 PMCID: PMC10854574 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies demonstrated that sour cherry anthocyanins (AC) reduce the salivary count of Streptococcus mutans and inhibit salivary amylase activity within 30 minutes after chewing AC gum. AC gum and changing toothbrushes after scaling reduced the Gram-negative species in the unstimulated salivary microbiota. The present study examined the effect of AC gums on salivary factors, including changes in microbiome. METHODS The study was conducted over three weeks with two groups; young adults (18-30) and adults (30-45). Ten participants changed their toothbrushes, while the other 10 participants did not change after the control period. After scaling, all participants received three doses of AC gum daily. The salivary mRNA and protein levels of cytokines, mucins, melatonin, and the microbiota of unstimulated and stimulated saliva were determined by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), mucin5B (MUC5B), mucin7 (MUC7), and melatonin were detected in stimulated saliva. Correlation analysis of these factors with the microbiota showed positive correlations with the genera Lachnospiraceae, Eikenella, Saccharibacteria_(TM7), Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Haemophilus. CONCLUSIONS AC chewing gum has a beneficial effect on the composition of the oral microbiome, and toothbrush replacement leads to changes in the levels of salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Emese Skopkó
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Judit Rita Homoki
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Mónika Éva Fazekas
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Melinda Paholcsek
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Péter Fauszt
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Péter Dávid
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Piroska Bíróné Molnár
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Ildikó Noémi Forgács
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Kinga Ágnes Bágyi
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
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Cheng M, Chen X, Han M, Luo X, Yu Y, Lv Y, Han Y, Cao L, Zhang J, Wang M, Jin Y. miR-155-5p improves oocyte maturation in porcine cumulus cells through connexin 43-mediated regulation of MPF activity. Theriogenology 2024; 214:124-133. [PMID: 37866301 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the expression of miR-155-5p and its target genes on oocyte maturation. We analyzed the expression of miR-155-5p and its target genes in cumulus cells and oocytes using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Using carboxyfluorescein, porcine cumulus cells were transfected with mimics and inhibitors of ssc-miR-155-5p to induce in vitro maturation, and subsequently, cumulus expansion, oocyte maturation, and cleavage rate were measured. We found that miR-155-5p expression in cumulus cells at the metaphase II stage was significantly higher than that at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, whereas Cx43 expression was significantly lower than that at the GV stage (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the negative control group, the cumulus diffusion area of cumulus oocyte complexes; oocyte maturation rate; cleavage rate; HAS2, PTGS2, CD44, PTX3, and TNFAIP6 expression in cumulus cells; and GDF9, BMP15, CyclinB1, and CDK1 expression in oocytes were significantly increased in the miR-155-5p mimics group (P < 0.05), whereas the mRNA and protein expression of CX43 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with that in the negative control group, the protein expression of CyclinB1 and p-CDK1 (Thr14, Tyr15) in the miR-155-5p mimics group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results suggest that miR-155-5p regulates maturation promoting factor activity by targeting Cx43, which improves the in vitro maturation and cleavage rate of porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Cheng
- Yanbian University, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Yanbian University, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Mingzi Han
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Xiaotong Luo
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, Gongzhuling, 136100, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, Gongzhuling, 136100, China
| | - Yanqiu Lv
- Yanbian University, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Yue Han
- Yanbian University, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Lipeng Cao
- Yanbian University, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China
| | | | | | - Yi Jin
- Yanbian University, Jilin, Yanji, 133000, China.
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Malburet C, Carboni A, Guinamand S, Naik H, Fertier-Prizzon S. mRNA extraction from lipid nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464545. [PMID: 38070303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Messenger RiboNucleic Acid (mRNA) vaccines have recently shown considerable promises for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. These vaccines do not carry an antigen but the information for producing it using the cell machinery, turning the human body into an antigen factory. However, mRNA is an unstable molecule, susceptible to physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation by exo- and endonucleases. If the mRNA is degraded, it can no longer be translated correctly into the antigen of interest and the vaccine lose its efficacy. To protect from nucleases degradation and allow it to get into the cells, mRNA can be encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). As part of the manufacturing process, the quality of the mRNAs should be controlled before the encapsulation (at the drug substance stage) as well as after formulation on the final vaccine product (at the drug product stage). Therefore, it is necessary to be able to extract the mRNA from the LNPs, that is to deformulate the final vaccine product. In this work, different deformulation methods have been compared: spin column extraction, magnetic particle extraction, organic extraction, and direct disruption. Advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Malburet
- Sanofi, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Aurelien Carboni
- Sanofi, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Karami A, El Fihry R, Haddaji A, Jadid FZ, Zaidane I, Chihab H, Ouladlahsen A, Tahiri M, Pineau P, Akarid K, Benjelloun S, Ezzikouri S. Epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis A, 2013-2016: a cross-sectional study in Morocco. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:625-634. [PMID: 37368360 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2228405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Indeed, hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries such in Morocco and most residents are exposed in childhood. The characterisation of circulating strains of HAV remains crucial to understand the virological evolution and geo-temporal characteristics, which are essential for controlling infections and outbreaks. The purpose of the current study was the detection and characterisation of HAV strains circulating in Morocco by performing serological test, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 618 suspected acute hepatitis cases were examined by Architect HAV abIgM. Of the 162 positives, 64 underwent RNA extraction. None of the suspected cases was immune to HAV and none of them had received a blood transfusion. Samples found positive by RT-PCR using primers targeting the VP1/VP2A junction and the VP1/VP3 capsid region of HAV were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS HAV Acute infection rate was 26.2% [95% CI, 22.8-29.9], while viraemia reached 45% (29/64) after amplification of the VP3/VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1/2A segment revealed the presence of sub-genotypes IA and IB. Eighty-seven percent of the strains belonged to the subgenotype IA, while twelve percent to IB subgenotype. CONCLUSION This first molecular study of acute hepatitis A in Morocco provided information about genetic diversity of HAV, revealing the co-circulating of only two subgenotypes (IA and IB). Notably, subgenotype IA was found to be the predominant subgenotype in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Karami
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Raouia El Fihry
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Asmaa Haddaji
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zahra Jadid
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Hajar Chihab
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Tahiri
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité "Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse", INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Kawaguchi R, Suriyasak C, Matsumoto R, Sawada Y, Sakai Y, Hamaoka N, Sasaki K, Yamane K, Kato Y, Bailly C, Ishibashi Y. Regulation of reactive oxygen species and phytohormones in osmotic stress tolerance during seed germination in indica rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1186960. [PMID: 37384363 PMCID: PMC10295146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1186960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Climate change due to global warming is now affecting agricultural production worldwide. In rice, one of the most important crops, water limitation due to irregular rainfall in rainfed lowlands during crop growth limits yield. Dry direct-sowing has been proposed as a water-efficient approach to cope with water stress during rice growth, but poor seedling establishment due to drought during germination and emergence is a problem. Here, we germinated indica rice cultivars Rc348 (drought tolerant) and Rc10 (drought sensitive) under osmotic stress induced by PEG to elucidate mechanisms of germination under drought. Rc348 had higher germination rate and germination index under severe osmotic stress of -1.5 MPa, above those of Rc10. Rc348 showed up-regulated GA biosynthesis, down-regulated ABA catabolism, and up-regulated α-amylase gene expression in imbibed seeds under PEG treatment compared to that of Rc10. During germination, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in antagonism between gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Embryo of Rc348 treated with PEG had significantly greater expression of NADPH oxidase genes and higher endogenous ROS levels, together with significantly increased endogenous GA1, GA4 and ABA contents compared to that of Rc10. In aleurone layers treated with exogenous GA, expression of α-amylase genes was higher in Rc348 than in Rc10, and expression of NADPH oxidase genes was enhanced with significantly higher ROS content in Rc348, suggesting higher sensitivity of GA to ROS production and starch degradation in aleurone cells of Rc348. These results suggest that the osmotic stress tolerance of Rc348 is due to enhancement of ROS production, GA biosynthesis, and GA sensitivity, resulting in a higher germination rate under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Sawada
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Hamaoka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Yamane
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christophe Bailly
- Biologie des Semences, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7622, The Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yushi Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shieh BH, Sun W, Ferng D. A conventional PKC critical for both the light-dependent and the light-independent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in Drosophila photoreceptors. J Biol Chem 2023:104822. [PMID: 37201584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pkc53E is the second conventional protein kinase C (PKC) gene expressed in Drosophila photoreceptors; it encodes at least six transcripts generating four distinct protein isoforms including Pkc53E-B whose mRNA is preferentially expressed in photoreceptors. By characterizing transgenic lines expressing Pkc53E-B-GFP we show Pkc53E-B is localized in the cytosol and rhabdomeres of photoreceptors, and the rhabdomeric localization appears dependent on the diurnal rhythm. A loss of function of pkc53E-B leads to light-dependent retinal degeneration. Interestingly, the knockdown of pkc53E also impacted the actin cytoskeleton of rhabdomeres in a light-independent manner. Here the Actin-GFP reporter is mislocalized and accumulated at the base of the rhabdomere, suggesting that Pkc53E regulates depolymerization of the actin microfilament. We explored the light-dependent regulation of Pkc53E and demonstrated that activation of Pkc53E can be independent of the phospholipase C PLCβ4/NorpA as degeneration of norpAP24 photoreceptors was enhanced by a reduced Pkc53E activity. We further show that the activation of Pkc53E may involve the activation of Plc21C by Gqα. Taken together, Pkc53E-B appears to exert both constitutive and light-regulated activity to promote the maintenance of photoreceptors possibly by regulating the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bih-Hwa Shieh
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Wesley Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Darwin Ferng
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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RNA Extraction from Cartilage: Issues, Methods, Tips. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032120. [PMID: 36768444 PMCID: PMC9917073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in degenerative diseases involving articular cartilage has pushed research to focus on their pathogenesis and treatment, exploiting increasingly complex techniques. Gene expression analyses from tissue are representative of the in vivo situation, but the protocols to be applied to obtain a reliable analysis are not completely cleared through customs. Thus, RNA extraction from fresh samples and specifically from musculoskeletal tissue such as cartilage is still a challenging issue. The aim of the review is to provide an overview of the techniques described in the literature for RNA extraction, highlighting limits and possibilities. The research retrieved 65 papers suitable for the purposes. The results highlighted the great difficulty in comparing the different studies, both for the sources of tissue used and for the techniques employed, as well as the details about protocols. Few papers compared different RNA extraction methods or homogenization techniques; the case study reported by authors about RNA extraction from sheep cartilage has not found an analog in the literature, confirming the existence of a relevant blank on studies about RNA extraction from cartilage tissue. However, the state of the art depicted can be used as a starting point to improve and expand studies on this topic.
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11
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Foley MM. Applied Biosystems™ PrepFiler™ Forensic DNA Extraction Kit (Manual and Semi-automated via AutoMate Express™). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2685:53-81. [PMID: 37439975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3295-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The PrepFiler™ Forensic DNA Extraction Kits allow for optimal genomic DNA isolation and purification from forensic samples through a bind-wash-elute-based technique that can be performed manually or robotically using the Applied Biosystems AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System. The extraction kits come in two formats: the standard kit used for common case type samples, like bodily fluid swabs or stains, and a BTA kit for more challenging evidence sample types that can be submitted for analysis, like bones, teeth, and adhesive-type samples. Both forms of extraction, manual and semi-automated, require an initial manual incubation step using a lysis buffer to release the DNA into solution. If following the semi-automated protocol, the lysate can be purified and eluted on the AutoMate Express™. After lysis, the DNA binds to magnetic beads in the presence of a chaotropic salt and is washed multiple times with an ethanol-based wash buffer to purify the sample and remove potential PCR inhibitors. After removing the wash liquid, elution buffer is added to the tube containing the DNA-bound magnetic beads and heated, which disrupts the bonding between the DNA and beads. The DNA is then concentrated in the final tube and can be moved forward through the DNA analysis workflow. This chapter describes a manual DNA isolation method and the extraction procedures following both manual and robotic methods using the PrepFiler™ chemistries in conjunction with the AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Foley
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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12
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Gut commensal bacteria enhance pathogenesis of a tumorigenic murine retrovirus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111341. [PMID: 36103821 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral transmission and replication is well appreciated. However, its impact on retroviral pathogenesis outside of transmission/replication control remains unknown. Using murine leukemia virus (MuLV), we found that some commensal bacteria promoted the development of leukemia induced by this retrovirus. The promotion of leukemia development by commensals is due to suppression of the adaptive immune response through upregulation of several negative regulators of immunity. These negative regulators include Serpinb9b and Rnf128, which are associated with a poor prognosis of some spontaneous human cancers. Upregulation of Serpinb9b is mediated by sensing of bacteria by the NOD1/NOD2/RIPK2 pathway. This work describes a mechanism by which the microbiota enhances tumorigenesis within gut-distant organs and points at potential targets for cancer therapy.
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13
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Peng F, Wang X, Tao W, Chen Y, Ma Y, Ding X. Development of Magnetic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid-Liquid Extraction for the Selective Extraction and Separation of RNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10934-10942. [PMID: 36047674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Four kinds of hydrophobic magnetic deep eutectic solvents (HMDESs) were prepared and applied to RNA extraction. Based on the HMDESs, a mechanical shaking-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (MSLLE) was developed for the extraction of RNA. Factors that influence the extraction, including the extraction time, temperature, volume of HMDES, buffer types, and pH, were evaluated. After the optimization of all conditions, the RNA extraction efficiency was 82.31 ± 0.02%. RNA can be extracted from complex samples and medicinal yeast by the method proposed in this work and can be recovered from the HMDESs after being extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixia Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China 410081
| | - Xuelian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China 410081
| | - Wenting Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China 410081
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China 410081
| | - Yani Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China 410081
| | - Xueqin Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China 410081
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14
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Nonnecke EB, Castillo PA, Akahoshi DT, Goley SM, Bevins CL, Lönnerdal B. Characterization of an intelectin-1 ( Itln1) knockout mouse model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894649. [PMID: 36072603 PMCID: PMC9441953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins implicated in innate immunity and highly conserved across chordate evolution, including both ascidians and humans. Human intelectin-1 (ITLN1) is highly abundant within the intestinal mucosa and binds microbial but not host glycans. Genome-wide association studies identified SNPs in ITLN1 that are linked to susceptibility for Crohn's disease. Moreover, ITLN1 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated metabolic disease. To gain insight on biological activities of human ITLN1 in vivo, we developed a C57BL/6 mouse model genetically targeting the gene encoding the functional mouse ortholog. In wild-type C57BL/6 mice, both mRNA and protein analysis showed high expression of Itln1 in the small intestine, but manifold lower levels in colon and other extraintestinal tissues. Whereas intestinal expression of human ITLN1 localizes to goblet cells, our data confirm that mouse Itln1 is expressed in Paneth cells. Compared to wild-type littermate controls, mice homozygous for the Itln1 hypomorphic trapping allele had reduced expression levels of Itln1 expression (~10,000-fold). The knockout mice exhibited increased susceptibility in an acute model of experimentally induced colitis with 2% w/v dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). In a model of chronic colitis using a lower dose of DSS (1.5% w/v), which enabled a detailed view of disease activity across a protracted period, no differences were observed in body weight, fecal texture, hemoccult scores, food/water intake, or colon length at necropsy, but there was a statistically significant genotype over time effect for the combined fecal scores of disease activity. In model of diet-induced obesity, using two western-style diets, which varied in amounts of sugar (as sucrose) and saturated fat (as lard), mice with Itln1 expression ablated showed no increased susceptibility, in terms of weight gain, food intake, plasma markers of obesity compared to wildtype littermates. While the mouse genetic knockout model for Itln1 holds promise for elucidating physiological function(s) for mammalian intelectins, results reported here suggest that Itln1, a Paneth cell product in C57BL/6 mice, likely plays a minor role in the pathophysiology of chemically induced colitis or diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Nonnecke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Eric B. Nonnecke, ; Charles L. Bevins,
| | - Patricia A. Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Douglas T. Akahoshi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Goley
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charles L. Bevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Eric B. Nonnecke, ; Charles L. Bevins,
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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15
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Zepeda B, Verdonk JC. RNA Extraction from Plant Tissue with Homemade Acid Guanidinium Thiocyanate Phenol Chloroform (AGPC). Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e351. [PMID: 35077031 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression studies are a powerful technique to study biological processes, and isolating RNA that is pure, intact, and in sufficient amounts for downstream applications is key. Over the years, the field has moved to the use of commercial kits and ready-made extraction buffers for RNA isolation. This became particularly problematic during the COVID-19 crisis when supply chains were affected and when RNA extraction and analysis reagents were suddenly scarce at a time when they were particularly required. Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform (AGPC) is one of the oldest RNA extraction solutions, in use since 1987. It is known as a ready-made solution, sold under different brand names, and is typically the most expensive reagent in the RNA extraction process. In this article, we describe how to prepare a low-cost homemade AGPC solution and provide tips on how to use it for obtaining high-quality RNA, as well as describe possible modifications for different conditions. The protocol is based on a phase separation, where RNA is maintained in the aqueous phase and DNA and proteins remain in the interphase and organic phase. After cleaning, precipitation, and resuspension steps, the RNA is ready to be quantified and used for downstream applications. By following this protocol, good yields of high-quality RNA can be obtained from a wide variety of tissues and organisms, and we exemplify the approach here using plant tissues. Some plant tissues contain extra interferents (such as sugars), and for high-quality RNA isolation from those tissues, an alternate protocol is provided. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: RNA isolation with homemade acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform (AGPC) Alternate Protocol: RNA isolation from high carbohydrate-containing tissues using an NTES-AGPC combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltasar Zepeda
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian C Verdonk
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Kannen H, Miyoshi Y, Hazama H, Awazu K. Improvement in Ionization Efficiency Using Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of a Cancer Drug. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2022; 10:A0099. [PMID: 34993048 PMCID: PMC8697360 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) without labeling has the potential for faster screening in drug development. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is typically used, but it has a large matrix size and uneven drug distribution. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) using nanoparticles (NPs) may overcome these issues. Here, the influence of NPs, solvent ratio, and order of dropping of NPs on SALDI-MSI of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a cancer drug, are reported. A solution of PpIX in a 50% aqueous solution of 50% acetonitrile at a concentration of 10 μM was used. The NPs include ZnO, Fe3O4, and four types of TiO2. The NPs were fabricated by dissolving them on an aqueous 90% acetonitrile solution. Mass spectra were obtained with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer using a Nd:YAG laser at a 355-nm wavelength. The signal intensity using TiO2 at a 0.5 mg/mL concentration in 50% acetonitrile was increased by 1.6-fold compared to that without TiO2. Changing the solvent to 90% acetonitrile gave a uniform TiO2 distribution and a 9-fold increase in the signal intensity for PpIX. Among the four types of TiO2 with different particle sizes and crystal structures, TiO2 with a smaller particle size and a rutile crystal structure produced the highest signal intensity. Forming a layer on top of the PpIX also resulted in an increased signal intensity. Hence, SALDI using TiO2 provides effective ionization of the drug. In the future, we plan to investigate a spray method for the ionization of PpIX using TiO2 for the MSI of various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kannen
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisanao Hazama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunio Awazu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Katsarou K, Kryovrysanaki N, Kalantidis K. Detection of Viroid RNA and vd-siRNA in N. benthamiana Plants: Northern Blot Analyses for Viroid and vd-siRNAs. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2316:287-312. [PMID: 34845703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1464-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are considered the most minimalistic group of pathogens. Despite their presumed inability to encode for proteins, viroids induce several diseases in plants of primary economic importance. The production of viroid derived siRNAs (vd-siRNAs) of 21-24 nt, accompanies viroid infections in plants and results from the activation of the RNA silencing mechanism and specifically the function of Dicer endonucleases. A comprehensive set of experiments for the study and thorough analysis of viroid-infected plants has been developed. Here we present a detailed experimental plan including optimized protocols for plant infection by agroinfiltration, RNA extraction, and northern blot hybridization for the detection of both viroid genomic RNA and vd-siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Katsarou
- Biology Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- IMBB/FoRTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Biology Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
- IMBB/FoRTH, Heraklion, Greece.
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18
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A double deletion prevents replication of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus in the placenta of pregnant heifers. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010107. [PMID: 34879119 PMCID: PMC8654156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to wild type bovine viral diarhea virus (BVDV) specific double deletion mutants are not able to establish persistent infection upon infection of a pregnant heifer. Our data shows that this finding results from a defect in transfer of the virus from the mother animal to the fetus. Pregnant heifers were inoculated with such a double deletion mutant or the parental wild type virus and slaughtered pairwise on days 6, 9, 10 and 13 post infection. Viral RNA was detected via qRT-PCR and RNAscope analyses in maternal tissues for both viruses from day 6 p.i. on. However, the double deletion mutant was not detected in placenta and was only found in samples from animals infected with the wild type virus. Similarly, high levels of wild type viral RNA were present in fetal tissues whereas the genome of the double deletion mutant was not detected supporting the hypothesis of a specific inhibition of mutant virus replication in the placenta. We compared the induction of gene expression upon infection of placenta derived cell lines with wild type and mutant virus via gene array analysis. Genes important for the innate immune response were strongly upregulated by the mutant virus compared to the wild type in caruncle epithelial cells that establish the cell layer on the maternal side at the maternal–fetal interface in the placenta. Also, trophoblasts which can be found on the fetal side of the interface showed significant induction of gene expression upon infection with the mutant virus although with lower complexity. Growth curves recorded in both cell lines revealed a general reduction of virus replication in caruncular epithelial cells compared to the trophoblasts. Compared to the wild type virus this effect was dramtic for the mutant virus that reached only a TCID50 of 1.0 at 72 hours post infection. Here we report on animal studies elucidating mechanisms preventing the transfer of a double deletion mutant of a pestivirus to the fetus in pregnant heifers. This mutant lacks both known factors engaged in blocking the innate immune response to pestiviral infection. As shown also in earlier studies, this mutant was not detected in the fetuses at any of the tested time points in contrast to the wild-type (wt) virus. However, similar to the wt the mutant was detected in a large variety of different maternal tissues. The only exception was the placenta where only wt but not mutant virus was detected. Using gene array analyses we showed that infection of two cell lines derived either from the maternal or the fetal site of the maternal-fetal interface with the mutant virus induces a significant antiviral gene expression response. The reaction of cells from the maternal side was more complex and virus replication in these cells was reduced, almost completly blocking the mutant virus. These results support the hypothesis that replication of the mutant virus is blocked in the placenta due to a highly active innate immune response and the prevention of replication also blocks transfer of the virus to the fetus.
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19
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Zhao X, Li Y, Duan Y, Amin A, Xie Y, Shi C, Ma C. A simple methodology for RNA isolation from bacteria by integration of formamide extraction and chitosan-modified silica purification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6469-6477. [PMID: 34505946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA isolation from bacteria is technically difficult due to the RNA characteristic of labile and vulnerable degradation. Many reagents were explored for cellular lysis and complete inhibition of RNase. However, the available methods for RNA isolation are either of low efficiency or time-consuming. Here, we developed a rapid and accessible protocol for RNA isolation that combined a simplified cell lysis and RNA release by formamide-based solution and RNA purification by chitosan-modified silica membrane for the first time. With this method, we obtained about ~ 28 μg of total RNA from 108 Escherichia coli cells. The entire procedure can be done within 15 min without redundant pipetting steps. The purity of extracted RNA was comparable to that of commercial kits, but the cost was much lower. Furthermore, the yielded RNA was successfully used in downstream enzymatic reactions, such as reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR. This new method would be of benefit for an extensive range of gene expression analyses in bacterial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Yake Duan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Amr Amin
- Biology Department, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Yingqiu Xie
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Chao Shi
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, Shandong, China.
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20
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Shahjahan M, Zahangir MM, Islam SMM, Ashaf-Ud-Doulah M, Ando H. Higher acclimation temperature affects growth of rohu (Labeorohita) through suppression of GH and IGFs genes expression actuating stress response. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103032. [PMID: 34503781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Water temperature alone can affect the growth, metabolic rates and physiological responses of aquatic organisms. Our earlier study reported that higher temperature affects cellular and hemato-biochemical responses in rohu, Labeo rohita. In this backdrop, the present study assessed the effect of higher acclimation temperature on the regulatory mechanisms of growth and stress responses of juvenile L. rohita acclimatized in three temperature conditions (30 °C, 33 °C, and 36 °C) for a period of 30 days. The relative expression of genes for growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and heat shock proteins (hsp70 and hsp90) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. The results revealed that the highest acclimation temperature (36 °C) significantly decreased the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to 30 °C (control), while increased WG, SGR and lowered FCR were observed in fish reared at the intermediate temperature (33 °C) compared to 30 °C. Similarly, the GH gene expression in the pituitary was significantly decreased and increased at 36 °C and 33 °C, respectively as compared to 30 °C. A significantly lower expression of IGF-1 and IGF-2, and higher expression of hsp70 and hsp90 were observed in the liver of fish at 36 °C. The results of the present study indicate that although slightly elevated temperature promotes the growth of juvenile L. rohita, the higher acclimation temperature may induce stress response and impair growth performance by suppressing GH/IGF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mahiuddin Zahangir
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata, 952-2135, Japan; Department of Fish Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - S M Majharul Islam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ashaf-Ud-Doulah
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hironori Ando
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata, 952-2135, Japan
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21
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Sanchez-Quiles V, Shi MJ, Dingli F, Krucker C, Loew D, Bernard-Pierrot I, Radvanyi F. Triple extraction method enables high quality mass spectrometry-based proteomics and phospho-proteomics for eventual multi-omics integration studies. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000303. [PMID: 34240547 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale multi-omic analysis allows a thorough understanding of different physiological or pathological conditions, particularly cancer. Here, an extraction method simultaneously yielding DNA, RNA and protein (thereby referred to as "triple extraction", TEx) was tested for its suitability to unbiased, system-wide proteomic investigation. Largely proven efficient for transcriptomic and genomic studies, we aimed at exploring TEx compatibility with mass spectrometry-based proteomics and phospho-proteomics, as compared to a standard urea extraction. TEx is suitable for the shotgun investigation of proteomes, providing similar results as urea-based protocol both at the qualitative and quantitative levels. TEx is likewise compatible with the exploration of phosphorylation events, actually providing a higher number of correctly localized sites than urea, although the nature of extracted modifications appears somewhat distinct between both techniques. These results highlight that the presented protocol is well suited for the examination of the proteome and modified proteome of this bladder cancer cell model, as efficiently as other more widely used workflows for mass spectrometry-based analysis. Potentially applicable to other mammalian cell types and tissues, TEx represents an advantageous strategy for multi-omics on scarce and/or heterogenous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sanchez-Quiles
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ming-Jun Shi
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Krucker
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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22
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Cullum E, Graves AM, Tarakanova VL, Denzin LK, Golovkina T. MHC Class II Presentation Is Affected by Polymorphism in the H2-Ob Gene and Additional Loci. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:5-14. [PMID: 34135064 PMCID: PMC8674376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-derived peptides are loaded on MHC class II (MHCII) and presented to CD4+ T cells for their activation. Peptide loading of MHCII occurs in specialized endosomal compartments and is controlled by the nonclassical MHCII molecules H2-M and H2-O, which are both constitutive αβ heterodimers. H2-M catalyzes MHCII peptide loading, whereas H2-O modulates H2-M activity by acting as an MHCII mimic. Recently, we discovered that the H2-Ob allele inherited by retrovirus-resistant I/LnJ mice results in nonfunctional H2-O. I/LnJ H2-O binds to but does not inhibit H2-M. Compared with H2-Oβ from virus-susceptible mice, H2-Oβ from I/LnJ mice has four unique amino acid substitutions, three in the Ig domain and one in the cytoplasmic tail. In this study we show that the three amino acids in the Ig domain of I/LnJ Oβ are critical for the H2-O inhibitory activity of H2-M. Unexpectedly, we found that MHCII presentation was significantly different in Ag-presenting cells from two closely related mouse strains, B6J and B6N, which carry identical alleles of MHCII, H2-O, and H2-M. Using a positional cloning approach, we have identified two loci, polymorphic between B6J and B6N, that mediate the difference in MHCII presentation. Collectively, these studies reveal extra complexity in MHCII/H2-M/H-2O interactions that likely involve yet to be identified modulators of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cullum
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Austin M Graves
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Tatyana Golovkina
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL;
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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23
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Borrello MT, Santofimia-Castaño P, Bocchio M, Listi A, Fraunhoffer N, Soubeyran P, Chevet E, Pin C, Iovanna J. NUPR1 interacts with eIF2α and is required for resolution of the ER stress response in pancreatic tissue. FEBS J 2021; 288:4081-4097. [PMID: 33403797 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) is a stress response protein overexpressed upon cell injury in virtually all organs including the exocrine pancreas. Despite NUPR1's well-established role in the response to cell stress, the molecular and structural machineries triggered by NUPR1 activation remain largely debated. In this study, we uncover a new role for NUPR1, participating in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response. Biochemical results and ultrastructural morphological observations revealed alterations in the UPR of acinar cells of germline-deleted NUPR1 murine models, consistent with the inability to restore general protein synthesis after stress induction. Bioinformatic analysis of NUPR1-interacting partners showed significant enrichment in translation initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2α. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays confirmed the interaction between NUPR1 and eIF2α and its phosphorylated form (p-eIF2α). Furthermore, our data suggest loss of NUPR1 in cells results in maintained eIF2α phosphorylation and evaluation of nascent proteins by click chemistry revealed that NUPR1-depleted PANC-1 cells displayed a slower poststress protein synthesis recovery when compared to wild-type. Combined, these data propose a novel role for NUPR1 in the integrated stress response pathway, at least partially through promoting efficient PERK branch activity and resolution through a unique interaction with eIF2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Borrello
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Santofimia-Castaño
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Marco Bocchio
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Angela Listi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Fraunhoffer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Soubeyran
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, Proteostasis and Cancer Team, Chemistry Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Christopher Pin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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24
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Riggs AD. Making, Cloning, and the Expression of Human Insulin Genes in Bacteria: The Path to Humulin. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:374-380. [PMID: 33340315 PMCID: PMC8152450 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the mid- to late 1970s, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid methods for cloning and expressing genes in E. coli were under intense development. The important question had become: Can humans design and chemically synthesize novel genes that function in bacteria? This question was answered in 1978 and in 1979 with the successful expression in E. coli of 2 mammalian hormones, first somatostatin and then human insulin. The successful production of human insulin in bacteria provided, for the first time, a practical, scalable source of human insulin and resulted in the approval, in 1982, of human insulin for the treatment of diabetics. In this short review, I give my personal view of how the making, cloning, and expressing of human insulin genes was accomplished by a team of scientists led by Keiichi Itakura, Herbert W. Boyer, and myself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Riggs
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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25
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Tsai WT, Nakamura Y, Akasaka T, Katakura Y, Tanaka Y, Shirouchi B, Jiang Z, Yuan X, Sato M. Soyasaponin ameliorates obesity and reduces hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation by suppressing lipogenesis in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2103-2117. [PMID: 33864648 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are triterpenoid glycosides found in soybean. We investigated whether soyasaponin ameliorates lipid metabolism and its possible mechanisms. In C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), soyasaponin (SAP) was orally administered for 9 weeks. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of soyasapogenols on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In HFD-fed mice, the SAP significantly reduced body weight by 7% and relative adipose tissue weight by 35%. X-ray computed tomography demonstrated that the SAP reduced visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue weights during week 3 of feeding. The SAP reduced sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA levels by 32% in the epididymal adipose tissue, significantly decreasing the triacylglycerol (TAG) content by 37% and SREBP-1c and fatty acid synthase mRNA levels by 52% and 61%, respectively, in the liver. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, soyasapogenol B significantly decreased lipid droplets. The SAP containing soyasaponin A and B as conjugates demonstrate anti-obesity effects by suppressing adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis, with a preventive effect on hepatic TAG accumulation by suppressing lipogenesis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soyasaponin is one of the oleanane triterpenoids in soybeans. We have demonstrated that soyasaponin potently reduces body weight and white adipose tissue weight, and hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice. Thus, soyasaponin is a beneficial compound to prevent obesity and fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Tsai
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiki Akasaka
- Center for Advanced Instrumental and Educational Supports, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation Technology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasutake Tanaka
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bungo Shirouchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xingyu Yuan
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Zahangir MM, Matsubara H, Ogiso S, Suzuki N, Ueda H, Ando H. Expression dynamics of the genes for the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) at different reproductive stages. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113660. [PMID: 33189658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, a commercially important long-distance migratory fish, return to specific spawning grounds for reproduction. To clarify reproductive neuroendocrine system of the tiger puffer, the changes in the expression levels of the genes encoding three gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs), gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), GnIH receptor (GnIH-R), kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor in the brain and gonadotropin (GTH) subunits, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in the pituitary were examined in the tiger puffer captured in the wild at different reproductive stages, namely immature and mature fish of both sexes, and post-ovulatory females that were obtained by hormonal treatment. The amounts of three gnrh mRNAs, gnih, gnih-r, fshb and lhb were substantially increased in the mature fish compared to the immature fish, especially in the females, and these augmented expressions were drastically decreased in the post-ovulatory females. gh expression showed a slight increase in the mature males. In contrast, kiss2, kiss2r and prl did not show significant changes in the males but significantly decreased in the post-ovulatory females. The present results demonstrate the expression dynamics of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis genes associated with the reproductive conditions and the possible involvement of the GnRH/GnIH/GTH system in the regulation of the sexual maturation and spawning in the wild tiger puffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Zahangir
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata 952-2135, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0552, Japan
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Hokkaido University and Hokkaido Aquaculture Promotion Corporation, Sapporo 003-0874, Japan
| | - Hironori Ando
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata 952-2135, Japan.
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27
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Shieh BH, Nuzum L, Kristaponyte I. Exploring Excitotoxicity and Regulation of a Constitutively Active TRP Ca 2+ Channel in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2020; 15:8-27. [PMID: 33200658 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1851586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unregulated Ca2+ influx affects intracellular Ca2+ homoeostasis, which may lead to neuronal death. In Drosophila, following the activation of rhodopsin the TRP Ca2+ channel is open to mediate the light-dependent depolarization. A constitutively active TRP channel triggers the degeneration of TrpP365 /+ photoreceptors. To explore retinal degeneration, we employed a multidisciplinary approach including live imaging using GFP tagged actin and arrestin 2. Importantly, we demonstrate that the major rhodopsin (Rh1) was greatly reduced before the onset of rhabdomere degeneration; a great reduction of Rh1 affects the maintenance of rhabdomere leading to degeneration of photoreceptors. TrpP365 /+ also led to the up-regulation of CaMKII, which is beneficial as suppression of CaMKII accelerated retinal degeneration. We explored the regulation of TRP by investigating the genetic interaction between TrpP365 /+ and mutants affecting the turnover of diacylglycerol (DAG). We show a loss of phospholipase C in norpAP24 exhibited a great reduction of the DAG content delayed degeneration of TrpP365 /+ photoreceptors. In contrast, knockdown or mutations in DAG lipase (InaE) that is accompanied by slightly reduced levels of most DAG but an increased level of DAG 34:1, exacerbated retinal degeneration of TrpP365 /+. Together, our findings support the notion that DAG plays a role in regulating TRP. Interestingly, DAG lipase is likely required during photoreceptor development as TrpP365 /+; inaEN125 double mutants contained severely degenerated rhabdomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bih-Hwa Shieh
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lucinda Nuzum
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Inga Kristaponyte
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, USA
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28
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Genetic Control of Neonatal Immune Tolerance to an Exogenous Retrovirus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01608-20. [PMID: 32999021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01608-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, including retroviruses, can be passed from mothers to their progeny during birth and breastfeeding. It is assumed that newborns may develop immune tolerance to milk-transmitted pathogens similarly to food antigens. I/LnJ mice are uniquely resistant to retroviruses acquired as newborns or as adults as they produce virus-neutralizing antibodies (Abs). A loss-of-function allele of H2-Ob (Ob), originally mapped within the virus infectivity controller 1 (vic1) locus, is responsible for production of antiretrovirus Abs in I/LnJ mice. Importantly, Ob-deficient and vic1 I/LnJ congenic mice on other genetic backgrounds produce antivirus Abs when infected as adults, but not as newborns. We report here that I/LnJ mice carry an additional genetic locus, virus infectivity controller 2 (vic2), that abrogates neonatal immune tolerance to retroviruses. Further genetic analysis mapped the vic2 locus to the telomeric end of chromosome 15. Identification of the vic2 gene and understanding of the related signaling pathways would make blocking of neonatal immune tolerance to retroviruses an achievable goal.IMPORTANCE This work describes a previously unknown genetic mechanism that allows neonates to respond to infections as efficiently as adults.
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29
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Zhao L, Liu X, Zhang J, Dong G, Xiao W, Xu X. Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis via Attenuating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol 2020; 11:533690. [PMID: 33071808 PMCID: PMC7530892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.533690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment on skeletal muscle contusion. We established a skeletal muscle contusion model (S group) and an H2S treated of skeletal muscle contusion model (H2S group). Gastrocnemius muscles (GMs) were collected at day 1, day 5, day 10, and day 15 after injury, and comprehensive morphological and genetic analyses was conducted. H2S treatment reduced M1 macrophage (CD68), profibrotic cytokines (TGF-β), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6), chemokines (CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL12, and CXCR4), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14) and oxidative stress factor (gp91phox) expression levels, improved M2 macrophage (CD206) level. Thus, exogenous H2S treatment reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, attenuated skeletal muscle fibrosis, and partly improved skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoyang Dong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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30
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Mechanism of delayed seed germination caused by high temperature during grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:17378. [PMID: 33060675 PMCID: PMC7562956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperature during grain filling considerably reduces yield and quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.); however, how high temperature affects seed germination of the next generation is not yet well understood. Here, we report that seeds from plants exposed to high temperature during the grain filling stage germinated significantly later than seeds from unstressed plants. This delay remained even after dormancy release treatments, suggesting that it was not due to primary seed dormancy determined during grain filling. In imbibed embryos of heat-stressed seeds, expression of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes (OsNCEDs) was higher than in those of control seeds, whereas that of ABA catabolism genes (OsABA8′OHs) was lower. In the aleurone layer, despite no change in GA signaling as evidenced by no effect of heat stress on OsGAMYB gene expression, the transcripts of α-amylase genes OsAmy1C, OsAmy3B, and OsAmy3E were significantly down-regulated in heat-stressed seeds in comparison with controls. Changes in promoter methylation levels were consistent with transcriptional changes of ABA catabolism-related and α-amylase genes. These data suggest that high temperature during grain filling results in DNA methylation of ABA catabolism-related and α-amylase gene promoters, delaying germination of heat-stressed seeds.
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31
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Wozniak A, Cerda A, Ibarra-Henríquez C, Sebastian V, Armijo G, Lamig L, Miranda C, Lagos M, Solari S, Guzmán AM, Quiroga T, Hitschfeld S, Riveras E, Ferrés M, Gutiérrez RA, García P. A simple RNA preparation method for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16608. [PMID: 33024174 PMCID: PMC7538882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The technique RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection is the current worldwide strategy used for early detection of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. RNA extraction is a key pre-analytical step in RT-qPCR, often achieved using commercial kits. However, the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic is causing disruptions to the global supply chains used by many diagnostic laboratories to procure the commercial kits required for RNA extraction. Shortage in these essential reagents is even more acute in developing countries with no means to produce kits locally. We sought to find an alternative procedure to replace commercial kits using common reagents found in molecular biology laboratories. Here we report a method for RNA extraction that takes about 40 min to complete ten samples, and is not more laborious than current commercial RNA extraction kits. We demonstrate that this method can be used to process nasopharyngeal swab samples and yields RT-qPCR results comparable to those obtained with commercial kits. Most importantly, this procedure can be easily implemented in any molecular diagnostic laboratory. Frequent testing is crucial for individual patient management as well as for public health decision making in this pandemic. Implementation of this method could maintain crucial testing going despite commercial kit shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniela Wozniak
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Cerda
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Ibarra-Henríquez
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Sebastian
- Laboratorio de Microbiología. Servicio de Laboratorios Clínicos. Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Grace Armijo
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana Lamig
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Miranda
- Laboratorio de Microbiología. Servicio de Laboratorios Clínicos. Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Lagos
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Guzmán
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Quiroga
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan Hitschfeld
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eleodoro Riveras
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricia García
- Department Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Santiago, Chile.
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32
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Nomura K, Sakurai Y, Dozono M. Molecular Cloning of Novel-Type Phospho enolpyruvate Carboxylase Isoforms in Pitaya ( Hylocereus undatus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9091241. [PMID: 32967083 PMCID: PMC7569800 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an important enzyme involved in the initial CO2 fixation of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis. To understand the cultivation characteristics of a CAM plant pitaya, it is necessary to clarify the characteristics of PEPC in this species. Here, we cloned three PEPC cDNAs in pitaya, HuPPC1, HuPPC2, and HuPPC3, which encode 942, 934, and 966 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these PEPC belonged to plant-type PEPC (PTPC), although HuPPC1 and HuPPC2 have no Ser-phosphorylation motif in N-terminal region, which is a crucial regulation site in PTPC and contributes to CAM periodicity. HuPPC1 and HuPPC2 phylogenetically unique to the Cactaceae family, whereas HuPPC3 was included in a CAM clade. Two isoforms were partially purified at the protein level and were assigned as HuPPC2 and HuPPC3 using MASCOT analysis. The most distinct difference in enzymatic properties between the two was sensitivity to malate and aspartate, both of which are allosteric inhibitors of PEPC. With 2 mM malate, HuPPC3 was inhibited to 10% of the initial activity, whereas HuPPC2 activity was maintained at 70%. Aspartate inhibited HuPPC3 activity by approximately 50% at 5 mM; however, such inhibition was not observed for HuPPC2 at 10 mM. These results suggest that HuPPC3 corresponds to a general CAM-related PEPC, whereas HuPPC1 and HuPPC2 are related to carbon and/or nitrogen metabolism, with a characteristic regulation mechanism similar to those of Cactaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Nomura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Yuho Sakurai
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Mayu Dozono
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan;
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33
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Yoshino K, Nishijima R, Kawakatsu T. Low-cost RNA extraction method for highly scalable transcriptome studies. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:481-486. [PMID: 32968351 PMCID: PMC7495201 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA extraction has been improved by integration of a variety of materials in the protocol, such as phenol, guanidine thiocyanate, and silica, according to the case-specific demands. However, few methods have been designed for high-throughput RNA preparation for large-scale transcriptome studies. In this study, we established a high-throughput guanidinium thiocyanate and isopropyl alcohol based RNA extraction method (HighGI). HighGI is based on simple and phenol-free homemade buffers and the cost is substantially lower than a column-based commercial kit. We demonstrated that the quality and quantity of RNA extracted with HighGI were comparable to those extracted with a conventional phenol/chloroform-based method and a column-based commercial kit. HighGI retained small RNAs less than 200 bp, which are lost with a commercial column-based kit. We also demonstrated that HighGI is readily applicable to semi-automated RNA extraction. HighGI enables high-throughput RNA extraction for large-scale RNA preparation with high yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Yoshino
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishijima
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Taiji Kawakatsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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34
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Green MR, Sambrook J. Isolation of Total RNA Using Monophasic Lysis Reagents. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2020; 2020:101642. [PMID: 32873732 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A typical mammalian cell contains ∼10-5 µg of RNA, 80%-85% of which is ribosomal RNA (rRNA; chiefly the 28S, 18S, 5.8S, and 5S species). Most of the remaining 15%-20% consists of a variety of low-molecular-weight species (e.g., transfer RNAs [tRNAs] and small nuclear RNAs). These abundant RNAs are of defined size and sequence. In contrast, messenger RNA (mRNA), which makes up between 1% and 5% of the total cellular RNA, is heterogeneous in both size-from a few hundred bases to many kilobases in length-and sequence. In this introduction, the development and use of monophasic lysis reagents for the isolation of total RNA from eukaryotic cells is discussed.
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Densen P, Ackermann L, Saucedo L, Figueroa JE, Si ZH, Stoltzfus CM. A Point Mutation Creating a 3' Splice Site in C8A Is a Predominant Cause of C8α-γ Deficiency in African Americans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1535-1539. [PMID: 32769119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C8α-γ deficiency was examined in four unrelated African Americans. Two individuals were compound heterozygotes for a previously reported point mutation in exon 9. mRNA from the remaining six C8A alleles contained a 10 nt insertion between nt 992 and 993 corresponding to the junction between exons 6 and 7. This suggested that C8α-γ deficiency in these individuals was caused by a splicing defect. Genomic sequencing revealed a G→A point mutation in intron 6, upstream of the exon 7 acceptor site. This mutation converts a GG to an AG, generates a consensus 3' splice site that shifts the reading frame, and creates a premature stop codon downstream. To verify that the point mutation caused a splicing defect, we tested wild-type and mutant mRNA substrates, containing 333 nt of the C8α intron 6/exon 7 boundary, in an in vitro splicing assay. This assay generated spliced RNA containing the 10 bp insertion observed in the C8α mRNA of affected patients. In addition, in mutant RNA substrates, the new 3' splice site was preferentially recognized compared with wild-type. Preferential selection of the mutant splice site likely reflects its positioning adjacent to a polypyrimidine tract that is stronger than that adjacent to the wild-type site. In summary, we have identified a G→A mutation in intron 6 of C8A as a predominant cause of C8α-γ deficiency in African Americans. This mutation creates a new and preferred 3' splice site, results in a 10 nt insertion in mRNA, shifts the reading frame, and produces a premature stop codon downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Densen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242;
| | - Laynez Ackermann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Leslie Saucedo
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416
| | - Julio E Figueroa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112; and
| | - Zhi-Hai Si
- Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Conrad Martin Stoltzfus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Development of magnetic bead based sample extraction coupled polymerase spiral reaction for rapid on-site detection of Chikungunya virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11651. [PMID: 32669639 PMCID: PMC7363856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular detection system has evolved over last two decades and is rapidly replacing the conventional confirmatory techniques in diagnostic virology. However the major limitation in implementation of available molecular detection assays is the non availability of field deployable nucleic acid isolation platform coupled with gene amplification technique. The rapid and early molecular detection is crucial for employing effective measure against many viral infections. The re-emergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has led to epidemics since 2004 in several parts of the world including India. The main association of CHIKV with severe arthritis and long-lasting arthralgia and closely mimics symptoms of Dengue and Zika virus infection requiring laboratory confirmation. In this study, a simple magnetic bead based ribonucleic acid extraction method was optimized, which was coupled with isothermal polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) technique for early and rapid detection. Subsequently, the polymerase spiral reaction reagents were converted to dry down format that led to a rapid user friendly field compatible sample processing to answer method for rapid and onsite detection of Chikungunya virus. Both the methods were evaluated with a panel of clinical samples. The sensitivity of the assays were compared with available commercial viral RNA extraction platform and qRT-PCR. The in-house nucleic acid extraction system based on magnetic bead followed by dry down RT-Polymerase Spiral Reaction assay was found to be highly sensitive with 10 copies of RNA as limit of detection in CHIKV clinical specimens. With respect to other closely related viruses no cross reactivity was observed. This novel methodology has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis of infectious agents in resource limited settings around the world.
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Tanaka Y, Ono M, Miyago M, Suzuki T, Miyazaki Y, Kawano M, Asahina M, Shirouchi B, Imaizumi K, Sato M. Low utilization of glucose in the liver causes diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in exogenously hypercholesterolemic rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229669. [PMID: 32163433 PMCID: PMC7067558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenously hypercholesterolemic (ExHC) rats develop diet-induced hypercholesterolemia (DIHC) when fed with dietary cholesterol. Previously, we reported that, under the high-sucrose-diet-feeding condition, a loss-of-function mutation in Smek2 results in low activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) followed by the shortage of hepatic triacylglycerol content in ExHC rats and the onset of DIHC. However, the relationship between the Smek2 mutation and FAS dysfunction is still unclear. Here, we focused on carbohydrate metabolism, which provides substrates for FAS, and analyzed carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in ExHC rats to clarify how the deficit of Smek2 causes DIHC. Male ExHC and SD rats were fed high-sucrose or high-starch diets containing 1% cholesterol for 2 weeks. Serum cholesterol levels of the ExHC rats were higher, regardless of the dietary carbohydrate. Hepatic triacylglycerol levels were higher in only the SD rats fed the high-sucrose diet. Moreover, the ExHC rats exhibited a diabetes-like status and accumulation of hepatic glycogen and low hepatic mRNA levels of liver-type phosphofructokinase (Pfkl), which encodes a rate-limiting enzyme for glycolysis. These results suggest that the glucose utilization, particularly glycolysis, is impaired in the liver of ExHC rats. To evaluate how the diet with extremely low glucose affect to DIHC, ExHC.BN-Dihc2BN, a congenic strain that does not develop DIHC, and ExHC rats were fed a high-fructose diet containing 1% cholesterol for 2 weeks. The serum cholesterol and hepatic triacylglycerol levels were similar in the strains. Results of water-soluble metabolite analysis with primary hepatocytes, an increase in fructose-6-phosphate and decreases in succinate, malate and aspartate in ExHC rats, support impaired glycolysis in the ExHC rats. Thus, the Smek2 mutation causes abnormal hepatic glucose utilization via downregulation of Pfkl expression. This abnormal glucose metabolism disrupts hepatic fatty acid synthesis and causes DIHC in the ExHC rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutake Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motonori Miyago
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yurika Miyazaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michio Kawano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Asahina
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bungo Shirouchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaizumi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Chen W, Lamb TM, Gomer RH. TGF-β1 increases sialidase 3 expression in human lung epithelial cells by decreasing its degradation and upregulating its translation. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:75-80. [PMID: 32102576 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1733135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We previously found extensive desialylation of glycoconjugates and upregulation of the sialidase enzyme NEU3 in fibrotic lesions in human and mouse lungs. However, studies using microarray analysis of whole lung tissue mRNA and single cell RNA-seq found no significant difference in levels of NEU3 mRNA between IPF patients and controls. This study aimed to elucidate how NEU3 was upregulated in fibrotic lungs.Materials and methods: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a key driver of fibrosis, was added to A549 human alveolar basal epithelial adenocarcinoma cells and human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEpC). NEU3 expression in A549 cells and HSAEpC was detected by immunofluorescence staining. NEU3 translation and degradation were assessed by polysome profiling (polysomes efficiently translate mRNAs; monosomes poorly translate mRNAs) and cycloheximide chase after treating cells with or without TGF-β1 for 48 h.Results: TGF-β1 increased NEU3 expression and secretion in A549 cells and HSAEpC but did not change total (nuclear + cytosolic) NEU3 mRNA levels. TGF-β1 decreased the degradation rate of NEU3 in A549 cells. TGF-β1 decreased NEU3 mRNA levels in monosomes and increased NEU3 mRNA level in polysomes.Conclusion: TGF-β1 upregulates levels of NEU3 in epithelial cells by both decreasing NEU3 degradation and by increasing the translation of NEU3 mRNA, explaining the apparent paradox of high levels of NEU3 protein in pulmonary fibrosis without a concomitant increase in the expression of NEU3 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Chen
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa M Lamb
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Yuan Y, Arondel V, Domergue F. Characterization and heterologous expression of three DGATs from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) mesocarp in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochimie 2020; 169:18-28. [PMID: 31536755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) can accumulate up to 88% oil in fruit mesocarp. A previous transcriptome study of oil palm fruits indicated that genes coding for three diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs), designated as EgDGAT1_3, EgDGAT2_2 and EgWS/DGAT_1 (according to Rosli et al., 2018) were highly expressed in mesocarp during oil accumulation. In the present study, the corresponding open reading frames were isolated, and characterized by heterologous expression in the mutant yeast H1246, which is devoid of neutral lipid synthesis. Expression of EgDGAT1_3 or EgDGAT2_2 could restore TAG synthesis, confirming that both proteins are true DGAT. In contrast, expression of EgWS/DGAT_1 resulted in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl esters (FAIEs) with saturated long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. In the presence of exogenously supplied fatty alcohols, EgWS/DGAT_1 was able to produce wax esters, indicating that EgWS/DGAT_1 codes for an acyltransferase with wax ester synthase but no DGAT activity. Finally, the complete wax ester biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted in yeast by coexpressing EgWS/DGAT_1 with a fatty acyl reductase from Tetrahymena thermophila. Altogether, our results characterized two novel DGATs from oil palm as well as a putative wax ester synthase that preferentially using medium chain fatty alcohols and saturated very-long chain fatty acids as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yuan
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Arondel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Shirouchi B, Yanagi S, Okawa C, Koga M, Sato M. 6-Ketocholestanol suppresses lipid accumulation by decreasing FASN gene expression through SREBP-dependent regulation in HepG2 cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:175-187. [PMID: 31933103 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, such as liver X receptors (LXRs) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), are key regulators of lipogenic genes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN). It has been reported that several oxycholesterols (OCs) act as LXR ligands; however, it is unclear whether all OC molecular species act as ligands. We previously demonstrated that the absorption rate of dietary 6-ketocholestanol (6-keto), an oxycholesterol, is the highest of all the OCs using thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats. However, limited information is available about the physiological significance of 6-keto. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with 6-keto increases intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) levels through up-regulation of lipogenic gene expression in HepG2 cells. 6-Keto treatment significantly reduced intracellular TAG levels through down-regulation of lipogenic genes including FASN. Although 6-keto significantly suppressed FASN gene promoter activities, the action was completely diminished when mutations were present in the SREBP promoter site. TO901317 (TO) significantly increased FASN gene promoter activities, whereas simultaneous treatment with TO and 6-keto significantly reduced this activity. We also compared the effects of several OCs that are oxidized at the carbon-6 and -7 in the B-ring of cholesterol on FASN gene promoter activities. Similar to 6-keto, 6α-OH and 6β-OH significantly reduced the activity of the FASN gene promoter, which suggests that oxidation of carbon-6 in the B-ring may play an important role in the reduction of FASN expression. Our results indicate that 6-keto suppresses lipid accumulation by decreasing FASN gene expression through SREBP-dependent regulation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Shirouchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yanagi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chinami Okawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Maiko Koga
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Mileo A, Fanuele M, Battaglia F, Scambia G, Benedetti-Panici C, Mattei E, Mancuso S, Delpino A. Preliminary evaluation of HER-2/neu oncogene and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in normal and neoplastic human ovaries. Int J Biol Markers 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/172460089200700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The HER-2/neu oncogene (a member of the Erb-like oncogene family) is distinct from but closely related to the c-erb B gene which encodes the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr). HER-2/neu gene amplification was found in a large number of mammary carcinomas and there was a strong correlation between this phenomenon and poor prognosis. In our study HER-2/neu oncogene expression was determined in 16 malignant ovarian tumors, 2 ovarian lymphomas and 5 normal ovaries. The HER-2/neu gene was found both in normal ovaries and malignant tumors, without any apparent difference among the various histological types. In all the specimens examined, HER-2/neu expression did not seem to be related to EGF binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Mileo
- Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Roma
| | - M. Fanuele
- Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Roma
| | - F. Battaglia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Roma - Italy
| | - G. Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Roma - Italy
| | | | - E. Mattei
- Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Roma
| | - S. Mancuso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University, Roma - Italy
| | - A. Delpino
- Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Roma
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Smith CC, Bixby LM, Miller KL, Selitsky SR, Bortone DS, Hoadley KA, Vincent BG, Serody JS. Using RNA Sequencing to Characterize the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:245-272. [PMID: 31502156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an integral tool in immunogenomics, allowing for interrogation of the transcriptome of a tumor and its microenvironment. Analytical methods to deconstruct the genomics data can then be applied to infer gene expression patterns associated with the presence of various immunocyte populations. High quality RNA-seq is possible from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE), fresh-frozen, and fresh tissue, with a wide variety of sequencing library preparation methods, sequencing platforms, and downstream bioinformatics analyses currently available. Selection of an appropriate library preparation method is largely determined by tissue type, quality of RNA, and quantity of RNA. Downstream of sequencing, many analyses can be applied to the data, including differential gene expression analysis, immune gene signature analysis, gene pathway analysis, T/B-cell receptor inference, HLA inference, and viral transcript quantification. In this chapter, we will describe our workflow for RNA-seq from bulk tissue to evaluable data, including extraction of RNA, library preparation methods, sequencing of libraries, alignment and quality assurance of data, and initial downstream analyses of RNA-seq data to extract relevant immunogenomics features. Systems biology methods that draw additional insights by integrating these features are covered further in Chapters 28 - 30 .
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L M Bixby
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S R Selitsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D S Bortone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K A Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J S Serody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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A composite consisting of a deep eutectic solvent and dispersed magnetic metal-organic framework (type UiO-66-NH 2) for solid-phase extraction of RNA. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:58. [PMID: 31848727 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cactus-shaped magnetic composite was prepared for solid-phase extraction of RNA. It is composed of the metal organic framework UiO-66-NH2 that was modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The composite was then dispersed in a lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (DES, Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2@DES). The structures of the sorbents were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, vibrating sample magnetometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The extraction performance of sorbents was optimized and the maximum extraction capacity reached 246 mg·g-1. Extraction is shown to mainly rely on chelation interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction. The sorbent can selectively extract RNA over DNA, bovine hemoglobin and amino acids. Regeneration studies indicated that the sorbent can be re-used (after regenreation with DES) several times without obvious change of the extraction capacity. The successful extraction of RNA from yeast testified the practical application of the sorbent. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the fabrication Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2@DES, and its application in the magnetic solid phase extraction of RNA.
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An Experimental Approach to Rigorously Assess Paneth Cell α-Defensin (Defa) mRNA Expression in C57BL/6 Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13115. [PMID: 31511628 PMCID: PMC6739474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence from many laboratories supports the premise that α-defensin peptides secreted from Paneth cells are key mediators of host-microbe interactions in the small intestine that contribute to host defense and homeostasis. α-defensins are among the most highly expressed antimicrobial peptides at this mucosal surface in many mammals, including humans and mice; however, there is striking variation among species in the number and primary structure of α-defensin paralogs. Studies of these biomolecules in vivo are further complicated by striking variations between laboratory mouse strains. Herein, we report an experimental approach to determine with precision and specificity expression levels of α-defensin (Defa) mRNA in the small intestine of C57BL/6 mice through an optimized set of oligonucleotide primers for qRT-PCR assays and cloned cDNA plasmids corresponding to the Defa paralogs. This approach demonstrated marked differences in α-defensin expression in C57BL/6 mice with respect to proximal/distal anatomical location and developmental stage, which have not been described previously. These data underscore the importance of careful attention to method (primer choice, proximal vs. distal location, and developmental stage) in analysis of antimicrobial peptide expression and their impact.
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45
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Vartanian S, Lee J, Klijn C, Gnad F, Bagniewska M, Schaefer G, Zhang D, Tan J, Watson SA, Liu L, Chen H, Liang Y, Watanabe C, Cuellar T, Kan D, Hartmaier RJ, Lau T, Costa MR, Martin SE, Merchant M, Haley B, Stokoe D. ERBB3 and IGF1R Signaling Are Required for Nrf2-Dependent Growth in KEAP1-Mutant Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4828-4839. [PMID: 31416841 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in KEAP1 and NFE2L2 (encoding the protein Nrf2) are prevalent in both adeno and squamous subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer, as well as additional tumor indications. The consequence of these mutations is stabilized Nrf2 and chronic induction of a battery of Nrf2 target genes. We show that knockdown of Nrf2 caused modest growth inhibition of cells growing in two-dimension, which was more pronounced in cell lines expressing mutant KEAP1. In contrast, Nrf2 knockdown caused almost complete regression of established KEAP1-mutant tumors in mice, with little effect on wild-type (WT) KEAP1 tumors. The strong dependency on Nrf2 could be recapitulated in certain anchorage-independent growth environments and was not prevented by excess extracellular glutathione. A CRISPR screen was used to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this dependence. We identified alternative pathways critical for Nrf2-dependent growth in KEAP1-mutant cell lines, including the redox proteins thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, as well as the growth factor receptors IGF1R and ERBB3. IGF1R inhibition was effective in KEAP1-mutant cells compared with WT, especially under conditions of anchorage-independent growth. These results point to addiction of KEAP1-mutant tumor cells to Nrf2 and suggest that inhibition of Nrf2 or discrete druggable Nrf2 target genes such as IGF1R could be an effective therapeutic strategy for disabling these tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies pathways activated by Nrf2 that are important for the proliferation and tumorigenicity of KEAP1-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Florian Gnad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
| | | | | | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Ted Lau
- Department of Discovery Oncology
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Kuan JW, Su AT, Leong CF, Osato M, Sashida G. Systematic Review of Normal Subjects Harbouring BCR-ABL1 Fusion Gene. Acta Haematol 2019; 143:96-111. [PMID: 31401626 DOI: 10.1159/000501146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) requires quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to monitor BCR-ABL1 in International Scale (IS). Some normal subjects were found to harbour BCR-ABL1. We performed a systematic review on normal subjects harbouring BCR-ABL1. A literature search was done on July 16, 2017 using EBSCOhost Research Databases interface and Western Pacific Region Index Medicus. Two authors selected the studies, extracted the data, and evaluated the quality of studies using the modified Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies independently. The outcomes were prevalence, level of BCR-ABL1IS, proportion, and time of progression to CML. The initial search returned 4,770 studies. Eleven studies, all having used convenient sampling, were included, with total of 1,360 subjects. Ten studies used qualitative PCR and one used qPCR (not IS). The mean prevalence of M-BCR was 5.9, 15.5, and 15.9% in cord blood/newborns/infants (CB/NB/I) (n = 170), children (n = 90), and adults (n = 454), respectively, while m-BCR was 15, 26.9, and 23.1% in CB/NB/I (n = 786), children (n = 67), and adults (n = 208), respectively. No study reported the proportion and time of progression to CML. Nine studies were graded as moderate quality, one study as poor quality, and one study as unacceptable. The result of the studies could neither be inferred to the general normal population nor compared. Follow-up data were scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jew Win Kuan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia,
- International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,
| | - Anselm Ting Su
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Chooi Fun Leong
- Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Motomi Osato
- International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Wang K, Donnarumma F, Herke SW, Dong C, Herke PF, Murray KK. RNA sampling from tissue sections using infrared laser ablation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1063:91-98. [PMID: 30967191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RNA was obtained from discrete locations of frozen rat brain tissue sections through infrared (IR) laser ablation using a 3-μm wavelength in transmission geometry. The ablated plume was captured in a microcentrifuge tube containing RNAse-free buffer and processed using a commercial RNA purification kit. RNA transfer efficiency and integrity were evaluated based on automated electrophoresis in microfluidic chips. Reproducible IR-laser ablation of intact RNA was demonstrated with purified RNA at laser fluences of 3-5 kJ/m2 (72 ± 12% transfer efficiency) and with tissue sections at a laser fluence of 13 kJ/m2 (79 ± 14% transfer efficiency); laser energies were attenuated ∼20% by the soda-lime glass slides used to support the samples. RNA integrity from tissue ablation was >90% of its original RIN value (∼7) and the purified RNA was sufficiently intact for conversion to cDNA and subsequent qPCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Fabrizio Donnarumma
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Scott W Herke
- Genomics Facility, College of Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Patrick F Herke
- Genomics Facility, College of Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Kermit K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States.
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Cheung KWE, Choi SYR, Lee LTC, Lee NLE, Tsang HF, Cheng YT, Cho WCS, Wong EYL, Wong SCC. The potential of circulating cell free RNA as a biomarker in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:579-590. [PMID: 31215265 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1633307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wan Emily Cheung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sin-yu Rachel Choi
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lok Ting Claire Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nga Lam Ella Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yin Tung Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Elaine Yue Ling Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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49
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Vehniäinen ER, Ruusunen M, Vuorinen PJ, Keinänen M, Oikari AOJ, Kukkonen JVK. How to preserve and handle fish liver samples to conserve RNA integrity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17204-17213. [PMID: 31012072 PMCID: PMC6546660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As transcriptomic studies are becoming more and more common, it is important to ensure that the RNA used in the analyses is of good quality. The RNA integrity may be compromised by storage temperature or freeze-thaw cycles, but these have not been well studied in poikilothermic fishes. This work studied the effects of tissue storage time and temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles of tissue and extracted RNA on RNA integrity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) liver. The storage time and temperature had an effect on RNA integrity, but RNA suitable for quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) (RIN > 7) was still obtained from samples preserved at - 20 °C for 6 months. Freeze-thaw cycles of tissue or RNA did not compromise the integrity of RNA. RNA degradation had an effect on RT-qPCR results, and the effect depended on gene. The RT-qPCR analysis of historical samples from a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent exposure in 1984 revealed no significant cyp1a induction. Recommendations are given for the preservation and handling procedures of samples designated for transcriptomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland.
| | - Maiju Ruusunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland
| | - Pekka J Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Keinänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aimo O J Oikari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland
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50
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Jastrzebski S, Kalinowski J, Mun S, Shin B, Adapala NS, Jacome-Galarza CE, Mirza F, Aguila HL, Drissi H, Sanjay A, Canalis E, Lee SK, Lorenzo JA. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Deletion Causes Enhanced Osteoclastogenesis in Response to Inflammatory Signals through a Notch2-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:105-116. [PMID: 31109956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We found that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) was transiently induced in cultured osteoclast precursor cells. Therefore, we examined the bone phenotype and response to resorptive stimuli of PAR1-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice. Bones and bone marrow-derived cells from PAR1 KO and wild-type (WT) mice were assessed using microcomputed tomography, histomorphometry, in vitro cultures, and RT-PCR. Osteoclastic responses to TNF-α (TNF) challenge in calvaria were analyzed with and without a specific neutralizing Ab to the Notch2-negative regulatory region (N2-NRR Ab). In vivo under homeostatic conditions, there were minimal differences in bone mass or bone cells between PAR1 KO and WT mice. However, PAR1 KO myeloid cells demonstrated enhanced osteoclastogenesis in response to receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) or the combination of RANKL and TNF. Strikingly, in vivo osteoclastogenic responses of PAR1 KO mice to TNF were markedly enhanced. We found that N2-NRR Ab reduced TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis in PAR1 KO mice to WT levels without affecting WT responses. Similarly, in vitro N2-NRR Ab reduced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in PAR1 KO cells to WT levels without altering WT responses. We conclude that PAR1 functions to limit Notch2 signaling in responses to RANKL and TNF and moderates osteoclastogenic response to these cytokines. This effect appears, at least in part, to be cell autonomous because enhanced osteoclastogenesis was seen in highly purified PAR1 KO osteoclast precursor cells. It is likely that this pathway is involved in regulating the response of bone to diseases associated with inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sehwan Mun
- Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Bongjin Shin
- Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | | | | | - Faryal Mirza
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | | | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | | | - Joseph A Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030; .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
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