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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is recognized as a global health emergency as promoted by the World Health Organization. Over 1 million deaths per year, along with the emergence of multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains of Mtb, have triggered intensive research into the pathogenicity and biochemistry of this microorganism, guiding the development of anti-TB chemotherapeutic agents. The essential mycobacterial cell wall, sharing some common features with all bacteria, represents an apparent ‘Achilles heel’ that has been targeted by TB chemotherapy since the advent of TB treatment. This complex structure composed of three distinct layers, peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids, is vital in supporting cell growth, virulence and providing a barrier to antibiotics. The fundamental nature of cell wall synthesis and assembly has rendered the mycobacterial cell wall as the most widely exploited target of anti-TB drugs. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis of the prominent cell wall components, highlighting the inhibitory mechanisms of existing clinical drugs and illustrating the potential of other unexploited enzymes as future drug targets.
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Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unique in that it differs significantly from those of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The thick, carbohydrate- and lipid-rich cell wall with distinct lipoglycans enables mycobacteria to survive under hostile conditions such as shortage of nutrients and antimicrobial exposure. The key features of this highly complex cell wall are the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP)-based and phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-based macromolecular structures, with the latter possessing potent immunomodulatory properties. These structures are crucial for the growth, viability, and virulence of M. tuberculosis and therefore are often the targets of effective chemotherapeutic agents against tuberculosis. Over the past decade, sophisticated genomic and molecular tools have advanced our understanding of the primary structure and biosynthesis of these macromolecules. The availability of the full genome sequences of various mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, have greatly facilitated the identification of large numbers of drug targets and antigens specific to tuberculosis. Techniques to manipulate mycobacteria have also improved extensively; the conditional expression-specialized transduction essentiality test (CESTET) is currently used to determine the essentiality of individual genes. Finally, various biosynthetic assays using either purified proteins or synthetic cell wall acceptors have been developed to study enzyme function. This article focuses on the recent advances in determining the structural details and biosynthesis of arabinogalactan, lipoarabinomannan, and related glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jankute
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jonathan A.G. Cox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - James Harrison
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research interest as plasma membrane signaling molecules when discovered in the 1970s and 1980s. Research in the last 15 years has added a wide range of biological processes regulated by PIs, turning these lipids into one of the most universal signaling entities in eukaryotic cells. PIs control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, but they also modulate lipid distribution and metabolism via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. PIs regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters and control both endocytic and exocytic processes. The nuclear phosphoinositides have grown from being an epiphenomenon to a research area of its own. As expected from such pleiotropic regulators, derangements of phosphoinositide metabolism are responsible for a number of human diseases ranging from rare genetic disorders to the most common ones such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that a number of infectious agents hijack the PI regulatory systems of host cells for their intracellular movements, replication, and assembly. As a result, PI converting enzymes began to be noticed by pharmaceutical companies as potential therapeutic targets. This review is an attempt to give an overview of this enormous research field focusing on major developments in diverse areas of basic science linked to cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Morita YS, Fukuda T, Sena CB, Yamaryo-Botte Y, McConville MJ, Kinoshita T. Inositol lipid metabolism in mycobacteria: Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:630-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mishra AK, Driessen NN, Appelmelk BJ, Besra GS. Lipoarabinomannan and related glycoconjugates: structure, biogenesis and role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology and host-pathogen interaction. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:1126-57. [PMID: 21521247 PMCID: PMC3229680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This bacterium has an unusual lipid-rich cell wall containing a vast repertoire of antigens, providing a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against chemical drugs, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. Apart from the mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan complex, mycobacteria possess several immunomodulatory constituents, notably lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. The availability of whole-genome sequences of M. tuberculosis and related bacilli over the past decade has led to the identification and functional characterization of various enzymes and the potential drug targets involved in the biosynthesis of these glycoconjugates. Both lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan possess highly variable chemical structures, which interact with different receptors of the immune system during host–pathogen interactions, such as Toll-like receptors-2 and C-type lectins. Recently, the availability of mutants defective in the synthesis of these glycoconjugates in mycobacteria and the closely related bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, has paved the way for host–pathogen interaction studies, as well as, providing attenuated strains of mycobacteria for the development of new vaccine candidates. This review provides a comprehensive account of the structure, biosynthesis and immunomodulatory properties of these important glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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8
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Cao B, Williams SJ. Chemical approaches for the study of the mycobacterial glycolipids phosphatidylinositol mannosides, lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:919-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c000604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Mycobacterial Glycophosphoinositides: the Work of Clinton E. Ballou. J Biol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides are minor phospholipid constituents of virtually every biological membrane yet they play fundamental roles in controlling membrane-bound signalling events. Phosphoinositides are produced from phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) by phosphorylation of one or more of three positions (3, 4 and 5) of the inositol headgroup located at the membrane cytoplasmic interface by distinct families of inositol lipid kinases. Intriguingly, many of the kinase reactions are catalysed by more than one form of the kinases even in simple organisms and these enzymes often assume non-redundant functions. A similar diversity is seen with inositide phosphatases, the enzymes that dephosphorylate phosphoinositides with a certain degree of specificity and the impairments of which are often linked to human diseases. This degree of multiplicity at the enzyme level together with the universal roles of these lipids in cell regulation assumes that inositol lipids are spatially and functionally restricted in specific membrane compartments. Studying the compartmentalized roles of these lipids at the cellular level represents a major methodological challenge. Over the last 10 years significant progress has been made in creating reagents that can monitor inositol lipid changes in live cells with fluorescence or confocal microscopy. New methods are also being developed to manipulate these lipids in specific membrane compartments in a regulated fashion. This article recalls some historical aspects of inositide research and describes the new methodological advances highlighting their great potential as well as the problems one can encounter with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hsu FF, Turk J, Owens RM, Rhoades ER, Russell DG. Structural characterization of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin by multiple-stage quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. I. PIMs and lyso-PIMs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:466-78. [PMID: 17141526 PMCID: PMC2044502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We described a multiple-stage ion-trap mass spectrometric approach to characterize the structures of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl-myoinositol mannosides (PIMs) in a complex mixture isolated from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin. The positions of the fatty acyl substituents of PIMs at the glycerol backbone can be easily assigned, based on the findings that the ions arising from losses of the fatty acid substituent at sn-2 as molecules of acid and of ketene, respectively (that is, the [M - H - R(2)CO(2)H](-) and [M - H - R(2)CHCO](-) ions), are respectively more abundant than the ions arising from the analogous losses at sn-1 (that is, the [M - H - R(1)CO(2)H](-) and [M - H - R(1)CHCO](-) ions) in the MS(2) product-ion spectra of the [M - H](-) ions desorbed by electrospray ionization (ESI). Further dissociation of the [M - H - R(2)CO(2)H](-) and [M - H - R(1)CO(2)H](-) ions gives rise to a pair of unique ions corresponding to losses of 74 and 56 Da (that is, [M - H - R(x)CO(2)H - 56](-) and [M - H - R(x)CO(2)H - 74](-) ions, x = 1, 2), respectively, probably arising from various losses of the glycerol. The profile of the ion-pair in the MS(3) spectrum of the [M - H - R(2)CO(2)H](-) ion is readily distinguishable from that in the MS(3) spectrum of the [M - H - R(1)CO(2)H](-) ion and thus the assignment of the fatty acid substituents at the glycerol backbone can be confirmed. The product-ion spectra of the [M - H](-) ions from 2-lyso-PIM and from 1-lyso-PIM are discernible and both spectra contain a unique ion that arises from primary loss of the fatty acid substituent at the glycerol backbone, followed by loss of a bicyclic glycerophosphate ester moiety of 136 Da. The combined structural information from the MS(2) and MS(3) product-ion spectra permit the complex structures of PIMs that consist of various isomers to be unveiled in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Torrelles JB, Azad AK, Schlesinger LS. Fine discrimination in the recognition of individual species of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by C-type lectin pattern recognition receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1805-16. [PMID: 16849491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) envelope is highly mannosylated with phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan, and mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM). Little is known regarding the interaction between specific PIM types and host cell C-type lectin pattern recognition receptors. The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) and dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin on dendritic cells engage ManLAM mannose caps and regulate several host responses. In this study, we analyzed the association of purified PIM families (f, separated by carbohydrate number) and individual PIM species (further separated by fatty acid number) from M.tb H(37)R(v) with human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and lectin-expressing cell lines using an established bead model. Higher-order PIMs preferentially associated with the MR as demonstrated by their reduced association with MDMs upon MR blockade and increased binding to COS-1-MR. In contrast, the lower-order PIM(2)f associated poorly with MDMs and did not bind to COS-1-MR. Triacylated PIM species were recognized by MDM lectins better than tetra-acylated species and the degree of acylation influenced higher-order PIM association with the MR. Moreover, only higher-order PIMs that bind the MR showed a significant increase in phagosome-lysosome fusion upon MR blockade. In contrast with the MR, the PIM(2)f and lipomannan were recognized by DC-SIGN comparable to higher-order PIMs and ManLAM, and the association was independent of their degree of acylation. Thus, recognition of M.tb PIMs by host cell C-type lectins is dependent on both the nature of the terminal carbohydrates and degree of acylation. Subtle structural differences among the PIMs impact host cell recognition and response and are predicted to influence the intracellular fate of M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Deretic V, Vergne I, Chua J, Master S, Singh SB, Fazio JA, Kyei G. Endosomal membrane traffic: convergence point targeted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:999-1009. [PMID: 15469429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis in infected macrophages is a classical pathogenesis determinant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this review we primarily cover the cellular mechanisms of M. tuberculosis phagosome maturation arrest. A detailed picture is beginning to emerge, involving regulators of membrane trafficking in mammalian cells and phagosomal interactions with endosomal organelles and the trans-Golgi network. We also present a hypothesis that overlaps may exist between the mycobacterial interference with the host cell membrane trafficking processes and the targeting of the late endosomal sorting machinery by HIV during viral budding in macrophages. We propose that interference with the endosomal sorting machinery contributes to the synergism between the two significant human diseases--AIDS and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE Albuquerque, NM 87131-001, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton E Ballou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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15
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Vergne I, Fratti RA, Hill PJ, Chua J, Belisle J, Deretic V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation arrest: mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol analog phosphatidylinositol mannoside stimulates early endosomal fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 15:751-60. [PMID: 14617817 PMCID: PMC329390 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-05-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that parasitizes macrophages by modulating properties of the Mycobacterium-containing phagosome. Mycobacterial phagosomes do not fuse with late endosomal/lysosomal organelles but retain access to early endosomal contents by an unknown mechanism. We have previously reported that mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol analog lipoarabinomannan (LAM) blocks a trans-Golgi network-to-phagosome phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. In this work, we extend our investigations of the effects of mycobacterial phosphoinositides on host membrane trafficking. We present data demonstrating that phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) specifically stimulated homotypic fusion of early endosomes in an ATP-, cytosol-, and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor-dependent manner. The fusion showed absolute requirement for small Rab GTPases, and the stimulatory effect of PIM increased upon partial depletion of membrane Rabs with RabGDI. We found that stimulation of early endosomal fusion by PIM was higher when phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was inhibited by wortmannin. PIM also stimulated in vitro fusion between model phagosomes and early endosomes. Finally, PIM displayed in vivo effects in macrophages by increasing accumulation of plasma membrane-endosomal syntaxin 4 and transferrin receptor on PIM-coated latex bead phagosomes. In addition, inhibition of phagosomal acidification was detected with PIM-coated beads. The effects of PIM, along with the previously reported action of LAM, suggest that M. tuberculosis has evolved a two-prong strategy to modify its intracellular niche: its products block acquisition of late endosomal/lysosomal constituents, while facilitating fusion with early endosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vergne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- T Balla
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4510, USA.
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Mereyala HB, Guntha S. Disaccharides to inositol saccharides: synthesis of α-D-galactopyranosyl-D-myo-inositol derivatives from a methyl 4-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranoside derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/p19930000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Chatterjee D, Hunter S, McNeil M, Brennan P. Lipoarabinomannan. Multiglycosylated form of the mycobacterial mannosylphosphatidylinositols. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Meldrum E, Parker PJ, Carozzi A. The PtdIns-PLC superfamily and signal transduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1092:49-71. [PMID: 1849017 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Meldrum
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, U.K
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Kamisango K, Dell A, Ballou C. Biosynthesis of the mycobacterial O-methylglucose lipopolysaccharide. Characterization of putative intermediates in the initiation, elongation, and termination reactions. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shukla SD. Action of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C on platelets: nonlytic release of acetylcholinesterase, effect on thrombin and PAF induced aggregation. Life Sci 1986; 38:751-5. [PMID: 3951330 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) specific phospholipase C treatment of rabbit platelets caused 95% release of acetylcholinesterase in the supernatant and 4 to 6% hydrolysis of membrane PI in 2 min. Under these conditions there was no cell lysis as monitored by lack of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the medium. The phospholipase C had no activity towards phosphatidylinositol-4- phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bis phosphate. Platelets pretreated with the phospholipase C responded normally to thrombin and platelet activating factor. It is concluded that acetylcholinesterase exists in specific interaction with PI in platelet membranes. Further, the membrane protein release phenomenon caused by the PI-specific phospholipase C did not effect the physiological responsiveness of platelets. Possible implications of these findings to the linkage between PI and membrane enzyme are also discussed.
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Garegg PJ, Iversen T, Johansson R, Lindberg B. Synthesis of some mono-O-benzyl- and penta-O-methyl-myo-inositols. Carbohydr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Chapter 7 Inositol phospholipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Banerjee B, Subrahmanyam D. Antigenicity of the phosphatidyl inositomannosides of mycobacteria. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1978; 15:359-63. [PMID: 81174 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(78)90131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Characterization and tissue distribution of 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol in the rat. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Wells WW, Kuo CH, Naccarato WF. Identification of 6-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl myo-inositol from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 61:644-50. [PMID: 4616692 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)91005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Naccarato WF, Wells WW. Identification of 6-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol: a new form of myo-inositol in mammals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 57:1026-31. [PMID: 4830744 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Khuller GK, Brennan PJ. Further studies on the lipids of corynebacteria. The mannolipids of Corynebacterium aquaticum. Biochem J 1972; 127:369-73. [PMID: 4342553 PMCID: PMC1178597 DOI: 10.1042/bj1270369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The major free lipids of Corynebacterium aquaticum were characterized as dimannosyl diglyceride, monomannophosphoinositide and phosphatidylethanolamine. Bisphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were also tentatively identified. 2. We regard this as the only well-documented case of an organism containing monomannophosphoinositide to the exclusion of dimannophosphoinositides and the higher homologues. 3. The co-existence of the two mannolipids in one organism is a distinctive feature. So also is the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine in a corynebacterium. 4. The monomannophosphoinositide apparently does not utilize phosphatidylinositol as a precursor, unlike the monomannophosphoinositide of Propionibacterium shermanii. CDP-diglyceride may be necessary for its synthesis.
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van den Bosch H, van Golde LM, van Deenen LL. Dynamics of phosphoglycerides. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1972; 66:13-145. [PMID: 4566505 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-05882-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Angyal SJ, Luttrell BM, Russell AF, Rutherford D. INOSITOL PHOSPHATES, GLYCOSIDES, AND SOME 5-CARBON CYCLITOLS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb55935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Angyal SJ, Luttrell BM, Russell AF, Rutherford D. INOSITOL PHOSPHATES, GLYCOSIDES, AND SOME 5-CARBON CYCLITOLS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb56421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bosmann HB. Glycolipid biosynthesis: biosynthesis of mannose- and fucose-containing glycolipids by HeLa cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 187:122-32. [PMID: 5811199 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(69)90139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Shaw N, Dinglinger F. The structure of an acylated inositol mannoside in the lipids of propionic acid bacteria. Biochem J 1969; 112:769-75. [PMID: 5821733 PMCID: PMC1187783 DOI: 10.1042/bj1120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Lipids were extracted from five strains of Propionibacterium with chloroform-methanol mixtures and fractionated by chromatography on silicic acid. 2. All five extracts contained a glycolipid composed of fatty acids, inositol and mannose in the molar proportions 2:1:1. 3. Hydrolysis of the glycolipid with alkali gave a mixture of fatty acids and O-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-myoinositol. 4. Analysis of the fatty acids by g.l.c. showed that they were predominantly straight- and branched-chain isomers of pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid. 5. The location and distribution of the fatty acid residues in the molecule was established by periodate oxidation studies and mass spectrometry. The structure of the major glycolipid is 1-O-pentadecanoyl-2-O-(6-O-heptadecanoyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl)myoinositol. 6. The glycolipids are located in the membrane; the cell walls are devoid of lipid. 7. Possible functions of the glycolipid are discussed.
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Takahashi Y, Sasaki A. Biology of the mycobacterioses. Biochemical study on the specificity of the hemagglutination reaction by the phosphatide of the tubercle bacillus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968; 154:115-27. [PMID: 4314975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb16701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nicholls PB. The isolation of indole-3-acetyl-2-O-myo-inositol from Zea mays. PLANTA 1966; 72:258-264. [PMID: 24554266 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1966] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and crystallization of an ester of myo-inositol and indole-3-acetic acid is described. The ester was extracted from mature corn (maize) kernels. On the basis of data for solubility in acetone, acetone-water mixtures and water, chromatographic data, and data on acyl migration the ester, as isolated, is tentatively identified as indole-3-acetyl-2-O-myo-inositol. The compound promoted growth in a flax callus culture and in the standard Avena coleoptile straight-growth test, the biological activity in the former tissue being relatively greater than in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Nicholls
- MSU/AEC Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Gorin PAJ, Horitsu K, Spencer JFT. FORMATION OF O-β-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL- AND O-β-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL-MYO-INOSITOLS BY GLYCOSYL TRANSFER. CAN J CHEM 1965. [DOI: 10.1139/v65-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme extracts or growing cells of Sporobolomyces singularis catalyzed glycosyl transfer from cellobiose or lactose to polyhydroxylic acceptors. The substituted hydroxyl, in each instance, had hydroxylic neighbors which appeared to have a role in the reaction. To show whether the pyranoid ring oxygen of glycosyl acceptors has an effect on the reaction, the substitution positions on pyranoid and myo-inositol acceptors are compared. Glucosyl transfer to the 1- and 5-positions of (1R)-myo-inositol3 and galactosyl transfer to the 5-position occurs. The configuration of hydroxyl groups adjacent to the position substituted is the same in these products as in the corresponding pyranoid derivatives. The pyranoid ring oxygen, therefore, has little effect on the glycosyl transfer reactions.
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