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Lopez-Sublet M, Caratti di Lanzacco L, Danser AHJ, Lambert M, Elourimi G, Persu A. Focus on increased serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level: From granulomatous diseases to genetic mutations. Clin Biochem 2018; 59:1-8. [PMID: 29928904 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a well-known zinc-metallopeptidase that converts angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin, a powerful vasodilator, and as such plays a key role in the regulation of vascular tone and cardiac function. Increased circulating ACE (cACE) activity has been reported in multiple diseases, including but not limited to granulomatous disorders. Since 2001, genetic mutations leading to cACE elevation have also been described. This review takes advantage of the identification of a novel ACE mutation (25-IVS25 + 1G > A) in two Belgian pedigrees to summarize current knowledge about the differential diagnosis of cACE elevation, based on literature review and the experience of our centre. Furthermore, we propose a practical approach for the evaluation and management of patients with elevated cACE and discuss in which cases search for genetic mutations should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Caratti di Lanzacco
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Lambert
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghassan Elourimi
- Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital Avicenne, Bobigny, AP-HP, France
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Michaud A, Acharya KR, Masuyer G, Quenech'du N, Gribouval O, Morinière V, Gubler MC, Corvol P. Absence of cell surface expression of human ACE leads to perinatal death. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:1479-91. [PMID: 24163131 PMCID: PMC3929087 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) is a recessive autosomal disease characterized most often by perinatal death. It is due to the inactivation of any of the major genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), one of which is the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is present as a tissue-bound enzyme and circulates in plasma after its solubilization. In this report, we present the effect of different ACE mutations associated with RTD on ACE intracellular trafficking, secretion and enzymatic activity. One truncated mutant, R762X, responsible for neonatal death was found to be an enzymatically active, secreted form, not inserted in the plasma membrane. In contrast, another mutant, R1180P, was compatible with life after transient neonatal renal insufficiency. This mutant was located at the plasma membrane and rapidly secreted. These results highlight the importance of tissue-bound ACE versus circulating ACE and show that the total absence of cell surface expression of ACE is incompatible with life. In addition, two missense mutants (W594R and R828H) and two truncated mutants (Q1136X and G1145AX) were also studied. These mutants were neither inserted in the plasma membrane nor secreted. Finally, the structural implications of these ACE mutations were examined by molecular modelling, which suggested some important structural alterations such as disruption of intra-molecular non-covalent interactions (e.g. salt bridges).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Michaud
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nicole Quenech'du
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| | - Olivier Gribouval
- INSERM U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Morinière
- AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France and
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de L'Enfant et de L'Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- INSERM U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de L'Enfant et de L'Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Corvol
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
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3
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Olivieri A, Collins CR, Hackett F, Withers-Martinez C, Marshall J, Flynn HR, Skehel JM, Blackman MJ. Juxtamembrane shedding of Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 is sequence independent and essential, and helps evade invasion-inhibitory antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002448. [PMID: 22194692 PMCID: PMC3240622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The malarial life cycle involves repeated rounds of intraerythrocytic replication interspersed by host cell rupture which releases merozoites that rapidly invade fresh erythrocytes. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) is a merozoite protein that plays a critical role in invasion. Antibodies against AMA1 prevent invasion and can protect against malaria in vivo, so AMA1 is of interest as a malaria vaccine candidate. AMA1 is efficiently shed from the invading parasite surface, predominantly through juxtamembrane cleavage by a membrane-bound protease called SUB2, but also by limited intramembrane cleavage. We have investigated the structural requirements for shedding of Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 (PfAMA1), and the consequences of its inhibition. Mutagenesis of the intramembrane cleavage site by targeted homologous recombination abolished intramembrane cleavage with no effect on parasite viability in vitro. Examination of PfSUB2-mediated shedding of episomally-expressed PfAMA1 revealed that the position of cleavage is determined primarily by its distance from the parasite membrane. Certain mutations at the PfSUB2 cleavage site block shedding, and parasites expressing these non-cleavable forms of PfAMA1 on a background of expression of the wild type gene invade and replicate normally in vitro. The non-cleavable PfAMA1 is also functional in invasion. However – in contrast to the intramembrane cleavage site - mutations that block PfSUB2-mediated shedding could not be stably introduced into the genomic pfama1 locus, indicating that some shedding of PfAMA1 by PfSUB2 is essential. Remarkably, parasites expressing shedding-resistant forms of PfAMA1 exhibit enhanced sensitivity to antibody-mediated inhibition of invasion. Drugs that inhibit PfSUB2 activity should block parasite replication and may also enhance the efficacy of vaccines based on AMA1 and other merozoite surface proteins. The malaria parasite invades red blood cells. During invasion several parasite proteins, including a vaccine candidate called PfAMA1, are clipped from the parasite surface. Most of this clipping is performed by an enzyme called PfSUB2, but some also occurs through intramembrane cleavage. The function of this shedding is unknown. We have examined the requirements for shedding of PfAMA1, and the effects of mutations that block shedding. Mutations that block intramembrane cleavage have no effect on the parasite. We then show that PfSUB2 does not recognise a specific amino acid sequence in PfAMA1, but rather cleaves it at a position determined primarily by its distance from the parasite membrane. Certain mutations at the PfSUB2 cleavage site prevent shedding, and parasites expressing non-cleavable PfAMA1 along with unmodified PfAMA1 grow normally. However, these mutations cannot be introduced into the parasite's genome, showing that some shedding by PfSUB2 is essential for parasite survival. Parasites expressing shedding-resistant mutants of PfAMA1 show enhanced sensitivity to invasion-inhibitory antibodies, suggesting that shedding of surface proteins during invasion helps the parasite to evade potentially protective antibodies. Drugs that inhibit PfSUB2 may prevent disease and enhance the efficacy of vaccines based on PfAMA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olivieri
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine R. Collins
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Hackett
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joshua Marshall
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R. Flynn
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - J. Mark Skehel
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Blackman
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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4
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Green JL, Hinds L, Grainger M, Knuepfer E, Holder AA. Plasmodium thrombospondin related apical merozoite protein (PTRAMP) is shed from the surface of merozoites by PfSUB2 upon invasion of erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 150:114-7. [PMID: 16879884 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Green
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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5
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Chesne-Seck ML, Pizarro JC, Vulliez-Le Normand B, Collins CR, Blackman MJ, Faber BW, Remarque EJ, Kocken CHM, Thomas AW, Bentley GA. Structural comparison of apical membrane antigen 1 orthologues and paralogues in apicomplexan parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 144:55-67. [PMID: 16154214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a membrane protein present in Plasmodium species and is probably common to all apicomplexan parasites. The recent crystal structure of the complete ectoplasmic region of AMA1 from Plasmodium vivax has shown that it comprises three structural domains and that the first two domains are based on the PAN folding motif. Here, we discuss the consequences of this analysis for the three-dimensional structure of AMA1 from other Plasmodium species and other apicomplexan parasites, and for the Plasmodium paralogue MAEBL. Many polar and apolar interactions observed in the PvAMA1 crystal structure are made by residues that are invariant or highly conserved throughout all Plasmodium orthologues; a subgroup of these residues is also present in other apicomplexan orthologues and in MAEBL. These interactions presumably play a key role in defining the protein fold. Previous studies have shown that the ectoplasmic region of AMA1 must be cleaved from the parasite surface for host-cell invasion to proceed. The cleavage site in the crystal structure is not readily accessible to proteases and we discuss possible consequences of this observation. The three-dimensional distribution of polymorphic sites in PfAMA1 shows that these are all on the surface and that their positions are significantly biased to one side of the ectoplasmic region. Of particular note, a flexible segment in domain II, comprising about 40 residues and devoid of polymorphism, carries an epitope recognized by an invasion-inhibitory monoclonal antibody and a T-cell epitope implicated in the human immune response to AMA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Chesne-Seck
- Unité d'Immunologie Structurale, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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6
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Abstract
The life cycle of the malaria parasite contains three distinct invasive forms, or zoites. For at least two of these--the sporozoite and the blood-stage merozoite--invasion into their respective host cell requires the activity of parasite proteases. This review summarizes the evidence for this, discusses selected well-described proteolytic modifications linked to invasion, and describes recent progress towards identifying the proteases involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Blackman
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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7
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Zhao M, Gold L, Dorward H, Liang LF, Hoodbhoy T, Boja E, Fales HM, Dean J. Mutation of a conserved hydrophobic patch prevents incorporation of ZP3 into the zona pellucida surrounding mouse eggs. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 23:8982-91. [PMID: 14645511 PMCID: PMC309620 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.24.8982-8991.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3) are synthesized in growing mouse oocytes and secreted to form an extracellular zona pellucida that mediates sperm binding and fertilization. Each has a signal peptide to direct it into a secretory pathway, a "zona" domain implicated in matrix polymerization and a transmembrane domain from which the ectodomain must be released. Using confocal microscopy and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), the intracellular trafficking of ZP3 was observed in growing mouse oocytes. Replacement of the zona domain with EGFP did not prevent secretion of ZP3, suggesting the presence of trafficking signals and a cleavage site in the carboxyl terminus. Analysis of linker-scanning mutations of a ZP3-EGFP fusion protein in transient assays and in transgenic mice identified an eight-amino-acid hydrophobic region required for secretion and incorporation into the zona pellucida. The hydrophobic patch is conserved among mouse zona proteins and lies between a potential proprotein convertase (furin) cleavage site and the transmembrane domain. The cleavage site that releases the ectodomain from the transmembrane domain was defined by mass spectrometry of native zonae pellucidae and lies N-terminal to a proprotein convertase site that is distinct from the hydrophobic patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Cruz AC, Frank BT, Edwards ST, Dazin PF, Peschon JJ, Fang KC. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme controls surface expression of c-Kit and survival of embryonic stem cell-derived mast cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:5612-20. [PMID: 14625290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane metalloproteinases of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family control cell signaling interactions via hydrolysis of protein extracellular domains. Prior work has shown that the receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Kit (CD117), is essential for mast cell survival and that serum levels of c-Kit increase in proliferative mast cell disorders, suggesting the existence of c-Kit shedding pathways in mast cells. In the present work, we report that tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme (TACE; ADAM-17) mediates shedding of c-Kit. Stimulation of transfected cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced metalloproteinase-mediated release of c-Kit ectodomain, which increased further upon TACE overexpression. By contrast, TACE-deficient fibroblasts did not demonstrate inducible release, thus identifying TACE as the metalloproteinase primarily responsible for PMA-induced c-Kit shedding. Surface expression of c-Kit by the human mast cell-1 line decreased upon phorbol-induced shedding, which involved metalloproteinase activity susceptible to inhibition by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3. To further explore the role of TACE in shedding of c-Kit from mast cells, we compared the behavior of mast cells derived from murine embryonic stem cells. In these studies, PMA decreased surface c-Kit levels on mast cells expressing wild-type (+/+) TACE but not on those expressing an inactive mutant (DeltaZn/DeltaZn), confirming the role of TACE in PMA-induced c-Kit shedding. Compared with TACE(+/+) cells, TACE(DeltaZn/DeltaZn) mast cells also demonstrated decreased constitutive shedding and increased basal surface expression of c-Kit, with diminished apoptosis in response to c-Kit ligand deprivation. These data suggest that TACE controls mast cell survival by regulating shedding and surface expression of c-Kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Cruz
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Boja ES, Hoodbhoy T, Fales HM, Dean J. Structural characterization of native mouse zona pellucida proteins using mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:34189-202. [PMID: 12799386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304026200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix consisting of three glycoproteins that surrounds mammalian eggs and mediates fertilization. The primary structures of mouse ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 have been deduced from cDNA. Each has a predicted signal peptide and a transmembrane domain from which an ectodomain must be released. All three zona proteins undergo extensive co- and post-translational modifications important for secretion and assembly of the zona matrix. In this report, native zonae pellucidae were isolated and structural features of individual zona proteins within the mixture were determined by high resolution electrospray mass spectrometry. Complete coverage of the primary structure of native ZP3, 96% of ZP2, and 56% of ZP1, the least abundant zona protein, was obtained. Partial disulfide bond assignments were made for each zona protein, and the size of the processed, native protein was determined. The N termini of ZP1 and ZP3, but not ZP2, were blocked by cyclization of glutamine to pyroglutamate. The C termini of ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 lie upstream of a dibasic motif, which is part of, but distinct from, a proprotein convertase cleavage site. The zona proteins are highly glycosylated and 4/4 potential N-linkage sites on ZP1, 6/6 on ZP2, and 5/6 on ZP3 are occupied. Potential O-linked carbohydrate sites are more ubiquitous, but less utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Boja
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Howell SA, Well I, Fleck SL, Kettleborough C, Collins CR, Blackman MJ. A single malaria merozoite serine protease mediates shedding of multiple surface proteins by juxtamembrane cleavage. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23890-8. [PMID: 12686561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte invasion by the malaria merozoite is accompanied by the regulated discharge of apically located secretory organelles called micronemes. Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1), which plays an indispensable role in invasion, translocates from micronemes onto the parasite surface and is proteolytically shed in a soluble form during invasion. We have previously proposed, on the basis of incomplete mass spectrometric mapping data, that PfAMA-1 shedding results from cleavage at two alternative positions. We now show conclusively that the PfAMA-1 ectodomain is shed from the merozoite solely as a result of cleavage at a single site, just 29 residues away from the predicted transmembrane-spanning sequence. Remarkably, this cleavage is mediated by the same membrane-bound parasite serine protease as that responsible for shedding of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) complex, an abundant, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored multiprotein complex. Processing of MSP-1 is essential for invasion. Our results indicate the presence on the merozoite surface of a multifunctional serine sheddase with a broad substrate specificity. We further demonstrate that translocation and shedding of PfAMA-1 is an actin-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Howell
- Division of Protein Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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