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Khorsandi D, Jenson S, Zarepour A, Khosravi A, Rabiee N, Iravani S, Zarrabi A. Catalytic and biomedical applications of nanocelluloses: A review of recent developments. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131829. [PMID: 38677670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses exhibit immense potential in catalytic and biomedical applications. Their unique properties, biocompatibility, and versatility make them valuable in various industries, contributing to advancements in environmental sustainability, catalysis, energy conversion, drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing/imaging, and wound healing/dressings. Nanocellulose-based catalysts can efficiently remove pollutants from contaminated environments, contributing to sustainable and cleaner ecosystems. These materials can also be utilized as drug carriers, enabling targeted and controlled drug release. Their high surface area allows for efficient loading of therapeutic agents, while their biodegradability ensures safer and gradual release within the body. These targeted drug delivery systems enhance the efficacy of treatments and minimizes side effects. Moreover, nanocelluloses can serve as scaffolds in tissue engineering due to their structural integrity and biocompatibility. They provide a three-dimensional framework for cell growth and tissue regeneration, promoting the development of functional and biologically relevant tissues. Nanocellulose-based dressings have shown great promise in wound healing and dressings. Their ability to absorb exudates, maintain a moist environment, and promote cell proliferation and migration accelerates the wound healing process. Herein, the recent advancements pertaining to the catalytic and biomedical applications of nanocelluloses and their composites are deliberated, focusing on important challenges, advantages, limitations, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Khorsandi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Serena Jenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Türkiye
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Independent Researcher, W Nazar ST, Boostan Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320315, Taiwan.
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Las-Casas B, Dias IKR, Yupanqui-Mendoza SL, Pereira B, Costa GR, Rojas OJ, Arantes V. The emergence of hybrid cellulose nanomaterials as promising biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126007. [PMID: 37524277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are promising green materials due to their unique properties as well as their environmental benefits. Among these materials, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) are the most extensively researched types of CNs. While they share some fundamental properties like low density, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, they also possess unique differentiating characteristics such as morphology, rheology, aspect ratio, crystallinity, mechanical and optical properties. Therefore, numerous comparative studies have been conducted, and recently, various studies have reported the synergetic advantages resulting from combining CNF and CNC. In this review, we initiate by addressing the terminology used to describe combinations of these and other types of CNs, proposing "hybrid cellulose nanomaterials" (HCNs) as the standardized classifictation for these materials. Subsequently, we briefly cover aspects of properties-driven applications and the performance of CNs, from both an individual and comparative perspective. Next, we comprehensively examine the potential of HCN-based materials, highlighting their performance for various applications. In conclusion, HCNs have demonstraded remarkable success in diverse areas, such as food packaging, electronic devices, 3D printing, biomedical and other fields, resulting in materials with superior performance when compared to neat CNF or CNC. Therefore, HCNs exhibit great potential for the development of environmentally friendly materials with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Las-Casas
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella K R Dias
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luis Yupanqui-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Costa
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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Yagita T, Ito T, Hirano T, Toyomasu T, Hasegawa S, Saito T, Fujisawa S. Evaluating the Emulsifying Capacity of Cellulose Nanofibers Using Inverse Gas Chromatography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4362-4369. [PMID: 36917026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are attracting increasing attention as emulsifiers owing to their high emulsifying capacity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The emulsifying capacity has been experimentally shown to depend not only on the type of oil but also on the chemical structure of the CNF surface. However, the theoretical relationship between these two factors and emulsification remains unclear, and therefore, industrial applications are limited. Here, we assess the desorption energy (DE) of CNFs from the oil surface in o/w emulsion for various CNF/oil combinations to understand the mechanism of emulsification. Two types of surface-carboxylated CNFs having different cationic counterions, namely, sodium and tetrabutylammonium ions, were used as emulsifiers. The surface free energies of the CNFs were evaluated using inverse gas chromatography, and the nonpolar Lifshitz-van der Waals γLW, electron-acceptor γ+, and electron-donor γ- components were obtained from the chromatography profiles based on the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good theory. CNF with tetrabutylammonium ions was found to have a higher γ+ component than CNF with sodium ions. Therefore, the emulsion stability improved with oils having high γ- components owing to the increase in the DE value; this was verified through both theoretical calculations using a fibrous model and experimental dynamic interfacial tension measurements. Our approach is useful for predicting the emulsifying capacity of CNFs, and it should contribute toward the design of novel CNF-based emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Yagita
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu 520-8567, Japan
| | - Takayuki Toyomasu
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu 520-8567, Japan
| | - Sai Hasegawa
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu 520-8567, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujisawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Kwak H, Kim H, Park S, Lee M, Jang M, Park SB, Hwang SY, Kim HJ, Jeon H, Koo JM, Park J, Oh DX. Biodegradable, Water-Resistant, Anti-Fizzing, Polyester Nanocellulose Composite Paper Straws. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205554. [PMID: 36403230 PMCID: PMC9811439 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among plastic items, single-use straws are particularly detrimental to marine ecosystems because such straws, including those made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), are sharp and extremely slowly degradable in the ocean. While paper straws are promising alternatives, they exhibit hydration-induced swelling even when coated with a non-degradable plastic coating and promote effervescence (fizzing) in soft drinks owing to their surface heterogeneities. In this study, upgraded paper straw is coated with poly(butylene succinate) cellulose nanocrystal (PBS/CNC) composites. CNC increases adhesion to paper owing to their similar chemical structures, optimizes crystalline PBS spherulites through effective nucleation, and reinforces the matrix through its anisotropic and rigid features. The straws are not only anti-fizzing when used with soft drinks owing to their homogeneous and seamless surface coatings, but also highly water-resistant and tough owing to their watertight surfaces. All degradable components effectively decompose under aerobic composting and in the marine environment. This technology contributes to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Kwak
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Seul‐A Park
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Department of Plant and Environmental New ResourcesKyung Hee UniversityYongin17104Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Department of Organic Materials EngineeringChungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringSogang UniversitySeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X. Oh
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
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Pickering emulsion stabilized by palm-pressed fiber cellulose nanocrystal extracted by acid hydrolysis-assisted high pressure homogenization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271512. [PMID: 36044467 PMCID: PMC9432738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm pressed fibre (PPF) is a lignocellulose biomass generated from palm oil mill that is rich in cellulose. The present work aimed to combine acid hydrolysis followed by high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) to produce nanocrystal cellulose (CNC) with enhanced physicochemical properties from PPF. PPF was alkaline treated, bleached, acid hydrolysed and homogenised under high pressure condition to prepare CNC. The effects of homogenisation pressure (10, 30, 50, 70 MPa) and cycles (1, 3, 5, 7) on the particle size, zeta potential and rheological properties of CNC produced were investigated. HPH was capable of producing CNC with better stability. Results revealed that utilizing 1 cycle of homogenisation at a pressure of 50 MPa resulted in CNC with the smallest dimension, highest aspect ratio, moderate viscosity and exceptionally high zeta potential. Subsequently, 0.15% (CNC 0.15 -PE) and 0.30% (CNC 0.30 -PE) of CNC was used to stabilise oil-in-water emulsions and their stability was evaluated against different pH, temperature and ionic strength. All the CNC-stabilised emulsions demonstrated good thermal stability. CNC 0.30 -PE exhibited larger droplets but higher stability than CNC 0.15 -PE. In short, CNC with gel like structure has a promising potential to serve as a natural Pickering emulsifier to stabilise oil-in-water emulsion in various food applications.
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Bahsi Kaya G, Kim Y, Callahan K, Kundu S. Microencapsulated phase change material via Pickering emulsion stabilized by cellulose nanofibrils for thermal energy storage. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118745. [PMID: 34823777 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A phase change material (PCM) has an ability to store and release a large amount of energy in a wide range of temperature by the latent heat of fusion upon melting and crystallization. Microencapsulation may protect PCM from undesirable reaction and leaching. Herein, we report the microencapsulation of n-hexadecane via oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by non-chemically modified cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). The maximum size of PCM-CNF microcapsules was 12 ± 3.4 μm in diameter. The surface coverage of the microcapsule by CNF was as high as 67%, consistent with porous morphology of the freeze-dried microcapsules. With 59% PCM loading, the PCM-CNF microcapsule exhibited 132.5 and 141.1 J/g as stored and released thermal energy, respectively. The microcapsule slurry showed a reversible change in storage modulus by one order of magnitude across the transition temperature of n-hexadecane. Combined results demonstrate the successful microencapsulation of PCM via CNF-based Pickering emulsions for a sustainable thermal energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulbahar Bahsi Kaya
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, 201 Locksley Way, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Yunsang Kim
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, 201 Locksley Way, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Kyle Callahan
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, 200 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Santanu Kundu
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, 200 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
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Parajuli S, Ureña-Benavides EE. Fundamental aspects of nanocellulose stabilized Pickering emulsions and foams. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102530. [PMID: 34610863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses in recent years have garnered a lot of attention for their use as stabilizers of liquid-liquid and gas-liquid interfaces. Both cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been used extensively in multiple studies to prepare emulsions and foams. However, there is limited literature available that systematically discusses the mechanisms that affect the ability of nanocelluloses (modified and unmodified) to stabilize different types of interfaces. This review briefly discusses key factors that affect the stability of Pickering emulsions and foams and provides a detailed and systematic analysis of the current state knowledge on factors affecting the stabilization of liquid-liquid and gas-liquid interfaces by nanocelluloses. The review also discusses the effect of nanocellulose surface modifications on mechanisms driving the Pickering stabilization of these interfaces.
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Raghav N, Sharma MR, Kennedy JF. Nanocellulose: A mini-review on types and use in drug delivery systems. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Loskutova K, Olofsson K, Hammarström B, Wiklund M, Svagan AJ, Grishenkov D. Measuring the Compressibility of Cellulose Nanofiber-Stabilized Microdroplets Using Acoustophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121465. [PMID: 34945315 PMCID: PMC8707857 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Droplets with a liquid perfluoropentane core and a cellulose nanofiber shell have the potential to be used as drug carriers in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. However, it is necessary to understand their mechanical properties to develop ultrasound imaging sequences that enable in vivo imaging of the vaporization process to ensure optimized drug delivery. In this work, the compressibility of droplets stabilized with cellulose nanofibers was estimated using acoustophoresis at three different acoustic pressures. Polyamide particles of known size and material properties were used for calibration. The droplet compressibility was then used to estimate the cellulose nanofiber bulk modulus and compare it to experimentally determined values. The results showed that the acoustic contrast factor for these droplets was negative, as the droplets relocated to pressure antinodes during ultrasonic actuation. The droplet compressibility was 6.6–6.8 ×10−10 Pa−1, which is higher than for water (4.4×10−10 Pa−1) but lower than for pure perfluoropentane (2.7×10−9 Pa−1). The compressibility was constant across different droplet diameters, which was consistent with the idea that the shell thickness depends on the droplet size, rather than being constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Loskutova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-Flemingsberg, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-Albanova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.O.); (B.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Björn Hammarström
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-Albanova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.O.); (B.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-Albanova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.O.); (B.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna J. Svagan
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-Valhallavägen, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Dmitry Grishenkov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-Flemingsberg, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden;
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Casanova F, Pereira CF, Ribeiro AB, Freixo R, Costa E, E. Pintado M, Fernandes JC, Ramos ÓL. Novel Micro- and Nanocellulose-Based Delivery Systems for Liposoluble Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102593. [PMID: 34685034 PMCID: PMC8540299 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility of bioactive compounds is becoming a pronounced challenge in the development of bioactive formulations. Numerous liposoluble compounds have very interesting biological activities, but their low water solubility, stability, and bioavailability restrict their applications. To overcome these limitations there is a need to use enabling delivering strategies, which often demand new carrier materials. Cellulose and its micro- and nanostructures are promising carriers with unique features. In this context, this review describes the fast-growing field of micro- and nanocellulose based delivery systems with a focus on the release of liposoluble bioactive compounds. The state of research on this field is reviewed in this article, which also covers the chemistry, preparation, properties, and applications of micro- and nanocellulose based delivery systems. Although there are promising perspectives for introducing these materials into various fields, aspects of safety and toxicity must be revealed and are discussed in this review. The impact of gastrointestinal conditions on the systems and on the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds are also addressed in this review. This article helps to unveil the whole panorama of micro- and nanocellulose as delivery systems for liposoluble compounds, showing that these represent a great promise in a wide range of applications.
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Song X, Loskutova K, Chen H, Shen G, Grishenkov D. Deriving acoustic properties for perfluoropentane droplets with viscoelastic cellulose nanofiber shell via numerical simulations. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:1750. [PMID: 34598597 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoropentane droplets with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) shells have demonstrated better stability and easier surface modification as ultrasound contrast agents and drug delivery vehicles. This paper presents a theoretical model assuming a four-phase state "inverse antibubble," with the core filled with gas perfluoropentane surrounded by liquid perfluoropentane. A continuous, incompressible, and viscoelastic stabilizing layer separates the core from the surrounding water. A parametric study is performed to predict the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient, the speed of sound, and the resonance frequency of the droplets which have a mean diameter of 2.47 ± 0.95 μm. Results reveal that the CNF-stabilized perfluoropentane droplets can be modeled in a Rayleigh-Plesset like equation. We conclude that the shell strongly influences the acoustic behavior of the droplets and the resonance frequency largely depends on the initial gas cavity radius. More specifically, the peak attenuation coefficient and peak-to-peak speed of sound decrease with increasing shear modulus, shear viscosity, and shell thickness, while they increase with increasing gas cavity radius and concentration. The resonance frequency increases as shear modulus and shell thickness increase, while it decreases as shear viscosity and gas cavity radius increase. It is worth mentioning that droplet concentration has no effect on the resonance frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ksenia Loskutova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health System, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dmitry Grishenkov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health System, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
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Kak A, Parhi A, Rasco BA, Tang J, Sablani SS. Improving the oxygen barrier of microcapsules using cellulose nanofibres. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atisheel Kak
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University 1935 E. Grimes Way Pullman WA 99164‐6120 USA
| | - Ashutos Parhi
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University 1935 E. Grimes Way Pullman WA 99164‐6120 USA
| | - Barbara A. Rasco
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Laramie WY 82072 USA
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University 1935 E. Grimes Way Pullman WA 99164‐6120 USA
| | - Shyam S. Sablani
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University 1935 E. Grimes Way Pullman WA 99164‐6120 USA
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Yang X, Biswas SK, Han J, Tanpichai S, Li MC, Chen C, Zhu S, Das AK, Yano H. Surface and Interface Engineering for Nanocellulosic Advanced Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002264. [PMID: 32902018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How do trees support their upright massive bodies? The support comes from the incredibly strong and stiff, and highly crystalline nanoscale fibrils of extended cellulose chains, called cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers and their crystalline parts-cellulose nanocrystals, collectively nanocelluloses, are therefore the recent hot materials to incorporate in man-made sustainable, environmentally sound, and mechanically strong materials. Nanocelluloses are generally obtained through a top-down process, during or after which the original surface chemistry and interface interactions can be dramatically changed. Therefore, surface and interface engineering are extremely important when nanocellulosic materials with a bottom-up process are fabricated. Herein, the main focus is on promising chemical modification and nonmodification approaches, aiming to prospect this hot topic from novel aspects, including nanocellulose-, chemistry-, and process-oriented surface and interface engineering for advanced nanocellulosic materials. The reinforcement of nanocelluloses in some functional materials, such as structural materials, films, filaments, aerogels, and foams, is discussed, relating to tailored surface and/or interface engineering. Although some of the nanocellulosic products have already reached the industrial arena, it is hoped that more and more nanocellulose-based products will become available in everyday life in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Yang
- Laboratory of Active Bio-Based Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Subir Kumar Biswas
- Laboratory of Active Bio-Based Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jingquan Han
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Supachok Tanpichai
- Learning Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Sailing Zhu
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Atanu Kumar Das
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Laboratory of Active Bio-Based Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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Kedzior SA, Gabriel VA, Dubé MA, Cranston ED. Nanocellulose in Emulsions and Heterogeneous Water-Based Polymer Systems: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002404. [PMID: 32797718 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (i.e., bacterial nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals, and cellulose nanofibrils) are cellulose-based materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale. These materials have unique and useful properties and have been shown to assemble at oil-water interfaces and impart new functionality to emulsion and latex systems. Herein, the use of nanocellulose in both emulsions and heterogeneous water-based polymers is reviewed, including dispersion, suspension, and emulsion polymerization. Comprehensive tables describe past work employing nanocellulose as stabilizers or additives and the properties that can be tailored through the use of nanocellulose are highlighted. Even at low loadings, nanocellulose offers an unprecedented level of control as a property modifier for a range of emulsion and polymer applications, influencing, for example, emulsion type, stability, and stimuli-responsive behavior. Nanocellulose can tune polymer particle properties such as size, surface charge, and morphology, or be used to produce capsules and polymer nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and adhesive properties. The role of nanocellulose is discussed, and a perspective for future direction is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Kedzior
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vida A Gabriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Jiang T, Wang C, Liu W, Li Y, Luan Y, Liu P. Optimization and characterization of lemon essential oil entrapped from chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals microcapsules. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyan Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Cong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Wanyi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yunhao Luan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Pengtao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
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16
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Li MC, Wu Q, Moon RJ, Hubbe MA, Bortner MJ. Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006052. [PMID: 33870553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), mainly including nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), have attained enormous interest due to their sustainability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, large surface area, facile modification of surface chemistry, as well as unique optical, mechanical, and rheological performance. One of the most fascinating properties of CNMs is their aqueous suspension rheology, i.e., CNMs helping create viscous suspensions with the formation of percolation networks and chemical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction/repulsion, and hydrophobic attraction). Under continuous shearing, CNMs in an aqueous suspension can align along the flow direction, producing shear-thinning behavior. At rest, CNM suspensions regain some of their initial structure immediately, allowing rapid recovery of rheological properties. These unique flow features enable CNMs to serve as rheological modifiers in a wide range of fluid-based applications. Herein, the dependence of the rheology of CNM suspensions on test protocols, CNM inherent properties, suspension environments, and postprocessing is systematically described. A critical overview of the recent progress on fluid applications of CNMs as rheology modifiers in some emerging industrial sectors is presented as well. Future perspectives in the field are outlined to guide further research and development in using CNMs as the next generation rheological modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Martin A Hubbe
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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17
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Ahankari S, Paliwal P, Subhedar A, Kargarzadeh H. Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Based Aerogels in Thermal Applications: A Review. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3849-3874. [PMID: 33710860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Naturally derived nanocellulose (NC) is a renewable, biodegradable nanomaterial with high strength, low density, high surface area, and tunable surface chemistry, which allows its interaction with other polymers and nanomaterials in a controlled manner. In recent years, NC aerogel has gathered a lot of attention due to environmental concerns. This review presents recent developments of NC-based aerogels and their controlled interactions with other polymers and nanomaterials for thermal applications that include electronic devices, the apparel industry, superinsulating materials, and flame-retardant smart building materials. After going through the distinctive properties of NC aerogels, they are orderly categorized and discussed as thermally insulated, thermally conductive, and flame-retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ahankari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Pradyumn Paliwal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Aditya Subhedar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Seinkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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18
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Loskutova K, Nimander D, Gouwy I, Chen H, Ghorbani M, Svagan AJ, Grishenkov D. A Study on the Acoustic Response of Pickering Perfluoropentane Droplets in Different Media. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5670-5678. [PMID: 33681606 PMCID: PMC7931408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the physical process of liquid-to-gas phase transition mediated by pressure variations in an ultrasound field. In this study, the acoustic response of novel particle-stabilized perfluoropentane droplets was studied in bulk and confined media. The oil/water interface was stabilized by cellulose nanofibers. First, their acoustic responses under idealized conditions were examined to assess their susceptibility to undergo ADV. Second, the droplets were studied in a more realistic setting and placed in a confined medium. Lastly, an imaging setup was developed and tested on the droplets. The acoustic response could be seen when the amplitude of the peak negative pressure (PNP) was above 200 kPa, suggesting that this is the vaporization pressure threshold for these droplets. Increasing the PNP resulted in a decrease in signal intensity over time, suggesting a more destructive behavior. The imaging setup was able to differentiate between the droplets and the surrounding tissue. Results obtained within this study suggest that these droplets have potential in terms of ultrasound-mediated diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Loskutova
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Didrik Nimander
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Gouwy
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Morteza Ghorbani
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
- Sabanci
University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Anna J. Svagan
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Grishenkov
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
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19
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Xiao D, Liang W, Xie Z, Cheng J, Du Y, Zhao J. A temperature-responsive release cellulose-based microcapsule loaded with chlorpyrifos for sustainable pest control. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123654. [PMID: 32814240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlled pesticide release in response to environmental stimuli by encapsulating pesticide in carrier is a feasible approach to improve the effective utilization rate. Here, a temperature-responsive release microcapsule loaded with chlorpyrifos (CPF@CM) was prepared from n-hexadecane-in-water emulsions via interfacial polymerization. The microcapsule was consisted of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) as the shell wall material and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the crosslinker. The prepared CPF@CM had pesticide-loading efficiency (33.1 wt%) and favorable adhesion on the surface of cucumber and peanut foliage compared with conventional formulation. Additionally, CPF@CM could protect chlorpyrifos against photodegradation effectively. The in vitro release test showed that microcapsule had adjustable controlled-release characteristics with the change in temperature based on phase transition of the n-hexadecane core. Bioassay studies showed that control efficacy of CPF@CM microcapsule against P. xylostella was positively correlated with temperature because of temperature-induced changes in release rate. The acute toxicity of CPF@CM to zebrafish was reduced more than 5-fold compared with that of CPF technical. These results indicated that the microcapsule release system has great potential in the development of an effective and environmentally friendly pesticide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douxin Xiao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenlong Liang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengang Xie
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingli Cheng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongjun Du
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinhao Zhao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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20
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Shi X, Yazdani MR, Ajdary R, Rojas OJ. Leakage-proof microencapsulation of phase change materials by emulsification with acetylated cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117279. [PMID: 33357855 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We use acetylated cellulose nanofibrils (AcCNF) to stabilize transient emulsions with paraffin that becomes shape-stable and encapsulated phase change material (PCM) upon cooling. Rheology measurements confirm the gel behavior and colloidal stability of the solid suspensions. We study the effect of nanofiber content on PCM leakage upon melting and compare the results to those from unmodified CNF. The nanostructured cellulose promotes paraffin phase transition, which improves the efficiency of thermal energy exchange. The leakage-proof microcapsules display high energy absorption capacity (ΔHm = 173 J/g) at high PCM loading (up to 80 wt%), while effectively controlling the extent of supercooling. An excellent thermal stability is observed during at least 100 heating/cooling cycles. Degradation takes place at 291 °C, indicating good thermal stability. The high energy density and the effective shape and thermal stabilization of the AcCNF-encapsulated paraffin points to a sustainable solution for thermal energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Shi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Maryam R Yazdani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.
| | - Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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21
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Lombardo S, Villares A. Engineered Multilayer Microcapsules Based on Polysaccharides Nanomaterials. Molecules 2020; 25:E4420. [PMID: 32993007 PMCID: PMC7582779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of microcapsules composed by natural materials have received great attention, as they represent promising systems for the fabrication of micro-containers for controlled loading and release of active compounds, and for other applications. Using polysaccharides as the main materials is receiving increasing interest, as they constitute the main components of the plant cell wall, which represent an ideal platform to mimic for creating biocompatible systems with specific responsive properties. Several researchers have recently described methods for the preparation of microcapsules with various sizes and properties using cell wall polysaccharide nanomaterials. Researchers have focused mostly in using cellulose nanomaterials as structural components in a bio-mimetic approach, as cellulose constitutes the main structural component of the plant cell wall. In this review, we describe the microcapsules systems presented in the literature, focusing on the works where polysaccharide nanomaterials were used as the main structural components. We present the methods and the principles behind the preparation of these systems, and the interactions involved in stabilizing the structures. We show the specific and stimuli-responsive properties of the reported microcapsules, and we describe how these characteristics can be exploited for specific applications.
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22
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Niinivaara E, Cranston ED. Bottom-up assembly of nanocellulose structures. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116664. [PMID: 32829792 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses, both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, are gaining research traction due to their viability as key components in commercial applications and industrial processes. Significant efforts have been made to understand both the potential of assembling nanocelluloses, and the limits and prospectives of the resulting structures. This Review focuses on bottom-up techniques used to prepare nanocellulose-only structures, and details the intermolecular and surface forces driving their assembly. Additionally, the interactions that contribute to their structural integrity are discussed along with alternate pathways and suggestions for improved properties. Six categories of nanocellulose structures are presented: (1) powders, beads, and droplets; (2) capsules; (3) continuous fibres; (4) films; (5) hydrogels; and (6) aerogels and dried foams. Although research on nanocellulose assembly often focuses on fundamental science, this Review also provides insight on the potential utilization of such structures in a wide array of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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23
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Paulraj T, Wennmalm S, Wieland DCF, Riazanova AV, Dėdinaitė A, Günther Pomorski T, Cárdenas M, Svagan AJ. Primary cell wall inspired micro containers as a step towards a synthetic plant cell. Nat Commun 2020; 11:958. [PMID: 32075974 PMCID: PMC7031234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity of living plant cells heavily relies on the plant cell wall containing a nanofibrous cellulose skeleton. Hence, if synthetic plant cells consist of such a cell wall, they would allow for manipulation into more complex synthetic plant structures. Herein, we have overcome the fundamental difficulties associated with assembling lipid vesicles with cellulosic nanofibers (CNFs). We prepare plantosomes with an outer shell of CNF and pectin, and beneath this, a thin layer of lipids (oleic acid and phospholipids) that surrounds a water core. By exploiting the phase behavior of the lipids, regulated by pH and Mg2+ ions, we form vesicle-crowded interiors that change the outer dimension of the plantosomes, mimicking the expansion in real plant cells during, e.g., growth. The internal pressure enables growth of lipid tubules through the plantosome cell wall, which paves the way to the development of hierarchical plant structures and advanced synthetic plant cell mimics. Assembling synthetic plant cell is difficult due to the presence of primary cell wall. Here, the authors describe the assembly of lipid-containing bodies that can be coated with cellulose and pectin, and show how these so-called plantosomes can be manipulated by changing surrounding milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Paulraj
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Wennmalm
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Department of Applied Physics, Biophysics, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - D C F Wieland
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht: Centre for Materials and Costal Research, Institute of Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - A V Riazanova
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Dėdinaitė
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Deptartment of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.,RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Bioscience and Materials, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Günther Pomorski
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,University of Copenhagen, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M Cárdenas
- Malmö University, Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, 20506, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A J Svagan
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Production and technological characteristics of avocado oil emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils isolated from agroindustrial residues. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Zhang H, Qian Y, Chen S, Zhao Y. Physicochemical characteristics and emulsification properties of cellulose nanocrystals stabilized O/W pickering emulsions with high -OSO3- groups. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Transparent and strong polymer nanocomposites generated from Pickering emulsion gels stabilized by cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Ghorbani M, Olofsson K, Benjamins JW, Loskutova K, Paulraj T, Wiklund M, Grishenkov D, Svagan AJ. Unravelling the Acoustic and Thermal Responses of Perfluorocarbon Liquid Droplets Stabilized with Cellulose Nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13090-13099. [PMID: 31549511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The attractive colloidal and physicochemical properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) at interfaces have recently been exploited in the facile production of a number of environmentally benign materials, e.g. foams, emulsions, and capsules. Herein, these unique properties are exploited in a new type of CNF-stabilized perfluoropentane droplets produced via a straightforward and simple mixing protocol. Droplets with a comparatively narrow size distribution (ca. 1-5 μm in diameter) were fabricated, and their potential in the acoustic droplet vaporization process was evaluated. For this, the particle-stabilized droplets were assessed in three independent experimental examinations, namely temperature, acoustic, and ultrasonic standing wave tests. During the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) process, droplets were converted to gas-filled microbubbles, offering enhanced visualization by ultrasound. The acoustic pressure threshold of about 0.62 MPa was identified for the cellulose-stabilized droplets. A phase transition temperature of about 22 °C was observed, at which a significant fraction of larger droplets (above ca. 3 μm in diameter) were converted into bubbles, whereas a large part of the population of smaller droplets were stable up to higher temperatures (temperatures up to 45 °C tested). Moreover, under ultrasound standing wave conditions, droplets were relocated to antinodes demonstrating the behavior associated with the negative contrast particles. The combined results make the CNF-stabilized droplets interesting in cell-droplet interaction experiments and ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Ghorbani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
- Mechatronics Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science , Sabanci University , Istanbul 34956 , Turkey
| | - Karl Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics , KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan-Willem Benjamins
- Research Institute of Sweden (RISE) , Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces , Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ksenia Loskutova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Paulraj
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics , KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Dmitry Grishenkov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna J Svagan
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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28
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Aaen R, Brodin FW, Simon S, Heggset EB, Syverud K. Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Cellulose Nanofibrils-The Effects of Ionic Strength and pH. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020259. [PMID: 30769791 PMCID: PMC6409772 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pickering o/w emulsions prepared with 40 wt % rapeseed oil were stabilized with the use of low charged enzymatically treated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and highly charged 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized CNFs. The emulsion-forming abilities and storage stability of the two qualities were tested in the presence of NaCl and acetic acid, at concentrations relevant to food applications. Food emulsions may be an important future application area for CNFs due to their availability and excellent viscosifying abilities. The emulsion characterization was carried out by visual inspection, light microscopy, viscosity measurements, dynamic light scattering and mild centrifugation, which showed that stable emulsions could be obtained for both CNF qualities in the absence of salt and acid. In addition, the enzymatically stabilized CNFs were able to stabilize emulsions in the presence of acid and NaCl, with little change in the appearance or droplet size distribution over one month of storage at room temperature. The work showed that enzymatically treated CNFs could be suitable for use in food systems where NaCl and acid are present, while the more highly charged TEMPO-CNFs might be more suited for other applications, where they can contribute to a high emulsion viscosity even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Aaen
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Sébastien Simon
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Kristin Syverud
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
- RISE PFI, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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29
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Sheikhi A, Hayashi J, Eichenbaum J, Gutin M, Kuntjoro N, Khorsandi D, Khademhosseini A. Recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose for cargo delivery. J Control Release 2019; 294:53-76. [PMID: 30500355 PMCID: PMC6385607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent decade has witnessed a growing demand to substitute synthetic materials with naturally-derived platforms for minimizing their undesirable footprints in biomedicine, environment, and ecosystems. Among the natural materials, cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer in the world with key properties, such as biocompatibility, biorenewability, and sustainability has drawn significant attention. The hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main constituents of plant cell walls, has been nanoengineered and broken down to nanoscale building blocks, providing an infrastructure for nanomedicine. Microorganisms, such as certain types of bacteria, are another source of nanocelluloses known as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), which benefit from high purity and crystallinity. Chemical and mechanical treatments of cellulose fibrils made up of alternating crystalline and amorphous regions have yielded cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), hairy CNC (HCNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with dimensions spanning from a few nanometers up to several microns. Cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils may readily bind drugs, proteins, and nanoparticles through physical interactions or be chemically modified to covalently accommodate cargos. Engineering surface properties, such as chemical functionality, charge, area, crystallinity, and hydrophilicity, plays a pivotal role in controlling the cargo loading/releasing capacity and rate, stability, toxicity, immunogenicity, and biodegradation of nanocellulose-based delivery platforms. This review provides insights into the recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose crystals and fibrils to develop vehicles, encompassing colloidal nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, films, coatings, capsules, and membranes, for the delivery of a broad range of bioactive cargos, such as chemotherapeutic drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, antibacterial compounds, and probiotics. SYNOPSIS: Engineering certain types of microorganisms as well as the hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main building blocks of plant cell walls, has yielded unique families of cellulose-based nanomaterials, which have leveraged the effective delivery of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sheikhi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joel Hayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James Eichenbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Gutin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Kuntjoro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danial Khorsandi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Hunter SJ, Thompson KL, Lovett JR, Hatton FL, Derry MJ, Lindsay C, Taylor P, Armes SP. Synthesis, Characterization, and Pickering Emulsifier Performance of Anisotropic Cross-Linked Block Copolymer Worms: Effect of Aspect Ratio on Emulsion Stability in the Presence of Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:254-265. [PMID: 30562037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization is used to prepare epoxy-functional PGMA-P(HPMA- stat-GlyMA) diblock copolymer worms, where GMA, HPMA, and GlyMA denote glycerol monomethacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate, respectively. The epoxy groups on the GlyMA residues were ring-opened using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in order to cross-link the worm cores via a series of hydrolysis-condensation reactions. Importantly, the worm aspect ratio can be adjusted depending on the precise conditions selected for covalent stabilization. Relatively long cross-linked worms are obtained by reaction with APTES at 20 °C, whereas much shorter worms with essentially the same copolymer composition are formed by cooling the linear worms from 20 to 4 °C prior to APTES addition. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies confirmed that the mean aspect ratio for the long worms is approximately eight times greater than that for the short worms. Aqueous electrophoresis studies indicated that both types of cross-linked worms acquired weak cationic surface charge at low pH as a result of protonation of APTES-derived secondary amine groups within the nanoparticle cores. These cross-linked worms were evaluated as emulsifiers for the stabilization of n-dodecane-in-water emulsions via high-shear homogenization at 20 °C and pH 8. Increasing the copolymer concentration led to a reduction in mean droplet diameter, indicating that APTES cross-linking was sufficient to allow the nanoparticles to adsorb intact at the oil/water interface and hence produce genuine Pickering emulsions, rather than undergo in situ dissociation to form surface-active diblock copolymer chains. In surfactant challenge studies, the relatively long worms required a thirty-fold higher concentration of a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) to be displaced from the n-dodecane-water interface compared to the short worms. This suggests that the former nanoparticles are much more strongly adsorbed than the latter, indicating that significantly greater Pickering emulsion stability can be achieved by using highly anisotropic worms. In contrast, colloidosomes prepared by reacting the hydroxyl-functional adsorbed worms with an oil-soluble polymeric diisocyanate remained intact when exposed to high concentrations of Tween 80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Kate L Thompson
- The School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Joseph R Lovett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Fiona L Hatton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Matthew J Derry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Christopher Lindsay
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire RG42 6EY , U.K
| | - Philip Taylor
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire RG42 6EY , U.K
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
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Paulraj T, Wennmalm S, Riazanova AV, Wu Q, Crespo GA, Svagan AJ. Porous Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Microcapsules for Biomolecular Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41146-41154. [PMID: 30412378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have recently attracted a lot of attention in sensing because of their multifunctional character and properties such as renewability, nontoxicity, biodegradability, printability, and optical transparency in addition to unique physicochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties. However, the focus has exclusively been devoted toward developing two-dimensional sensing platforms in the form of nanopaper or nanocellulose-based hydrogels. To improve the flexibility and sensing performance in situ, for example, to detect biomarkers in vivo for early disease diagnostics, more advanced CNF-based structures are needed. Here, we developed porous and hollow, yet robust, CNF-based microcapsules using only the primary plant cell wall components, CNF, pectin, and xyloglucan, to assemble the capsule wall. The fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans with MW of 70 and 2000 kDa could enter the hollow capsules at a rate of 0.13 ± 0.04 and 0.014 ± 0.009 s-1, respectively. This property is very attractive because it minimizes the influence of mass transport through the capsule wall on the response time. As a proof of concept, glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme was loaded (and cross-linked) in the microcapsule interior with an encapsulation efficiency of 68 ± 2%. The GOx-loaded microcapsules were immobilized on a variety of surfaces (here, inside a flow channel, on a carbon-coated sensor or a graphite rod) and glucose concentrations up to 10 mM could successfully be measured. The present concept offers new opportunities in the development of simple, more efficient, and disposable nanocellulose-based analytical devices for several sensing applications including environmental monitoring, healthcare, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paulraj
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Stefan Wennmalm
- SciLifeLab, Department of Applied Physics, Experimental Biomolecular Physics , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Tomtebodavägen 23a , 171 65 Solna , Sweden
| | - Anastasia V Riazanova
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Gaston A Crespo
- Applied Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 30 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna J Svagan
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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32
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Shchukina EM, Graham M, Zheng Z, Shchukin DG. Nanoencapsulation of phase change materials for advanced thermal energy storage systems. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4156-4175. [PMID: 29658558 PMCID: PMC5987736 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) allow the storage of large amounts of latent heat during phase transition. They have the potential to both increase the efficiency of renewable energies such as solar power through storage of excess energy, which can be used at times of peak demand; and to reduce overall energy demand through passive thermal regulation. 198.3 million tons of oil equivalent were used in the EU in 2013 for heating. However, bulk PCMs are not suitable for use without prior encapsulation. Encapsulation in a shell material provides benefits such as protection of the PCM from the external environment and increased specific surface area to improve heat transfer. This review highlights techniques for the encapsulation of both organic and inorganic PCMs, paying particular attention to nanoencapsulation (capsules with sizes <1 μm). We also provide insight on future research, which should focus on (i) the development of multifunctional shell materials to improve lifespan and thermal properties and (ii) advanced mass manufacturing techniques for the economically viable production of PCM capsules, making it possible to utilize waste heat in intelligent passive thermal regulation systems, employing controlled, "on demand" energy release/uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Shchukina
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK.
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33
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Nordenström M, Riazanova AV, Järn M, Paulraj T, Turner C, Ström V, Olsson RT, Svagan AJ. Superamphiphobic coatings based on liquid-core microcapsules with engineered capsule walls and functionality. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3647. [PMID: 29483613 PMCID: PMC5832152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcapsules with specific functional properties, related to the capsule wall and core, are highly desired in a number of applications. In this study, hybrid cellulose microcapsules (1.2 ± 0.4 µm in diameter) were prepared by nanoengineering the outer walls of precursor capsules. Depending on the preparation route, capsules with different surface roughness (raspberry or broccoli-like), and thereby different wetting properties, could be obtained. The tunable surface roughness was achieved as a result of the chemical and structural properties of the outer wall of a precursor capsule, which combined with a new processing route allowed in-situ formation of silica nanoparticles (30–40 nm or 70 nm in diameter). By coating glass slides with “broccoli-like” microcapsules (30–40 nm silica nanoparticles), static contact angles above 150° and roll-off angles below 6° were obtained for both water and low surface-tension oil (hexadecane), rendering the substrate superamphiphobic. As a comparison, coatings from raspberry-like capsules were only strongly oleophobic and hydrophobic. The liquid-core of the capsules opens great opportunities to incorporate different functionalities and here hydrophobic superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) were encapsulated. As a result, magnetic broccoli-like microcapsules formed an excellent superamphiphobic coating-layer on a curved geometry by simply applying an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nordenström
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden.,WWSC Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Anastasia V Riazanova
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden.,WWSC Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael Järn
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Biosciences and Materials, Stockholm, SE-114 28, Sweden
| | - Thomas Paulraj
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden.,WWSC Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Valter Ström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Anna J Svagan
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden. .,WWSC Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden.
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34
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Liu H, Zhou C, Liu X, Xu Y, Geng S, Chen Y, Wei C, Yu C. PMMA@SCNC composite microspheres prepared from pickering emulsion template as curcumin delivery carriers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Changbing Zhou
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Simin Geng
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Chun Wei
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
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35
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Fujisawa S, Togawa E, Kuroda K. Nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions and their applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2017; 18:959-971. [PMID: 29383046 PMCID: PMC5784314 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1401423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsion, which is an emulsion stabilized by solid particles, offers a wide range of potential applications because it generally provides a more stable system than surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Among various solid stabilizers, nanocellulose may open up new opportunities for future Pickering emulsions owing to its unique nanosizes, amphiphilicity, and other favorable properties (e.g. chemical stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability). In this review, the preparation and properties of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions are summarized. We also provide future perspectives on their applications, such as drug delivery, food, and composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Fujisawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiji Togawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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36
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Cellulose nanofibers as excipient for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:285-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Bannow J, Benjamins JW, Wohlert J, Löbmann K, Svagan AJ. Solid nanofoams based on cellulose nanofibers and indomethacin-the effect of processing parameters and drug content on material structure. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:291-299. [PMID: 28434935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The unique colloidal properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF), makes CNF a very interesting new excipient in pharmaceutical formulations, as CNF in combination with some poorly-soluble drugs can create nanofoams with closed cells. Previous nanofoams, created with the model drug indomethacin, demonstrated a prolonged release compared to films, owing to the tortuous diffusion path that the drug needs to take around the intact air-bubbles. However, the nanofoam was only obtained at a relatively low drug content of 21wt% using fixed processing parameters. Herein, the effect of indomethacin content and processing parameters on the foaming properties was analysed. Results demonstrate that a certain amount of dissolved drug is needed to stabilize air-bubbles. At the same time, larger fractions of dissolved drug promote coarsening/collapse of the wet foam. The pendant drop/bubble profile tensiometry was used to verify the wet-foam stability at different pHs. The pH influenced the amount of solubilized drug and the processing-window was very narrow at high drug loadings. The results were compared to real foaming-experiments and solid state analysis of the final cellular solids. The parameters were assembled into a processing chart, highlighting the importance of the right combination of processing parameters (pH and time-point of pH adjustment) in order to successfully prepare cellular solid materials with up to 46 wt% drug loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bannow
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J-W Benjamins
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, SE-114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Wohlert
- Royal Institute of Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Löbmann
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - A J Svagan
- Royal Institute of Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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38
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Zhao Y, Moser C, Lindström ME, Henriksson G, Li J. Cellulose Nanofibers from Softwood, Hardwood, and Tunicate: Preparation-Structure-Film Performance Interrelation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13508-13519. [PMID: 28350431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work reveals the structural variations of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared from different cellulose sources, including softwood (Picea abies), hardwood (Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla), and tunicate (Ciona intestinalis), using different preparation processes and their correlations to the formation and performance of the films prepared from the CNF. Here, the CNF are prepared from wood chemical pulps and tunicate isolated cellulose by an identical homogenization treatment subsequent to either an enzymatic hydrolysis or a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. They show a large structural diversity in terms of chemical, morphological, and crystalline structure. Among others, the tunicate CNF consist of purer cellulose and have a degree of polymerization higher than that of wood CNF. Introduction of surface charges via the TEMPO-mediated oxidation is found to have significant impacts on the structure, morphology, optical, mechanical, thermal, and hydrophobic properties of the prepared films. For example, the film density is closely related to the charge density of the used CNF, and the tensile stress of the films is correlated to the crystallinity index of the CNF. In turn, the CNF structure is determined by the cellulose sources and the preparation processes. This study provides useful information and knowledge for understanding the importance of the raw material for the quality of CNF for various types of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhao
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Moser
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Valmet AB , 85194 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Lindström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiebing Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH , Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Institute of Sweden, RISE, Bioeconomy/Biorefinery and Energy , Drottning Kristinas väg 61, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kaufman G, Mukhopadhyay S, Rokhlenko Y, Nejati S, Boltyanskiy R, Choo Y, Loewenberg M, Osuji CO. Highly stiff yet elastic microcapsules incorporating cellulose nanofibrils. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2733-2737. [PMID: 28358160 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules with high mechanical stability and elasticity are desirable in a variety of contexts. We report a single-step method to fabricate such microcapsules by microfluidic interfacial complexation between high stiffness cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and an oil-soluble cationic random copolymer. Single-capsule compression measurements reveal an elastic modulus of 53 MPa for the CNF-based capsule shell with complete recovery of deformation from strains as large as 19%. We demonstrate the ability to manipulate the shell modulus by the use of polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a binder material, and observe a direct relationship between the shell modulus and the PAA concentration, with moduli as large as 0.5 GPa attained. These results demonstrate that CNF incorporation provides a facile route for producing strong yet flexible microcapsule shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Kaufman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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40
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Paulraj T, Riazanova AV, Yao K, Andersson RL, Müllertz A, Svagan AJ. Bioinspired Layer-by-Layer Microcapsules Based on Cellulose Nanofibers with Switchable Permeability. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1401-1410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paulraj
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology and ∥Fiber and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia V. Riazanova
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology and ∥Fiber and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kun Yao
- School
of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna J. Svagan
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology and ∥Fiber and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kedzior SA, Marway HS, Cranston ED. Tailoring Cellulose Nanocrystal and Surfactant Behavior in Miniemulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Heera S. Marway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
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42
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Svagan AJ, Benjamins JW, Al-Ansari Z, Shalom DB, Müllertz A, Wågberg L, Löbmann K. Solid cellulose nanofiber based foams – Towards facile design of sustained drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2016; 244:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Self-bonded composite films based on cellulose nanofibers and chitin nanocrystals as antifungal materials. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Svagan A, Bender Koch C, Hedenqvist M, Nilsson F, Glasser G, Baluschev S, Andersen M. Liquid-core nanocellulose-shell capsules with tunable oxygen permeability. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thompson KL, Fielding LA, Mykhaylyk OO, Lane JA, Derry MJ, Armes SP. Vermicious thermo-responsive Pickering emulsifiers. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4207-4214. [PMID: 29218187 PMCID: PMC5707463 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermo-responsive vermicious (or worm-like) diblock copolymer nanoparticles prepared directly in n-dodecane are used to stabilise water-in-oil Pickering emulsions.
Thermo-responsive vermicious (or worm-like) diblock copolymer nanoparticles prepared directly in n-dodecane via polymerisation-induced self-assembly (PISA) were used to stabilise water-in-oil Pickering emulsions. Mean droplet diameters could be tuned from 8 to 117 μm by varying the worm copolymer concentration and the water volume fraction and very high worm adsorption efficiencies (∼100%) could be obtained below a certain critical copolymer concentration (∼0.50%). Heating a worm dispersion up to 150 °C led to a worm-to-sphere transition, which proved to be irreversible if conducted at sufficiently low copolymer concentration. This affords a rare opportunity to directly compare the Pickering emulsifier performance of chemically identical worms and spheres. It is found that the former nanoparticles are markedly more efficient, since worm-stabilised water droplets are always smaller than the equivalent sphere-stabilised droplets prepared under identical conditions. Moreover, the latter emulsions are appreciably flocculated, whereas the former emulsions proved to be stable. SAXS studies indicate that the mean thickness of the adsorbed worm layer surrounding the water droplets is comparable to that of the worm cross-section diameter determined for non-adsorbed worms dispersed in the continuous phase. Thus the adsorbed worms form a monolayer shell around the water droplets, rather than ill-defined multilayers. Under certain conditions, demulsification occurs on heating as a result of a partial worm-to-sphere morphological transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Dainton Building , Sheffield , UK S3 7HF . ;
| | - L A Fielding
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Dainton Building , Sheffield , UK S3 7HF . ;
| | - O O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Dainton Building , Sheffield , UK S3 7HF . ;
| | - J A Lane
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Sheffield , Mappin Street , Sheffield , UK S1 3JD
| | - M J Derry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Dainton Building , Sheffield , UK S3 7HF . ;
| | - S P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Dainton Building , Sheffield , UK S3 7HF . ;
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Use of alginate, chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals as emulsion stabilizers in the synthesis of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 445:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gandini A, Belgacem MN. The Surface and In-Depth Modification of Cellulose Fibers. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nypelö T, Rodriguez-Abreu C, Kolen'ko YV, Rivas J, Rojas OJ. Microbeads and hollow microcapsules obtained by self-assembly of pickering magneto-responsive cellulose nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16851-16858. [PMID: 25219282 DOI: 10.1021/am504260u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microbeads can be used as immobilization supports. We report on the design and preparation of magneto-responsive cellulose microbeads and microcapsules by self-assembled shells of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) carrying magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, that is, a mixture of isotropic and anisotropic nanomaterials. The magnetic CNCs formed a structured layer, a mesh, consisting of CNCs and magnetic particles bound together on the surface of distinct droplets of hexadecane and styrene dispersed in water. Because of the presence of CNCs the highly crystalline mesh was targeted to provide an improved barrier property of the microbead shell compared to neat polymer shells, while the magnetic particles provided the magnetic response. In situ polymerization of the styrene phase led to the formation of solid microbeads (∼8 μm diameter) consisting of polystyrene (PS) cores encapsulated in the magnetic CNC shells (shell-to-core mass ratio of 4:96). The obtained solid microbeads were ferromagnetic (saturation magnetization of ∼60 emu per gram of the magnetic phase). The magnetic functionality enables easy separation of substances immobilized on the beads. Such a functionality was tested in removal of a dye from water. The microbeads were further utilized to synthesize hollow microcapsules by solubilization of the PS core. The CNC-based, magneto-responsive solid microbeads and hollow microcapsules were characterized by electron microscopy (morphology), X-ray diffraction (phase composition), and magnetometry (magnetic properties). Such hybrid systems can be used in the design of materials and devices for application in colloidal stabilization, concentration, separation, and delivery, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Nypelö
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Svagan AJ, Busko D, Avlasevich Y, Glasser G, Baluschev S, Landfester K. Photon energy upconverting nanopaper: a bioinspired oxygen protection strategy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8198-8207. [PMID: 25019338 DOI: 10.1021/nn502496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid materials which are able to upconvert optical radiation into photons of higher energy is attractive for many applications such as photocatalytic cells and photovoltaic devices. However, to fully exploit triplet-triplet annihilation photon energy upconversion (TTA-UC), oxygen protection is imperative because molecular oxygen is an ultimate quencher of the photon upconversion process. So far, reported solid TTA-UC materials have focused mainly on elastomeric matrices with low barrier properties because the TTA-UC efficiency generally drops significantly in glassy and semicrystalline matrices. To overcome this limit, for example, combine effective and sustainable annihilation upconversion with exhaustive oxygen protection of dyes, we prepare a sustainable solid-state-like material based on nanocellulose. Inspired by the structural buildup of leaves in Nature, we compartmentalize the dyes in the liquid core of nanocellulose-based capsules which are then further embedded in a cellulose nanofibers (NFC) matrix. Using pristine cellulose nanofibers, a sustainable and environmentally friendly functional nanomaterial with ultrahigh barrier properties is achieved. Also, an ensemble of sensitizers and emitter compounds are encapsulated, which allow harvesting of the energy of the whole deep-red sunlight region. The films demonstrate excellent lifetime in synthetic air (20.5/79.5, O2/N2)-even after 1 h operation, the intensity of the TTA-UC signal decreased only 7.8% for the film with 8.8 μm thick NFC coating. The lifetime can be further modulated by the thickness of the protective NFC coating. For comparison, the lifetime of TTA-UC in liquids exposed to air is on the level of seconds to minutes due to fast oxygen quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Svagan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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