1
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Hoffman RL, Kania RS, Brothers MA, Davies JF, Ferre RA, Gajiwala KS, He M, Hogan RJ, Kozminski K, Li LY, Lockner JW, Lou J, Marra MT, Mitchell LJ, Murray BW, Nieman JA, Noell S, Planken SP, Rowe T, Ryan K, Smith GJ, Solowiej JE, Steppan CM, Taggart B. Discovery of Ketone-Based Covalent Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Proteases for the Potential Therapeutic Treatment of COVID-19. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12725-12747. [PMID: 33054210 PMCID: PMC7571312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 that emerged in 2019 is caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 and named for its close genetic similarity to SARS CoV-1 that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002. Both SARS coronavirus genomes encode two overlapping large polyproteins, which are cleaved at specific sites by a 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) in a post-translational processing step that is critical for coronavirus replication. The 3CLpro sequences for CoV-1 and CoV-2 viruses are 100% identical in the catalytic domain that carries out protein cleavage. A research effort that focused on the discovery of reversible and irreversible ketone-based inhibitors of SARS CoV-1 3CLpro employing ligand-protease structures solved by X-ray crystallography led to the identification of 3 and 4. Preclinical experiments reveal 4 (PF-00835231) as a potent inhibitor of CoV-2 3CLpro with suitable pharmaceutical properties to warrant further development as an intravenous treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Hoffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Robert S. Kania
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Mary A. Brothers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jay F. Davies
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Rose A. Ferre
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Ketan S. Gajiwala
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Mingying He
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Southern Research
Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham,
Alabama 35205 United States
| | - Kirk Kozminski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Lilian Y. Li
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jonathan W. Lockner
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jihong Lou
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michelle T. Marra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Lennert J. Mitchell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Brion W. Murray
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - James A. Nieman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Simon P. Planken
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Southern Research
Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham,
Alabama 35205 United States
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - George J. Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - James E. Solowiej
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Barbara Taggart
- Southern Research
Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham,
Alabama 35205 United States
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2
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Xie X, Li P, Shi Q, Wang L. Visible-light-induced tandem cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines with disulfides: a convenient method for accessing benzothiophenes under transition-metal-free and photocatalyst-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7678-7684. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01747b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient route to benzothiophenes via visible-light induced cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines with disulfides under transition-metal-free and photocatalyst-free conditions was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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3
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Gu M, Vegas AJ, Anderson DG, Langer RS, Kilduff JE, Belfort G. Combinatorial synthesis with high throughput discovery of protein-resistant membrane surfaces. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6133-8. [PMID: 23706542 PMCID: PMC3957435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using combinatorial methods, we synthesized a series of new vinyl amide monomers and graft-polymerized them to light-sensitive poly(ether sulfone) (PES) porous films for protein resistance. To increase the discovery rate and statistical confidence, we developed high throughput surface modification methods (HTP) that allow synthesis, screening and selection of desirable monomers from a large library in a relatively short time (days). A series of amide monomers were synthesized by amidation of methacryloyl chloride with amines and grafted onto commercial poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes using irradiation from atmospheric pressure plasma (APP). The modified PES membrane surfaces were then tested and screened for static protein adhesion using HTP. Hydroxyl amide monomers N-(3-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (A3), N-(4-hydroxybutyl)methacrylamide (A4), and N-(4-hydroxybutyl)methacrylamide (A6), ethylene glycol (EG) monomer N-(3-methoxypropyl)methacrylamide (A7), and N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N-methylmethacrylamide (A8), and N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-N-methylmethacrylamide (A9) all terminated with tertiary amines and were shown to have protein resistance. The PES membranes modified with these monomers exhibited both low protein adhesion (i.e. membrane plugging or fouling) and high flux. Their performance is comparable with previously identified best performing PEG and zwitterionic monomers, i.e. the so-called gold-standard for protein resistance. Combining a Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) analysis of the amide monomers and the HTP filtration results, we conclude that monomer solubility in water correlates with protein-resistant surfaces, presumably through its effects on surface-water interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Gu
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Arturo J. Vegas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Division of Health Science and Technology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Division of Health Science and Technology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert S. Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Division of Health Science and Technology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James E. Kilduff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Georges Belfort
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
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4
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Hsu NM, Li CY, Yang CM, Lin TS, Hu BH, Tingare YS, Chang WC, Srivastava GK, Li WR. Preparation and optimization of iridium complexes with quinazolinone ligands on solid supports. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2009; 11:943-946. [PMID: 19810709 DOI: 10.1021/cc900104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Mu Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Fretwell JF, K. Ismail SM, Cummings JM, Selby TL. Characterization of a randomized FRET library for protease specificity determination. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:862-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b709290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Witter DJ, Belvedere S, Chen L, Secrist JP, Mosley RT, Miller TA. Benzo[b]thiophene-based histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4562-7. [PMID: 17576064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[b]thienyl hydroxamic acids, a novel class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, were identified via a targeted screen of small molecule hydroxamic acids. Various substitutions were explored in the C5- and C6-positions of the benzo[b]thiophene core to characterize SAR and develop optimal inhibitors. It was determined that substitution at the C6-position of the benzo[b]thiophene core with a three-atom spacer yielded optimal HDAC1 inhibition and anti-proliferative activity in murine erythroleukemia (SC-9) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Witter
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Drug Design & Optimization, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Jin J, Moore ML, Graybill TL, Wang F, Wang MA, Wang B, Jin Q, Rivero RA. Monoacylation of unprotected symmetrical diamines with resin-bound benzoic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Roberts CF, Hartley RC. Titanium Reagents for the Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes on the Solid Phase. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6145-8. [PMID: 15373505 DOI: 10.1021/jo049344o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Titanium(IV) benzylidenes (Schrock carbenes) bearing a masked sulfur nucleophile in the ortho position were generated from thioacetals with use of low-valent titanocene complex Cp(2)Ti[P(OEt)(3)](2) and alkylidenated Merrifield resin-bound esters to give enol ethers. Treatment of the resin-bound enol ethers with a 5:5:90 mixture of TFA, TFAA, and dichloromethane led to cleavage from resin, removal of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) protecting group, and concomitant cyclization to complete the traceless solid-phase synthesis (SPS) of benzothiophenes. Switching the nature of the linker from acid-stable to acid-sensitive ensured good purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Yamashita DS, Xie R, Lin H, Wang B, Shi SDH, Quinn CJ, Hemling ME, Hissong C, Tomaszek TA, Veber DF. Benzodioxocin-3-ones and N-acyl-3-amino-3-buten-2-ones: novel classes of cathepsin K cysteine protease inhibitors. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2004; 63:265-9. [PMID: 15049838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, enzymologic, and protein mass spectrometric characterization of benzodioxocin-3-one and N-acyl-3-amino-3-buten-2-one inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K are described. The benzodioxocin-3-one ring system is chemically unstable giving rise to a mixture of N-acyl-3-amino-3-buten-2-one and hemiketals. This mixture of N-acyl-3-amino-3-buten-2-one and hemiketals potently inhibits recombinant, human cathepsin K (IC50 = 36 nM) by a time-independent, irreversible mechanism. Formation of a covalent adduct between cathepsin K and inhibitor has been confirmed by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Yamashita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA.
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11
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Inhibition of the Cysteine Protease Cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38). ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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13
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Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of biomolecules, of which peptides are the principal example, is well established. However, synthetic peptides containing modifications at the carboxy termini are often desired because of their potential therapeutic properties. As a result, there is a necessity for effective solid-phase strategies for the preparation of peptides with C-terminal end groups other than the usual carboxylic acid and carboxamide functionalities. The present article primarily reviews literature reports on methods for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified peptides. In addition, general information about biological activities and/or synthetic applications of each individual class of peptide is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alsina
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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14
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Shannon SK, Peacock MJ, Kates SA, Barany G. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lidocaine and Procainamide Analogues Using Backbone Amide Linker (BAL) Anchoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 5:860-8. [PMID: 14606816 DOI: 10.1021/cc034014n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New solid-phase strategies have been developed for the synthesis of lidocaine (1) and procainamide (2) analogues, using backbone amide linker (BAL) anchoring. Both sets were prepared starting from a common resin-bound intermediate, followed by four general steps: (i) attachment of a primary aliphatic or aromatic amine to the solid support via reductive amination (as monitored by a novel test involving reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with residual aldehyde groups); (ii) acylation of the resultant secondary amine; (iii) displacement of halide with an amine; and (iv) trifluoroacetic acid-mediated release from the support. A manual parallel strategy was followed to provide 60 novel compounds, of which two dozen have not been previously described. In most cases, initial crude purities were >80%, and overall isolated yields were in the 40-88% range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Shannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Wood WJL, Huang L, Ellman JA. Synthesis of a Diverse Library of Mechanism-Based Cysteine Protease Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 5:869-80. [PMID: 14606817 DOI: 10.1021/cc034008r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report improvements of our method for the solid-phase synthesis of mechanism-based mercaptomethyl ketone inhibitors of cysteine proteases (Lee, A.; Huang, L.; Ellman, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9907-9914). Specifically, Fmoc-protected chloromethyl ketones were used, rather than the Alloc-protected counterparts. In addition, we further demonstrated that diverse polar functionality can be incorporated at the R1', R1, and R2 sites, in contrast to our previous efforts, where primarily hydrophobic groups were incorporated at these positions. On the basis of these results, a 2016-membered library of potential mercaptomethyl ketone inhibitors was prepared that incorporated diverse functionality. The library was screened against cathepsin B, which is implicated in cancer, resulting in the identification of single-digit nanomolar inhibitors. Because of the diverse functionality incorporated in this library, it should be a rich source of potent inhibitors against many other cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J L Wood
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2442] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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17
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Zaragoza F. New Strategies for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Highly Functionalized, Small Molecules: Sequential Nucleophilic Substitutions on Polymer-Bound Polyelectrophiles. Methods Enzymol 2003; 369:517-27. [PMID: 14722970 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)69026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Tice CM, Michelotti EL, Mata EG, Nicolàs E, Garcia J, Albericio F. Solid phase synthesis of α-acylamino-α,α-disubstituted ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Vázquez J, Albericio F. Synthesis of Fmoc-protected amino ketones bearing tert-butyl based side-chain protecting groups. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Wang D, Pechar M, Li W, Kopecková P, Brömme D, Kopecek J. Inhibition of cathepsin K with lysosomotropic macromolecular inhibitors. Biochemistry 2002; 41:8849-59. [PMID: 12102627 DOI: 10.1021/bi0257080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is the major enzyme responsible for the degradation of the protein matrix of bone and probably for the destruction of articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis joints. These processes occur mainly in the resorption lacuna and within the lysosomal compartment. Here, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated new lysosomotropic (water-soluble) polymer-cathepsin K inhibitor conjugates. In particular, we characterized the relationship between conjugate structures and their activity to inhibit cathepsins K, B, L, and papain. A potent selective cathepsin K inhibitor, 1,5-bis(N-benzyloxycarbonylleucyl)carbohydrazide, was modified to 1-(N-benzyloxycarbonylleucyl)-5-(phenylalanylleucyl)carbohydrazide (I) to facilitate polymer conjugation. It was conjugated to the polymer chain termini of two water-soluble polymers [alpha-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated as mPEG-I; semitelechelic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide], abbreviated as ST-PHPMA-I]. The conjugation of inhibitor I to N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer side chains was accomplished via either a Gly-Gly spacer (PHPMA-GG-I) or with no spacer between I and the copolymer backbone (PHPMA-I). Kinetic analysis revealed that free inhibitor I possessed an apparent second-order rate constant against cathepsin K (k(obs)/[I] = 1.3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) similar to that of unmodified 1,5-bis(Cbz-Leu) carbohydrazide, while I conjugated to the chain termini of mPEG and ST-PHPMA-COOH had slightly lower values (about 5 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)). The k(obs)/[I] values for I attached to the side chains of HPMA copolymers (PHPMA-GG-I and PHPMA-I) were about 3 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). When tested against cathepsin L, inhibitor I and all its polymer conjugates produced k(obs)/[I] values 1-2 orders of magnitude less than those determined for cathepsin K, while for cathepsin B and papain, the values were 2-4 orders of magnitude lower. The ability of mPEG-I and ST-PHPMA-I to inhibit cathepsin K activity in synovial fibroblasts was also evaluated. Both polymer-bound inhibitors were internalized by endocytosis and were ultimately trafficked to the lysosomal compartment. ST-PHPMA-I was internalized faster than mPEG-I. The inhibitory activity in the synovial fibroblast assay correlated with the rate of internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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21
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Abstract
Tens of thousands of proteins have been identified as a result of recent large scale genomic and proteomic efforts. With this large influx of new proteins, the formidable task of elucidating their function begins. However, this task becomes more manageable if proteins are divided into families based upon sequence homology, thereby allowing tools for their systematic study to be developed based upon their common structural and mechanistic characteristics. Combinatorial chemistry is ideally suited for the systematic study of protein families because a large amount of diversity can be readily displayed about a common scaffold designed to target a given protein family. Targeted combinatorial libraries have been particularly effective for the study of a ubiquitous family of proteins, the proteases. Substrate-specificity profiles of many proteases have been determined by using combinatorial libraries of appropriately labeled peptides. This specificity information been utilized to identify the physiological protein substrates of these enzymes and has facilitated inhibitor design efforts. Furthermore, combinatorial libraries of small molecules prepared with mechanism-based scaffolds have resulted in the identification of potent, small-molecule inhibitors of numerous proteases. Cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitors identified by these methods have served as powerful chemical tools to study protease function in vitro and in vivo and have served as leads for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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22
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Marquis RW, Ru Y, LoCastro SM, Zeng J, Yamashita DS, Oh HJ, Erhard KF, Davis LD, Tomaszek TA, Tew D, Salyers K, Proksch J, Ward K, Smith B, Levy M, Cummings MD, Haltiwanger RC, Trescher G, Wang B, Hemling ME, Quinn CJ, Cheng HY, Lin F, Smith WW, Janson CA, Zhao B, McQueney MS, D'Alessio K, Lee CP, Marzulli A, Dodds RA, Blake S, Hwang SM, James IE, Gress CJ, Bradley BR, Lark MW, Gowen M, Veber DF. Azepanone-based inhibitors of human and rat cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1380-95. [PMID: 11311061 DOI: 10.1021/jm000481x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, in vitro activities, and pharmacokinetics of a series of azepanone-based inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K (EC 3.4.22.38) are described. These compounds show improved configurational stability of the C-4 diastereomeric center relative to the previously published five- and six-membered ring ketone-based inhibitor series. Studies in this series have led to the identification of 20, a potent, selective inhibitor of human cathepsin K (K(i) = 0.16 nM) as well as 24, a potent inhibitor of both human (K(i) = 0.0048 nM) and rat (K(i,app) = 4.8 nM) cathepsin K. Small-molecule X-ray crystallographic analysis of 20 established the C-4 S stereochemistry as being critical for potent inhibition and that unbound 20 adopted the expected equatorial conformation for the C-4 substituent. Molecular modeling studies predicted the higher energy axial orientation at C-4 of 20 when bound within the active site of cathepsin K, a feature subsequently confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat show 20 to be 42% orally bioavailable. Comparison of the transport of the cyclic and acyclic analogues through CaCo-2 cells suggests that oral bioavailability of the acyclic derivatives is limited by a P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux mechanism. It is concluded that the introduction of a conformational constraint has served the dual purpose of increasing inhibitor potency by locking in a bioactive conformation as well as locking out available conformations which may serve as substrates for enzyme systems that limit oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Marquis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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23
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 1999. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:383-433. [PMID: 11029163 DOI: 10.1021/cc000055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., P.O. Box 5350, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
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Lee A, Huang L, Ellman JA. General Solid-Phase Method for the Preparation of Mechanism-Based Cysteine Protease Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lee
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Lily Huang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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