1
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Xu B, Iskander SM, He Z. Dominant formation of unregulated disinfection by-products during electrocoagulation treatment of landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109006. [PMID: 31863939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of landfill leachate, the production of chlorine species may result in the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). This formation was investigated in the present study by monitoring five classes of DBPs (haloacetic acids-HAA, trihalomethanes-THM, haloacetonitriles-HAN, haloketones-HK, and halonitromethanes-HNM) in two leachate samples treated by EC. It was shown that the applied current has stimulated the formation of DBPs, which were dominated by unregulated DBPs. With a current density of 100 mA cm-2, the unregulated HK dominated the weight-based DBP concentration (96% in Leachate A and 44.3% in Leachate B), while the unregulated HAN contributed to >80% of the DBP additive toxicity in both leachates. The concentrations of regulated THM and HAA species were below US EPA regulations. The in situ generation of active chlorine has resulted in the DBP formation, as demonstrated in the scavenging test. Applying granular activated carbon as a post-treatment step could successfully reduce the total DBP concentration from 295.33 μg L-1 to 82.04 μg L-1 in Leachate A, leading to a total DBP removal of 72.2% and a toxicity removal of 50%. Given the dominant concentration and lack of toxicity information, the unregulated DBPs should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Syeed Md Iskander
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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2
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Manivannan B, Borisover M. Strengths of correlations with formation of chlorination disinfection byproducts: effects of predictor type and other factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5337-5352. [PMID: 31848965 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the UV-Vis absorbance (Abs) and intensity of fluorescence emission (Fluor), as well as of concentrations of total or dissolved organic carbon (OC) in aqueous samples are commonly used to estimate the potential for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during water chlorination. In this work, based on 574 linear associations collected from 70 experimental research papers published over the period of 1997-2019, the strengths of the correlations of Abs, Fluor, and OC with DBPs concentrations are compared. The correlations were expressed as approximately normally distributed Z-scores using Fisher variance-stabilizing transformation. The effects of specific prediction method, chlorination agent, water source, and DBPs type, with consideration of possible effects due to the presence of bromide, are examined against Z-scores by ANOVA, testing main effects and some variables interactions. The performed analysis is a first attempt to expose differences and patterns in correlation strengths associated with DBPs formation, based on systematically covered broad existing literature. Abs and OC concentration of water samples tend to demonstrate the strongest correlations with DBPs formation as compared with specific UV absorbance (SUVA) or intensity of fluorescence emission. Correlations of DBPs formation during chloramination demonstrated weaker strengths as compared with other chlorination agents, suggesting more caution in predicting DBPs concentrations, based on simple descriptors such as Abs, OC, and Fluor. In a series of different water types, the correlations with DBPs formation are expected to be enhanced, when wastewater is chlorinated. Non-fluorescent matter may be an important contributor to DBPs formation during water chlorination. When fluorescence intensity is considered as a predicting tool, choosing humic-like rather than proteinaceous fluorescence may enhance the strengths of the correlations with DBPs formation. Different performances of Abs, OC, and Fluor in correlating with DBPs formation may be beneficial for their concurrent use helping to optimize removal of different DBPs precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwari Manivannan
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Mikhail Borisover
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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3
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Chen Y, Arnold WA, Griffin CG, Olmanson LG, Brezonik PL, Hozalski RM. Assessment of the chlorine demand and disinfection byproduct formation potential of surface waters via satellite remote sensing. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:115001. [PMID: 31470281 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of satellites to assess surface water quality indicators such as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) suggests that remote sensing could be a useful tool for evaluating water treatability metrics in considering potential drinking water supplies. To explore this possibility, 24 surface water samples were collected throughout Minnesota, USA with wide ranging values of CDOM (a440; 0.41-27.9 m-1), dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 5.5-47.6 mg/L) and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254; 1.3-5.1 L/mg-M). Laboratory experiments were performed to quantify chlorine demand and the formation of two classes of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), using the uniform formation conditions (UFC) test. Chlorine demand and THMUFC were linearly correlated with CDOM (R2 = 0.97 and 0.91, respectively), indicating that CDOM is a useful predictor of these parameters. On the other hand, data comparing di- and tri-HAAUFC with CDOM were better fit by a logarithmic relationship (R2 = 0.73 and 0.87, respectively), while mono-HAAUFC was linearly correlated with CDOM (R2 = 0.46) but only for low-to moderately-colored waters (a440 ≤ 11 m-1). The correlations relating chlorine demand and DBPUFC values with CDOM were coupled with satellite CDOM assessments to estimate chlorine demand and DBPUFC values for all surface waters larger than 0.05 km2 in the state of Minnesota, USA. The resulting maps suggest that only 21.8% of Minnesota lakes would meet both the THM and HAA maximum contaminant levels, but only when pre-disinfection treatment removes 75% of DBP precursors. There are limitations to determining CDOM using satellites for high color surface waters (a440 > 11 m-1), however, leading to underpredicted values for CDOM, chlorine demand, and DBPUFC. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential benefits of satellite remote sensing for assessing potential drinking water sources and water treatability metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Chen
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0116, United States
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0116, United States
| | - Claire G Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108-6097, United States
| | - Leif G Olmanson
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, MN, 55108-6112, United States
| | - Patrick L Brezonik
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0116, United States
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0116, United States.
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Ding S, Deng Y, Bond T, Fang C, Cao Z, Chu W. Disinfection byproduct formation during drinking water treatment and distribution: A review of unintended effects of engineering agents and materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:313-329. [PMID: 31154129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unintended effects of engineering agents and materials on the formation of undesirable disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment and distribution were comprehensively reviewed. Specially, coagulants, biologically active filtration biofilms, activated carbons, nanomaterials, ion-exchange resins, membrane materials in drinking water treatment and piping materials, deposits and biofilms within drinking water distribution systems were discussed, which may serve as DBP precursors, transform DBPs into more toxic species, and/or catalyze the formation of DBPs. Speciation and quantity of DBPs generated rely heavily on the material characteristics, solution chemistry conditions, and operating factors. For example, quaternary ammonium polymer coagulants can increase concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) to above the California notification level (10 ng/L). Meanwhile, the application of strong base ion-exchange resins has been associated with the formation of N-nitrosamines and trichloronitromethane up to concentrations of 400 ng/L and 9.0 μg/L, respectively. Organic compounds leaching from membranes and plastic and rubber pipes can generate high NDMA (180-450 ng/L) and chloral hydrate (∼12.4 μg/L) upon downstream disinfection. Activated carbon and membranes preferentially remove organic precursors over bromide, resulting in a higher proportion of brominated DBPs. Copper corrosion products (CCPs) accelerate the decay of disinfectants and increase the formation of halogenated DBPs. Chlorination of high bromide waters containing CCPs can form bromate at concentrations exceeding regulatory limits. Owing to the aforementioned concern for the drinking water quality, the application of these materials and reagents during drinking water treatment and distribution should be based on the removal of pollutants with consideration for balancing DBP formation during disinfection scenarios. Overall, this review highlights situations in which the use of engineering agents and materials in drinking water treatment and distribution needs balance against deleterious impacts on DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhongqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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5
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Gao ZC, Lin YL, Xu B, Xia Y, Hu CY, Zhang TY, Cao TC, Chu WH, Gao NY. Effect of UV wavelength on humic acid degradation and disinfection by-product formation during the UV/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:199-209. [PMID: 30798174 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine process strongly depends on UV wavelength because chlorine photolysis and its subsequent radical formation are highly wavelength-dependent. This study compared the degradation of humic acid (HA) during the UV/chlorine process by low pressure mercury lamp (LPUV, 254 nm) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, 275 and 310 nm). The results indicated that HA degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the fluence-based degradation rate constants (kobs) were significantly affected by UV wavelength and solution pH. HA degradation decreased greatly with increasing solution pH during the UV/chlorine process at 254 nm, while the opposite trend was observed at 275 and 310 nm. In the meantime, kobs decreased in the order of 275 nm > 254 nm > 310 nm at pH > 7.0. The changes of chlorine molar absorption coefficients at different UV wavelengths resulted in the variation of chlorine photodecay rates (kobs, chlorine), and the synergistic effects of kobs, chlorine and chlorine quantum yields (Φchlorine) affected HA reduction. The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the UV/chlorine process was also evaluated. A significant suppression on DBP formation and DBP-associated calculated theoretical cytotoxicity were observed at 275 nm high UV fluence and alkaline pHs. These findings in this study demonstrate that UV wavelength at 275 nm is more suitable for HA degradation by the UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Tong-Cheng Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Hai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
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6
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Hu CY, Deng YG, Lin YL, Hou YZ. Chlorination of bromacil: Kinetics and disinfection by-products. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Wongrueng A, Rakruam P, Siri A, Siyasukh A. Synthesis of porous pig bone char as adsorbent for removal of DBP precursors from surface water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:857-865. [PMID: 31025964 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research study aims to investigate the efficiency of synthesized porous pig bone char (PBC) for reduction of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors from surface water. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is commonly present in natural water and acts as a disinfection by-product precursor. Adsorption is one of the promising technologies that is commonly applied for DOM removal. Interestingly, the properties of pig bone are such that it has a surface area and pore volumes that can adsorb DOM. Pig bone was synthesized as porous bone char (PBC). The results show that synthesized PBC at 900 °C (PBC-900 °C) provides a high volume of mesoporous structure. The adsorption process was best fitted with the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm model. Thus, the mechanisms occurred on the multilayer adsorption of the surface. PBC-900 °C can remove approximately 70-80% of DOM with varying concentrations, from 0.2 g/L to 0.8 g/L. Furthermore, the results of fluorescence excitation-emission (FEEM) showed that humic acids and humic-like substances in water can be removed by using PBC at concentrations higher than 0.4 g/L. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that PBC is an alternative low-cost adsorbent which can be utilized for reduction of DBP precursors from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunnop Wongrueng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand and Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail: ; Research Program in Hazardous Substance Management in Agricultural Industry, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pharkphum Rakruam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand and Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Alongorn Siri
- International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisak Siyasukh
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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8
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Young TR, Li W, Guo A, Korshin GV, Dodd MC. Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation and associated changes to dissolved organic matter during solar photolysis of free available chlorine. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 146:318-327. [PMID: 30316167 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solar irradiation of chlorine-containing waters enhances inactivation of chlorine-resistant pathogens (e.g., Cryptosporidium oocysts), through in situ formation of ozone, hydroxyl radical, and other reactive species during photolysis of free available chlorine (FAC) at UVB-UVA wavelengths of solar light (290-400 nm). However, corresponding effects on regulated disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and associated dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties remain unclear. In this work, when compared to dark chlorination, sunlight-driven FAC photolysis over a range of conditions was found to yield higher DBP levels, depletion of DOM chromophores and fluorophores, preferential removal of phenolic groups versus carboxylic acid groups, and degradation of larger humic substances to smaller molecular weight compounds. Control experiments showed that increased DBP levels were not due to direct DOM photolysis and subsequent dark reactions with FAC, but to co-exposure of DOM to FAC and reactive species (e.g., O3, HO•, Cl•, Cl2•-, ClO•) generated by FAC photolysis. Because solar chlorine photolysis can enable inactivation of chlorine-resistant pathogens at far lower CTFAC values than chlorination alone, the increases in DBP formation inherent to this approach can likely be offset to some extent by the ability to operate at significantly decreased CTFAC. Nonetheless, these findings demonstrate that applications of solar chlorine photolysis will require careful attention to potential impacts on DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessora R Young
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Alan Guo
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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9
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Fang C, Krasner SW, Chu W, Ding S, Zhao T, Gao N. Formation and speciation of chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated haloacetamides in chloraminated iodide-containing waters. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:103-112. [PMID: 30121431 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetamides (HAMs), an emerging class of disinfection by-products, have received increasing attention due to their elevated cyto- and genotoxicity. However, only limited information is available regarding the iodinated analogues. This study investigated the formation and speciation of iodinated haloacetamides (I-HAMs) and their chlorinated/brominated analogues during the chloramination of bromide and/or iodide-containing waters and a model compound solution over various time periods. The rapid formation of diiodoacetamide (DIAM) was observed during chloramination of three simulated samples, whereas brominated (Br-HAMs) and chlorinated haloacetamides (Cl-HAMs) increased slowly with increasing reaction time. To further understand the differences in the formation of HAMs containing different halogens, experiments with the model compound asparagine in the presence/absence of iodide were conducted. Moreover, iodine utilisation factors and iodine incorporation factors were observed to increase significantly faster and were substantially higher than those of bromine. This implied that, compared with bromide, iodide has substantially greater potential to be transformed to the corresponding HAMs during chloramination, similar to that of other classes of DBPs. That is, I-HAMs formed faster than the other species investigated, including Cl-HAMs and Br-HAMs, in the early reaction stages (0-3 h). The effect of the bromide/iodide ratio (i.e., constant iodide, increasing bromide) on I-HAM formation was also examined. With increasing bromide/iodide ratio, the formation of Br-HAMs increased and dichloroacetamide decreased, but the formation of DIAM was largely unchanged. This was consistent with the constant level of iodide in spite of the increasing bromide. Chlorine and ammonia are applied separately during chloramination in water treatment, so the effect of pre-chlorination (before adding ammonia) on the formation and speciation of I-HAMs during in situ chloramination was also evaluated. Effective mitigation of DIAM formation with in situ chloramination was achieved, and the efficiency improved with increasing pre-chlorination time, where iodide was oxidised to iodate. The HAM-associated cytotoxicity was calculated to determine the change in toxicity at different reaction times, bromide/iodide ratios, and pre-chlorination times. A similar trend as the formation of I-HAMs was observed, which increased rapidly in the first 3 h, but decreased somewhat subsequently. When the bromide/iodide ratio and pre-chlorination time was increased, the calculated toxicity of the HAMs increased (due to more formation of Br-HAMs and less Cl-HAMs) and decreased (due to less DIAM formation), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | | | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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10
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Reducing DBPs formation in chlorination of Br-containing Diclofenac via Fe-Cu-MCM-41/O3 peroxidation: Efficiency, characterization DBPs precursors and mechanism. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Synergistic effect of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles on antibiofouling and water disinfection of mixed matrix polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:661-670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Zhao Y, Sun Y, Gao B, Wang Y, Yang Y. Inhibition of disinfection by-product formation in silver nanoparticle-humic acid water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Hong H, Yan X, Song X, Qin Y, Sun H, Lin H, Chen J, Liang Y. Bromine incorporation into five DBP classes upon chlorination of water with extremely low SUVA values. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:720-728. [PMID: 28302307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of disinfection conditions on bromine incorporation into disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination of water with low specific UV absorbance (SUVA). Five classes of DBPs were included: trihalomethanes (THMs), dihaloacetic acids (di-HAAs), trihaloacetic acids (tri-HAAs), dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) and trihalonitromethanes (THNMs). Results showed that the bromine utilization in DBPs formation was positive related with reaction time, pH and temperature. On the other hand, the bromine substitution factors (BSFs) of DBPs were generally increased with pH (except tri-HAAs) and bromide concentration, but decreased with the reaction time, temperature and chlorine dose. Moreover, the BSFs values varied with DBP classes with the ranking being as following: THNMs≫DHANs≫tri-HAAs>THM≈di-HAAs. These results were mostly similar with the references, yet the pH effect on BSFs as well as the rank of BSFs for different DBP classes may differ with the specific UV absorbance of organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xuhui Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liang
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Chu W, Hu J, Bond T, Gao N, Xu B, Yin D. Water temperature significantly impacts the formation of iodinated haloacetamides during persulfate oxidation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 98:47-55. [PMID: 27076062 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of persulfate oxidation processes is receiving increasing interest for the removal of aquatic contaminants. However, it is unknown whether its application in the presence of iodide has the potential to directly form iodinated DBPs. This study investigated formation of six chlorinated, brominated and iodinated di-haloacetamides (DHAcAms) during persulfate oxidation in the presence of bromide and iodide. Formation of the same DHAcAms during chlorination was monitored for comparison. Persulfate oxidation of natural water formed diiodoacetamide (DIAcAm), and heat-activated persulfate, at 45 °C and 55 °C, generated bromoiodoacetamide (BIAcAm) and dibromoacetamide (DBAcAm), besides DIAcAm. At an ambient iodide concentration of 0.3 μM, total DHAcAms increased slightly from 0.43 to 0.57 nM as the water temperature increased from 4 °C to 35 °C, respectively (only DIAcAm detected), then significantly increased to 1.6 nM at 55 °C (DIAcAm, BIAcAm and DBAcAm detected). Equivalent total DHAcAm concentrations in the presence of 3.0 μM iodide were 0.5, 0.91 and 2.1 nM, respectively. Total DHAcAms formed during chlorination, predominantly dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and bromochloroacetamide (BCAcAm), were always significantly higher than that during persulfate oxidation. However, an integrated risk assessment showed the toxicity resulting from the DHAcAms was higher during persulfate oxidation than chlorination. An increase in water temperature from 25 °C to 55 °C significantly increased the integrated toxic risk values for both persulfate oxidation and chlorination. Use of persulfate oxidation should be weighed against the formation of high-toxicity iodinated HAcAms in waters with high ambient iodide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jianglin Hu
- Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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15
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Xia C, Ma D, Gao B, Hu X, Yue Q, Meng Y, Kang S, Zhang B, Qi Y. Characteristics and trihalomethane formation reactivity of dissolved organic matter in effluents from membrane bioreactors with and without filamentous bulking. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:183-189. [PMID: 27017128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, synthetic wastewater was treated by two identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs): the normal sludge MBR (NS-MBR) and the bulking sludge MBR (BS-MBR). Effects of filamentous bulking on the characteristics and trihalomethane (THM) formation reactivity of MBR effluent dissolved organic matter (EfOM) were investigated. Filamentous sludge bulking had no significant influence on the regulated MBR effluent water quality except NO2-N and NO3-N. NS-MBR effluent had more low molecular weight (LMW) (<5kDa) EfOM (92.43%) than BS-MBR (75.18%). About two-thirds of EfOM from BS-MBR were hydrophilic substances. On the contrary, EfOM from NS-MBR exhibited higher hydrophobicity. The ratio of polysaccharides and proteins in MBR effluents increased after filamentous bulking. There were more protein-like materials, fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like in BS-MBR EfOM. The THM formation reactivity of BS-MBR EfOM was 30.15% of NS-MBR EfOM, whereas BS-MBR EfOM exhibited higher formation reactivity of bromine containing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufan Xia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Xinxiao Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yingjie Meng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Shuyu Kang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yuanfeng Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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16
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Chellam S, Sari MA. Aluminum electrocoagulation as pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water containing NOM: A review of fouling, NOM, DBP, and virus control. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:490-501. [PMID: 26619048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) is the intentional corrosion of sacrificial anodes (typically aluminum or iron) by passing electricity to release metal-ion coagulant species and destabilize a wide range of suspended, dissolved, and macromolecular contaminants. It can be integrated ahead of microfiltration (MF) to effectively control turbidity, microorganisms, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) and simultaneously maintain a high MF specific flux. This manuscript summarizes the current knowledge on MF pretreatment by aluminum EC particularly focusing on mechanisms of (i) electrocoagulant dosing, (ii) (bio)colloid destabilization, (iii) fouling reductions, and (iv) enhanced removal of viruses, natural organic matter (NOM), and DBP precursors. Electrolysis efficiently removes hydrophobic NOM, viruses, and siliceous foulants. Aluminum effectively electrocoagulates viruses by physically encapsulating them in flocs, neutralizing their surface charge and reducing electrostatic repulsion, and increasing hydrophobic interactions between any sorbed NOM and free viruses. New results included herein demonstrate that EC achieves DBP control by removing NOM, reducing chlorine-reactivity of remaining NOM, and inducing a slight shift toward more brominated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. EC reduces MF fouling by forming large flocs that tend to deposit on the membrane surface, i.e. decrease pore penetration and forming more permeable cakes and by reducing foulant mass in case of significant floc-flotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankararaman Chellam
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States.
| | - Mutiara Ayu Sari
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States
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17
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Chu W, Li C, Gao N, Templeton MR, Zhang Y. Terminating pre-ozonation prior to biological activated carbon filtration results in increased formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products upon subsequent chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 121:33-8. [PMID: 25479807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that ozone dosed before biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration reduces the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) upon subsequent chlorination. The current work aimed to evaluate the impact of terminating this pre-ozonation on the ability of the BAC to remove the precursors of N-DBPs. More N-DBP precursors passed into the post-BAC water when the pre-ozonation was terminated, resulting in greater formation of N-DBPs when the water was subsequently chlorinated, compared to a parallel BAC filter when the pre-ozonation was run continuously. Moreover, the N-DBP formation potential was significantly increased in the effluent of the BAC filter after terminating pre-ozonation, compared with the influent of the BAC filter (i.e. the effluent from the sand filter). Therefore, while selectively switching pre-ozonation on/off may have cost and other operational benefits for water suppliers, these should be weighed against the increased formation of N-DBPs and potential associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Changjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Michael R Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yanshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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18
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Ma D, Gao B, Wang Y, Yue Q, Li Q. Factors affecting trihalomethane formation and speciation during chlorination of reclaimed water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:616-622. [PMID: 26247761 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid process with membrane bioreactor (MBR) and powdered activated carbon (PAC), PAC/MBR, was used for real municipal wastewater treatment and reuse. The roles of chlorine dose, contact time, pH and bromide in trihalomethane (THM) formation and speciation during chlorination of the reclaimed water were investigated. Total trihalomethane (TTHM) yield exponentially increased to maximum with increasing chlorine dose (correlation coefficient R2=0.98). Prolonging substrate chlorine contact time significantly promoted TTHM formation. Less than 40% of THMs formed in the first 24 h, indicating that the PAC/MBR effluent organic matters were mostly composed of slow-reacting precursors. Increasing pH and bromide concentration facilitated THM formation. Higher chlorine dose and contact time enhanced chloro-THM formation. The bromo-THM formation was favored at near neutral condition. Despite the variation of chlorine dose, contact time and pH, the yield of THM species in order was usually CHCl3>CHBrCl2>CHBr2Cl>CHBr3. However, THM speciation shifted from chlorinated species to brominated species with increasing bromide concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China E-mail: ;
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China E-mail: ;
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China E-mail: ;
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China E-mail: ;
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China E-mail: ;
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19
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Xue C, Wang Q, Chu W, Templeton MR. The impact of changes in source water quality on trihalomethane and haloacetonitrile formation in chlorinated drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:251-255. [PMID: 25104649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including nitrogenous DBPs, haloacetonitriles (HANs), and carbonaceous DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs), upon chlorination of water samples collected from a conventional Chinese surface water treatment plant (i.e. applying coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration). Reductions in the average concentrations (and range, shown in brackets) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) from 4.8 (3.0-7.3) μg/L and 0.52 (0.20-0.81) μg/L in 2010 to 2.4 (1.4-3.7) μg/L and 0.17 (0.11-0.31) μg/L in 2012, respectively, led to a decrease in HANs and THMs from 5.3 and 28.5 μg/L initially to 0.85 and 8.2 μg/L, as average concentrations, respectively. The bromide concentration in the source water also decreased from 2010 to 2012, but the bromine incorporation factor (BIF) for the THMs did not change significantly; however, for HAN the BIFs increased because the reduction in DON was higher than that of bromide. There was good linear relationship between DOC and THM concentrations, but not between DON and HANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Michael R Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Ma D, Gao Y, Gao B, Wang Y, Yue Q, Li Q. Impacts of powdered activated carbon addition on trihalomethane formation reactivity of dissolved organic matter in membrane bioreactor effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:338-344. [PMID: 25150685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics and trihalomethane (THM) formation reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in effluents from two membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with and without powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition (referred to as PAC/MBR and MBR, respectively) were examined to investigate the effects of PAC addition on THM formation of MBR effluent during chlorination. PAC addition increased the specific UV absorbance. Hydrophobic DOM especially hydrophobic acids in PAC/MBR effluent (50%) were more than MBR effluent (42%). DOM with molecular weight <1 kDa constituted 12% of PAC/MBR effluent DOM, which was less than that of MBR effluent (16%). Data obtained from excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that PAC/MBR effluent DOM contained more simple aromatic protein, but had less fulvic acid-like and soluble microbial by-product-like. PAC addition reduced the formation of bromine-containing THMs during chlorination of effluents, but increased THM formation reactivity of effluent DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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21
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Chu W, Gao N, Yin D, Krasner SW, Mitch WA. Impact of UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation on the formation of haloacetamides and other nitrogenous disinfection byproducts during chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12190-8. [PMID: 25251305 DOI: 10.1021/es502115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetamides (HAcAms), an emerging class of nitrogen-based disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) of health concern in drinking water, have been found in drinking waters at μg/L levels. However, there is a limited understanding about the formation, speciation, and control of halogenated HAcAms. Higher ultraviolet (UV) doses and UV advanced oxidation (UV/H2O2) processes (AOPs) are under consideration for the treatment of trace organic pollutants. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of pretreatment with UV irradiation, H2O2 oxidation, and a UV/H2O2 AOP for minimizing the formation of HAcAms, as well as other emerging N-DBPs, during postchlorination. We investigated changes in HAcAm formation and speciation attributed to UV, H2O2 or UV/H2O2 followed by the application of free chlorine to quench any excess hydrogen peroxide and to provide residual disinfection. The results showed that low-pressure UV irradiation alone (19.5-585 mJ/cm(2)) and H2O2 preoxidation alone (2-20 mg/L) did not significantly change total HAcAm formation during subsequent chlorination. However, H2O2 preoxidation alone resulted in diiodoacetamide formation in two iodide-containing waters and increased bromine utilization. Alternatively, UV/H2O2 preoxidation using UV (585 mJ/cm(2)) and H2O2 (10 mg/L) doses typically employed for trace contaminant removal controlled the formation of HAcAms and several other N-DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
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22
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Ma D, Peng B, Zhang Y, Gao B, Wang Y, Yue Q, Li Q. Influences of dissolved organic matter characteristics on trihalomethanes formation during chlorine disinfection of membrane bioreactor effluents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:81-87. [PMID: 24656487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in MBR-treated municipal wastewater intended for reuse was fractionated through ultrafiltration and XAD-8 resin adsorption and characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy. To probe the influences of DOM characteristics on trihalomethanes (THMs) formation reactivity during chlorination, THMs yield and speciation of DOM fractions was investigated. It was found that chlorine reactivity of DOM decreased with the decrease of molecular weight (MW), and MW>30kDa fractions produced over 55% of total THMs in chlorinated MBR effluent. Hydrophobic organics had much higher THMs formation reactivity than hydrophilic substances. Particularly, hydrophobic acids exhibited the highest chlorine reactivity and contributed up to 71% of total THMs formation. Meanwhile, low-MW and hydrophilic DOM were susceptible to produce bromine-containing THMs. Of the fluorescent DOM in MBR effluent, aromatic moieties and humic acid-like had higher chlorine reactivity. Conclusively, macromolecular and hydrophobic organics containing aromatic moieties and humic acid-like must be removed to reduce THMs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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23
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Ma D, Gao B, Xia C, Wang Y, Yue Q, Li Q. Effects of sludge retention times on reactivity of effluent dissolved organic matter for trihalomethane formation in hybrid powdered activated carbon membrane bioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 166:381-388. [PMID: 24929809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, real municipal wastewater intended for reuse was treated by two identical hybrid PAC/MBRs (membrane bioreactors with powdered activated carbon addition), which were operated at sludge retention times (SRTs) of 30 and 180 days, respectively. In order to investigate the effects of SRT on trihalomethane (THM) formation in chlorinated PAC/MBR effluents, characteristics and THM formation reactivity of effluent dissolved organic matter (EfOM) at different SRTs were examined. PAC/MBR-180 had higher level of EfOM, which contained less simple aromatic proteins and exhibited lower specific UV absorbance. EfOM with molecular weight <5 kDa from PAC/MBR-30 (23%) was lower than PAC/MBR-180 (26%). About 50% of EfOM from PAC/MBR-30 was hydrophobic acids, which was higher than that from PAC/MBR-180 (about 36%). EfOM at SRT 180 days exhibited higher hydrophilicity. Prolonging SRT greatly reduced THM formation reactivity of EfOM, but increased the formation of bromine-containing species during chlorination of PAC/MBR effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Chufan Xia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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Ma D, Gao B, Sun S, Wang Y, Yue Q, Li Q. Effects of dissolved organic matter size fractions on trihalomethanes formation in MBR effluents during chlorine disinfection. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:535-541. [PMID: 23567728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) size fractions on trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in MBR effluents during chlorination were investigated by fractionating DOM into >100, 30-100, 10-30, 5-10 and <5 kDa fractions using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes based on molecular weight (MW). Fractions of MW>30 kDa constituted 87% of DOM and were the main THMs precursors, which exhibited higher specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and THMs formation potential (THMFP) and should be reduced to control THMs formation. For these fractions, THMs formation was mostly attributed to slow chlorine decay, and THMs yield coefficients were low because halogenated intermediates derived from the macromolecular DOM were difficult to decompose to produce THMs. Moreover, there was a strong linear correlation between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and THMFP (R(2)=0.981), as well as between the SUVA and specific THMFP (R(2)=0.993) in all fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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Watson K, Farré MJ, Knight N. Strategies for the removal of halides from drinking water sources, and their applicability in disinfection by-product minimisation: a critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 110:276-98. [PMID: 22810000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bromide (Br(-)) and iodide (I(-)) in source waters leads to the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are often more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. The increasing scarcity of water resources in Australia is leading to use of impaired and alternative water supplies with high bromide and iodide levels, which may result in the production of more brominated and iodinated DBPs. This review aims to provide a summary of research into bromide and iodide removal from drinking water sources. Bromide and iodide removal techniques have been broadly classified into three categories, namely; membrane, electrochemical and adsorptive techniques. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis membrane techniques are reviewed. The electrochemical techniques discussed are electrolysis, capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization. Studies on bromide and iodide removal using adsorptive techniques including; layered double hydroxides, impregnated activated carbons, carbon aerogels, ion exchange resins, aluminium coagulation and soils are also assessed. Halide removal techniques have been compared, and areas for future research have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watson
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Jones DB, Saglam A, Triger A, Song H, Karanfil T. I-THM formation and speciation: preformed monochloramine versus prechlorination followed by ammonia addition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10429-10437. [PMID: 22050596 DOI: 10.1021/es202745t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of utilities in the United States have been switching from chlorination to chloramination practices to comply with the more stringent trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) regulations. This has important implications for disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation because the reactions of chlorine and monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) with natural organic matter (NOM) are not the same. In this study, iodinated trihalomethane (I-THM) formation from preformed NH(2)Cl and prechlorination (at two chlorine doses and contact times) followed by ammonia addition was compared. A representative bromide/iodide ratio of 10:1 was selected and four bromide/iodide levels (ambient, 50/5 or 100/10, 200/20, and 800/80 [μg/L/μg/L]) were evaluated. The results showed that I-THM formation was generally lower for prechlorination as compared to preformed NH(2)Cl due to the oxidation of iodide to iodate by chlorine. However, while prechlorination minimized iodoform (CHI(3)) formation, prechlorination sometimes formed more I-THMs as compared to preformed NH(2)Cl due to a large increase in the formation of brominated I-THM species, which were formed at much smaller amounts from preformed NH(2)Cl. I-THM concentrations and speciation for the two chloramination scenarios (i.e., preformed NH(2)Cl vs prechlorination followed by ammonia) depended on chlorine dose, contact time, bromide/iodide concentration, and NOM characteristics of the source water (SUVA(254)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl B Jones
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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Zhang H, Liu H, Zhao X, Qu J, Fan M. Formation of disinfection by-products in the chlorination of ammonia-containing effluents: significance of Cl2/N ratios and the DOM fractions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:645-651. [PMID: 21514725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence of ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N) in the effluent strongly affected the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during its chlorination. The effect of chlorine (as mg/L Cl(2)) to NH(3)-N (as mg/L N) mass ratios (Cl(2)/N) and the chemical fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the effluent on the DBPs formation was investigated. Results indicated that the formation of DBPs increased with increasing Cl(2)/N. The concentration and speciation of DBPs varied among different DOM fractions at different zones of chlorination breakpoint curves. The formation rate of total haloacetic acids (THAA) and total trihalomethanes (TTHM) was promoted after the chlorination breakpoint, whereas the reaction of monochloramine with HOCl to dichloramine may cause a decrease in the DBPs formation potential thereafter. Organic acids were found to be the dominant precursors of DBPs with or without the presence of NH(3)-N, which indicated that the CC, CO and C-O structures contributed to the formation of DBPs significantly. In addition, the incorporation of bromine in THMs of the HiA fraction increased with the increasing of Cl(2)/N mass ratios before the chlorination breakpoint, but decreased sharply after the breakpoint. ΔA(280) (absorbance at 280 nm), defined as A(280,initial)-A(280,final), was proved to be linearly related to the TTHM and THAA of wastewater without containing Br(-) during chlorination or chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Sun YX, Wu QY, Hu HY, Tian J. Effect of ammonia on the formation of THMs and HAAs in secondary effluent chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:631-637. [PMID: 19482329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that genotoxicity is increased significantly in wastewater with a high ammonia concentration after chlorination. Thus, this paper studied the effect of ammonia on the formation and speciation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the chlorination of two different biologically-treated wastewater samples from different sources. The formation of THM species was suppressed with increasing ammonia concentration in both samples, but the effect of ammonia concentration on the formation of HAA species (as dichloroacetic, bromochloroacetic, and bromodichloroacetic acid) was quite different. The yields of dihalogenated species occupied the greatest fractions of the total HAAs (over 46%) in both wastewater samples under the experiment scope. However, regarding the distribution of mono-, di-, and trihalogenated species in HAAs, there were discrepancies between the wastewater samples from different sources. The bromine incorporation factors n(Br) and n'(Br), as a function of ammonia concentration, were influenced by the Br(-)/N mass ratio in wastewater chlorination, and were constant when the Br(-)/N mass ratio was lower than 0.003 (or 0.53 microMmM(-1)) due to the low concentrations of bromide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Sun YX, Wu QY, Hu HY, Tian J. Effect of bromide on the formation of disinfection by-products during wastewater chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:2391-2398. [PMID: 19345975 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bromide ion on the formation and speciation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the chlorination of biologically treated wastewaters was investigated. The experimental results showed that the formation of total THMs and total HAAs during chlorine disinfection increased with increasing bromide levels in wastewater. The formation of CHBr(3) increased nearly linearly with increasing bromide ion levels, while CHCl(2)Br and CHClBr(2) increased with increasing bromide concentration from 0 to 3.2 mg L(-1) and thereafter remained constant or slightly decreased. Increasing initial bromide levels up to 12.8mgL(-1) resulted in sharp decrease of the concentration of CHCl(3) and chloro- HAAs. The mixed bromochloro- HAAs and bromo-only species replaced chloro- HAAs as the dominated species of HAA with increasing bromide levels. The distribution of monohalogenated, dihalogenated and trihalogenated species of HAAs in chlorinated wastewater at high concentration of bromide (>2 mg L(-1)) is different from that of drinking/natural water. The values of the bromine incorporation factors, n (Br) and n' (Br), increased with increasing bromide concentration and remained constant or slightly decreased with increasing contact time under the studied range of bromide ion concentrations during chlorination. Moreover, the bromine incorporation into THMs was higher than that of HAAs with bromide levels ranging from 1.0 to 12.8 mg L(-1), indicating the dissimilar formation mechanisms of THMs and HAAs involving bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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Chellam S, Sharma RR, Shetty GR, Wei Y. Nanofiltration of pretreated Lake Houston water: Disinfection by-product speciation, relationships, and control. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang H, Qu J, Liu H, Zhao X. Proportion of bromo-DBPs in total DBPs during reclaimed-water chlorination and its related influencing factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xue S, Zhao QL, Wei LL, Jia T. Effect of bromide ion on isolated fractions of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluent during chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 157:25-33. [PMID: 18243537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of bromide ion in the trihalomethane (THM) formation and structure of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during chlorination of the secondary effluent taken from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant (Harbin, China) was investigated. DOM was fractionated using XAD resins into five fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The patterns of individual THM species with increased bromide concentrations were similar for all DOM fractions. The THM speciation as well as halogen fraction for these five fractions followed similar trends with the Br(-)/Cl(2) ratio. Chlorination resulted in decreased ultraviolet (UV) absorbance across wavelengths from 250 to 280 nm for DOM fractions whether bromide ions existed or not, and bromide addition led to lower differential UV absorbance values. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) results indicated that chlorination, whether bromide ions existed or not, resulted in the near elimination of aromatic CH and amide peaks, increased CO absorption intensity and occurrence of CO and CCl peaks for HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A and TPI-N. Furthermore, bromide addition in chlorination led to the occurrence of CBr peak for all four fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xue
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Kanokkantapong V, Marhaba TF, Wattanachira S, Panyapinyophol B, Pavasant P. Interaction between organic species in the formation of haloacetic acids following disinfection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2006; 41:1233-48. [PMID: 16760098 DOI: 10.1080/10934520600623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) from the chlorination of individual and binary mixtures of organic fractions obtained from the intake of Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant in Bangkok, Thailand was investigated. Experimental results revealed that, as an individual fraction, hydrophobic base (HPOB) was the most active in forming HAAs (approx. 200 microg/mg) whereas hydrophilic acid (HPIA) was the least (approx. 40 microg/mg). In binary mixtures, acid fractions exhibited stronger inhibitory effect in forming HAAs than base fractions. With the set of experimental data obtained from this work, no relationships between specific HAA formation potential and various organic fractions concentrations in binary mixtures could be formulated. Among the various individual HAA species obtained from the chlorination of each individual organic fraction, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was found to be predominant. On the other hand, the chlorination of binary organic fraction mixtures often led to the formation of monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) as the predominant HAA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorapot Kanokkantapong
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
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Shetty GR, Malki H, Chellam S. Predicting contaminant removal during municipal drinking water nanofiltration using artificial neural networks. J Memb Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(02)00473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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