1
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Zhang G, Liu M, Han Y, Wang Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Xu J. The role of aldehydes on sulfur based-new particle formation: a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13321-13335. [PMID: 38694968 PMCID: PMC11061877 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes play a crucial role in the formation of atmospheric particles, attracting significant attention due to their environmental impact. However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the formation of aldehyde-involved particles remain uncertain. In this study, through quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate the microscopic formation mechanisms of binary and ternary systems composed of three representative aldehydes, two sulfur-based acids, water, and two bases. Our research findings reveal that the most stable structures of acid-aldehyde clusters involve the connection of acids and aldehyde compounds through hydrogen bonds without involving proton transfer reactions, indicating relatively poor cluster stability. However, with the introduction of a third component, the stability of 18 clusters significantly increase. Among these, in ten systems, acids act as catalysts, facilitating reactions between aldehyde compounds and water or alkaline substances to generate glycols and amino alcohols. However, according to MD simulations conducted at 300 K, these acids readily dissociate from the resulting products. In the remaining eight systems, the most stable structural feature involves ion pairs formed by proton transfer reactions between acids and aldehyde compounds. These clusters exhibit remarkable thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the acidity of the acid, the nature of nucleophilic agents, and the type of aldehyde all play significant roles in cluster stability and reactivity, and they have synergistic effects on the nucleation process. This study offers microscopic insights into the processes of new particle formation involving aldehydes, contributing to a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute Jinhua Zhejiang 321013 P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Yaning Han
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Zhongteng Wang
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute Jinhua Zhejiang 321013 P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
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2
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Lei Z, Chen B, Brooks SD. Effect of Acidity on Ice Nucleation by Inorganic-Organic Mixed Droplets. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2562-2573. [PMID: 38148991 PMCID: PMC10749479 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity significantly influences heterogeneous chemical reactions and human health. Additionally, acidity may play a role in cloud formation by modifying the ice nucleation properties of inorganic and organic aerosols. In this work, we combined our well-established ice nucleation technique with Raman microspectroscopy to study ice nucleation in representative inorganic and organic aerosols across a range of pH conditions (pH -0.1 to 5.5). Homogeneous nucleation was observed in systems containing ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and sucrose. In contrast, droplets containing ammonium sulfate mixed with diethyl sebacate, poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol were found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, exhibiting core-shell morphologies with observed initiation of heterogeneous freezing in the cores. Our experimental findings demonstrate that an increased acidity reduces the ice nucleation ability of droplets. Changes in the ratio of bisulfate to sulfate coincided with shifts in ice nucleation temperatures, suggesting that the presence of bisulfate may decrease the ice nucleation efficiency. We also report on how the morphology and viscosity impact ice nucleation properties. This study aims to enhance our fundamental understanding of acidity's effect on ice nucleation ability, providing context for the role of acidity in atmospheric ice cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Mirrielees J, Kirpes RM, Haas SM, Rauschenberg CD, Matrai PA, Remenapp A, Boschi VL, Grannas AM, Pratt KA, Ault AP. Probing Individual Particles Generated at the Freshwater-Seawater Interface through Combined Raman, Photothermal Infrared, and X-ray Spectroscopic Characterization. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:605-619. [PMID: 36589347 PMCID: PMC9793585 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is one of the largest global sources of atmospheric aerosol, but little is known about SSA generated in coastal regions with salinity gradients near estuaries and river outflows. SSA particles are chemically complex with substantial particle-to-particle variability due to changes in water temperature, salinity, and biological activity. In previous studies, the ability to resolve the aerosol composition to the level of individual particles has proven necessary for the accurate parameterization of the direct and indirect aerosol effects; therefore, measurements of individual SSA particles are needed for the characterization of this large source of atmospheric aerosol. An integrated analytical measurement approach is required to probe the chemical composition of individual SSA particles. By combining complementary vibrational microspectroscopic (Raman and optical photothermal infrared, O-PTIR) measurements with elemental information from computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (CCSEM-EDX), we gained unique insights into the individual particle chemical composition and morphology. Herein, we analyzed particles from four experiments on laboratory-based SSA production using coastal seawater collected in January 2018 from the Gulf of Maine. Individual salt particles were enriched in organics compared to that in natural seawater, both with and without added microalgal filtrate, with greater enrichment observed for smaller particle sizes, as evidenced by higher carbon/sodium ratios. Functional group analysis was carried out using the Raman and infrared spectra collected from individual SSA particles. Additionally, the Raman spectra were compared with a library of Raman spectra consisting of marine-derived organic compounds. Saccharides, followed by fatty acids, were the dominant components of the organic coatings surrounding the salt cores of these particles. This combined Raman, infrared, and X-ray spectroscopic approach will enable further understanding of the factors determining the individual particle composition, which is important for understanding the impacts of SSA produced within estuaries and river outflows, as well as areas of snow and ice melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
A. Mirrielees
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Savannah M. Haas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | | | - Patricia A. Matrai
- Bigelow
Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Allison Remenapp
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Vanessa L. Boschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amanda M. Grannas
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Wei J, Fang T, Shiraiwa M. Effects of Acidity on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:336-345. [PMID: 35928555 PMCID: PMC9342606 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the chemical transformation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aerosol health effects by causing oxidative stress in vivo. Acidity is an important physicochemical property of atmospheric aerosols, but its effects on the ROS formation from SOA have been poorly characterized. By applying the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique and the Diogenes chemiluminescence assay, we find highly distinct radical yields and composition at different pH values in the range of 1-7.4 from SOA generated by oxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, toluene, and naphthalene. We observe that isoprene SOA has substantial hydroxyl radical (•OH) and organic radical yields at neutral pH, which are 1.5-2 times higher compared to acidic conditions in total radical yields. Superoxide (O2 •-) is found to be the dominant species generated by all types of SOAs at lower pH. At neutral pH, α-terpineol SOA exhibits a substantial yield of carbon-centered organic radicals, while no radical formation is observed by aromatic SOA. Further experiments with model compounds show that the decomposition of organic peroxide leading to radical formation may be suppressed at lower pH due to acid-catalyzed rearrangement of peroxides. We also observe 1.5-3 times higher molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acidic conditions compared to neutral pH by biogenic and aromatic SOA, likely due to enhanced decomposition of α-hydroxyhydroperoxides and quinone redox cycling, respectively. These findings are critical to bridge the gap in understanding ROS formation mechanisms and kinetics in atmospheric and physiological environments.
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5
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Qin J, Zhang L, Qin Y, Shi S, Li J, Gao Y, Tan J, Wang X. pH-Dependent Chemical Transformations of Humic-Like Substances and Further Cognitions Revealed by Optical Methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7578-7587. [PMID: 35650515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are macromolecular complex groups in water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC). pH is a crucial factor that influences the chemical transformations of HULIS in atmospheric particles, but this has been rarely investigated, especially under varying pH conditions. This study attempted to unveil the chemical transformation mechanisms of HULIS under a range of pH conditions using optical methods. The pH-dependent light absorption and fluorescence properties of HULIS were comprehensively analyzed; the acidity coefficient (pKa) of HULIS in relation to chemical structures was determined, and the hypothetical chemical transformation mechanisms of HULIS with increasing pH were analyzed by optical characterizations. The results suggested that pH greatly impacted the light absorption and fluorescence efficiencies of HULIS in both winter and summer seasons, and pKa was an important inflection point. The pKa of HULIS ranged from 3.5 to 8.0 in winter and 6.4 to 10.0 in summer. The acidic/basic groups were identified as -OH or -NH2 substituted quinolines, carboxylic aromatics, and pyridines. The pH-sensitive species accounted for about 6% and 21% of HULIS-C (carbon concentrations of HULIS) in winter and summer, respectively. The varying optical spectra with increasing pH might result from charge transfer or complex reactions with HULIS deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingnan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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6
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Fan W, Chen T, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D. A review of secondary organic aerosols formation focusing on organosulfates and organic nitrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128406. [PMID: 35149506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are crucial constitution of fine particulate matter (PM), which are mainly derived from photochemical oxidation products of primary organic matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and can induce terrible impacts to human health, air quality and climate change. As we know, organosulfates (OSs) and organic nitrates (ON) are important contributors for SOA formation, which could be possibly produced through various pathways, resulting in extremely complex formation mechanism of SOA. Although plenty of research has been focused on the origins, spatial distribution and formation mechanisms of SOA, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of SOA formation in the atmosphere remains to be detailed explored, especially the most important OSs and ON dedications. Thus, in this review, we systematically summarize the recent research about origins and formation mechanisms of OSs and ON, and especially focus on their contribution to SOA, so as to have a clearer understanding of the origin, spatial distribution and formation principle of SOA. Importantly, we interpret the complex interaction with coexistence effect of SOx and NOx on SOA formation, and emphasize the future insights for SOA research to expect a more comprehensive theory and practice to alleviate SOA burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulve Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
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7
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Wang X, Liu S, Bao L, Zhang H, Yuan S, He M, Yuan S. Enhanced uptake of methacrolein at the acidic nanoparticle interface: Adsorption, heterogeneous reaction and impact for the secondary organic aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149532. [PMID: 34426310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the moderate acidity of aerosols, the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) through acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions has become a recent concern. However, the detailed information on the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds adsorbed onto acidic aerosols remains uncertain. In this work, we investigated the multiphase chemical processes between methacrolein (MACR) and sulfuric acid (SA) and their relationship with SOA formation. Results show that the aqueous nanoparticle interface, especially when it is an acidic nanoparticle interface, is a perfect area to adsorb and accommodate MACR. The occurrence percentage of MACR on the interface is more than 70%. With the increase of SA concentration, the first solvation shell changed from only water to the mixture of SA and water, which facilitates the heterogeneous hydration reaction of MACR. Compared with the neutral nanoparticle interface, the acidic nanoparticle interface exhibits a better ability to uptake and accommodate gaseous carbonyl species. Moreover, SA can catalyze the hydration reaction of MACR inside the aqueous media, and the resulting oligomers contribute to the formation and growth of SOA. The hydration reaction indirectly promotes the continuous adsorption of MACR at the acidic nanoparticle interface. The rate constant shows a positive altitude dependence, and acid-catalyzed reactions have an important impact on environmental chemistry, such as cloud SOA formation, within the range of about 2-6 km. This study reports a complete description of the heterogeneous interactions between unsaturated carbonyl species and acidic nanoparticles by using molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry methods, aiming to provide some insights for the further study on heterogeneous chemistry and its role in the formation of tropospheric SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Bao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shideng Yuan
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiling Yuan
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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8
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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9
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Huang W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gao W, Li H, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhao S, Yan Y, Ji D, Tang G, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhang R, Wang Y. Exploring the inorganic and organic nitrate aerosol formation regimes at a suburban site on the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144538. [PMID: 33453527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-driven aerosol pollution frequently occurs during winter over the North China Plain (NCP). Extensive studies have focused on inorganic nitrate formation, but few have focused on organic nitrates in China, precluding a thorough understanding of the nitrogen cycle and nitrate aerosol formation. Here, the inorganic (NO3,inorg) and organic nitrate (NO3,org) formation regimes under aerosol liquid water (ALW) and aerosol acidity (pH) influences were investigated during winter over the NCP based on data derived from an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The campaign-averaged concentration of the total nitrate was 5.3 μg m-3, with a 13% contribution from NO3,org, which exhibited a significantly decreased contribution with increasing haze episode evolution. The diurnal cycles of NO3,inorg and NO3,org were similar, with high concentrations during the nighttime at a high ALW level, revealing the important role of aqueous-phase processes. However, the correlations between the aerosol pH and NO3,inorg (R2 = 0.13, P < 0.01) and NO3,org (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.01) during polluted periods indicated a contrasting effect of aerosol pH on inorganic and organic nitrate formation. Our results provide a useful reference for smog chamber studies and promote a better understanding of organic nitrate formation via anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Langfang Meteorological Bureau of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingchao Yan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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10
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Lei Z, Bliesner SE, Mattson CN, Cooke ME, Olson NE, Chibwe K, Albert JNL, Ault AP. Aerosol Acidity Sensing via Polymer Degradation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6502-6511. [PMID: 32227877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of atmospheric aerosols is a critical property that affects the chemistry and composition of the atmosphere. Many key multiphase chemical reactions are pH-dependent, impacting processes like secondary organic aerosol formation, and need to be understood at a single particle level due to differences in particle-to-particle composition that impact both climate and health. However, the analytical challenge of measuring aerosol acidity in individual particles has limited pH measurements for fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) particles. This has led to a reliance on indirect methods or thermodynamic modeling, which focus on average, not individual, particle pH. Thus, new approaches are needed to probe single particle pH. In this study, a novel method for pH measurement was explored using degradation of a pH-sensitive polymer, poly(ε-caprolactone), to determine the acidity of individual submicron particles. Submicron particles of known pH (0 or 6) were deposited on a polymer film (21-25 nm thick) and allowed to react. Particles were then rinsed off, and the degradation of the polymer was characterized using atomic force microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. After degradation, holes in the PCL films exposed to pH 0 were observed, and the loss of the carbonyl stretch was monitored at 1723 cm-1. As particle size decreased, polymer degradation increased, indicating an increase in aerosol acidity at smaller particle diameters. This study describes a new approach to determine individual particle acidity and is a step toward addressing a key measurement gap related to our understanding of atmospheric aerosol impacts on climate and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Samuel E Bliesner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Claire N Mattson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kaseba Chibwe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Julie N L Albert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Kaur Kohli R, Davies JF. Paper spray mass spectrometry for the analysis of picoliter droplets. Analyst 2020; 145:2639-2648. [PMID: 32064475 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02534k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental efforts have shown that single particle levitation methods may be effectively coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) using paper spray (PS) ionization for compositional analysis of picoliter droplets. In this work, we characterize the response of PS-MS to analytes delivered in the form of picoliter droplets and explore its potential for identification and quantification of these samples. Using a microdroplet dispenser to generate droplets, we demonstrate sensitivity to a range of oxygenated organic molecules typical of compounds found in atmospheric secondary organic aerosol. We assess experimental factors that influence the reproducibility and sensitivity of the method and explore the linearity of the system response to increasing analyte mass in droplets containing single or multicomponent analytes. We show that the ratio of analyte signal from multicomponent samples may be used to characterize the relative composition of the system. These measurements demonstrate that the droplet PS-MS method is an effective tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of single picoliter droplets containing picogram levels of analyte. The potential applications of this technique for characterizing the composition of levitated particles will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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12
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Freedman MA, Ott EJE, Marak KE. Role of pH in Aerosol Processes and Measurement Challenges. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1275-1284. [PMID: 30586311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
pH is one of the most basic chemical properties of aqueous solution, but its measurement in nanoscale aerosol particles presents many challenges. The pH of aerosol particles is of growing interest in the atmospheric chemistry community because of its demonstrated effects on heterogeneous chemistry and human health, as well as potential effects on climate. The authors have shown that phase transitions of aerosol particles are sensitive to pH, focusing on systems that undergo liquid-liquid phase separation. Currently, aerosol pH is calculated indirectly from knowledge of species present in the gas and aerosol phases through the use of thermodynamic models. From these models, ambient aerosol is expected to be highly acidic (pH ∼ 0-3). Direct measurements have focused on model systems due to the difficulty of this measurement. This area is one in which physical chemists should be encouraged to contribute because of the potential consequences for aerosol processes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Emily-Jean E Ott
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Katherine E Marak
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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13
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Rao G, Vejerano EP. Partitioning of volatile organic compounds to aerosols: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:282-296. [PMID: 30145420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exist mainly in the gas-phase rather than in aerosols, the concentrations of VOCs measured from aerosols are comparable to those of semi-volatile organic compounds, which preferentially partition into aerosols. VOCs that partition into aerosols may raise health effects that are generally not exerted by aerosols or by VOCs alone. So far, only scant reports on VOC/aerosol partitioning are available in the extant literature. In this review, we discuss findings presented in recent studies on the partition mechanism, factors affecting the partition process, existing knowledge gaps, and recommendations to help address these gaps for future research. Also, we have surveyed the different models that can be applied to predict partition coefficients and the inherent advantage and shortcoming of the assumptions in these models. A better understanding of the partition mechanism and partition coefficient of VOCs into aerosols can improve prediction of the global fate and transport of VOCs in the environment and enhance assessment of the health effects from exposure to VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Rao
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, United States
| | - Eric P Vejerano
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, United States.
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14
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Yang B, Ma P, Shu J, Zhang P, Huang J, Zhang H. Formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosol from ozonolysis of gasoline vehicle exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:960-968. [PMID: 29665636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gasoline vehicles are a major source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). However, current models based on known precursors fail to explain the substantial SOAs from vehicle emissions due to the inadequate understanding of the formation mechanism. To provide more information on this issue, the formation of SOAs from ozonolysis of four light-duty gasoline vehicle exhaust systems was investigated with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer (VUV-PIMS). Remarkable SOAs formation was observed and the SOAs were primarily aliphatic alkenes. PI mass spectra of the SOAs from all vehicles exhibited similar spectral patterns (a regular mass group with m/z at 98, 112, 126 …). Interestingly, most carbonyl products of aliphatic alkenes observed as major gaseous products have specific molecular weights, and the main formation pathway of SOAs can be explained well using aldol condensation reactions of these carbonyls. This is a direct observation of the aldol condensation as a dominated pathway for SOAs formation, and the first report on the composition and formation mechanism of the SOAs from the ozonolysis of gasoline vehicle exhaust is given. The study reveals that low molecular weight alkenes may play a more significant role in vehicle-induced SOAs formation than previously believed. More importantly, the PI mass spectra of SOAs from vehicles show similarities to the field aerosol sample mass spectra, suggesting the possible significance of the aldol condensation reactions in ambient aerosol formation. Since carbonyls are a major degradation product of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs through atmospheric oxidation processes, the mechanism proposed in this study can be applied more generally to explain aerosol formation from the oxidation of atmospheric hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pengkun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haixu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang XM, Ding X, Lu HX, Yao DW, Xu C. Observation of SOA tracers at a mountainous site in Hong Kong: Chemical characteristics, origins and implication on particle growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:180-189. [PMID: 28667845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important constituent of airborne fine particles. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters≤2.5μm) samples were collected at a mountainous site in Hong Kong in autumn of 2010, and analyzed for SOA tracers. Results indicated that the concentrations of isoprene SOA tracers (54.7±22.7ng/m3) and aromatics SOA tracers (2.1±1.6ng/m3) were on relatively high levels in Hong Kong. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and aromatics was estimated with the SOA tracer based approach, which constituted 0.35±0.15μg/m3 (40.6±5.7%), 0.20±0.03μg/m3 (30.4±5.5%), 0.05±0.02μg/m3 (5.6±1.7%) and 0.26±0.20μg/m3 (21.3±8.2%) of the total estimated SOC. Biogenic SOC (0.60±0.18μg/m3) dominated over anthropogenic SOC (0.26±0.20μg/m3) at this site. In addition to the total estimated SOC (17.8±4.6% of organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5), primary organic carbon (POC) emitted from biomass burning also accounted for a considerable proportion of OC (11.6±3.2%). Insight into the OC origins found that regional transport significantly (p<0.05) elevated SOC from 0.37±0.17 to 1.04±0.39μg/m3. Besides, SOC load could also increase significantly if there was influence from local ship emission. Biomass burning related POC in regional air masses (0.81±0.24μg/m3) was also higher (p<0.05) than that in samples affected by local air (0.29±0.35μg/m3). Evidences indicated that SOA formation was closely related to new particle formation and the growth of nucleation mode particles, while biomass burning was responsible for some particle burst events in Hong Kong. This is the first SOA study in afforested areas of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - X M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H X Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - D W Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - C Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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16
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Craig RL, Nandy L, Axson JL, Dutcher CS, Ault AP. Spectroscopic Determination of Aerosol pH from Acid–Base Equilibria in Inorganic, Organic, and Mixed Systems. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5690-5699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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17
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18
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Rossignol S, Couvidat F, Rio C, Fable S, Grignion G, Pailly O, Leoz-Garziandia E, Doussin JF, Chiappini L. Organic aerosol molecular composition and gas-particle partitioning coefficients at a Mediterranean site (Corsica). J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:92-104. [PMID: 26969549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular speciation of atmospheric organic matter was investigated during a short summer field campaign performed in a citrus fruit field in northern Corsica (June 2011). Aimed at assessing the performance on the field of newly developed analytical protocols, this work focuses on the molecular composition of both gas and particulate phases and provides an insight into partitioning behavior of the semi-volatile oxygenated fraction. Limonene ozonolysis tracers were specifically searched for, according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data previously recorded for smog chamber experiments. A screening of other oxygenated species present in the field atmosphere was also performed. About sixty polar molecules were positively or tentatively identified in gas and/or particle phases. These molecules comprise a wide range of branched and linear, mono and di-carbonyls (C3-C7), mono and di-carboxylic acids (C3-C18), and compounds bearing up to three functionalities. Among these compounds, some can be specifically attributed to limonene oxidation and others can be related to α- or β-pinene oxidation. This provides an original snapshot of the organic matter composition at a Mediterranean site in summer. Furthermore, for compounds identified and quantified in both gaseous and particulate phases, an experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficient was determined. Several volatile products, which are not expected in the particulate phase assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, were nonetheless present in significant concentrations. Hypotheses are proposed to explain these observations, such as the possible aerosol viscosity that could hinder the theoretical equilibrium to be rapidly reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Rossignol
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60 550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | - Florian Couvidat
- CEREA, Joint LaboratoryEcole des Ponts ParisTech/EDF R&D, Université Paris-Est, 77455 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Caroline Rio
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60 550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Sébastien Fable
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60 550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Olivier Pailly
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 20230 San Giuliano, Corse, France
| | - Eva Leoz-Garziandia
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60 550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France.
| | - Laura Chiappini
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60 550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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19
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Fu X, Guo H, Wang X, Ding X, He Q, Liu T, Zhang Z. PM2.5 acidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region in fall-winter of 2007-2012. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:484-492. [PMID: 25603297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on field observations and thermodynamic model simulation, the annual trend of PM2.5 acidity and its characteristics on non-hazy and hazy days in fall-winter of 2007-2012 in the Pearl River Delta region were investigated. Total acidity ([H(+)](total)) and in-situ acidity ([H(+)](in-situ)) of PM2.5 significantly decreased (F-test, p < 0.05) at a rate of -32 ± 1.5 nmol m(-3)year(-1) and -9 ± 1.7 nmol m(-3) year(-1), respectively. The variation of acidity was mainly caused by the change of the PM2.5 component, i.e., the decreasing rates of [H(+)](total) and [H(+)](in-situ) due to the decrease of sulfate (SO4(2-)) exceeded the increasing rate caused by the growth of nitrate (NO3(-)). [H(+)](total), [H(+)](in-situ) and liquid water content on hazy days were 0.9-2.2, 1.2-3.5 and 2.0-3.0 times those on non-hazy days, respectively. On hazy days, the concentration of organic matter (OM) showed significant enhancement when [H(+)](in-situ) increased (t-test, p < 0.05), while this was not observed on non-hazy days. Moreover, when the acidity was low (i.e., R = [NH4(+)]/(2 × [SO4(2-)]+[NO3(-)])>0.6), NH4NO3 was most likely formed via homogenous reaction. When the acidity was high (R ≤ 0.6), the gas-phase formation of NH4NO3 was inhibited, and the proportion of NO3(-) produced via heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 became significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Xiang Ding
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Quanfu He
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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21
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Gomez ME, Lin Y, Guo S, Zhang R. Heterogeneous chemistry of glyoxal on acidic solutions. An oligomerization pathway for secondary organic aerosol formation. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4457-63. [PMID: 25369518 DOI: 10.1021/jp509916r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous chemistry of glyoxal on sulfuric acid surfaces has been investigated at various acid concentrations and temperatures, utilizing a low-pressure fast flow laminar reactor coupled to an ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ID-CIMS). The uptake coefficient (γ) of glyoxal ranges from (1.2 ± 0.06) × 10(-2) to (2.5 ± 0.01) × 10(-3) for 60-93 wt % H2SO4 at 253-273 K. The effective Henry's Law constant (H*) ranges from (98.9 ± 4.9) × 10(5) to (1.6 ± 0.1) × 10(5) M atm(-1) for 60-93 wt % at 263-273 K. Both the uptake coefficient and Henry's Law constant increase with decreasing acid concentration and temperature. Our results reveal a reaction mechanism of hydration followed by oligomerization for glyoxal on acidic media, indicating an efficient aqueous reaction of glyoxal on hygroscopic particles leading to secondary organic aerosol formation.
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22
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Vione D, Maurino V, Minero C. Photosensitised humic-like substances (HULIS) formation processes of atmospheric significance: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11614-11622. [PMID: 24281675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitised reactions can produce compounds that closely resemble the humic-like substances (HULIS) occurring in atmospheric aerosols. The relevant processes have been observed in the laboratory, in both gas-solid systems and the aqueous phase. They involve triplet sensitisers (such as benzophenones, anthraquinones and nitroaromatic compounds, which yield reactive triplet states after sunlight absorption) or photogenerated oxidants like (•)OH, in the presence of substrates that undergo oligomerisation reactions upon oxidation. Formation of higher molecular weight compounds, modification of the wettability properties of organic films and photoproduction of substances with humic-like fluorescence properties have been observed as a consequence of the photosensitised reactions. Ozone plays an important but still not completely clear role in gas-solid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy,
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23
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Shakya KM, Peltier RE. Investigating missing sources of sulfur at Fairbanks, Alaska. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9332-9338. [PMID: 23927829 DOI: 10.1021/es402020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated disparities in elemental sulfur and inorganic sulfate concentrations in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data from 2005 to 2012 at a monitoring station in Fairbanks, AK. In approximately 28% of the observations from 2005 to 2012, elemental sulfur by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy significantly exceeded the inorganic sulfur by ion chromatography (IC), suggesting the presence of a significant quantity of unmeasured sulfur compounds. The mean ratio of sulfur by XRF to that by IC for only these cases was 1.22 ± 0.11. The largest discrepancies between elemental sulfur and sulfate were most frequently observed in the summer, although discrepancies were observed year round. Assuming the additional sulfur (other than inorganic sulfate) as the upper limit estimate, this work shows that organosulfur species (or the additional sulfur) account for 1.29% of organic carbon (OC) and 0.75% of PM2.5 in Fairbanks. An analysis of all available air quality system (AQS) data suggests that these recurring phenomena are linked to seasons, total carbon, inorganic nitrate, and elemental sources during cold periods and ozone during warm periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabindra M Shakya
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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24
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Lasne J, Laffon C, Parent P. Proton transfer reactions between nitric acid and acetone, hydroxyacetone, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde in the solid phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15715-21. [PMID: 23090634 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions of acetone, hydroxyacetone, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde with solid nitric acid (HNO(3)) films have been studied with Reflection-Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) under Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions in the 90-170 K temperature range. In the bulk or at the surface of the films, nitric acid transfers its proton to the carbonyl function of the organic molecules, producing protonated acetone-H(+), hydroxyacetone-H(+), acetaldehyde-H(+) and benzaldehyde-H(+), and nitrate anions NO(3)(-), a reaction not observed when nitric acid is previously hydrated [J. Lasne, C. Laffon and Ph. Parent, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 697]. This provides a molecular-scale description of the carbonyl protonation reaction in an acid medium, the first step of the acid-catalyzed condensation of carbonyl compounds, fuelling the growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC -Univ. Paris 06) and CNRS (UMR 7614), 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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25
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Fooshee DR, Nguyen TB, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A, Baldi P. COBRA: a computational brewing application for predicting the molecular composition of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6048-6055. [PMID: 22568707 PMCID: PMC3385869 DOI: 10.1021/es3003734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic aerosols (OA) represent a significant fraction of airborne particulate matter and can impact climate, visibility, and human health. These mixtures are difficult to characterize experimentally due to their complex and dynamic chemical composition. We introduce a novel Computational Brewing Application (COBRA) and apply it to modeling oligomerization chemistry stemming from condensation and addition reactions in OA formed by photooxidation of isoprene. COBRA uses two lists as input: a list of chemical structures comprising the molecular starting pool and a list of rules defining potential reactions between molecules. Reactions are performed iteratively, with products of all previous iterations serving as reactants for the next. The simulation generated thousands of structures in the mass range of 120-500 Da and correctly predicted ∼70% of the individual OA constituents observed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Select predicted structures were confirmed with tandem mass spectrometry. Esterification was shown to play the most significant role in oligomer formation, with hemiacetal formation less important, and aldol condensation insignificant. COBRA is not limited to atmospheric aerosol chemistry; it should be applicable to the prediction of reaction products in other complex mixtures for which reasonable reaction mechanisms and seed molecules can be supplied by experimental or theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Fooshee
- School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435
| | - Tran B. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | | | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435
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26
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Liu Z, Wu LY, Wang TH, Ge MF, Wang WG. Uptake of Methacrolein into Aqueous Solutions of Sulfuric Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:437-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Fa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Gang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Ramos J, Díez V, Ferretti C, Torresi P, Apesteguía C, Di Cosimo J. Gas-phase reduction of cyclic and acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones by hydrogen transfer on MgO. Effect of the ketone structure. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Liu Z, Ge M, Wang W, Yin S, Tong S. The uptake of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol into aqueous mixed solutions of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2069-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Determination of Dicarbonyl Compounds in Ambient Fine Particles by Liquid Chromatography after 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivative. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Li YJ, Cheong GYL, Lau APS, Chan CK. Acid-catalyzed condensed-phase reactions of limonene and terpineol and their impacts on gas-to-particle partitioning in the formation of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5483-5489. [PMID: 20550185 DOI: 10.1021/es101231m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the condensed-phase reactions of biogenic VOCs with C double bond C bonds (limonene, C(10)H(16), and terpineol, C(10)H(18)O) catalyzed by sulfuric acid by both bulk solution (BS) experiments and gas-particle (GP) experiments using a flow cell reactor. Product analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that cationic polymerization led to dimeric and trimeric product formation under conditions of relative humidity (RH) <20% (in the GP experiments) and a sulfuric acid concentration of 57.8 wt % (in the BS experiments), while hydration occurred under conditions of RH > 20% (in the GP experiments) and sulfuric acid concentrations of 46.3 wt % or lower (in the BS experiments). Apparent partitioning coefficients (K(p,rxn)) were estimated from the GP experiments by including the reaction products. Only under extremely low RH conditions (RH < 5%) did the values of K(p,rxn) ( approximately 5 x 10(-6) m(3)/microg for limonene and approximately 2 x 10(-5) m(3)/microg for terpineol) substantially exceed the physical partitioning coefficients (K(p) = 6.5 x 10(-8) m(3)/microg for limonene and =2.3 x 10(-6) m(3)/microg for terpineol) derived from the absorptive partitioning theory. At RH higher than 5%, the apparent partitioning coefficients (K(p,rxn)) of both limonene and terpineol were in the same order of magnitude as the K(p) values derived from the absorptive partitioning theory. Compared with other conditions including VOC concentration and degree of neutralization (by ammonium) of acidic particles, RH is a critical parameter that influences both the reaction mechanisms and the uptake ability (K(p,rxn) values) of these processes. The finding suggests that RH needs to be considered when taking the effects of acid-catalyzed reactions into account in estimating organic aerosol formation from C double bond C containing VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jie Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Institute for Environment, Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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31
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In situ measurements of gas/particle-phase transitions for atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6676-81. [PMID: 20142511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911858107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the gas/particle-phase partitioning of semivolatile compounds is critical in determining atmospheric aerosol formation processes and growth rates, which in turn affect global climate and human health. The Study of Organic Aerosol at Riverside 2005 campaign was performed to gain a better understanding of the factors responsible for aerosol formation and growth in Riverside, CA, a region with high concentrations of secondary organic aerosol formed through the phase transfer of low-volatility reaction products from the oxidation of precursor gases. We explore the ability of the thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG) to measure gas-to-particle-phase transitioning for several organic compound classes (polar and nonpolar) found in the ambient Riverside atmosphere by using in situ observations of several hundred semivolatile organic compounds. Here we compare TAG measurements to modeled partitioning of select semivolatile organic compounds. Although TAG was not designed to quantify the vapor phase of semivolatile organics, TAG measurements do distinguish when specific compounds are dominantly in the vapor phase, are dominantly in the particle phase, or have both phases present. Because the TAG data are both speciated and time-resolved, this distinction is sufficient to see the transition from vapor to particle phase as a function of carbon number and compound class. Laboratory studies typically measure the phase partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds by using pure compounds or simple mixtures, whereas hourly TAG phase partitioning measurements can be made in the complex mixture of thousands of polar/nonpolar and organic/inorganic compounds found in the atmosphere.
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32
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Stokes GY, Chen EH, Buchbinder AM, Paxton WF, Keeley A, Geiger FM. Atmospheric Heterogeneous Stereochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13733-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja904206t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Ehow H. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Avram M. Buchbinder
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Walter F. Paxton
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Alison Keeley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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33
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Second organic aerosol formation by irradiation of α-pinene-NOx-H2O in an indoor smog chamber for atmospheric chemistry and physics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Stokes GY, Buchbinder AM, Gibbs-Davis JM, Scheidt KA, Geiger FM. Heterogeneous Ozone Oxidation Reactions of 1-Pentene, Cyclopentene, Cyclohexene, and a Menthenol Derivative Studied by Sum Frequency Generation. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:11688-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803277s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Avram M. Buchbinder
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Julianne M. Gibbs-Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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35
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Li YJ, Lee AKY, Lau APS, Chan CK. Accretion reactions of octanal catalyzed by sulfuric acid: product identification, reaction pathways, and atmospheric implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:7138-7145. [PMID: 18939538 DOI: 10.1021/es7031373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric accretion reactions of octanal with sulfuric acid as a catalyst were investigated in bulk liquid-liquid experiments and gas-particle experiments. In bulk studies, trioxane, alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, and trialkyl benzene were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as major reaction products with increasing sulfuric acid concentrations (0-86 wt%). Cyclotrimerization and one or multiple steps of aldol condensation are proposed as possible accretion reaction pathways. High molecular weight (up to 700 Da) oligomers were also observed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry in reactions under extremely high acid concentration conditions (86 wt%). Gas-particle experiments using a reaction cell were carried out using both high (approximately 20 ppmv) and low (approximately 900 ppbv) gas-phase octanal concentrations under a wide range of relative humidity (RH, from < 1% to 50%, corresponding to > 80 wt% to 43 wt% H2SO4) and long reaction durations (24 h). One or multiple steps of aldol condensation occurred under low RH (< 1% and 10%, > 80 wt% and 64 wt% H2SO4, respectively) and high octanal concentration (approximately 20 ppmv) conditions. No cyclotrimerization was observed in the gas-particle experiments even under RH conditions corresponding to similar sulfuric acid concentration conditions that favor cyclotrimerization in bulk studies. No accretion reaction product was found in the low octanal concentration (approximately 900 ppbv) experiments, which indicates that the accretion reactions are not significant as expected when the gas-phase octanal concentration is low. A kinetic analysis of the first-step aldol condensation product was performed to understand the discrepancies between the bulk and gas-particle experiments and between the high and low octanal concentrations in the gas-particle experiments. The comparisons between experimental results and kinetic estimations suggest that caution should be exercised in the extrapolation of laboratory experiment results to ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jie Li
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Insitute for the Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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36
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Prather KA, Hatch CD, Grassian VH. Analysis of atmospheric aerosols. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:485-514. [PMID: 20636087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols represent an important component of the Earth's atmosphere. Because aerosols are composed of solid and liquid particles of varying chemical complexity, size, and phase, large challenges exist in understanding how they impact climate, health, and the chemistry of the atmosphere. Only through the integration of field, laboratory, and modeling analysis can we begin to unravel the roles atmospheric aerosols play in these global processes. In this article, we provide a brief review of the current state of the science in the analysis of atmospheric aerosols and some important challenges that need to be overcome before they can become fully integrated. It is clear that only when these areas are effectively bridged can we fully understand the impact that atmospheric aerosols have on our environment and the Earth's system at the level of scientific certainty necessary to design and implement sound environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 92093-0314, USA.
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37
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Burkholder JB, Baynard T, Ravishankara AR, Lovejoy ER. Particle nucleation following the O3
and OH initiated oxidation of α
-pinene and β
-pinene between 278 and 320 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Tahllee Baynard
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Edward R. Lovejoy
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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38
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Müller C, Iinuma Y, Böge O, Herrmann H. Applications of CE-ESI-MS/MS analysis to structural elucidation of methylenecyclohexane ozonolysis products in the particle phase. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1364-70. [PMID: 17372940 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the gas phase ozonolysis of methylenecyclohexane was analyzed in a series of indoor aerosol chamber experiments. Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-ITMS) was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of SOA constituents. A number of dicarboxylic acids in the range of C(5)-C(6), such as adipic acid and glutaric acid, were found as major components of the organic products. Besides these smaller compounds, the formation of higher-molecular-weight compounds were observed under both neutral and acidic conditions. MS/MS experiments were carried out in order to obtain information on the monomer units and the structure of the dimers. MS(2) experiments of the two most prominent dimers with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 257 and m/z 273 yielded common fragments of m/z 83, 129 or 145. Based on the fragmentation patterns, these dimers are tentatively identified as carboxylate ester acids containing a unit of adipic acid in the structure. The dimer with m/z 257 was nearly 60% of the total detected compounds for both the neutral and acidic seed particle experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Müller
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany
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39
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40
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Loeffler KW, Koehler CA, Paul NM, De Haan DO. Oligomer formation in evaporating aqueous glyoxal and methyl glyoxal solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:6318-23. [PMID: 17120559 DOI: 10.1021/es060810w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal and methyl glyoxal are common secondary atmospheric pollutants, formed from aromatic and terpene precursors. Both compounds are extremely water-soluble due to dihydrate formation and partition into cloudwater. In this work, FTIR-ATR and mass measurements indicate that both compounds remain primarily in the condensed phase due to oligomer formation when aqueous solution droplets are evaporated, regardless of concentration (> or = 1 mM) or, for glyoxal, droplet evaporation rate. FTIR spectral analyses suggestthat oligomer formation is triggered by conversion from dihydrate to monohydrate forms, which are still nonvolatile but contain reactive carbonyl groups. Methyl glyoxal hemiacetal formation is observed by changes in the C-0/C=0 stretch peak area ratio. The formation of glyoxal oligomers is detected by a dramatic shift of the C-0 stretching peak toward low frequencies. Glyoxal oligomer peaks at 1070 cm(-1), 950 cm(-1), and 980 cm(-1) are assigned to free C-OH stretch, dioxolane-linked C-OC asymmetric stretch, and tentativelyto non-dioxolane-linked C-OC stretches, respectively. Acids have little effect on glyoxal oligomer formation; however, base interrupts oligomer formation by catalyzing glyoxal hydration and disproportionation to glycolic acid. Since glyoxal and methyl glyoxal are commonly found in cloudwater and are expected to remain largely in the aerosol phase when cloud droplets evaporate, this process may be a source of secondary organic aerosol by cloud processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten W Loeffler
- Chemistry Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, USA
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41
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Nash DG, Tolocka MP, Baer T. The uptake of O3 by myristic acid-oleic acid mixed particles: evidence for solid surface layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:4468-75. [PMID: 17001415 DOI: 10.1039/b609855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The oleic acid ozonolysis in mixed oleic and myristic acid particles was studied in a flow tube reactor using single particle mass spectrometry. The change in reactivity was investigated as a function of the myristic acid concentration in these 2 micron particles. For pure oleic acid aerosol, the reactive ozone uptake coefficient, gamma, was found to be 3.4 (+/-0.3) x 10(-4) after taking secondary reactions into account. At the myristic acid crystallization point, where only 2.5% of the particle is in the solid phase, the uptake coefficient was reduced to 9.7 (+/-1.0) x 10(-5). This dramatic drop in the uptake coefficient is explained by the presence of a crystalline monolayer of myristic acid, through which ozone diffusion is reduced by several orders of magnitude, relative to liquid oleic acid. Scanning electron microscope images of the mixed particles confirm that the particle surface is crystalline when the myristic acid mole fraction exceeds 0.125. The findings of these experiments illustrate that particle morphology is important to understanding the reactivity of species in a mixed particle. The decay of myristic acid during the course of ozonolysis is explained in terms of a reaction with stabilized Criegee intermediates, which attack the acidic groups of the oleic and myristic acids with equal rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Nash
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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42
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Buzcu B, Yue ZW, Fraser MP, Nopmongcol U, Allen DT. Secondary particle formation and evidence of heterogeneous chemistry during a wood smoke episode in Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Buzcu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - Z. W. Yue
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - M. P. Fraser
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - U. Nopmongcol
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Texas; Austin Texas USA
| | - D. T. Allen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Texas; Austin Texas USA
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43
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Hastings WP, Koehler CA, Bailey EL, De Haan DO. Secondary organic aerosol formation by glyoxal hydration and oligomer formation: humidity effects and equilibrium shifts during analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:8728-35. [PMID: 16323769 DOI: 10.1021/es050446l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal is a significant atmospheric aldehyde formed from both anthropogenic aromatic compounds and biogenic isoprene emissions. The chemical behavior of glyoxal relevant to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and analysis is examined in GC-MS, electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, and particle chamber experiments. Glyoxal oligomers are shown to rapidly decompose to glyoxal in GC injection ports at temperatures > or = 120 degrees C. Glyoxal dihydrate monomer is dehydrated at temperatures > or = 140 degrees C during GC analysis but shows only oligomers (n < or = 7) upon ESI-MS analysis. Thus both of these analytical techniques will cause artifacts in speciation of glyoxal in SOA. In particle chamber experiments, glyoxal (at -0.1 Torr) condensed via particle-phase reactions when relative humidity levels exceeded a threshold of -26%. Both the threshold humidity and particle growth rates (-0.1 nm/min) are consistent with a recent study performed at glyoxal concentrations 4 orders of magnitude below those used here. This consistency suggests a mechanism where the surface water layer of solid-phase aerosol becomes saturated with glyoxal dihydrate monomer, triggering polymerization and the establishment of an organic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Hastings
- Chemistry Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, USA
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44
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Liggio J, Li SM, McLaren R. Heterogeneous reactions of glyoxal on particulate matter: identification of acetals and sulfate esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:1532-41. [PMID: 15819206 DOI: 10.1021/es048375y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive uptake of glyoxal onto particulate matter has been studied in laboratory experiments in a 2 m3 Teflon reaction chamber. Inorganic seed particles of different composition were utilized, including (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2SO4/ H2SO4, NaNO3, and simulated sea salt, while the relative humidity and acid concentration were varied. The organic composition of the growing particles was measured in situ with an aerosol mass spectrometer, providing particle mass spectra as a means of product identification. Aerosol physical characteristics were also measured with a differential mobility analyzer and condensation nucleus counter. Regardless of seed composition, particle growth was rapid and continuous over the course of several hours. Identification of several mass fragments greater than the glyoxal monomer suggested that heterogeneous reactionsto form glyoxal adducts of lowvolatility had occurred. Temporal analysis of the mass fragments was consistent with a proposed acid-catalyzed mechanism whereby glyoxal is first hydrated, followed by self-reaction to form cyclic acetal structures. Increased relative humidity slowed the formation of higher order oligomers, also consistent with the proposed mechanism. The relative contribution of various oligomers to the overall organic composition was strongly dependent on the relative humidity and hence the particulate water concentration. A mild acid catalysis was also observed upon increasing the acidity of the seed particles. Specific mass fragments were found that could only arise from sulfate esters and were not present on the non-sulfur-containing seed particles. This first evidence of the formation of organic sulfates in particles is presented together with a proposed mechanism and molecular structure. These results suggest that the formation of these products of glyoxal uptake can contribute significantly to secondary organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Liggio
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry and Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
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45
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Russell M. Predicting secondary organic aerosol formation rates in southeast Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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McIntire TM, Scott Lea A, Gaspar DJ, Jaitly N, Dubowski Y, Li Q, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Unusual aggregates from the oxidation of alkene self-assembled monolayers: a previously unrecognized mechanism for SAM ozonolysis? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:3605-9. [PMID: 16294238 DOI: 10.1039/b508147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of vinyl-terminated 3- and 8-carbon compounds were generated on Si substrates and reacted at room temperature with approximately 1 ppm gaseous O(3). A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was used to study the surface composition and morphology after oxidation. A distribution of large ( approximately 0.1-10 microm) organic aggregates was formed, while the surrounding substrate became depleted of carbon compared to the unreacted SAM. This highly unusual result establishes that the mechanism of ozonolysis of alkene SAMs must have a channel that is unique compared to that in the gas phase or in solution, and may involve polymerization induced by the Criegee intermediate (CI). Oxidation at 60% RH led to the formation of a number of smaller aggregates, suggesting water intercepted the CI in competition with aggregate formation. The uptake of water, measured using transmission FTIR, was not increased upon oxidation of these films. In conjunction with literature reports of polymer formation from VOC-NO(x) photooxidations, these results suggest that formation of aggregates and polymers in the atmosphere is much more widespread than previously thought. The implications for the ozonolysis of alkenes on surfaces, for the transformation of organics in the atmosphere, and for the reactions and stability of unsaturated SAMs, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M McIntire
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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47
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48
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Iinuma Y, Böge O, Miao Y, Sierau B, Gnauk T, Herrmann H. Laboratory studies on secondary organic aerosol formation from terpenes. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:279-94; discussion 363-86, 519-24. [PMID: 16161789 DOI: 10.1039/b502160j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) following the ozonolysis of terpene has been investigated intensively in recent years. The enhancement of SOA yields from the acid catalysed reactions of organics on aerosol surfaces or in the bulk particle phase has been receiving great attention. Recent studies show that the presence of acidic seed particles increases the SOA yield significantly (M. S. Jang and R. M. Kamens, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35, 4758, ref. 1; M. S. Jang, N. M. Czoschke, S. Lee and R. M. Kamens, Science, 2002, 298, 814, ref. 2; N. M. Czoschke, M. Jang and R. M. Kamens, Atmos. Environ., 2003, 37, 4287, ref. 3; M. S. Jang, B. Carroll, B. Chandramouli and R. M. Kamens, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 3828, ref. 4; Y. Iinuma, O. Böge, T. Gnauk and H. Herrmann, Atmos. Environ., 2004, 38, 761, ref. 5; S. Gao, M. Keywood, N. L. Ng, J. Surratt, V. Varutbangkul, R. Bahreini, R. C. Flagan and J. H. Seinfeld, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2004, 108, 10147, ref. 6). More detailed studies report the formation of higher molecular weight products in SOA (refs. 5 and 6; M. P. Tolocka, M. Jang, J. M. Ginter, F. J. Cox, R. M. Kamens and M. V. Johnston, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 1428, ref. 7; S. Gao, N. L. Ng, M. Keywood, V. Varutbangkul, R. Bahreini, A. Nenes, J. He, K. Y. Yoo, J. L. Beauchamp, R. P. Hodyss, R. C. Flagan and J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 6582, ref. 8) which could result in a non-reversible uptake of organics into the particle phase. Most of the past studies concentrated on the characterisation of the yields of enhanced SOA and its composition from ozonolysis of terpenes in the presence or absence of acidic and neutral seed particles. Recent findings from cyclohexene ozonolysis show that the presence of OH scavengers can also significantly influence the SOA yield. Our new results from the IfT chemistry department aerosol chamber on terpene ozonolysis in the presence of OH scavengers show that the presence of hydroxyl radical scavengers clearly reduces the amount of formed SOA. The OH scavenger strongly depletes the formation of oligomeric compounds in the particle phase in contrast to previous findings (M. D. Keywood, J. H. Kroll, V. Varatbangkul, R. Bahreini, R. C. Flagan and J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 3343, ref. 9). This result indicates that hydroxyl radicals play an important role in the formation of precursor compounds (e.g., hydroxy pinonaldehyde) for the particle phase heterogeneous acid catalysed reactions leading to the higher molecular weight compounds and thus the enhancement of SOA yields. Better understanding of the role of hydroxyl radicals in the formation of SOA is necessary to distinguish between the contribution of ozonolysis and hydroxyl radicals to the SOA yield. If the recent findings are a ubiquitous phenomenon in the atmosphere, current atmospheric and climate models might underestimate SOA formation yields, particle phase OC contents and its impact on the atmospheric radiation budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Kroll JH, Ng NL, Murphy SM, Varutbangkul V, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Chamber studies of secondary organic aerosol growth by reactive uptake of simple carbonyl compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Michelsen RR, Ashbourn SFM, Iraci LT. Dissolution, speciation, and reaction of acetaldehyde in cold sulfuric acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Michelsen
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Samantha F. M. Ashbourn
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Laura T. Iraci
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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