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Chen Y, Wang Y, Headley JV, Huang R. Sample preparation, analytical characterization, monitoring, risk assessment and treatment of naphthenic acids in industrial wastewater and surrounding water impacted by unconventional petroleum production. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169636. [PMID: 38157903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Industrial extraction of unconventional petroleum results in notable volumes of oil sands process water (OSPW), containing elevated concentrations of naphthenic acids (NAs). The presence of NAs represents an intricate amalgamation of dissolved organic constituents, thereby presenting a notable hurdle for the domain of environmental analytical chemistry. There is growing concern about monitoring the potential seepage of OSPW NAs into nearby groundwater and river water. This review summarizes recent studies on sample preparation, characterization, monitoring, risk assessment, and treatment of NAs in industrial wastewater and surrounding water. Sample preparation approaches, such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase microextraction, and solid phase extraction, are crucial in isolating chemical standards, performing molecular level analysis, assessing aquatic toxicity, monitoring, and treating OSPW. Instrument techniques for NAs analysis were reviewed to cover different injection modes, ionization sources, and mass analyzers. Recent studies of transfer and transformation of NAs provide insights to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural bitumen-derived sources of NAs. In addition, related risk assessment and treatment studies were also present for elucidation of environmental implication and reclamation strategies. The synthesis of the current state of scientific knowledge presented in this review targets government regulators, academic researchers, and industrial scientists with interests spanning analytical chemistry, toxicology, and wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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2
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Meng L, How ZT, Chelme-Ayala P, Benally C, Gamal El-Din M. Z-scheme plasmonic Ag decorated Bi 2WO 6/NiO hybrids for enhanced photocatalytic treatment of naphthenic acids in real oil sands process water under simulated solar irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2023; 454:131441. [PMID: 37116326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel photocatalyst, Bi2WO6/NiO/Ag, with hierarchical flower-like Z-scheme heterojunction, which exhibited excellent stability and photocatalytic activity over a wide light spectrum, was firstly synthesized and used in the remediation of real oil sands process water (OSPW) and achieved complete removal of aromatics, classical naphthenic acids (NAs), and heteroatomic NAs after 6 h of photocatalytic treatment. The acute toxicity of OSPW was completely eliminated after only 2 h of treatment. h+ and ∙OH were found to be the major oxidative species in the photocatalytic system. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is the result of the unique Z-scheme electron transfer among electron mediators Ag, NiO, and Bi2WO6, which was supported by the in-situ irradiated XPS. The study benefits the design of engineered passive treatment approach for OSPW remediation through solar light-driven catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Meng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea Benally
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Roy MA, Mohan A, Karasik Y, Tobiason JE, Reckhow DA, Timme-Laragy AR. The Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Model as a Tool to Assess Drinking Water Treatment Efficacy for Freshwater Impacted by Crude Oil Spill. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:2822-2834. [PMID: 36040130 PMCID: PMC9711864 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional approaches toward evaluating oil spill mitigation effectiveness in drinking water supplies using analytical chemistry can overlook residual hydrocarbons and treatment byproducts of unknown toxicity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to address this limitation by evaluating the reduction in toxicity to fish exposed to laboratory solutions of dissolved crude oil constituents treated with 3 mg/L ozone (O3 ) with or without a peroxone-based advanced oxidation process using 0.5 M H2 O2 /M O3 or 1 M H2 O2 /M O3 . Crude oil water mixtures (OWMs) were generated using three mixing protocols-orbital (OWM-Orb), rapid (OWM-Rap), and impeller (OWM-Imp) and contained dissolved total aromatic concentrations of 106-1019 µg/L. In a first experiment, embryos were exposed at 24 h post fertilization (hpf) to OWM-Orb or OWM-Rap diluted to 25%-50% of full-strength samples and in a second experiment, to untreated or treated OWM-Imp mixtures at 50% dilutions. Toxicity profiles included body length, pericardial area, and swim bladder inflation, and these varied depending on the OWM preparation, with OWM-Rap resulting in the most toxicity, followed by OWM-Imp and then OWM-Orb. Zebrafish exposed to a 50% dilution of OWM-Imp resulted in 6% shorter body length, 83% increased pericardial area, and no swim bladder inflation, but exposure to a 50% dilution of OWM-Imp treated with O3 alone or with 0.5 M H2 O2 /M O3 resulted in normal zebrafish development and average total aromatic destruction of 54%-57%. Additional aromatic removal occurred with O3 + 1 M H2 O2 /M O3 but without further attenuation of toxicity to zebrafish. This study demonstrates using zebrafish as an additional evaluation component for modeling the effectiveness of freshwater oil spill treatment methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2822-2834. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aarthi Mohan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yankel Karasik
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John E. Tobiason
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Reckhow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Crucello J, Medeiros Junior I, Mesquita de Carvalho R, Wang Hantao L. Profiling organic acids in produced water samples using vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction and gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chung TH, Zakaria BS, Meshref MNA, Dhar BR. Enhancing quorum sensing in biofilm anode to improve biosensing of naphthenic acids. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114275. [PMID: 35447397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of enhancing quorum sensing (QS) in anode biofilm to improve the quantifications of commercial naphthenic acid concentrations (9.4-94 mg/L) in a microbial electrochemical cell (MXC) based biosensor was demonstrated in this study. First, three calibration methods were systematically compared, and the charging-discharging operation was selected for further experiments due to its 71-227 folds higher electrical signal outputs than the continuous closed-circuit operation and cyclic voltammetry modes. Then, the addition of acylase (5 μg/L) as an exogenous QS autoinducer (acylase) was investigated, which further improved the biosensor's electrical signal output by ∼70%, as compared to the control (without acylase). The addition of acylase increased the relative expression of QS-associated genes (lasR, lasI, rhlR, rhlI, lasA, and luxR) by 7-100%, along with increased abundances of known electroactive bacterial genera, such as Geobacter (from 42% to 47%) and Desulfovibrio (from 6% to 11%). Furthermore, toxicities of different NAs concentrations measured with the Microtox bioassay test were correlated with corresponding electrical signals, indicating that MXC-biosensor can provide a dual platform for rapid assessment of both NA concentrations and NA-associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Chung
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116, Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Basem S Zakaria
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116, Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed N A Meshref
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116, Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada; Public Works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 El Sarayat St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Bipro Ranjan Dhar
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116, Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Acter T, Uddin N, Cho E, Riches E, Giusti P, Afonso C, Kim S. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Structural Elucidation of Petroleum Compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Porto NDA, Crucello J, Facanali R, Junior IM, Carvalho RM, Hantao LW. Profiling naphthenic acids in produced water using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462485. [PMID: 34474190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development of an analytical method to profile naphthenic acids (NAs) from produced water (PW). The NAs were isolated by hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME). A microwave-assisted methylation method was used to convert the free acids into its corresponding naphthenic methyl esters (NAMEs). The best reaction conditions were ascertained using central composite design. The optimized sample preparation method exhibited an improved analytical eco-scale value (80 vs. 61) compared to conventional liquid-liquid extraction. Although the primary goal was qualitative analysis of NAMEs (e.g., group-type separation) in produced water, the quantitative performance was also evaluated for future investigations. The instrumental detection and quantification limits were 0.10 ng mL-1 and 0.16 ng mL-1, respectively, using full spectrum data acquisition. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method ranged from 90.4 to 96.6 % and 3.3 to 13.1 %, respectively, using matrix-matched working solutions (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 µg mL-1). The monoisotopic masses of the adduct ions ([M+H]+) and its corresponding fine isotopic patterns were used to determine the elemental composition of the NAMEs in the PW samples. Qualitative analysis indicated the O2 class as the predominant class in all samples with carbon numbers ranging from C5 to C19 and double bond equivalent (DBE) values of 1 to 8. Additional classes of polar compounds, i.e., O3, O4 and nitrogen-containing classes, are reported for the first time by gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry and chemical ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália de Aguiar Porto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Juliana Crucello
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Roselaine Facanali
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Iris Medeiros Junior
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 20031-912 Brazil
| | - Rogerio Mesquita Carvalho
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 20031-912 Brazil
| | - Leandro Wang Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil.
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Meng L, How ZT, Ganiyu SO, Gamal El-Din M. Solar photocatalytic treatment of model and real oil sands process water naphthenic acids by bismuth tungstate: Effect of catalyst morphology and cations on the degradation kinetics and pathways. J Hazard Mater 2021; 413:125396. [PMID: 33626477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction from oil sands produces large quantities of oil sands process water (OSPW), which contains recalcitrant naphthenic acids (NAs). In this study, three different morphologies of bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) photocatalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method. The prepared catalyst was characterized to obtain its structural, textural and chemical properties and tested for the degradation of model NAs and real OSPW under simulated solar irradiation. Nanoplate, flower-like and swirl-like Bi2WO6 were prepared and the results showed that the flower-like structure exhibited the highest specific surface area and total pore volume. The highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of NAs was also demonstrated by the flower-like Bi2WO6, achieving complete degradation of cyclohexanoic acid (CHA) at fluence-based rate constant of 0.0929 cm2/J. Superoxide radicals (O2•-) and holes were identified as the major reactive species generated during the photocatalytic process. The effect of metallic ions on the degradation rates of S-containing and N-containing NAs differed and the heteroatom was found to be the main reactive site. The by-products of heteroatomic NAs were identified and degradation pathways were reported for the first time. The concentration changes of each byproduct were further estimated by mass balance. This research provides valuable information for the treatment of NAs by engineered passive solar-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Meng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Soliu O Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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Ye H, Chen L, Kou Y, How ZT, Chelme-Ayala P, Wang Q, An Z, Guo S, Chen C, Gamal El-Din M. Influences of coagulation pretreatment on the characteristics of crude oil electric desalting wastewaters. Chemosphere 2021; 264:128531. [PMID: 33065320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly polluted crude oil electric desalting wastewaters (EDWs) severely affect the efficiency of refinery wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Coagulation is an efficient pretreatment to reduce the impacts of EDWs. In the present study, the influences of coagulation pretreatment on the characteristics of EDWs of three typical Chinese crude oils, Liaohe heavy oil (LHO), Karamay heavy oil (KHO) and Daqing light oil (DLO), were investigated. The stability of three raw EDWs was broken and the contents of organic pollutants were significantly reduced by aluminum sulfate coagulation. More soluble COD and polar oils were removed from LHO-EDW (1241 and 98 mg L-1) and KHO-EDW (779 and 57 mg L-1) compared to DLO-EDW (417 and 11 mg L-1). Coagulation significantly changed the compositions of the organic pollutants of two heavy oil EDWs; however, slightly influenced DLO-EDW, particularly the polar organic pollutants. Most types of aromatic compounds, aliphatic acids and Ox polar compounds were removed from two heavy oil EDWs, but mainly alkanes were removed from DLO-EDW. As such, the differences in the types of dominant polar compounds became insignificant among treated heavy oil and light oil EDWs. Coagulation notably decreased the acute biotoxicity and improved the biodegradability of all treated EDWs. The residual organic nitrogen compounds in treated KHO-EDW contributed to a higher residual biotoxicity compared to treated LHO-EDW. The results demonstrate that coagulation can effectively improve the qualities of heavy oil EDWs by lowering the contents of organic pollutants and removing recalcitrant compounds, thus guaranteeing the efficiency of refinery WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangfan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yue Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhexuan An
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Shaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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10
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Zito P, Smith DF, Cao X, Ghannam R, Tarr MA. Barium ion adduct mass spectrometry to identify carboxylic acid photoproducts from crude oil-water systems under solar irradiation. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:2313-2321. [PMID: 33150906 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) samples were successfully cationized with barium, revealing many [M-H + Ba]+ peaks in both dark and simulated sunlight treatments. The DOMHC samples generated after light exposure exhibited a greater number of [M-H + Ba]+ peaks compared to the dark control. Multiple [M-H + Ba]+ peaks were investigated in the irradiated DOMHC using low resolution MS/MS in order to confirm the presence of diagnostic fragment ions, m/z 139, 155 and 196 in each treatment. Due to the high complexity of the bariated DOMHC mixture, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS/MS) was employed to obtain molecular level information for both irradiated and dark treatments. The irradiated DOMHC treatments had more bariated oxygenated species over a wide range of H/C and O/C when compared to the dark controls. Doubly bariated species were also observed in DOMHC, which provides evidence that photochemistry transforms DOMHC to even more complex mixtures with multiple oxygenations per molecule. This study provides evidence that barium adduct mass spectrometry can be successfully applied to DOMHC screening for the presence of COOHs, both in dark samples and solar irradiated samples. Furthermore, direct evidence and molecular composition of aqueous phase crude oil photoproducts is provided by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA. and Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | - Donald F Smith
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Xian Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
| | - Rana Ghannam
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA. and Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
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Abdalrhman AS, Zhang Y, Arslan M, Gamal El-Din M. Low-current electro-oxidation enhanced the biodegradation of the recalcitrant naphthenic acids in oil sands process water. J Hazard Mater 2020; 398:122807. [PMID: 32497857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining electro-oxidation (EO) with biodegradation for real oil sands process water (OSPW) treatment was evaluated in terms of naphthenic acid (NA) biodegradation enhancement. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) qualitative analysis showed that EO by graphite was able to degrade the different NA clusters in OSPW including: classical, oxidized and heteroatomic NAs. Applying EO even at current density as low as 0.2 mA/cm2 was still able to reduce classical NAs and acid extractable fraction (AEF) by 19% and 7%, respectively. EO pretreatment preferentially broke long carbon chains and highly cyclic carboxylic fractions of NAs in OSPW to improve the biodegradation of NAs. Aerobic biodegradation for 40 days reduced NAs by up to 30.9% when the samples were pre-treated with EO. Applying EO at current densities below 2 mA/cm2 maintained current efficiency as high as 48% and resulted in improvement in the biodegradation rate of remaining NAs by up to 2.7 folds. It was further revealed that applying EO before biodegradation could reduce the biodegradation half-life of classical NAs by up to 4.4 folds. 16S amplicon sequencing analysis showed that the samples subjected to biodegradation had increased abundances of Sphingomonadales and Rhodocyclales with increasing applied current density for EO pre-treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, United States
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada.
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Meshref MNA, Ibrahim MD, Huang R, Yang L, How ZT, Klamerth N, Chelme-Ayala P, Hughes SA, Brown C, Mahaffey A, Gamal El-Din M. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a surrogate tool for the quantification of naphthenic acids in oil sands process water and groundwater. Sci Total Environ 2020; 734:139191. [PMID: 32460069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs), defined herein as the polar organic compounds extracted from the acidified oil sands process water (OSPW) samples using dichloromethane, are becoming the research hotspot due to their presence in large amount in OSPW and along with other potentially NA-contaminated water streams from the mining site. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method is commonly used to quantify NAFCs and assumes that the total NA concentration is measured as the sum of the responses for all carboxylic acid functional groups. In this study, the NAFCs in various OSPW and groundwater (GW) samples from an active oil sands mining site were analyzed using FTIR. All water samples were pretreated using either solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) methods before analysis. The results showed that SPE produced higher recoveries of NAFCs than LLE for most water samples under current experimental conditions. For the quantification of NAFCs, commercial Fluka NA mixture and a pre-calibrated OSPW extract were employed as the calibration standards. The NAFCs calibrated with Fluka NA mixture and OSPW extract had clear linear relationships. The concentrations of NAFCs obtained using OSPW extract standard curve were 2.5 times the NAFC concentrations obtained using the Fluka NA mixture standard curve. Additionally, good linear correlations were observed between the total NAs and O2-O6 NA species determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOFMS) and the NAFCs measured by FTIR. According to these correlations, the NA compositions in NAFCs were developed, and the relative abundances of O2-O6 NA species in NAFCs were similar for SPE and LLE pretreated samples. The findings of this study demonstrated that FTIR could be used as a promising tool to monitor total NA species and to estimate the NA profile in different environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed D Ibrahim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hughes
- Shell Health - Americas, Shell Oil Company, 150 North Dairy Ashford Road, Houston, TX 77079, USA.
| | - Christine Brown
- Canadian Natural, Technology and Development, 324-8th Ave SW, Calgary, AB T2P 2Z2, Canada
| | - Ashley Mahaffey
- Coral Waters Consulting Inc., Shell Technology Centre Calgary, 3655 36 St NW, Calgary, AB T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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13
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Ye H, Liu B, Wang Q, How ZT, Zhan Y, Chelme-Ayala P, Guo S, Gamal El-Din M, Chen C. Comprehensive chemical analysis and characterization of heavy oil electric desalting wastewaters in petroleum refineries. Sci Total Environ 2020; 724:138117. [PMID: 32247129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of highly polluted point-source wastewaters (EDWs) are generated from electric desalting process of heavy oils (HOs), resulting in severe impacts on the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in petroleum refineries. In the present study, a comprehensive chemical analysis and characterization of EDWs of two typical Chinese heavy oils, Liaohe heavy oil (LHO) and Karamy heavy oil (KHO), were investigated using Daqing light oil (DLO) as a control. The HO-EDWs (LHO-EDW and KHO-EDW) show high pollutants contents with complicated compositions, more polar dissolved organic pollutants (DOPs), strong emulsion stability and high acute biotoxicity towards Vibrio fischeri, compared to DLO-EDW. LHO-EDW and KHO-EDW have nearly equal pollutants contents but different compositions and distributions, where more types of DOPs exist in KHO-EDW. Large amounts of biologically recalcitrant aromatic compounds, as well as heteroatomic compounds such as CHO, CHOS and CHON species, extensively distribute in HO-EDWs. The organic nitrogen compounds (e.g., anilines and N2-3Ox, N1OxS1) in KHO-EDW most probably contribute to and thus leading to elevated levels of acute biotoxicity. Additionally, highly dispersed colloidal, micron-sized particles and polar compounds promote the emulsification and stabilization of HO-EDWs. These results can guide the development of pretreatment technologies for HO-EDWs, thus improving the treatment and management of heavy oil refineries' wastewater streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangfan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Baodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yali Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Shaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China.
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14
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Tang Y, Craven CB, Wawryk NJ, Qiu J, Li F, Li X. Advances in mass spectrometry-based omics analysis of trace organics in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 128:115918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Patterson J, Arslan M, Zhang Y, Gamal El-Din M. Biofiltration of oil sands process water in fixed-bed biofilm reactors shapes microbial community structure for enhanced degradation of naphthenic acids. Sci Total Environ 2020; 718:137028. [PMID: 32109809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a complex mixture of carboxylic acids present in oil sands process water (OSPW). Their recalcitrant nature makes them difficult to be removed from the environment using conventional remediation strategies. This study hypothesized that, upon continuous operation, biofiltration of OSPW in fixed-bed biofilm reactors would allow the development of NA-degrading microbial community within the biofilter following successful removal. Both raw and ozonated OSPW were treated in the biofilters and changes in microbial community were tested via 16S/18S amplicon sequencing and metatranscriptomics. Through switch from suspended growth to attached growth, a shift in indigenous microbial community was seen following by an increase in alpha diversity. Concomitantly, improved degradation of NAs was monitored, i.e., 35.8% and 69.4% of NAs were removed from raw and ozonated OSPW, respectively. Metatranscriptomics analysis suggested the presence of genes involved in the degradation of organic acids and petroleum-related compounds. Specifically, functional abundance of aromatic compounds' metabolism improved from 0.05% to 0.76%; whereas abundance of benzoate transport and degradation pathway increased from 0.04% to 0.64%. These changes conclude that continuous operation of OSPW in the bioreactors was in favor of shaping the overall microbiome towards better NA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Jordan Patterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, PR China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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16
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Philibert DA, Lyons DD, Qin R, Huang R, El-Din MG, Tierney KB. Persistent and transgenerational effects of raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water exposure on a model vertebrate, the zebrafish. Sci Total Environ 2019; 693:133611. [PMID: 31634996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a by-product of Canadian oil sands mining operations, can cause both acute and chronic adverse effects in aquatic life. Ozonation effectively degrades naphthenic acids in OSPW, mitigating some of the toxicological effects of exposure. In this study we examined the effect of developmental exposure to raw and ozonated OSPW had on the breeding success, prey capture, and alarm cue response in fish months/years after exposure and the transgenerational effect exposure had on gene expression, global DNA methylation, and larval basal activity. Exposure to raw and ozonated OSPW had no effect on breeding success, and global DNA methylation. Exposure altered the expression of vtg and nkx2.5 in the unexposed F1 generation. Exposure to both raw and ozonated OSPW had a transgenerational impact on larval activity levels, anxiety behaviors, and maximum swim speed compared to the control population. Prey capture success was unaffected, however, the variability in the behavioral responses to the introduction of prey was decreased. Fish developmentally exposed to either treatment were less active before exposure and did not have an anxiety response to the alarm cue hypoxanthine-3-n-oxide. Though ozonation was able to mitigate some of the effects of OSPW exposure, further studies are needed to understand the transgenerational effects and the implications of exposure on complex fish behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Danielle D Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ketih B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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17
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Gamal El-Din M. Integrated mild ozonation with biofiltration can effectively enhance the removal of naphthenic acids from hydrocarbon-contaminated water. Sci Total Environ 2019; 678:197-206. [PMID: 31075586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An innovative biofiltration-ozonation-biofiltration process was established and applied for the treatment of oil sands process water (OSPW). With an equivalent hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h, the biofiltration pretreatment removed 24.4% of classical naphthenic acids (NAs) and 3.3% of oxidized NAs from raw OSPW with removal rate of 0.4 mg/L/h and 0.1 mg/L. Oxidized NAs showed higher resistance to the biofiltration process than classical NAs. The mild ozonation process (with utilized ozone dose of 30 mg/L) removed 84.8% of classical NAs and 11.5% of oxidized NAs from the biofiltrated OSPW with a degradation efficiency of 0.3 mg classical NAs/mg O3 and 0.1 mg oxidized NAs/mg O3. However, by using the same utilized ozone dose, the degradation of classical NAs and oxidized NAs from raw OSPW was 32.1% and 3.9% with ozonation efficiency of 0.1 mg classical NAs/mg O3 and 0.0 mg oxidized NAs/mg O3, respectively. Compared with the biofiltration pretreatment, the post biofiltration process (with HRT of 8 h) showed higher degradation effect on oxidized NAs with removal ratio of 22.9% and removal rate of 0.4 mg/L/h, but showed lower degradation effect on classical NAs with removal ratio of 6.7% and removal rate of 0.0 mg/L/h. After biofiltration-ozonation-biofiltration treatment, the microbial community structure in the biofilter was investigated by next generation sequencing. Proteobacteria and Rhodococcus were dominant bacterial phyla and genus in the biofilter, the abundance of which were 47.21% and 9.50% which were different from those in raw OSPW (62.88% and 0.72%). The change of microbial community structure could be resulted from the interaction between microbial community and the circulating OSPW. The ozonation integrated biodegradation process removed 89.3% and 34.0% of classical and oxidized NAs from OSPW which shows high potential to be applied by the oil and gas industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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18
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Huang R, Wang C, Chelme-Ayala P, Fang Z, Shi Q, Xu C, Gamal El-Din M. Ferrate oxidation of distinct naphthenic acids species isolated from process water of unconventional petroleum production. Sci Total Environ 2019; 672:906-915. [PMID: 30978552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Distinct naphthenic acid (NA) species were isolated from oil sands process water (OSPW) into 20 fractions via silver-ion solid phase extraction, prior to treatment using potassium ferrate(VI). Untreated and treated fractions F1-F20 were characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography traveling-wave ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify classical NAs (aliphatic O2-NAs mainly found in fractions F1-F4), aromatic NAs (aromatic O2-NAs in F6-F9), oxidized NAs (O3-, O4-, and O5-NAs in F14-F17), and sulfur-containing NAs (F16-F19). The Fe(VI) oxidation reactivity of individual NA species was studied with minimized confounding effects from the complicated OSPW matrix. Aliphatic and aromatic O2-NAs were found to have different reactivity towards Fe(VI) oxidation, with removals ranging from <50% up to 90% at 200 mg/L ferrate dose. The O3-NAs and O4-NAs from raw OSPW were recalcitrant species with slight degradation under Fe(VI) oxidation conditions. The Fe(VI) oxidation of O2-NAs generated new O3-NAs as byproducts or intermediate byproducts which finally resulted in more oxygen-rich Ox-NAs as the final byproducts depending on the Fe(VI) doses. Besides the obtained knowledge on chemical reactivity, current methodology (i.e., treatment of Ag-ion fractions of OSPW versus raw OSPW) could be applied to evaluate other treatment approaches as well as toxicity of distinct NA species for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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19
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Lari E, Steinkey D, Razmara P, Mohaddes E, Pyle GG. Oil sands process-affected water impairs the olfactory system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 170:62-67. [PMID: 30529621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a byproduct of the extraction of bitumen in the surface mining of oil sands, is currently stored in massive on-site tailings ponds. Determining the potential effects of OSPW on aquatic ecosystems is of main concern to oil sands companies and legislators concerned about the reclamation of mining sites. In the present study, the interaction of OSPW with the chemosensory system of rainbow trout was studied. Using an electro-olfactography (EOG) technique, a 24 h inhibition curve was established and concentrations that inhibit the olfactory system by 20% and 80% (IC20 and IC80) were estimated at 3% and 22% OSPW, respectively. To study the interaction of exposure time and concentration along with the mechanism of the toxic effects, rainbow trout were exposed to 3% and 22% OSPW for 2, 24, and 96 h. An EOG investigation of olfactory sensitivity demonstrated a positive interaction between exposure time and concentration of OSPW concentration, because an increase in either or both elevated the inhibitory effect. To investigate whether or not structural damage of the olfactory epithelium could account for the observed inhibitory effects of OSPW on fish olfaction, the ultrastructure of the olfactory epithelium of exposed fish was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The SEM micrographs showed no changes in the structure of the olfactory epithelium. The light micrographs revealed an increase in the number of mucous cells in 22% OSPW. The results of the present study demonstrated that exposure to OSPW impairs the olfactory system of rainbow trout and its effects increase gradually with increasing exposure time. The present study demonstrated that structural epithelial damage did not contribute to the inhibitory effects of OSPW on the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Parastoo Razmara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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20
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Huang R, Qin R, Chelme-Ayala P, Wang C, Gamal El-Din M. Assessment of ozonation reactivity of aromatic and oxidized naphthenic acids species separated using a silver-ion solid phase extraction method. Chemosphere 2019; 219:313-320. [PMID: 30543967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the complexity of naphthenic acids (NAs) in oil sands process water (OSPW), previous ozone-treatment studies mainly investigated the removal of classical NAs (aliphatic O2-NAs) and the understanding of ozonation reactivity of other NA species has been limited. This work utilized a silver-ion solid phase extraction (SPE) approach to separate individual NA species into 20 fractions before subsequent ozone treatment. The ozonation reactivity of aromatic and oxidized NA species in isolated fractions was studied for the first time. Untreated and ozone-treated SPE fractions were characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The removals of aliphatic O2-NAs (Fraction 3), aromatic O2-NAs (Fraction 8), O3-NAs (Fraction 11), and O4-NAs (Fraction 17) with an applied ozone dosage of 16.8 mg L-1 were 97.2%, 94.7%, 59.4% and 44.7%, respectively. The results showed that aromatic and oxidized NAs with larger carbon number were favorably removed during ozonation treatment. Comparison of the ozone utilization efficiency for different NA species indicated that the degradation of oxidized NAs consumed more ozone in molar ratio than the degradation of classical and aromatic NAs. The reactivity of oxidized NAs was lower than that of classical NAs because the former consumed more ozone in molar ratio during reactions. Knowing the reactivity of different NA species is crucial for the design of ozonation systems targeting species with high toxicity. Moreover, the utilization of silver-ion SPE pre-separation approach has been demonstrated for future studies investigating the degradation mechanism of distinct NA species under other treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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21
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Lyons DD, Philibert DA, Zablocki T, Qin R, Huang R, Gamal El-Din M, Tierney KB. Assessment of raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water exposure in developing zebrafish: Associating morphological changes with gene expression. Environ Pollut 2018; 241:959-968. [PMID: 30029330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing amounts of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) accumulating from Canada's oil sands operations, its eventual release must be considered. As OSPW has been found to be both acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, remediation processes must be developed to lower its toxicity. Ozone treatment is currently being studied as a tool to facilitate the removal of organic constituents associated with toxicity. Biomarkers (e.g. gene expression) are commonly used when studying the effects of environmental contaminants, however, they are not always indicative of adverse effects at the whole organism level. In this study, we assessed the effects of OSPW exposure on developing zebrafish by linking gene expression to relevant cellular and whole organism level endpoints. We also investigated whether or not ozone treatment decreased biomarkers and any associated toxicity observed from OSPW exposure. The concentrations of classical naphthenic acids in the raw and ozonated OSPW used in this study were 16.9 mg/L and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. Ozone treatment reduced the total amount of naphthenic acids (NAs) in the OSPW sample by 92%. We found that exposure to both raw and ozonated OSPW had no effect on the survival of zebrafish embryos. The expression levels of biotransformation genes CYP1A and CYP1B were induced by raw OSPW exposure, with CYP1B being more highly expressed than CYP1A. In contrast, ozonated OSPW exposure did not increase the expression of CYP1A and only slightly induced CYP1B. A decrease in cardiac development and function genes (NKX2.5 and APT2a2a) was not associates with large changes in heart rate, arrhythmia or heart size. We did not find any indications of craniofacial abnormalities or of increased occurrence of apoptotic cells. Overall, our study found that OSPW was not overtly toxic to zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Taylor Zablocki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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22
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Yassine MM, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Investigation of isomeric structures in a commercial mixture of naphthenic acids using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid traveling wave ion mobility-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Xue J, Huang C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Gamal El-Din M. Bioreactors for oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) treatment: A critical review. Sci Total Environ 2018; 627:916-933. [PMID: 29426216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Canada has the world's largest oil sands reservoirs. Surface mining and subsequent caustic hot water extraction of bitumen lead to an enormous quantity of tailings (volumetric ratio bitumen:water=9:1). Due to the zero-discharge approach and the persistency of the complex matrix, oil producers are storing oil sands tailings in vast ponds in Northern Alberta. Oil sands tailings are comprised of sand, clay and process-affected water (OSPW). OSPW contains an extremely complex matrix of organic contaminants (e.g., naphthenic acids (NAs), residual bitumen, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), which has proven to be toxic to a variety of aquatic species. Biodegradation, among a variety of examined methods, is believed to be one of the most cost effective and practical to treat OSPW. A number of studies have been published on the removal of oil sands related contaminants using biodegradation-based practices. This review focuses on the treatment of OSPW using various bioreactors, comparing bioreactor configurations, operating conditions, performance evaluation and microbial community dynamics. Effort is made to identify the governing biotic and abiotic factors in engineered biological systems receiving OSPW. Generally, biofilms and elevated suspended biomass are beneficial to the resilience and degradation performance of a bioreactor. The review therefore suggests that a hybridization of biofilms and membrane technology (to ensure higher suspended microbial biomass) is a more promising option to remove OSPW organic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chunkai Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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24
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Gamal El-Din M. Degradation of recalcitrant naphthenic acids from raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected waters by a semi-passive biofiltration process. Water Res 2018; 133:310-318. [PMID: 29407712 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a fixed-bed biofiltration system (biofilter) that utilized indigenous microorganisms was developed for the reclamation of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). With the assistance of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), indigenous microorganisms from OSPW were able to attach to the surface of sand media and form biofilms. The number of total bacteria on the biofilter media reached a steady state (109/g) after 23 days of operation. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS) analysis showed that 21.8% of the classical naphthenic acids (NAs) removal was achieved through the circulation of raw OSPW on the biofilter for 8 times (equivalent to a hydraulic retention time of 16 h). When ozonation with utilized ozone dose of 30 mg/L was applied as pretreatment, the classical NAs in the ozonated OSPW were removed by 89.3% with an accelerated biodegradation rate of 0.5 mg/L/h. Compared with other biofilm reactors such as moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), ozonation pretreatment could benefit the biodegradation of NAs in the biofilter more (classical NA removal: 89.3% vs. 34.4%), especially for those with high carbon number and cyclicity. The combined ozonation-biofiltration process could remove 92.7% of classical NAs from raw OSPW in 16 h. Although both ozonation and biofiltration alone did not show degradation of oxidized NAs from raw OSPW, the combined process led to a 52.9% and 42.6% removal for O3-NAs and O4-NAs, respectively, which were the dominant oxidized NA species in OSPW. Metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that Rhodococcus was the dominant bacterial genus on the sand media, which may play a crucial role during the NA biodegradation. With the advantage of high NA removal efficiency, the combined ozonation-biofiltration process is a promising approach for NA degradation and shows high potential to be scaled up for in-situ OSPW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Xue J, Liu Y, Gamal El-Din M. The role of ozone pretreatment on optimization of membrane bioreactor for treatment of oil sands process-affected water. J Hazard Mater 2018; 347:470-477. [PMID: 29367155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously, anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) coupled with mild ozonation pretreatment has been applied to remove toxic naphthenic acids (NAs) in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). To further improve MBR performance, the optimal operation conditions including hydraulic retention time (HRT) and initial ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) need to be explored. In this study, the role of ozone pretreatment on MBR optimization was investigated. Compared with MBR treating raw OSPW, MBR treating ozonated OSPW had the same optimal operation conditions (HRT of 12 h and NH4+-N concentration of 25 mg/L). Nevertheless, MBR performance benefited from HRT adjustment more after ozone pretreatment. HRT adjustment resulted in NA removal in the range of 33-50% for the treatment of ozonated OSPW whereas NA removal for raw OSPW only fluctuated between 27% and 38%. Compared with the removal of classical NAs, the degradation of oxidized NAs was more sensitive to the adjustment of operation conditions. Adjusting HRT increased the removal of oxidized NAs in ozonated OSPW substantially (from 6% to 35%). It was also noticed that microbial communities in MBR treating ozonated OSPW were more responsive to the adjustment of operation conditions as indicated by the noticeable increase of Shannon index and extended genetic distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Jinkai Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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26
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Huang R, Chen Y, Meshref MNA, Chelme-Ayala P, Dong S, Ibrahim MD, Wang C, Klamerth N, Hughes SA, Headley JV, Peru KM, Brown C, Mahaffey A, Gamal El-Din M. Characterization and determination of naphthenic acids species in oil sands process-affected water and groundwater from oil sands development area of Alberta, Canada. Water Res 2018; 128:129-137. [PMID: 29100206 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the monitoring and assessment of naphthenic acids (NAs) in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), Pleistocene channel aquifer groundwater (PLCA), and oil sands basal aquifer groundwater (OSBA) from an active oil sands development in Alberta, Canada, using ultra performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) analysis with internal standard (ISTD) and external standard (ESTD) calibration methods and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) for compositional analysis. PLCA was collected at 45-51 m depth and OSBA was collected at 67-144 m depth. Results of Ox-NA concentrations follow an order as OSPW > OSBA > PLCA, indicating that occurrences of NAs in OSBA were likely related to natural bitumen deposits instead of OSPW. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was applied to avoid the matrix effect for the ESTD method. Reduced LLE efficiency accounted for the divergence of the ISTD and ESTD calibrated results for oxidized NAs. Principle component analysis results of O2 and O4 species could be employed for differentiation of water types, while classical NAs with C13-15 and Z (-4)-(-6) and aromatic O2-NAs with C16-18 and Z (-14)-(-16) could be measured as marker compounds to characterize water sources and potential temporal variations of samples, respectively. FTICR-MS results revealed that compositions of NA species varied greatly among OSPW, PLCA, and OSBA, because of NA transfer and transformation processes. This work contributed to the understanding of the concentration and composition of NAs in various types of water, and provided a useful combination of analytical and statistical tools for monitoring studies, in support of future safe discharge of treated OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Shimiao Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed D Ibrahim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hughes
- Shell Health - Americas, Shell Oil Company, 910 Louisiana Street, Houston, TX 77002, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Christine Brown
- Shell Canada Ltd., Shell Technology Centre Calgary, 3655 36 St NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Ashley Mahaffey
- Coral Waters Consulting Inc., Shell Technology Centre Calgary, 3655 36 St NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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27
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Blunt BJ, Singh A, Wu L, Gamal El-Din M, Belosevic M, Tierney KB. Reuse water: Exposure duration, seasonality and treatment affect tissue responses in a model fish. Sci Total Environ 2017; 607-608:1117-1125. [PMID: 28724250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Partially remediated gray (reuse) water will likely find increasing use in a variety of applications owing to the increasing scarcity of freshwater. We aimed to determine if a model fish, the goldfish, could sense reuse water using olfaction (smell), and if 30min or 7d (acute) and 60d (sub-chronic) exposures would affect their olfactory responses to natural odorants. We examined olfaction as previous studies have found that numerous chemicals can impair the olfactory sense, which is critical to carrying out numerous life-sustaining behaviors from feeding to mating. We also examined if fish olfactory and liver tissues would mount a response in terms of biotransformation enzyme gene expression, and whether treatment of reuse water with UV/H2O2 ameliorated adverse effects following reuse water exposure. We found that fish olfactory tissue responded to reuse water as it would to a natural odorant and that UV/H2O2 treatment had no influence on this. With acute exposures, olfactory impairment was apparent regardless of water type (e.g. responses of 23-55% of control), but in sub-chronic exposures, only the untreated reuse water caused olfactory impairment. The exposure of fish to reuse water increased the expression of one enzyme (CYP1A; >2.5-6.5 fold change) and reuse water treatment with UV/H2O2 reversed the effect. There was a seasonal effect that was likely due to changes in water quality (60d summer exposure impaired olfaction whereas spring and fall exposures did not). Overall, the data suggest that reuse water may be detected by olfaction, impair olfactory responses in fish receiving unavoidable exposures, and that exposure duration and season are important factors to consider regarding adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Blunt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - A Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - L Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - K B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
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28
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Meshref MNA, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Fate and abundance of classical and heteroatomic naphthenic acid species after advanced oxidation processes: Insights and indicators of transformation and degradation. Water Res 2017; 125:62-71. [PMID: 28830000 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological effects from all components in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are not known. Alternatively, monitoring the variations and abundance of different classes and compounds after treatments might be a useful approach in OSPW remediation. In this study, the variations in the compositions of classical and heteroatomic naphthenic acids (NAs) after treatment using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), mainly ozone and peroxone, and two different mass spectrometry methods; ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight (UPLC-TOFMS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR-MS), were examined. Two markers (O2S:O3S:O4S and O2:O4 ratios) were used to reveal changes and similarities of the treated water characteristics with those in natural waters. Both ratios decreased after all treatments, from 2.7:4.8:2.1 and 3.59 in raw OSPW to 0:1.4:0.5 and 0.7, respectively, in peroxone (1:2), becoming close to the reported ratios in natural waters. Toxicity toward Vibrio fischeri showed residual toxic effects after AOPs, suggesting that part of OSPW toxicity may be caused by specific compounds of NAs (i.e., similar reduction (50%) was achieved in both toxicity and abundance in O2 species with carbon 15-26) and/or generated by-products (e.g., O3S classes at double bond equivalent (DBE) = 4 and C9H12O2 at DBE = 4). Although by-products were generated, the best biodegradability enhancement and chemical oxygen demand reduction were achieved in peroxone (1:2) compared to ozone, suggesting the possibility of using combined OSPW remediation approaches (i.e., peroxone coupled with biological process). The recommended indicators can assist in evaluating the treatments' performance and in examining the best removal levels to accomplish significant toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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29
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Farenc M, Paupy B, Marceau S, Riches E, Afonso C, Giusti P. Effective Ion Mobility Peak Width as a New Isomeric Descriptor for the Untargeted Analysis of Complex Mixtures Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2017; 28:2476-2482. [PMID: 28721674 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility coupled with mass spectrometry was proven to be an efficient way to characterize complex mixtures such as petroleum samples. However, the identification of isomeric species is difficult owing to the molecular complexity of petroleum and no availability of standard molecules. This paper proposes a new simple indicator to estimate the isomeric content of highly complex mixtures. This indicator is based on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the extracted ion mobility peak measured in millisecond or square angstrom that is corrected for instrumental factors such as ion diffusion. This value can be easily obtained without precisely identifying the number of isomeric species under the ion mobility peaks. Considering the Boduszynski model, the ion mobility profile for a particular elemental composition is expected to be a continuum of various isomeric species. The drift time-dependent fragmentation profile was studied and confirmed this hypothesis, a continuous evolution of the fragmentation profile showing that the larger alkyl chain species were detected at higher drift time values. This new indicator was proven to be a fast and efficient method to compare vacuum gas oils for which no difference was found using other analytical techniques. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Farenc
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, TRTG Gonfreville l'Orcher, Rogerville, France
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- TOTAL RC - CNRS Joint Laboratory C2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Pau, France
| | - Benoit Paupy
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, TRTG Gonfreville l'Orcher, Rogerville, France
- TOTAL RC - CNRS Joint Laboratory C2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Pau, France
| | - Sabrina Marceau
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, TRTG Gonfreville l'Orcher, Rogerville, France
- TOTAL RC - CNRS Joint Laboratory C2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Pau, France
| | - Eleanor Riches
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Ave., Altrincham Rd, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France.
- TOTAL RC - CNRS Joint Laboratory C2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Pau, France.
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, TRTG Gonfreville l'Orcher, Rogerville, France
- TOTAL RC - CNRS Joint Laboratory C2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Pau, France
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30
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Hughes SA, Huang R, Mahaffey A, Chelme-Ayala P, Klamerth N, Meshref MNA, Ibrahim MD, Brown C, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gamal El-Din M. Comparison of methods for determination of total oil sands-derived naphthenic acids in water samples. Chemosphere 2017; 187:376-384. [PMID: 28863291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There are several established methods for the determination of naphthenic acids (NAs) in waters associated with oil sands mining operations. Due to their highly complex nature, measured concentration and composition of NAs vary depending on the method used. This study compared different common sample preparation techniques, analytical instrument methods, and analytical standards to measure NAs in groundwater and process water samples collected from an active oil sands operation. In general, the high- and ultrahigh-resolution methods, namely high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-MS), were within an order of magnitude of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods consistently had the highest NA concentrations and greatest standard error. Total NAs concentration was not statistically different between sample preparation of solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. Calibration standards influenced quantitation results. This work provided a comprehensive understanding of the inherent differences in the various techniques available to measure NAs and hence the potential differences in measured amounts of NAs in samples. Results from this study will contribute to the analytical method standardization for NA analysis in oil sands related water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hughes
- Shell Health - Americas, Shell Oil Company, 910 Louisiana Street, Houston, TX 77002, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ashley Mahaffey
- Coral Waters Consulting Inc, Shell Technology Centre Calgary, 3655 36 St NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed D Ibrahim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Christine Brown
- Shell Canada Ltd. Shell Technology Centre Calgary, 3655 36 St NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 1Y8, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
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31
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Fu L, Li C, Lillico DME, Phillips NAI, Gamal El-Din M, Belosevic M, Stafford JL. Comparison of the Acute Immunotoxicity of Nonfractionated and Fractionated Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Using Mammalian Macrophages. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:8624-8634. [PMID: 28682603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OSPW is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic substances and its principal toxic components have yet to be fully characterized. Previously, we showed in vitro that the oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) organic fraction (OF) caused a concentration-dependent immunotoxicity in mammals. In the present study we further explore the immunotoxicological properties of OSPW in mammals using a series of in vitro bioassays. Specifically, using the RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line we show that whole OSPW containing naphthenic acid (NA) concentrations ranging from 12 to 18 mg/L, significantly inhibited cell proliferation, reduced cell viability, and was directly cytotoxic, whereas the exposure of cells to equivalent doses of the OSPW-OF had no measurable effects. Whole OSPW exposures also caused morphological changes in RAW 264.7 cells, and at sublethal doses (i.e., 10 mg/L) it induced the early expression of the stress genes hmox1 and gadd45. In addition, at NA concentrations of 10 mg/L, whole OSPW but not the OSPW-OF had significant effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels and cytokine protein secretion activities. Finally, whole OSPW also impaired the ability of RAW 264.7 cells to perform phagocytosis. Overall, we demonstrate that exposure to whole OSPW (at NA doses ranging from 10 to 20 mg/L), but not the OSPW-OF caused both cytotoxic and immunomodulatory changes in mouse macrophages. This suggests that the complex mixture of inorganic and organic components found in whole OSPW are acutely toxic at much lower doses than we previously reported for the OSPW-OF (i.e., 50 mg/L) due to unknown additive and/or synergistic interactions that likely occur between the various components present in whole OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E1
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Nicole A I Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E1
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E1
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32
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Meshref MNA, Klamerth N, Islam MS, McPhedran KN, Gamal El-Din M. Understanding the similarities and differences between ozone and peroxone in the degradation of naphthenic acids: Comparative performance for potential treatment. Chemosphere 2017; 180:149-159. [PMID: 28402833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation at high doses is a costly treatment for oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) naphthenic acids (NAs) degradation. To decrease costs and limit doses, different peroxone (hydrogen peroxide/ozone; H2O2:O3) processes using mild-ozone doses of 30 and 50 mg/L were investigated. The degradation efficiency of Ox-NAs (classical (O2-NAs) + oxidized NAs) improved from 58% at 30 mg/L ozone to 59%, 63% and 76% at peroxone (1:1), 50 mg/L ozone, and peroxone (1:2), respectively. Suppressing the hydroxyl radical (•OH) pathway by adding tert-butyl alcohol did significantly reduce the degradation in all treatments, while molecular ozone contribution was around 50% and 34% for O2-NAs and Ox-NAs, respectively. Structure reactivity toward degradation was observed with degradation increase for both O2-NAs and Ox-NAs with increase of both carbon (n) and hydrogen deficiency/or |-Z| numbers in all treatments. However, the combined effect of n and Z showed specific insights and differences between ozone and peroxone treatments. The degradation pathway for |-Z|≥10 isomers in ozone treatments through molecular ozone was significant compared to •OH. Though peroxone (1:2) highly reduced the fluorophore organics and toxicity to Vibrio fischeri, the best oxidant utilization in the degradation of O2-NAs (mg/L) per ozone dose (mg/L) was observed in the peroxone (1:1) (0.91) and 30 mg/L ozone treatments (0.92). At n = 9-11, peroxone (1:1) had similar or enhanced effect on the O2-NAs degradation compared to 50 mg/L ozone. Enhancing •OH pathway through peroxone versus ozone may be an effective OSPW treatment that will allow its safe release into receiving environments with marginal cost addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Hydrogeology, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
| | - Md Shahinoor Islam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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33
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Zhang Y, Chelme-Ayala P, Klamerth N, Gamal El-Din M. Application of UV-irradiated Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetic acid (UV-Fe(III)NTA) and UV-NTA-Fenton systems to degrade model and natural occurring naphthenic acids. Chemosphere 2017; 179:359-366. [PMID: 28388447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a highly complex mixture of organic compounds naturally present in bitumen and identified as the primary toxic constituent of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). This work investigated the degradation of cyclohexanoic acid (CHA), a model NA compound, and natural occurring NAs during the UV photolysis of Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetic acid (UV-Fe(III)NTA) and UV-NTA-Fenton processes. The results indicated that in the UV-Fe(III)NTA process at pH 8, the CHA removal increased with increasing NTA dose (0.18, 0.36 and 0.72 mM), while it was independent of the Fe(III) dose (0.09, 0.18 and 0.36 mM). Moreover, the three Fe concentrations had no influence on the photolysis of the Fe(III)NTA complex. The main responsible species for the CHA degradation was hydroxyl radical (OH), and the role of dissolved O2 in the OH generation was found to be negligible. Real OSPW was treated with the UV-Fe(III)NTA and UV-NTA-Fenton advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The removals of classical NAs (O2-NAs), oxidized NAs with one additional oxygen atom (O3-NAs) and with two additional oxygen atoms (O4-NAs) were 44.5%, 21.3%, and 25.2% in the UV-Fe(III)NTA process, respectively, and 98.4%, 86.0%, and 81.0% in the UV-NTA-Fenton process, respectively. There was no influence of O2 on the NA removal in these two processes. The results also confirmed the high reactivity of the O2-NA species with more carbons and increasing number of rings or double bond equivalents. This work opens a new window for the possible treatment of OSPW at natural pH using these AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Reichert M, Blunt B, Gabruch T, Zerulla T, Ralph A, Gamal El-Din M, Sutherland BR, Tierney KB. Sensory and Behavioral Responses of a Model Fish to Oil Sands Process-Affected Water with and without Treatment. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:7128-7137. [PMID: 28525709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
If oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is to be returned to the environment, a desire is that it not adversely affect aquatic life. We investigated whether a relevant model fish (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) could detect OSPW using its olfactory sense (smell) and whether exposure to it would result in behavioral changes. We also investigated whether ozonation of OSPW, which lowers the concentration of organic compounds attributed with toxicity (naphthenic acids), would ameliorate any observed adverse effects. We found that OSPW, regardless of ozonation, evoked olfactory tissue responses similar to those expected of natural odorants, suggesting that fish could smell OSPW. In 30 min OSPW exposures, olfactory responses to a food odorant and a pheromone were reduced to a similar degree by OSPW, again regardless of ozonation. However, olfactory responses returned within minutes of exposure cessation. In contrast, in longer (7 d) exposures, olfactory responses remained impaired, but not in fish that had received ozone-treated OSPW. In the behavioral assay, fish avoided an introduced plume of OSPW, and this response was not affected by ozonation. Taken together, our data suggest that fish smell OSPW, that they may use this sense to mount an avoidance response, and that, if they cannot avoid it, their sensory responses may be impaired, unless the OSPW has received some remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Reichert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian Blunt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tia Gabruch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tanja Zerulla
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison Ralph
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta T6G 1H9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce R Sutherland
- Department of Physics and of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E1, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta T6G 1C9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Brunswick P, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Shang D. A traceable reference for direct comparative assessment of total naphthenic acid concentrations in commercial and acid extractable organic mixtures derived from oil sands process water. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2017; 52:274-280. [PMID: 27901640 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1253399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advantage of using naphthenic acid (NA) mixtures for the determination of total NA lies in their chemical characteristics and identification of retention times distinct from isobaric interferences. However, the differing homolog profiles and unknown chemical structures of NA mixtures do not allow them to be considered a traceable reference material. The current study provides a new tool for the comparative assessment of different NA mixtures by direct reference to a single, well-defined and traceable compound, decanoic-d19 acid. The method employed an established liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QToF) procedure that was applicable both to the classic O2 NA species dominating commercial mixtures and additionally to the O4 species known to be present in acid extractable organics (AEOs) derived from oil sands process water (OSPW). Four different commercial NA mixtures and one OSPW-derived AEOs mixture were comparatively assessed. Results showed significant difference among Merichem Technical, Aldrich, Acros, and Kodak commercial NA mixtures with respect to "equivalent to decanoic-d19 acid" concentration ratios to nominal. Furthermore, different lot numbers of single commercial NA mixtures were found to be inconsistent with respect to their homolog content by percent response. Differences in the observed homolog content varied significantly, particularly at the lower (n = 9-14) and higher (n = 20-23) carbon number ranges. Results highlighted the problem between using NA mixtures from different sources and different lot numbers but offered a solution to the problem from a concentration perspective. It is anticipated that this tool may be utilized in review of historical data in addition to future studies, such as the study of OSPW derived acid extractable organics (AEOs) and fractions employed during toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- b Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario , Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- b Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario , Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- c Agilent Technologies Inc. , Ontario , Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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Wang C, Huang R, Klamerth N, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Positive and negative electrospray ionization analyses of the organic fractions in raw and oxidized oil sands process-affected water. Chemosphere 2016; 165:239-247. [PMID: 27657816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the oxidative transformation of the organic species in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) in both negative and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. This is the first time to apply FTICR-MS to investigate species transformation in OSPW treatments by ferrate (VI), UV/H2O2, and molecular ozone, and also this is the first preliminary study to use positive ESI to investigate organic species in addition to naphthenic acids (NAs) in these treatment processes. The oxidation processes with potassium ferrate (VI), UV/H2O2, and ozone transformed the distribution profiles of Ox, OxSy, and OxNy organic fractions (i.e., species containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, with x, y specifying the oxygen number and sulfur/nitrogen number, respectively), with OxSy distribution profiles showing the most sensitive responses to the oxidation extent and can be used as a signature fraction to evaluate the oxidation effectiveness. Negative mode UPLC-TOF-MS confirmed the transformation pattern of Ox species observed with FTICR-MS, but positive mode UPLC-TOF-MS results showed severe discrepancies with FTICR-MS results and should be subjected for future further investigation, regarding the relatively low mass resolution of UPLC-TOF-MS. The investigation of the transformation patterns of different organic species using two ionization modes was a preliminary study to enhance the understanding of the efficiency, selectivity, and mechanism of different oxidation processes in OSPW remediation for both NAs and non-NA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Wang C, Klamerth N, Messele SA, Singh A, Belosevic M, Gamal El-Din M. Comparison of UV/hydrogen peroxide, potassium ferrate(VI), and ozone in oxidizing the organic fraction of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). Water Res 2016; 100:476-485. [PMID: 27232992 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of three different oxidation processes, UV/H2O2 oxidation, ferrate(VI) oxidation, and ozonation with and without hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenger tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) on the removal of organic compounds from oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) was investigated and compared. The removal of aromatics and naphthenic acids (NAs) was explored by synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS), ion mobility spectra (IMS), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H and (13)C NMR), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC TOF-MS). UV/H2O2 oxidation occurred through radical reaction and photolysis, transforming one-ring, two-ring, and three-ring fluorescing aromatics simultaneously and achieving 42.4% of classical NAs removal at 2.0 mM H2O2 and 950 mJ/cm(2) UV dose provided with medium pressure mercury lamp. Ferrate(VI) oxidation exhibited high selectivity, preferentially removing two-ring and three-ring fluorescing aromatics, sulfur-containing NAs (NAs + S), and NAs with high carbon and high hydrogen deficiency. At 2.0 mM Fe(VI), 46.7% of classical NAs was removed. Ozonation achieved almost complete removal of fluorescing aromatics, NAs + S, and classical NAs (NAs with two oxygen atoms) at the dose of 2.0 mM O3. Both molecular ozone reaction and OH reaction were important pathways in transforming the organics in OSPW as supported by ozonation performance with and without TBA. (1)H NMR analyses further confirmed the removal of aromatics and NAs both qualitatively and quantitatively. All the three oxidation processes reduced the acute toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri and on goldfish primary kidney macrophages (PKMs), with ozonation being the most efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Selamawit Ashagre Messele
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arvinder Singh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Huang R, Chen Y, Gamal El-Din M. Silver-Ion Solid Phase Extraction Separation of Classical, Aromatic, Oxidized, and Heteroatomic Naphthenic Acids from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:6433-6441. [PMID: 27183033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The separation of classical, aromatic, oxidized, and heteroatomic (sulfur-containing) naphthenic acid (NA) species from unprocessed and ozone-treated oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) was performed using silver-ion (Ag-ion) solid phase extraction (SPE) without the requirement of pre-methylation for NAs. OSPW samples before SPE and SPE fractions were characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-TOFMS) to corroborate the separation of distinct NA species. The mass spectrum identification applied a mass tolerance of ±1.5 mDa due to the mass errors of NAs were measured within this range, allowing the identification of O2S-NAs from O2-NAs. Moreover, separated NA species facilitated the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) characterization of NA compounds due to the removal of matrix and a simplified composition. MS/MS results showed that classical, aromatic, oxidized, and sulfur-containing NA compounds were eluted into individual SPE fractions. Overall results indicated that the separation of NA species using Ag-ion SPE is a valuable method for extracting individual NA species that are of great interest for environmental toxicology and wastewater treatment research, to conduct species-specific studies. Furthermore, the separated NA species on the milligram level could be widely used as the standard materials for environmental monitoring of NAs from various contamination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Wang C, Klamerth N, Huang R, Elnakar H, Gamal El-Din M. Oxidation of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water by Potassium Ferrate(VI). Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:4238-4247. [PMID: 27008571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the oxidation of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) by potassium ferrate(VI). Due to the selectivity of ferrate(VI) oxidation, two-ring and three-ring fluorescing aromatics were preferentially removed at doses <100 mg/L Fe(VI), and one-ring aromatics were removed only at doses ≥100 mg/L Fe(VI). Ferrate(VI) oxidation achieved 64.0% and 78.4% removal of naphthenic acids (NAs) at the dose of 200 mg/L and 400 mg/L Fe(VI) respectively, and NAs with high carbon number and ring number were removed preferentially. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectra indicated that the oxidation of fluorescing aromatics resulted in the opening of some aromatic rings. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis detected signals of organic radical intermediates, indicating that one-electron transfer is one of the probable mechanisms in the oxidation of NAs. The inhibition effect of OSPW on Vibrio fischeri and the toxicity effect on goldfish primary kidney macrophages (PKMs) were both reduced after ferrate(VI) oxidation. The fluorescing aromatics in OSPW were proposed to be an important contributor to this acute toxicity. Degradation of model compounds with ferrate(VI) was also investigated and the results confirmed our findings in OSPW study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Haitham Elnakar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
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Xue J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Gamal El-Din M. Treatment of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) using a membrane bioreactor with a submerged flat-sheet ceramic microfiltration membrane. Water Res 2016; 88:1-11. [PMID: 26454665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) into the environment is a concern because it contains persistent organic pollutants that are toxic to aquatic life. A modified Ludzack-Ettinger membrane bioreactor (MLE-MBR) with a submerged ceramic membrane was continuously operated for 425 days to evaluate its feasibility on OSPW treatment. A stabilized biomass concentration of 3730 mg mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per litre and a naphthenic acid (NA) removal of 24.7% were observed in the reactor after 361 days of operation. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed that the removal of individual NA species declined with increased ring numbers. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that Betaproteobacteria were dominant in sludge samples from the MLE-MBR, with microorganisms such as Rhodocyclales and Sphingobacteriales capable of degrading hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds. During 425 days of continuous operation, no severe membrane fouling was observed as the transmembrane pressure (TMP) of the MLE-MBR never exceeded -20 kPa given that the manufacturer's suggested critical TMP for chemical cleaning is -35 kPa. Our results indicated that the proposed MLE-MBR has a good potential for removing recalcitrant organics in OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
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Huang R, McPhedran KN, Gamal El-Din M. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Naphthenic Acids Species from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:11737-11745. [PMID: 26322530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-TOFMS), integrating traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode, was used to achieve two-dimensional (2D) separation (drift vs retention times) of naphthenic acids (NAs). Unprocessed and ozonated commercial NAs were used for method development. Only O2-NAs were found in unprocessed NAs with ozonation creating O3-NAs and O4-NAs. Unprocessed and ozonated oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) were examined to validate the method for complex matrix NAs. Ozonation increased the x number for Ox-NAs (2 ≤ x ≤ 5) and also impacted the -Z number distribution. OSPW extracted using dichloromethane removed the potential for sample matrix impacts and was used for MS/MS NAs characterization. The Ox-NAs (2 ≤ x ≤ 6) were identified with O2-NAs separated into three clusters indicating isobaric and isomeric species. MS/MS was used to verify compounds, while also indicating the presence of CH3CH2S- NAs groups. This result may be useful for future studies of sulfur-NAs fate, toxicity, and treatment. Overall, the value-added information provided by UPLC-IM-TOFMS makes it a promising analytical technique for analysis of NAs in complex OSPW samples. Moreover, this methodology can be used for other matrices to investigate relative molecular sizes and to separate complex species (e.g., fatty acids, lipids), making it beneficial for environmental and bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
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Vaiopoulou E, Misiti TM, Pavlostathis SG. Removal and toxicity reduction of naphthenic acids by ozonation and combined ozonation-aerobic biodegradation. Bioresour Technol 2015; 179:339-347. [PMID: 25553564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A commercial naphthenic acids (NAs) mixture (TCI Chemicals) and five model NA compounds were ozonated in a semibatch mode. Ozonation of 25 and 35 mg/L NA mixture followed pseudo first-order kinetics (k(obs)=0.11±0.008 min(-1); r(2)=0.989) with a residual NAs concentration of about 5 mg/L. Ozone reacted preferentially with NAs of higher cyclicity and molecular weight and decreased both cyclicity and the acute Microtox® toxicity by 3.3-fold. The ozone reactivity with acyclic and monocyclic model NAs varied and depended on other structural features, such as branching and the presence of tertiary or quaternary carbons. Batch aerobic degradation of unozonated NA mixture using a NA-enriched culture resulted in 83% NA removal and a 6.7-fold decrease in toxicity, whereas a combination of ozonation-biodegradation resulted in 89% NA removal and a 15-fold decrease in toxicity. Thus, ozonation of NA-bearing waste streams coupled with biodegradation are effective treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vaiopoulou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA
| | - Teresa M Misiti
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA
| | - Spyros G Pavlostathis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA.
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Klamerth N, Moreira J, Li C, Singh A, McPhedran KN, Chelme-Ayala P, Belosevic M, Gamal El-Din M. Effect of ozonation on the naphthenic acids' speciation and toxicity of pH-dependent organic extracts of oil sands process-affected water. Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:66-75. [PMID: 25460940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of naphthenic acids (NAs) and other organic constituents in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) stored in tailings ponds, poses a serious environmental threat due to their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms and wild life. In this work, four fractions of OSPW, extracted by dichloromethane at different pHs, were ozonated to determine the ozone impact on NAs degradation. Extracts distributions showed that high carbon number NAs (14-22) were associated with higher pH fractions (pH>7) and smaller carbon number NAs (7-13) with lower pH fractions (pH≤7). Extracts showed similar hydrogen deficiency (Z-number) patterns centered on Z=6. Analysis of the speciation of NAs and oxidized NAs in the four fractions showed that ozonation degraded most NAs (55% to 98%). Despite the high degradation levels, there was still significant toxicity of the fractions toward goldfish macrophages and measurable toxicity toward Vibrio fischeri. The toxicity of such a complex matrix as OSPW may be attributed to other organic compounds and degradation by-products not currently detected. Thus, there is a need to elucidate which compounds are responsible for the remaining OSPW toxicity and to determine if combined processes, such as ozonation followed by biological treatment, are able to completely detoxify OSPW. This work is taking the first steps into this direction, narrowing down the range of compounds which might be responsible for the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Jesús Moreira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Arvinder Singh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
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