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Lim S, Bassey E, Bos B, Makacha L, Varaden D, Arku RE, Baumgartner J, Brauer M, Ezzati M, Kelly FJ, Barratt B. Comparing human exposure to fine particulate matter in low and high-income countries: A systematic review of studies measuring personal PM 2.5 exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155207. [PMID: 35421472 PMCID: PMC7615091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the adverse health effects of air pollution, researchers have advocated for personal exposure measurements whereby individuals carry portable monitors in order to better characterise and understand the sources of people's pollution exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to assess the differences in the magnitude and sources of personal PM2.5 exposures experienced between countries at contrasting levels of income. METHODS This review summarised studies that measured participants personal exposure by carrying a PM2.5 monitor throughout their typical day. Personal PM2.5 exposures were summarised to indicate the distribution of exposures measured within each country income category (based on low (LIC), lower-middle (LMIC), upper-middle (UMIC), and high (HIC) income countries) and between different groups (i.e. gender, age, urban or rural residents). RESULTS From the 2259 search results, there were 140 studies that met our criteria. Overall, personal PM2.5 exposures in HICs were lower compared to other countries, with UMICs exposures being slightly lower than exposures measured in LMICs or LICs. 34% of measured groups in HICs reported below the ambient World Health Organisation 24-h PM2.5 guideline of 15 μg/m3, compared to only 1% of UMICs and 0% of LMICs and LICs. There was no difference between rural and urban participant exposures in HICs, but there were noticeably higher exposures recorded in rural areas compared to urban areas in non-HICs, due to significant household sources of PM2.5 in rural locations. In HICs, studies reported that secondhand smoke, ambient pollution infiltrating indoors, and traffic emissions were the dominant contributors to personal exposures. While, in non-HICs, household cooking and heating with biomass and coal were reported as the most important sources. CONCLUSION This review revealed a growing literature of personal PM2.5 exposure studies, which highlighted a large variability in exposures recorded and severe inequalities in geographical and social population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Eridiong Bassey
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Brendan Bos
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liberty Makacha
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Place Alert Labs, Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe; Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Diana Varaden
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, UK; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
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Liao J, Kirby MA, Pillarisetti A, Piedrahita R, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Mukhopadhyay K, Ye W, Rosa G, Majorin F, Dusabimana E, Ndagijimana F, McCracken JP, Mollinedo E, de Leon O, Díaz-Artiga A, Thompson LM, Kearns KA, Naeher L, Rosenthal J, Clark ML, Steenland K, Waller LA, Checkley W, Peel JL, Clasen T, Johnson M. LPG stove and fuel intervention among pregnant women reduce fine particle air pollution exposures in three countries: Pilot results from the HAPIN trial. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118198. [PMID: 34740288 PMCID: PMC8593210 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network trial is a multi-country study on the effects of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and fuel distribution intervention on women's and children's health. There is limited data on exposure reductions achieved by switching from solid to clean cooking fuels in rural settings across multiple countries. As formative research in 2017, we recruited pregnant women and characterized the impact of the intervention on personal exposures and kitchen levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Guatemala, India, and Rwanda. Forty pregnant women were enrolled in each site. We measured cooking area concentrations of and personal exposures to PM2.5 for 24 or 48 h using gravimetric-based PM2.5 samplers at baseline and two follow-ups over two months after delivery of an LPG cookstove and free fuel supply. Mixed models were used to estimate PM2.5 reductions. Median kitchen PM2.5 concentrations were 296 μg/m3 at baseline (interquartile range, IQR: 158-507), 24 μg/m3 at first follow-up (IQR: 18-37), and 23 μg/m3 at second follow-up (IQR: 14-37). Median personal exposures to PM2.5 were 134 μg/m3 at baseline (IQR: 71-224), 35 μg/m3 at first follow-up (IQR: 23-51), and 32 μg/m3 at second follow-up (IQR: 23-47). Overall, the LPG intervention was associated with a 92% (95% confidence interval (CI): 90-94%) reduction in kitchen PM2.5 concentrations and a 74% (95% CI: 70-79%) reduction in personal PM2.5 exposures. Results were similar for each site. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was associated with substantial reductions in kitchen and personal PM2.5 overall and in all sites. Results suggest LPG interventions in these rural settings may lower exposures to the WHO annual interim target-1 of 35 μg/m3. The range of exposure contrasts falls on steep sections of estimated exposure-response curves for birthweight, blood pressure, and acute lower respiratory infections, implying potentially important health benefits when transitioning from solid fuels to LPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Liao
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miles A Kirby
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Wenlu Ye
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona Majorin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - John P McCracken
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle De Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala; College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Erick Mollinedo
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle De Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala; College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Oscar de Leon
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle De Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Anaité Díaz-Artiga
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle De Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Luke Naeher
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joshua Rosenthal
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maggie L Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Meyer DD, Hill C, McCain K, Smith JA, Bessong PO, Rogawski McQuade ET, Wright NC. Embedding Usage Sensors in Point-of-Use Water Treatment Devices: Sensor Design and Application in Limpopo, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8955-8964. [PMID: 34133882 PMCID: PMC9207768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Health benefits from point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices come only with consistent use. Embedded sensors can measure the consistency of POU-device use and can provide insights about improving it. We demonstrate both potentials with data from SmartSpouts: accelerometer-based sensors embedded in spigot handles that record the duration and timing of use. In the laboratory, most sensor readings correlated well (>0.98) with manually timed water withdrawals. In the field, SmartSpouts measured >60,000 water withdrawals across 232 households in Limpopo, South Africa. Sensors proved critical to understanding consistent use; surveys overestimated it by 53 percentage points. Sensor data showed when households use POU devices (evening peaks and delayed weekend routines) and user preferences (safe storage over filters). We demonstrate analytically and with data that (i) consistent use (e.g., 7 continuous days) is extremely sensitive to single-day use prevalence and (ii) use prevalence affects the performance of contact-time-based POU devices, exemplified with silver tablets. Deployed SmartSpouts had limitations, including memory overflows and confounding device relocation with water withdrawal. Nevertheless, SmartSpouts provided useful and objective data on the prevalence of single-day and consistent use. Considerably less expensive than alternatives, SmartSpouts enable an order of magnitude increase in how many POU-device sensors can be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Meyer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Courtney Hill
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kelly McCain
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - James A Smith
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo, South Africa
| | | | - Natasha C Wright
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Weltman RM, Edwards RD, Fleming LT, Yadav A, Weyant CL, Rooney B, Seinfeld JH, Arora NK, Bond TC, Nizkorodov SA, Smith KR. Emissions Measurements from Household Solid Fuel Use in Haryana, India: Implications for Climate and Health Co-benefits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3201-3209. [PMID: 33566595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large concern with estimates of climate and health co-benefits of "clean" cookstoves from controlled emissions testing is whether results represent what actually happens in real homes during normal use. A growing body of evidence indicates that in-field emissions during daily cooking activities differ substantially from values obtained in laboratories, with correspondingly different estimates of co-benefits. We report PM2.5 emission factors from uncontrolled cooking (n = 7) and minimally controlled cooking tests (n = 51) using traditional chulha and angithi stoves in village kitchens in Haryana, India. Minimally controlled cooking tests (n = 13) in a village kitchen with mixed dung and brushwood fuels were representative of uncontrolled field tests for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic and elemental carbon (p > 0.5), but were substantially higher than previously published water boiling tests using dung or wood. When the fraction of nonrenewable biomass harvesting, elemental, and organic particulate emissions and modeled estimates of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are included in 100 year global warming commitments (GWC100), the chulha had a net cooling impact using mixed fuels typical of the region. Correlation between PM2.5 emission factors and GWC (R2 = 0.99) implies these stoves are climate neutral for primary PM2.5 emissions of 8.8 ± 0.7 and 9.8 ± 0.9 g PM2.5/kg dry fuel for GWC20 and GWC100, respectively, which is close to the mean for biomass stoves in global emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Weltman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rufus D Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lauren T Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ankit Yadav
- INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Cheryl L Weyant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brigitte Rooney
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Tami C Bond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kirk R Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Kephart JL, Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Williams KN, Malpartida G, Lee A, Steenland K, Naeher LP, Gonzales GF, Chiang M, Checkley W, Koehler K. Nitrogen dioxide exposures from LPG stoves in a cleaner-cooking intervention trial. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106196. [PMID: 33160161 PMCID: PMC8173774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves have been promoted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as a clean energy alternative to biomass burning cookstoves. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) within a randomized controlled trial in the Peruvian Andes. The intervention included the provision of an LPG stove and continuous fuel distribution with behavioral messaging to maximize compliance. METHODS We measured 48-hour kitchen area NO2 concentrations at high temporal resolution in homes of 50 intervention participants and 50 control participants longitudinally within a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial. We also collected 48-hour mean personal exposures to NO2 among a subsample of 16 intervention and 9 control participants. We monitored LPG and biomass stove use continuously throughout the trial. RESULTS In 367 post-intervention 24-hour kitchen area samples of 96 participants' homes, geometric mean (GM) highest hourly NO2 concentration was 138 ppb (geometric standard deviation [GSD] 2.1) in the LPG intervention group and 450 ppb (GSD 3.1) in the biomass control group. Post-intervention 24-hour mean NO2 concentrations were a GM of 43 ppb (GSD 1.7) in the intervention group and 77 ppb (GSD 2.0) in the control group. Kitchen area NO2 concentrations exceeded the WHO indoor hourly guideline an average of 1.3 h per day among LPG intervention participants. GM 48-hour personal exposure to NO2 was 5 ppb (GSD 2.4) among 35 48-hour samples of 16 participants in the intervention group and 16 ppb (GSD 2.3) among 21 samples of 9 participants in the control group. DISCUSSION In a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial in Peru, kitchen area NO2 concentrations were substantially lower within the LPG intervention group compared to the biomass-using control group. However, within the LPG intervention group, 69% of 24-hour kitchen area samples exceeded WHO indoor annual guidelines and 47% of samples exceeded WHO indoor hourly guidelines. Forty-eight-hour NO2 personal exposure was below WHO indoor annual guidelines for most participants in the LPG intervention group, and we did not measure personal exposure at high temporal resolution to assess exposure to cooking-related indoor concentration peaks. Further research is warranted to understand the potential health risks of LPG-related NO2 emissions and inform current campaigns which promote LPG as a clean-cooking option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah L Kephart
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kendra N Williams
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Malpartida
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo F Gonzales
- Laboratories of Investigation and Development, Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marilu Chiang
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Harrell BS, Pillarisetti A, Roy S, Ghorpade M, Patil R, Dhongade A, Smith KR, Levine DI, Juvekar S. Incentivizing Elimination of Biomass Cooking Fuels with a Reversible Commitment and a Spare LPG Cylinder. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15313-15319. [PMID: 33185424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In India, approximately 480,000 deaths occur annually from exposure to household air pollution from the use of biomass cooking fuels. Displacing biomass use with clean fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), can help reduce these deaths. Through government initiatives, most Indian households now own an LPG stove and one LPG cylinder. Many households, however, continue to regularly use indoor biomass-fueled mud stoves (chulhas) alongside LPG. Focusing on this population in rural Maharashtra, India, this study (N = 186) tests the effects of conditioning a sales offer for a spare LPG cylinder on a reversible commitment requiring initially disabling indoor chulhas. We find that almost all relevant households (>98%) were willing to accept this commitment. Indoor chulha use decreased by 90% (95% CI = 80% to 101%) when the sales offer included the commitment, compared to a 23% decrease (95% CI = 14% to 32%) without it. For both treatment groups, we find that 80% purchased the spare cylinder at the end of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudipto Roy
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, 411011 India
| | - Makarand Ghorpade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, 411011 India
| | - Rutuja Patil
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, 411011 India
| | - Arun Dhongade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, 411011 India
| | - Kirk R Smith
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David I Levine
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, 411011 India
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Wang J, Zhong H, Yang Z, Wang M, Kammen DM, Liu Z, Ma Z, Xia Q, Kang C. Exploring the trade-offs between electric heating policy and carbon mitigation in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6054. [PMID: 33247140 PMCID: PMC7695859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
China has enacted a series of policies since 2015 to substitute electricity for in-home combustion for rural residential heating. The Electric Heating Policy (EHP) has contributed to significant improvements in air quality, benefiting hundreds of millions of people. This shift, however, has resulted in a sharp increase in electric loads and associated carbon emissions. Here, we show that China’s EHP will greatly increase carbon emissions. We develop a theoretical model to quantify the carbon emissions from power generation and rural residential heating sectors. We found that in 2015, an additional 101.69–162.89 megatons of CO2 could potentially be emitted if EHP was implemented in 45–55% of rural residents in Northern China. In 2020, the incremental carbon emission is expected to reach 130.03–197.87 megatons. Fortunately, the growth of carbon emission will slow down due to China’s urbanization progress. In 2030, the carbon emission increase induced by EHP will drop to 119.19–177.47 megatons. Finally, we conclude two kinds of practical pathways toward low-carbon electric heating, and provide techno-economic analyses. China has enacted Electric Heating Policy to substitute electricity for in-home combustion for rural residential heating. Here the authors show that this shift would greatly increase national carbon emissions by 101.69–162.89 megatons in 2015 while impeding China’s carbon mitigation process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, China
| | - Mu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel M Kammen
- Energy and Resources Group, and Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ziming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chongqing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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Sambandam S, Mukhopadhyay K, Sendhil S, Ye W, Pillarisetti A, Thangavel G, Natesan D, Ramasamy R, Natarajan A, Aravindalochanan V, Vinayagamoorthi A, Sivavadivel S, Uma Maheswari R, Balakrishnan L, Gayatri S, Nargunanathan S, Madhavan S, Puttaswamy N, Garg SS, Quinn A, Rosenthal J, Johnson M, Liao J, Steenland K, Piedhrahita R, Peel J, Checkley W, Clasen T, Balakrishnan K. Exposure contrasts associated with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention at potential field sites for the multi-country household air pollution intervention network (HAPIN) trial in India: results from pilot phase activities in rural Tamil Nadu. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1799. [PMID: 33243198 PMCID: PMC7690197 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial aims to assess health benefits of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookfuel and stove intervention among women and children across four low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We measured exposure contrasts for women, achievable under alternative conditions of biomass or LPG cookfuel use, at potential HAPIN field sites in India, to aid in site selection for the main trial. METHODS We recruited participants from potential field sites within Villupuram and Nagapattinam districts in Tamil Nadu, India, that were identified during a feasibility assessment. We performed. (i) cross-sectional measurements on women (N = 79) using either biomass or LPG as their primary cookfuel and (ii) before-and-after measurements on pregnant women (N = 41), once at baseline while using biomass fuel and twice - at 1 and 2 months - after installation of an LPG stove and free fuel intervention. We involved participants to co-design clothing and instrument stands for personal and area sampling. We measured 24 or 48-h personal exposures and kitchen and ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using gravimetric samplers. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analysis, median (interquartile range, IQR) kitchen PM2.5 concentrations in biomass and LPG using homes were 134 μg/m3 [IQR:71-258] and 27 μg/m3 [IQR:20-47], while corresponding personal exposures were 75 μg/m3 [IQR:55-104] and 36 μg/m3 [IQR:26-46], respectively. In before-and-after analysis, median 48-h personal exposures for pregnant women were 72 μg/m3 [IQR:49-127] at baseline and 25 μg/m3 [IQR:18-35] after the LPG intervention, with a sustained reduction of 93% in mean kitchen PM2.5 concentrations and 78% in mean personal PM2.5 exposures over the 2 month intervention period. Median ambient concentrations were 23 μg/m3 [IQR:19-27). Participant feedback was critical in designing clothing and instrument stands that ensured high compliance. CONCLUSIONS An LPG stove and fuel intervention in the candidate HAPIN trial field sites in India was deemed suitable for achieving health-relevant exposure reductions. Ambient concentrations indicated limited contributions from other sources. Study results provide critical inputs for the HAPIN trial site selection in India, while also contributing new information on HAP exposures in relation to LPG interventions and among pregnant women in LMICs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.Gov. NCT02944682 ; Prospectively registered on October 17, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Saritha Sendhil
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Wenlu Ye
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gurusamy Thangavel
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Durairaj Natesan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Rengaraj Ramasamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Amudha Natarajan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Vigneswari Aravindalochanan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - A Vinayagamoorthi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - S Sivavadivel
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - R Uma Maheswari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Lingeswari Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - S Gayatri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Srinivasan Nargunanathan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Sathish Madhavan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Sarada S Garg
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Ashlinn Quinn
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Josh Rosenthal
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiawen Liao
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India.
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Pratiti R, Vadala D, Kalynych Z, Sud P. Health effects of household air pollution related to biomass cook stoves in resource limited countries and its mitigation by improved cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109574. [PMID: 32668541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) related to cooking is associated with significant global morbidity and mortality. An estimated three billion people worldwide are exposed to cooking related HAP caused by solid fuel combustion. This exposure is highest for the vulnerable population of women and children resulting in significant cumulative health effects. METHODS A literature review was conducted for health effects of household air pollution related to biomass cookstoves in resource limited countries and to evaluate the effect of improved cookstoves on these health effects. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. We conducted searches in January 2018 with a repeat in February 2020. We included only studies conducted in resource limited countries, published in English, irrespective of publication year and studies that examined the health effects of HAP and/or studied the effects of improved cookstove (IC). Two authors independently screened journal article titles, abstracts and full-text articles to identify those that included the following search term: biomass cookstoves and health risks. We also assessed the limitations of IC with barriers to their uptake. RESULTS Health effects associated with HAP mostly include increased blood pressure (BP), dyspnea, childhood pneumonia, lung cancer, low birthweight and cardiovascular diseases. Being a global problem with divergent environmental factors including wide variety of fuel used, housing condition, foods prepared, climatic condition and social factors; most solutions though efficient seems inadequate. Improved cookstove (IC) mitigates emissions and improves short term health, though few randomized long-term studies could substantiate its long-standing continuance and health benefits. CONCLUSION There is ample data about the health effects of HAP, with some benefit with IC intervention for elevated blood pressure, dyspnea symptoms, mutagenicity and cardiovascular diseases. IC does not have any benefit in pregnancy outcomes or children health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pratiti
- McLaren HealthCare, G-3245 Beecher Rd, Flint, MI, 48532, USA.
| | - David Vadala
- McLaren HealthCare, G-3245 Beecher Rd, Flint, MI, 48532, USA
| | - Zirka Kalynych
- McLaren HealthCare, G-3245 Beecher Rd, Flint, MI, 48532, USA
| | - Parul Sud
- McLaren HealthCare, G-3245 Beecher Rd, Flint, MI, 48532, USA
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10
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Deng M, Li P, Shan M, Yang X. Optimizing supply airflow and its distribution between primary and secondary air in a forced-draft biomass pellet stove. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109301. [PMID: 32120124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forced-draft biomass stoves improve the pollutant emission performance of biomass combustion. The parameters of supply airflow and its distribution between primary air (PA) and secondary air (SA) have a significant effect on the performance of this stove type. In this study, we designed an air supply control system to accurately quantify the airflow rates, and monitored the dynamic emissions of focused pollutant species including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5), and the fuel burning rate. The tested stove had a combustion structure typical of many popular stoves, and wood pellets were the burning fuel. Three total airflow rates (92 L/min, 184 L/min, and 276 L/min) were selected, and six distributions between PA and SA (PA:SA) for each airflow rate were tested, which included 10:0 (full PA), 8:2, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 2:8. The results showed that the test duration, burning rate, and pollutant (CO, NOx, and PM2.5) emission performances of different airflows or distributions varied. Overall, when the PA and SA distribution mode was determined, the total airflow rate of 184 L/min was the optimal supply airflow rate. Under the same total airflow rate, the burning and emission performances were better when the primary and secondary airflows were similar, namely from 4:6 to 6:4. This study provided core information about stove air supply and distribution, which is essential to quantitatively determine the stove air supply mode to significantly improve stove performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Deng
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pengchao Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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11
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Piedrahita R, Johnson M, Bilsback KR, L'Orange C, Kodros JK, Eilenberg SR, Naluwagga A, Shan M, Sambandam S, Clark M, Pierce JR, Balakrishnan K, Robinson AL, Volckens J. Comparing regional stove-usage patterns and using those patterns to model indoor air quality impacts. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:521-533. [PMID: 31943353 PMCID: PMC8886689 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring improved cookstove adoption and usage in developing countries can help anticipate potential health and environmental benefits that may result from household energy interventions. This study explores stove-usage monitor (SUM)-derived usage data from field studies in China (52 stoves, 1422 monitoring days), Honduras (270 stoves, 630 monitoring days), India (19 stoves, 565 monitoring days), and Uganda (38 stoves, 1007 monitoring days). Traditional stove usage was found to be generally similar among four seemingly disparate countries in terms of cooking habits, with average usage of between 171 and 257 minutes per day for the most-used stoves. In Honduras, where survey-based usage data were also collected, there was only modest agreement between sensor data and self-reported user data. For Indian homes, we combined stove-usage data with a single-zone Monte Carlo box model to estimate kitchen-level PM2.5 and CO concentrations under various scenarios of cleaner cookstove adoption. We defined clean cookstove performance based on the International Standards Organization (ISO) voluntary guidelines. Model results showed that even with 75% displacement of traditional stoves with the cleanest available stove (ISO tier-5), World Health Organization 24 hours PM2.5 standards were exceeded in 96.4% of model runs, underscoring the importance of full displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelsey R Bilsback
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - John K Kodros
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Sarah Rose Eilenberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Agnes Naluwagga
- Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation (CREEC), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Maggie Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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12
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Clasen T, Checkley W, Peel JL, Balakrishnan K, McCracken JP, Rosa G, Thompson LM, Barr DB, Clark ML, Johnson MA, Waller LA, Jaacks LM, Steenland K, Miranda JJ, Chang HH, Kim DY, McCollum ED, Davila-Roman VG, Papageorghiou A, Rosenthal JP. Design and Rationale of the HAPIN Study: A Multicountry Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove and Continuous Fuel Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:47008. [PMID: 32347766 PMCID: PMC7228119 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, nearly 3 billion people rely on solid fuels for cooking and heating, the vast majority residing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The resulting household air pollution (HAP) is a leading environmental risk factor, accounting for an estimated 1.6 million premature deaths annually. Previous interventions of cleaner stoves have often failed to reduce exposure to levels that produce meaningful health improvements. There have been no multicountry field trials with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves, likely the cleanest scalable intervention. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the design and methods of an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT) of LPG stove and fuel distribution in 3,200 households in 4 LMICs (India, Guatemala, Peru, and Rwanda). METHODS We are enrolling 800 pregnant women at each of the 4 international research centers from households using biomass fuels. We are randomly assigning households to receive LPG stoves, an 18-month supply of free LPG, and behavioral reinforcements to the control arm. The mother is being followed along with her child until the child is 1 year old. Older adult women (40 to < 80 years of age) living in the same households are also enrolled and followed during the same period. Primary health outcomes are low birth weight, severe pneumonia incidence, stunting in the child, and high blood pressure (BP) in the older adult woman. Secondary health outcomes are also being assessed. We are assessing stove and fuel use, conducting repeated personal and kitchen exposure assessments of fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM 2.5 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and black carbon (BC), and collecting dried blood spots (DBS) and urinary samples for biomarker analysis. Enrollment and data collection began in May 2018 and will continue through August 2021. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02944682). CONCLUSIONS This study will provide evidence to inform national and global policies on scaling up LPG stove use among vulnerable populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6407.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John P. McCracken
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lisa M. Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J. Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Howard H. Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong-Yun Kim
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D. McCollum
- Eudowood Division of Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victor G. Davila-Roman
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aris Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua P. Rosenthal
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - HAPIN Investigators
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Eudowood Division of Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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An Integrated Sensor Data Logging, Survey, and Analytics Platform for Field Research and Its Application in HAPIN, a Multi-Center Household Energy Intervention Trial. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12051805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers rely on sensor-derived data to gain insights on numerous human behaviors and environmental characteristics. While commercially available data-logging sensors can be deployed for a range of measurements, there have been limited resources for integrated hardware, software, and analysis platforms targeting field researcher use cases. In this paper, we describe Geocene, an integrated sensor data logging, survey, and analytics platform for field research. We provide an example of Geocene’s ongoing use in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN). HAPIN is a large, multi-center, randomized controlled trial evaluating the impacts of a clean cooking fuel and stove intervention in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. The platform includes Bluetooth-enabled, data-logging temperature sensors; a mobile application to survey participants, provision sensors, download sensor data, and tag sensor missions with metadata; and a cloud-based application for data warehousing, visualization, and analysis. Our experience deploying the Geocene platform within HAPIN suggests that the platform may have broad applicability to facilitate sensor-based monitoring and evaluation efforts and projects. This data platform can unmask heterogeneity in study participant behavior by using sensors that capture both compliance with and utilization of the intervention. Platforms like this could help researchers measure adoption of technology, collect more robust intervention and covariate data, and improve study design and impact assessments.
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14
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Estévez-García JA, Schilmann A, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Berrueta V, Blanco S, Villaseñor-Lozano CG, Flores-Ramírez R, Cortez-Lugo M, Pérez-Padilla R. Women exposure to household air pollution after an improved cookstove program in rural San Luis Potosi, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134456. [PMID: 31734613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The state government of San Luis Potosí (SLP), Mexico implemented an improved cookstove (ICS) program in rural areas. As part of the comprehensive program evaluation, we compared fine particulate material (PM2.5) concentrations in kitchens and patios in treated (TH), and non-treated households (NTH), and analyzed pollutant levels according to patterns of fuels and devices use reported by the women. A panel study was conducted in 728 households (357 TH and 371 NTH) in three regions of SLP including two sampling rounds in 2015-16. Data on exposure determinants, ICS conditions and cooking practices were collected. Daily PM2.5 in kitchen and patio was measured in a subsample. The average treatment effect was estimated using the double difference method. We constructed a mixed linear model to estimate PM2.5 levels for the entire study sample and obtained personal exposure according to time-activity logs. NTH had lower socioeconomic status compared to TH. The average daily PM2.5 concentrations in NTH compared to TH were 155.2 and 92.6 μg/m3 for kitchen and 35.4 and 39.8 μg/m3 for patio, respectively. PM2.5 levels showed significant regional differences but no significant treatment effect. In many cases, the ICS was added to previous open fire and LPG use (stacking). The household size, kitchen ventilation, relative humidity, temperature and the ratio of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 concentration were significant predictors of kitchen PM2.5 levels. The daily PM2.5 personal exposure was significantly reduced using ICS in good conditions or LPG (57 μg/m3) compared to the traditional open fire (86 μg/m3). This study strengthens the evidence on the potential daily PM2.5 exposure reduction for women using an ICS in good conditions or LPG, displacing the polluting open fire. Comprehensive strategies tailored to the sociocultural context of the communities are needed to implement clean energy programs that achieve adoption and sustained use of ICS or LPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alejandro Estévez-García
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlan, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Astrid Schilmann
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlan, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlan, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Berrueta
- Interdisciplinary Group for Appropriate Rural Technology (GIRA), C.P.61609 Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Salvador Blanco
- General Coordination of Pollution and Environmental Health, National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), Periférico Sur 5000, 4530, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - César Gerardo Villaseñor-Lozano
- Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Avenida Sierra Leona 550, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACyT Research Fellow, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi. Avenida Sierra Leona 550, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marlene Cortez-Lugo
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlan, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
- Tobacco and COPD Department, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Tlalpan 4502, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
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Schilmann A, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Catalán-Vázquez M, Estevez-García JA, Masera O, Berrueta-Soriano V, Armendariz-Arnez C, Pérez-Padilla R, Cortez-Lugo M, Rodríguez-Dozal S, Romieu I. A follow-up study after an improved cookstove intervention in rural Mexico: Estimation of household energy use and chronic PM 2.5 exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105013. [PMID: 31352264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of improved biomass cookstoves (ICS) depends on their adoption and sustained use. Few studies have documented if and how they are used more than five years after being introduced. We conducted a 9-year prospective cohort study among young rural women in the highlands of Michoacan, Mexico. Participants had received a Patsari ICS during a community trial either in 2005 or 2006. With retrospective information collected in 2012-13, we studied the households' energy use, ICS survival, and cooking practices during the follow-up period. Using an exposure model constructed with personal PM2.5 measurements in a subsample of homes at the time of the initial trial in 2005, we estimated the exposure associated with different energy use patterns during the follow-up period. The ICS had a mean lifespan of 4 years, after which more than half of the stoves were not in use; therefore, the use of open fire increased, particularly among the indigenous communities. ICS use peak was achieved two years after the initial trial, either exclusively or combined with open fire. Yearly household energy use and other variables were used to estimate chronic air pollution exposure. Mean PM2.5 exposure during the follow-up period ranged from 51 to 319 μg/m3; the median was 102 and 146 μg/m3 for mainly ICS and mainly open fire use, respectively. The ICS has a useful period after which it needs maintenance, repair, or replacement. Unfortunately, many programs have not afforded a follow-up component. Exposure to biomass smoke air pollutants can be reduced by using an ICS instead of the traditional open fire. Household energy strategies should ensure equitable access to clean energy options adapted to local needs and preferences with culturally appropriate technology implemented on a sustainable perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schilmann
- Environmental Health Department, Centre for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Environmental Health Department, Centre for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Catalán-Vázquez
- Clinical Epidemiology Department, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Estevez-García
- Environmental Health Department, Centre for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Omar Masera
- Institute for Ecosystem and Sustainability Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Víctor Berrueta-Soriano
- Interdisciplinary Group on Appropriate Rural Technology (GIRA), Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Armendariz-Arnez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
- Tobacco and COPD Department, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlene Cortez-Lugo
- Environmental Health Department, Centre for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal
- Environmental Health Department, Centre for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Environmental Health Department, Centre for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Becoming FEW Conscious: A Conceptual Typology of Household Behavior Change Interventions Targeting the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11185034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The food-energy-water (FEW) nexus presents an opportunity to rethink predominant approaches to household behavior change science. We linked emerging FEW nexus research with existing literature examining household consumption and pro-environmental behaviors. While a large body of work examines the environmental impacts of household life and explores pathways to behavior change for sustainability, the literature lacks studies that test interventions in multiple FEW resource categories, leaving researchers unable to identify tensions and tradeoffs in the household system. To guide this developing field and accumulate findings on household behavior across disciplines, we proposed a conceptual typology that synthesizes interdisciplinary analytic traditions to classify behavioral interventions targeting the household FEW nexus. The typology synthesizes behavioral interventions as active, passive, or structural, and household-specific or non-specific, illustrating six distinct categories: information, tailored information, action, gamification, policy/price change, and material/technology provision. A review of 40 studies that guided the typology identifies four significant lessons for future intervention research: household non-specific information and tailored information work better together, feedback is more effective when it is persistent, price-based interventions (information or incentives) are often ineffective, and material/technology provision is very effective but utilized in few household studies. To push forward household resource consumption science, we advocated for a holistic nexus focus that is rooted in interdisciplinarity, coalition building with stakeholders, and data reporting that facilitates knowledge accumulation.
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17
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Shupler M, Hystad P, Gustafson P, Rangarajan S, Mushtaha M, Jayachtria KG, Mony PK, Mohan D, Kumar P, Lakshmi PVM, Sagar V, Gupta R, Mohan I, Nair S, Varma RP, Li W, Hu B, You K, Ncube T, Ncube B, Chifamba J, West N, Yeates K, Iqbal R, Khawaja R, Yusuf R, Khan A, Seron P, Lanas F, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Puoane T, Yusuf S, Brauer M. Household, Community, Sub-National and Country-level Predictors of Primary Cooking Fuel Switching in Nine Countries from the PURE Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2019; 14:085006. [PMID: 33777170 PMCID: PMC7995525 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab2d46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Switching from polluting (e.g. wood, crop waste, coal) to clean cooking fuels (e.g. gas, electricity) can reduce household air pollution (HAP) exposures and climate-forcing emissions. While studies have evaluated specific interventions and assessed fuel-switching in repeated cross-sectional surveys, the role of different multilevel factors in household fuel switching, outside of interventions and across diverse community settings, is not well understood. METHODS We examined longitudinal survey data from 24,172 households in 177 rural communities across nine countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. We assessed household-level primary cooking fuel switching during a median of 10 years of follow up (~2005-2015). We used hierarchical logistic regression models to examine the relative importance of household, community, sub-national and national-level factors contributing to primary fuel switching. RESULTS One-half of study households (12,369) reported changing their primary cooking fuels between baseline and follow up surveys. Of these, 61% (7,582) switched from polluting (wood, dung, agricultural waste, charcoal, coal, kerosene) to clean (gas, electricity) fuels, 26% (3,109) switched between different polluting fuels, 10% (1,164) switched from clean to polluting fuels and 3% (522) switched between different clean fuels. Among the 17,830 households using polluting cooking fuels at baseline, household-level factors (e.g. larger household size, higher wealth, higher education level) were most strongly associated with switching from polluting to clean fuels in India; in all other countries, community-level factors (e.g. larger population density in 2010, larger increase in population density between 2005-2015) were the strongest predictors of polluting-to-clean fuel switching. CONCLUSIONS The importance of community and sub-national factors relative to household characteristics in determining polluting-to-clean fuel switching varied dramatically across the nine countries examined. This highlights the potential importance of national and other contextual factors in shaping large-scale clean cooking transitions among rural communities in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shupler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Paul Gustafson
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Mushtaha
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - KG Jayachtria
- St. John’s Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Prem K. Mony
- St. John’s Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepa Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - PVM Lakshmi
- School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Sagar
- School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Community Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | - Indu Mohan
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanjeev Nair
- Health Action By People, Thiruvananthapuram and Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ravi Prasad Varma
- Health Action By People, Thiruvananthapuram and Medical College, Trivandrum, India
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Trivandrum India
| | - Wei Li
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kai You
- Shunyi District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tatenda Ncube
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brian Ncube
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nicola West
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Karen Yeates
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Khawaja
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rita Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afreen Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Research Department, FOSCAL and Medical School, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Paul A. Camacho
- Research Department, FOSCAL and Medical School, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Colombia
| | - Thandi Puoane
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Pillarisetti A, Ghorpade M, Madhav S, Dhongade A, Roy S, Balakrishnan K, Sankar S, Patil R, Levine DI, Juvekar S, Smith KR. Promoting LPG usage during pregnancy: A pilot study in rural Maharashtra, India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:540-549. [PMID: 30981912 PMCID: PMC7213905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution from the combustion of biomass and coal is estimated to cause approximately 780,000 premature deaths a year in India. The government has responded by promoting uptake of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) by tens of millions of poor rural families. Many poor households with new LPG stoves, however, continue to partially use traditional smoky chulhas. Our primary objective was to evaluate three strategies to transition pregnant women in rural Maharashtra to exclusive use of LPG for cooking. We also measured reductions in kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 before and after our interventions. Our core intervention was a free stove, 2 free LPG cylinders (one on loan until delivery), and repeated health messaging. We measured stove usage of both the traditional and intervention stoves until delivery. In households that received the core intervention, an average of 66% days had no indoor cooking on a chulha. In an adjacent area, we evaluated a conditional cash transfer (CCT) based on usage of LPG in addition to the core intervention. Results were less successful, due to challenges implementing the CCT. Pregnant women in a third nearby area received the core intervention plus a maximum of one 14.2 kg cylinder per month of free fuel. In their homes, 90% of days had no indoor cooking on a chulha. On average, exclusive LPG use decreased kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 by approximately 85% (from 520 to 72 μg/m3). 85% of participating households agreed to pay the deposit on the 2nd cylinder. This high purchase rate suggests they valued how the second cylinder permitted continuous LPG supply. A program to increase access to second cylinders may, thus, be a straightforward way to encourage use of clean fuels in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pillarisetti
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Makarand Ghorpade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sathish Madhav
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Dhongade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sambandam Sankar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Rutuja Patil
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - David I Levine
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Kirk R Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Collaborative Clean Air Policy Centre, New Delhi, India
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19
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Chowdhury S, Dey S, Guttikunda S, Pillarisetti A, Smith KR, Di Girolamo L. Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10711-10716. [PMID: 30988190 PMCID: PMC6561163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900888116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to ambient and household fine-particulate matter (PM2.5) together are among the largest single causes of premature mortality in India according to the Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD). Several recent investigations have estimated that household emissions are the largest contributor to ambient PM2.5 exposure in the country. Using satellite-derived district-level PM2.5 exposure and an Eulerian photochemical dispersion model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions), we estimate the benefit in terms of population exposure of mitigating household sources--biomass for cooking, space- and water-heating, and kerosene for lighting. Complete mitigation of emissions from only these household sources would reduce India-wide, population-weighted average annual ambient PM2.5 exposure by 17.5, 11.9, and 1.3%, respectively. Using GBD methods, this translates into reductions in Indian premature mortality of 6.6, 5.5, and 0.6%. If PM2.5 emissions from all household sources are completely mitigated, 103 (of 597) additional districts (187 million people) would meet the Indian annual air-quality standard (40 μg m-3) compared with baseline (2015) when 246 districts (398 million people) met the standard. At 38 μg m-3, after complete mitigation of household sources, compared with 55.1 μg m-3 at baseline, the mean annual national population-based concentration would meet the standard, although highly polluted areas, such as Delhi, would remain out of attainment. Our results support expansion of programs designed to promote clean household fuels and rural electrification to achieve improved air quality at regional scales, which also has substantial additional health benefits from directly reducing household air pollution exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourangsu Chowdhury
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
- School of Public Policy, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360
| | - Kirk R Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360;
- Collaborative Clean Air Policy Centre, Delhi 110003, India
| | - Larry Di Girolamo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Agbokey F, Dwommoh R, Tawiah T, Ae-Ngibise KA, Mujtaba MN, Carrion D, Ali Abdulai M, Afari-Asiedu S, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Jack DW. Determining the Enablers and Barriers for the Adoption of Clean Cookstoves in the Middle Belt of Ghana-A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1207. [PMID: 30987276 PMCID: PMC6480161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite its benefits and espousal in developed counties, the adoption of clean cookstoves is reportedly low in less developed countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This qualitative study aimed at exploring and documenting the enablers and barriers for adoption of clean cookstove in the middle belt of Ghana. The findings showed convenience of clean cookstove use, reduced firewood usage, less smoke emission and associated health problems resulting from indoor air pollution and time for firewood gathering and cooking, good smell and taste of food as enabling factors for clean cookstove adoption. Factors such as safety, financial constraint (cost), non-availability of spare parts on the open market to replace faulty stove accessories, stove size and household size were the potential barriers to clean cookstove adoption. These findings help us to understand the factors promoting and inhibiting the adoption of clean cook stoves, especially in rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Agbokey
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | - Rebecca Dwommoh
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | - Theresa Tawiah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | | | - Mohammed Nuhu Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | - Daniel Carrion
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Martha Ali Abdulai
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Afari-Asiedu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana.
| | - Darby W Jack
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Ravindra K. Emission of black carbon from rural households kitchens and assessment of lifetime excess cancer risk in villages of North India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:201-212. [PMID: 30522824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of biomass solid fuels (BSFs) for cooking, contribute significantly to the household air pollution (HAP) in developing countries. Emissions resulting from a variety of BSFs (cow dung cakes, wood, and agriculture residues) contain a significant amount of air pollutants, which are now recognized for their role in climatic change and adverse human health impacts. In the current study, daily variations in black carbon (BC) or Short-Lived Climate Forcer concentrations were studied from rural household kitchens using portable aethalometer. The hourly average concentration of BC ranges from 5.4 μg·m-3 to 34.9 μg·m-3 for various types of household kitchens. The peak levels of BC were found to be significantly higher, when compared to World Health Organization PM2.5 limits for ambient air and hence pose a threat to the health of the vulnerable population, i.e., women, children, older adults and those who have health problems. The study also highlights the variation of BC concentration in different kitchen type. The average BC concentration in indoor, outdoor and semi-open kitchen was observed to be 14.54, 14.28 and 24.69 μg·m-3, respectively. The excess lifetime carcinogenic risk for cooking 4 h/day in these kitchens in the North Indian villages was estimated to be 1.25 × 10-7, 1.22 × 10-7, and 2.12 × 10-7 respectively. Age-specific excess cancer deaths due to BC exposure were measured highest in children below four years of age in Chandigarh, India. Hence, there is a need to shift the BSF users to clean fuel alternatives to reduce the exposure to HAP. This can be achieved by generating local/regional evidences of BSFs associated health risks to support policy interventions. Further, more research is required to improve the air quality in indoor micro-environments and specifically in kitchens. NOVELTY: The first study reporting the near real-time measurements of BC from different types of rural households kitchens of north India. Diurnal pattern of BC concentration was also studied including the effect of chimney, ventilation and kitchen size on observed BC concentration. This study also estimates lifetime excess cancer risk due to BC exposure in rural households in India. The recent 'Global Burden of Disease' report identifies household air pollutants as a major cause of disease and disability in Asia. The study will help to plan suitable policies and intervention to reduce household air pollution in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.
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22
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Pillarisetti A, Gill M, Allen T, Madhavan S, Dhongade A, Ghorpade M, Roy S, Balakrishnan K, Juvekar S, Smith KR. A Low-Cost Stove Use Monitor to Enable Conditional Cash Transfers. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:768-776. [PMID: 30315510 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conditional cash transfers (CCTs)-cash payments provided to households or specific household members who meet defined conditions or fulfill certain behaviors-have been extensively used in India to encourage antenatal care, institutional delivery, and vaccination. This paper describes the social design and technical development of a low-cost, meal-counting stove use monitor (the Pink Key) that enables a CCT based on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage and presents pilot data from its testing and the initial deployment. The system consists of a sensing harness attached to a two-burner LPG stove and an easily removable datalogger. For each cooking event with LPG, households receive 2 rupees-less than the cost of fuel, but enough to partially defray LPG refill costs. The system could enable innovative "self-monitoring" at a large scale-participants initiate the CCT by bringing their Pink Key to antenatal clinic visits, where care providers download data and initiate payments, and participants return the sensor to their stove at home. The system aligns with existing Indian programs to improve health among poor, pregnant women, and contributes a new method to encourage the use of clean cooking technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pillarisetti
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Manpreet Gill
- Electronically Monitored Ecosystems, LLC, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Allen
- Electronically Monitored Ecosystems, LLC, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sathish Madhavan
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Arun Dhongade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Makarand Ghorpade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Kirk R Smith
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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23
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Abdulai MA, Afari-Asiedu S, Carrion D, Ae-Ngibise KA, Gyaase S, Mohammed M, Agyei O, Boamah-Kaali E, Tawiah T, Dwommoh R, Agbokey F, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Jack D. Experiences with the Mass Distribution of LPG Stoves in Rural Communities of Ghana. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:757-767. [PMID: 30232662 PMCID: PMC7366325 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To limit HAP exposure and environmental degradation from biomass fuel use, the Government of Ghana promotes liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) use in rural Ghana via the Rural LPG program (RLP). We assessed the experiences of the RLP in 2015, 2 years after its launch. A mixed methods approach was used involving Focus Group Discussions (19) and in-depth interviews (25). In addition, a survey questionnaire was administered to elicit socio-demographic characteristics, household cooking practices and stove use patterns of 200 randomly selected respondents. At about 9 months after LPG acquisition, < 5% of LPG beneficiaries used their stoves. Some of the reasons ascribed to the low usage of the LPG cookstoves were financial constraints, distance to LPG filling point and fear of burns. Community members appreciate the convenience of using LPG. Our results underscore a need for innovative funding mechanisms contextualized within an overall economic empowerment of rural folks to encourage sustained LPG use. It emphasizes the need for innovative accessibility interventions. This could include establishing new LPG filling stations in RLP beneficiary districts to overcome the barriers to sustained LPG use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ali Abdulai
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Stephaney Gyaase
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Mujtaba Mohammed
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Oscar Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Ellen Boamah-Kaali
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Theresa Tawiah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Dwommoh
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Francis Agbokey
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), P. O. Box 200, Kintampo-B/A, Ghana.
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Hooper LG, Dieye Y, Ndiaye A, Diallo A, Sack CS, Fan VS, Neuzil KM, Ortiz JR. Traditional cooking practices and preferences for stove features among women in rural Senegal: Informing improved cookstove design and interventions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206822. [PMID: 30458001 PMCID: PMC6245512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half the world’s population burns solid fuel for cooking, heating, and lighting. The incomplete combustion of these fuels is associated with detrimental health and environmental effects. The design and distribution of improved cookstoves that increase combustion efficiency and reduce indoor air pollution are a global priority. However, promoting exclusive and sustainable use of the improved stoves has proved challenging. In 2012, we conducted a survey in a community in rural Senegal to describe stove ownership and preferences for different stove technologies. This report aims to describe local stove and fuel use, to identify household preferences related to stove features and function, and to elicit the community perceptions of cleaner-burning stove alternatives with a focus on liquid propane gas. Similar to many resource-limited settings, biomass fuel use was ubiquitous and multiple stoves were used, even when cleaner burning alternatives were available; less than 1% of households that owned a liquid propane stove used it as the primary cooking device. Despite nearly universal use of the traditional open fire (92% of households), women did not prefer this stove when presented with other options. Propane gas, solar, and improved cookstoves were all viewed as more desirable when compared to the traditional open fire, however first-hand experience and knowledge of these stoves was limited. The stove features of greatest value were, in order: large cooking capacity, minimal smoke production, and rapid heating. Despite the low desirability and smoke emisions from the traditional open fire, its pervasive use, even in the presence of alternative stove options, may be related to its ability to satisfy the practical needs of the surveyed cooks, namely large cooking capacity and rapid, intense heat generation. Our data suggest women in this community want alternative stove options that reduce smoke exposure, however currently available stoves, including liquid propane gas, do not address all of the cooks’ preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G. Hooper
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Assane Ndiaye
- Vitrome Institute de Recherche pour le Developpement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- Vitrome Institute de Recherche pour le Developpement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Coralynn S. Sack
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vincent S. Fan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Snider G, Carter E, Clark S, Tseng JTW, Yang X, Ezzati M, Schauer JJ, Wiedinmyer C, Baumgartner J. Impacts of stove use patterns and outdoor air quality on household air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in southwestern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:116-124. [PMID: 29734062 PMCID: PMC7615186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of intervention programs that replaced traditional biomass stoves with cleaner-burning technologies have failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) interim indoor air quality target of 35-μg m-3 for PM2.5. Many attribute these results to continued use of biomass stoves and poor outdoor air quality, though the relative impacts of these factors have not been empirically quantified. METHODS We measured 496 days of real-time stove use concurrently with outdoor and indoor air pollution (PM2.5) in 150 rural households in Sichuan, China. The impacts of stove use patterns and outdoor air quality on indoor PM2.5 were quantified. We also estimated the potential avoided cardiovascular mortality in southwestern China associated with transition from traditional to clean fuel stoves using established exposure-response relationships. RESULTS Mean daily indoor PM2.5 was highest in homes using both wood and clean fuel stoves (122 μg m-3), followed by exclusive use of wood stoves (106 μg m-3) and clean fuel stoves (semi-gasifiers: 65 μg m-3; gas or electric: 55 μg m-3). Wood stoves emitted proportionally higher indoor PM2.5 during ignition, and longer stove use was not associated with higher indoor PM2.5. Only 24% of days with exclusive use of clean fuel stoves met the WHO indoor air quality target, though this fraction rose to 73% after subtracting the outdoor PM2.5 contribution. Reduced PM2.5 exposure through exclusive use of gas or electric stoves was estimated to prevent 48,000 yearly premature deaths in southwestern China, with greater reductions if local outdoor PM2.5 is also reduced. CONCLUSIONS Clean stove and fuel interventions are not likely to reduce indoor PM2.5 to the WHO target unless their use is exclusive and outdoor air pollution is sufficiently low, but may still offer some cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graydon Snider
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sierra Clark
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joy Tzu Wei Tseng
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Garland C, Gould CF, Pennise D. Usage and impacts of the Envirofit HM-5000 cookstove. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:640-650. [PMID: 29575293 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Burning solid fuels to fulfill daily household energy needs results in chronic exposure to household air pollution (HAP), which is among the world's greatest health risks. This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional study of cookstove usage, fuel consumption, and indoor PM2.5 concentrations in rural and urban Honduran homes cooking with the Envirofit HM-5000 metal plancha stove (n = 32) as compared to control households using baseline cooking technologies (n = 33). Temperature-based stove usage measurements showed high HM-5000 acceptance, with significant displacement of the traditional cookstoves at both the urban (99%, P < .05) and rural study sites (75%, P < .05). However, longer-term usage data collected in peri-urban households showed that participants cooked on the HM-5000 more frequently during the 3-day monitoring period than during the following 3 weeks. Average indoor PM2.5 was 66% lower in HM-5000 households as compared to control households (P < .05). Lower indoor PM2.5 concentrations observed in participant homes as compared to control households, supported by high usage and traditional stove displacement, suggest the potential for the HM-5000 to yield health improvements in adopting Honduran households.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garland
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C F Gould
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Pennise
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Simons AM, Beltramo T, Blalock G, Levine DI. Sensor data to measure Hawthorne effects in cookstove evaluation. Data Brief 2018; 18:1334-1339. [PMID: 29900312 PMCID: PMC5997008 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This data in brief article includes estimated time cooking based on temperature sensor data taken every 30 min from three stone fires and introduced fuel-efficient Envirofit stoves in approximately 168 households in rural Uganda. These households were part of an impact evaluation study spanning about six months to understand the effects of fuel-efficient cookstoves on fuel use and pollution. Daily particulate matter (pollution) and fuelwood use data are also included. This data in brief file only includes the weeks prior to, during, and after an in-person measurement team visited each home. The data is used to analyze whether households change cooking patterns when in-person measurement teams are present versus when only the temperature sensor is in the home.
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Arku RE, Birch A, Shupler M, Yusuf S, Hystad P, Brauer M. Characterizing exposure to household air pollution within the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:307-317. [PMID: 29567495 PMCID: PMC5899952 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) from combustion of solid fuels is an important contributor to disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LIC, and MIC). However, current HAP disease burden estimates are based on integrated exposure response curves that are not currently informed by quantitative HAP studies in LIC and MIC. While there is adequate evidence supporting causal relationships between HAP and respiratory disease, large cohort studies specifically examining relationships between quantitative measures of HAP exposure with cardiovascular disease are lacking. OBJECTIVE We aim to improve upon exposure proxies based on fuel type, and to reduce exposure misclassification by quantitatively measuring exposure across varying cooking fuel types and conditions in diverse geographies and socioeconomic settings. We leverage technology advancements to estimate household and personal PM2.5 (particles below 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) exposure within the large (N~250,000) multi-country (N~26) Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) cohort study. Here, we detail the study protocol and the innovative methodologies being used to characterize HAP exposures, and their application in epidemiologic analyses. METHODS/DESIGN This study characterizes HAP PM2.5 exposures for participants in rural communities in ten PURE countries with >10% solid fuel use at baseline (Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). PM2.5 monitoring includes 48-h cooking area measurements in 4500 households and simultaneous personal monitoring of male and female pairs from 20% of the selected households. Repeat measurements occur in 20% of households to assess impacts of seasonality. Monitoring began in 2017, and will continue through 2019. The Ultrasonic Personal Aerosol Sampler (UPAS), a novel, robust, and inexpensive filter based monitor that is programmable through a dedicated mobile phone application is used for sampling. Pilot study field evaluation of cooking area measurements indicated high correlation between the UPAS and reference Harvard Impactors (r = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.95; slope = 0.95). To facilitate tracking and to minimize contamination and analytical error, the samplers utilize barcoded filters and filter cartridges that are weighed pre- and post-sampling using a fully automated weighing system. Pump flow and pressure measurements, temperature and RH, GPS coordinates and semi-quantitative continuous particle mass concentrations based on filter differential pressure are uploaded to a central server automatically whenever the mobile phone is connected to the internet, with sampled data automatically screened for quality control parameters. A short survey is administered during the 48-h monitoring period. Post-weighed filters are further analyzed to estimate black carbon concentrations through a semi-automated, rapid, cost-effective image analysis approach. The measured PM2.5 data will then be combined with PURE survey information on household characteristics and behaviours collected at baseline and during follow-up to develop quantitative HAP models for PM2.5 exposures for all rural PURE participants (~50,000) and across different cooking fuel types within the 10 index countries. Both the measured (in the subset) and the modelled exposures will be used in separate longitudinal epidemiologic analyses to assess associations with cardiopulmonary mortality, and disease incidence. DISCUSSION The collected data and resulting characterization of cooking area and personal PM2.5 exposures in multiple rural communities from 10 countries will better inform exposure assessment as well as future epidemiologic analyses assessing the relationships between quantitative estimates of chronic HAP exposure with adult mortality and incident cardiovascular and respiratory disease. This will provide refined and more accurate exposure estimates in global CVD related exposure-response analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E Arku
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Aaron Birch
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew Shupler
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Lam NL, Muhwezi G, Isabirye F, Harrison K, Ruiz-Mercado I, Amukoye E, Mokaya T, Wambua M, Bates MN. Exposure reductions associated with introduction of solar lamps to kerosene lamp-using households in Busia County, Kenya. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:218-227. [PMID: 29028275 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solar lamps are a clean and potentially cost-effective alternative to polluting kerosene lamps used by millions of families in developing countries. By how much solar lamps actually reduce exposure to pollutants, however, has not been examined. Twenty households using mainly kerosene for lighting were enrolled through a secondary school in Busia County, Kenya. Personal PM2.5 and CO concentrations were measured on a school pupil and an adult in each household, before and after provision of 3 solar lamps. PM2.5 concentrations were measured in main living areas, pupils' bedrooms, and kitchens. Usage sensors measured use of kerosene and solar lighting devices. Ninety percent of baseline kerosene lamp use was displaced at 1-month follow-up, corresponding to average PM2.5 reductions of 61% and 79% in main living areas and pupils' bedrooms, respectively. Average 48-h exposure to PM2.5 fell from 210 to 104 μg/m3 (-50%) among adults, and from 132 to 35 μg/m3 (-73%) among pupils. Solar lamps displaced most kerosene lamp use in at least the short term. If sustained, this could mitigate health impacts of household air pollution in some contexts. Achieving safe levels of exposure for all family members would likely require also addressing use of solid-fuel stoves.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Lam
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - G Muhwezi
- Center for Integrated Research and Community Development Uganda (CIRCODU), Kampala, Uganda
| | - F Isabirye
- Center for Integrated Research and Community Development Uganda (CIRCODU), Kampala, Uganda
| | - K Harrison
- SolarAid, London, England
- Acumen, London, England
| | - I Ruiz-Mercado
- CONACYT-Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico
| | - E Amukoye
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - T Mokaya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Wambua
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M N Bates
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Sharma M, Dasappa S. Emission reduction potentials of improved cookstoves and their issues in adoption: An Indian outlook. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:442-453. [PMID: 28917179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomass as a fuel for cooking is a common practice in rural India, and about 700 million people use traditional stoves to meet their energy demand. However, the thermal and the combustion efficiencies of these stoves are very low, leading to an inefficient use of biomass, and also, resulting in significant indoor air pollution. Research development has however led to the development of some improved stoves viz., natural draft and forced draft for both domestic as well as large scale cooking applications and government is trying to promote them. Forced draft stoves using processed biomass fuels (pellets) have received more prominence due to their superior performance, however, higher initial cost and limited fuel distribution networks have remained the key challenges. Improved natural draft stoves too have gained attention for being relatively inexpensive, and they are more likely to hit the rural households. In this paper, we have examined the environmental benefits obtained by the use of improved stoves for two important scenarios: traditional stoves are replaced by (i)improved natural draft stoves and, (ii) by improved natural draft as well as forced draft stoves. In the best case scenario (case ii), i.e., by shifting 111 million households who currently use wood to the forced draft stoves, and another 45 million households who are dependent on dung cake and agro residues to the improved natural draft stoves, the emission reduction that can be achieved are as follows: particulate matter (PM) 875 kT, black carbon (BC) 229 kT, organic carbon (OC) 525 kT, methane (CH4)1178 kT and non methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) of 564 kT. With the promotion of only natural draft improved stoves, the total reductions would be ∼12% lower than the combinational promotion. The CO2 equivalent reduction is estimated to be ∼70-80 MT per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monikankana Sharma
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - S Dasappa
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Small, Smart, Fast, and Cheap: Microchip-Based Sensors to Estimate Air Pollution Exposures in Rural Households. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081879. [PMID: 28812989 PMCID: PMC5579926 DOI: 10.3390/s17081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the Kirk R. Smith research group at the University of California Berkeley—in collaboration with Electronically Monitored Ecosystems, Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, and other academic institutions—has developed a suite of relatively inexpensive, rugged, battery-operated, microchip-based devices to quantify parameters related to household air pollution. These devices include two generations of particle monitors; data-logging temperature sensors to assess time of use of household energy devices; a time-activity monitoring system using ultrasound; and a CO2-based tracer-decay system to assess ventilation rates. Development of each system involved numerous iterations of custom hardware, software, and data processing and visualization routines along with both lab and field validation. The devices have been used in hundreds of studies globally and have greatly enhanced our understanding of heterogeneous household air pollution (HAP) concentrations and exposures and factors influencing them.
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Wolf J, Mäusezahl D, Verastegui H, Hartinger SM. Adoption of Clean Cookstoves after Improved Solid Fuel Stove Programme Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Peruvian Andean Regions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070745. [PMID: 28698468 PMCID: PMC5551183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined measures of clean cookstove adoption after improved solid fuel stove programmes in three geographically and culturally diverse rural Andean settings and explored factors associated with these measures. A questionnaire was administered to 1200 households on stove use and cooking behaviours including previously defined factors associated with clean cookstove adoption. Logistic multivariable regressions with 16 pre-specified explanatory variables were performed for three outcomes; (1) daily improved solid fuel stove use, (2) use of liquefied petroleum gas stove and (3) traditional stove displacement. Eighty-seven percent of households reported daily improved solid fuel stove use, 51% liquefied petroleum gas stove use and 66% no longer used the traditional cookstove. Variables associated with one or more of the three outcomes are: education, age and civil status of the reporting female, household wealth and size, region, encounters of problems with the improved solid fuel stove, knowledge of somebody able to build an improved solid fuel stove, whether stove parts are obtainable in the community, and subsidy schemes. We conclude that to be successful, improved solid fuel stove programmes need to consider (1) existing household characteristics, (2) the household's need for ready access to maintenance and repair, and (3) improved knowledge at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Wolf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for African Studies, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for African Studies, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hector Verastegui
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P., 31 Lima, Peru.
| | - Stella M Hartinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for African Studies, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P., 31 Lima, Peru.
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Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay K, Vaswani M, Arora NK, Jack D, Pillariseti A, Bates MN, Smith KR. Household Air Pollution Exposures of Pregnant Women Receiving Advanced Combustion Cookstoves in India: Implications for Intervention. Ann Glob Health 2016; 81:375-85. [PMID: 26615072 PMCID: PMC4758192 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) resulting from the use of solid cooking fuels is a leading contributor to the burden of disease in India. Advanced combustion cookstoves that reduce emissions from biomass fuels have been considered potential interventions to reduce this burden. Relatively little effort has been directed, however, to assessing the concentration and exposure changes associated with the introduction of such devices in households. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe HAP exposure patterns in pregnant women receiving a forced-draft advanced combustion cookstove (Philips model HD 4012) in the SOMAARTH Demographic Development & Environmental Surveillance Site (DDESS) Palwal District, Haryana, India. The monitoring was performed as part of a feasibility study to inform a potential large-scale HAP intervention (Newborn Stove trial) directed at pregnant women and newborns. METHODS This was a paired comparison exercise study with measurements of 24-hour personal exposures and kitchen area concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), before and after the cookstove intervention. Women (N = 65) were recruited from 4 villages of SOMAARTH DDESS. Measurements were performed between December 2011 and March 2013. Ambient measurements of PM2.5 were also performed throughout the study period. FINDINGS Measurements showed modest improvements in 24-hour average concentrations and exposures for PM2.5 and CO (ranging from 16% to 57%) with the use of the new stoves. Only those for CO showed statistically significant reductions. CONCLUSION Results from the present study did not support the widespread use of this type of stove in this population as a means to reliably provide health-relevant reductions in HAP exposures for pregnant women compared with open biomass cookstoves. The feasibility assessment identified multiple factors related to user requirements and scale of adoption within communities that affect the field efficacy of advanced combustion cookstoves as well as their potential performance in HAP intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India.
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Santu Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Mayur Vaswani
- The INCLEN Trust International, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra K Arora
- The INCLEN Trust International, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi, India
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ajay Pillariseti
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael N Bates
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kirk R Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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Wilson DL, Coyle J, Kirk A, Rosa J, Abbas O, Adam MI, Gadgil AJ. Measuring and Increasing Adoption Rates of Cookstoves in a Humanitarian Crisis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8393-9. [PMID: 27435285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional smoky cooking fires are one of today's greatest environmental threats to human life. These fires, used by 40% of the global population, cause 3.9 million annual premature deaths. "Clean cookstoves" have potential to improve this situation; however, most cookstove programs do not employ objective measurement of adoption to inform design, marketing, subsidies, finance, or dissemination practices. Lack of data prevents insights and may contribute to consistently low adoption rates. In this study, we used sensors and surveys to measure objective versus self-reported adoption of freely-distributed cookstoves in an internally displaced persons camp in Darfur, Sudan. Our data insights demonstrate how to effectively measure and promote adoption, especially in a humanitarian crisis. With sensors, we measured that 71% of participants were cookstove "users" compared to 95% of respondents reporting the improved cookstove was their "primary cookstove." No line of survey questioning, whether direct or indirect, predicted sensor-measured usage. For participants who rarely or never used their cookstoves after initial dissemination ("non-users"), we found significant increases in adoption after a simple followup survey (p = 0.001). The followup converted 83% of prior "non-users" to "users" with average daily adoption of 1.7 cooking hours over 2.2 meals. This increased adoption, which we posit resulted from cookstove familiarization and social conformity, was sustained for a 2-week observation period post intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Wilson
- University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeremy Coyle
- University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Angeli Kirk
- University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Javier Rosa
- University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Omnia Abbas
- Potential Energy, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | | | - Ashok J Gadgil
- University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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35
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Carter E, Archer-Nicholls S, Ni K, Lai AM, Niu H, Secrest MH, Sauer SM, Schauer JJ, Ezzati M, Wiedinmyer C, Yang X, Baumgartner J. Seasonal and Diurnal Air Pollution from Residential Cooking and Space Heating in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8353-61. [PMID: 27351357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Residential combustion of solid fuel is a major source of air pollution. In regions where space heating and cooking occur at the same time and using the same stoves and fuels, evaluating air-pollution patterns for household-energy-use scenarios with and without heating is essential to energy intervention design and estimation of its population health impacts as well as the development of residential emission inventories and air-quality models. We measured continuous and 48 h integrated indoor PM2.5 concentrations over 221 and 203 household-days and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations on a subset of those days (in summer and winter, respectively) in 204 households in the eastern Tibetan Plateau that burned biomass in traditional stoves and open fires. Using continuous indoor PM2.5 concentrations, we estimated mean daily hours of combustion activity, which increased from 5.4 h per day (95% CI: 5.0, 5.8) in summer to 8.9 h per day (95% CI: 8.1, 9.7) in winter, and effective air-exchange rates, which decreased from 18 ± 9 h(-1) in summer to 15 ± 7 h(-1) in winter. Indoor geometric-mean 48 h PM2.5 concentrations were over two times higher in winter (252 μg/m(3); 95% CI: 215, 295) than in summer (101 μg/m(3); 95%: 91, 112), whereas outdoor PM2.5 levels had little seasonal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellison Carter
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Kun Ni
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Hongjiang Niu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Matthew H Secrest
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Sara M Sauer
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | | | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, U.K
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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37
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Lozier MJ, Sircar K, Christensen B, Pillarisetti A, Pennise D, Bruce N, Stanistreet D, Naeher L, Pilishvili T, Farrar JL, Sage M, Nyagol R, Muoki J, Wofchuck T, Yip F. Use of Temperature Sensors to Determine Exclusivity of Improved Stove Use and Associated Household Air Pollution Reductions in Kenya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4564-71. [PMID: 26953674 PMCID: PMC5345127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) contributes to 3.5-4 million annual deaths globally. Recent interventions using improved cookstoves (ICS) to reduce HAP have incorporated temperature sensors as stove use monitors (SUMs) to assess stove use. We deployed SUMs in an effectiveness study of 6 ICSs in 45 Kenyan rural homes. Stove were installed sequentially for 2 weeks and kitchen air monitoring was conducted for 48 h during each 2-week period. We placed SUMs on the ICSs and traditional cookstoves (TCS), and the continuous temperature data were analyzed using an algorithm to examine the number of cooking events, days of exclusive use of ICS, and how stove use patterns affect HAP. Stacking, defined as using both a TCS and an ICS in the same day, occurred on 40% of the study days, and exclusive use of the ICS occurred on 25% of study days. When researchers were not present, ICS use declined, which can have implications for long-term stove adoption in these communities. Continued use of TCSs was also associated with higher HAP levels. SUMs are a valuable tool for characterizing stove use and provide additional information to interpret HAP levels measured during ICS intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Lozier
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kanta Sircar
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bryan Christensen
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - David Pennise
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nigel Bruce
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Debbi Stanistreet
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tamara Pilishvili
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Loo Farrar
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Sage
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ronald Nyagol
- Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education Project, Safe Water and AIDS Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Justus Muoki
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Todd Wofchuck
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Fuyuen Yip
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Thomas EA, Tellez-Sanchez S, Wick C, Kirby M, Zambrano L, Abadie Rosa G, Clasen TF, Nagel C. Behavioral Reactivity Associated With Electronic Monitoring of Environmental Health Interventions--A Cluster Randomized Trial with Water Filters and Cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3773-80. [PMID: 26986617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Subject reactivity--when research participants change their behavior in response to being observed--has been documented showing the effect of human observers. Electronics sensors are increasingly used to monitor environmental health interventions, but the effect of sensors on behavior has not been assessed. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in Rwanda among 170 households (70 blinded to the presence of the sensor, 100 open) testing whether awareness of an electronic monitor would result in a difference in weekly use of household water filters and improved cookstoves over a four-week surveillance period. A 63% increase in number of uses of the water filter per week between the groups was observed in week 1, an average of 4.4 times in the open group and 2.83 times in the blind group, declining in week 4 to an insignificant 55% difference of 2.82 uses in the open, and 1.93 in the blind. There were no significant differences in the number of stove uses per week between the two groups. For both filters and stoves, use decreased in both groups over four-week installation periods. This study suggests behavioral monitoring should attempt to account for reactivity to awareness of electronic monitors that persists for weeks or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Sarita Tellez-Sanchez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Carson Wick
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Miles Kirby
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Zambrano
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta Georgia 30322 United States
| | | | - Thomas F Clasen
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta Georgia 30322 United States
| | - Corey Nagel
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland Oregon United States
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39
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Li Q, Li X, Jiang J, Duan L, Ge S, Zhang Q, Deng J, Wang S, Hao J. Semi-coke briquettes: towards reducing emissions of primary PM2.5, particulate carbon, and carbon monoxide from household coal combustion in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19306. [PMID: 26782059 PMCID: PMC4726058 DOI: 10.1038/srep19306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct household use of unprocessed raw coals for cooking and heating without any air pollution control device has caused serious indoor and outdoor environment problems by emitting particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. This study examined household emission reduction by switching from unprocessed bituminous and anthracite coals to processed semi-coke briquettes. Two typical stoves were used to test emission characteristics when burning 20 raw coal samples commonly used in residential heating activities and 15 semi-coke briquette samples which were made from bituminous coals by industrial carbonization treatment. The carbonization treatment removes volatile compounds from raw coals which are the major precursors for PM formation and carbon emission. The average emission factors of primary PM2.5, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and carbon monoxide for the tested semi-coke briquettes are much lower than those of the tested raw coals. Based on the current coal consumption data in China, switching to semi-coke briquettes can reduce average emission factors of these species by about 92%, 98%, 91%, and 34%, respectively. Additionally, semi-coke briquette has relatively lower price and higher burnout ratio. The replacement of raw coals with semi-coke briquettes is a feasible path to reduce pollution emissions from household activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Su Ge
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
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40
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Jack DW, Asante KP, Wylie BJ, Chillrud SN, Whyatt RM, Ae-Ngibise KA, Quinn AK, Yawson AK, Boamah EA, Agyei O, Mujtaba M, Kaali S, Kinney P, Owusu-Agyei S. Ghana randomized air pollution and health study (GRAPHS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:420. [PMID: 26395578 PMCID: PMC4579662 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution exposure is a major health risk, but validated interventions remain elusive. METHODS/DESIGN The Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS) is a cluster-randomized trial that evaluates the efficacy of clean fuels (liquefied petroleum gas, or LPG) and efficient biomass cookstoves in the Brong-Ahafo region of central Ghana. We recruit pregnant women into LPG, efficient cookstove, and control arms and track birth weight and physician-assessed severe pneumonia incidence in the first year of life. A woman is eligible to participate if she is in the first or second trimester of pregnancy and carrying a live singleton fetus, if she is the primary cook, and if she does not smoke. We hypothesize that babies born to intervention mothers will weigh more and will have fewer cases of physician-assessed severe pneumonia in the first year of life. Additionally, an extensive personal air pollution exposure monitoring effort opens the way for exposure-response analyses, which we will present alongside intention-to-treat analyses. Major funding was provided by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, The Thrasher Research Fund, and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. DISCUSSION Household air pollution exposure is a major health risk that requires well-tested interventions. GRAPHS will provide important new evidence on the efficacy of both efficient biomass cookstoves and LPG, and will thus help inform health and energy policies in developing countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov on 13 April 2011 with the identifier NCT01335490 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby W Jack
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Blair J Wylie
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Steve N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robin M Whyatt
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Ae-Ngibise
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Ashlinn K Quinn
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Abena Konadu Yawson
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Ellen Abrafi Boamah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Oscar Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Mohammed Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Seyram Kaali
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
| | - Patrick Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana.
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Johnson MA, Chiang RA. Quantitative stove use and ventilation guidance for behavior change strategies. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2015; 20 Suppl 1:6-9. [PMID: 25839198 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2014.994246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Achieving World Health Organization air quality targets and aspirational fuel savings targets through clean cooking solutions will require high usage rates of high-performing products and low usage rates of traditional stoves. Catalyzing this shift is challenging as fuel and stove use practices associated with new technologies generally differ from those used with traditional technologies. Accompanying this shift with ventilation improvements can help further reduce exposure to emissions of health damaging pollutants. Behavior change strategies will be central to these efforts to move users to new technologies and minimize exposure to emissions. In this article, the authors show how behavior change can be linked to quantitative guidance on stove usage, household ventilation rates, and performance. The guidance provided here can help behavior change efforts in the household energy sector set and achieve quantitative goals for usage and ventilation rates.
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