1
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Lin N, Mani T. Anti-Arrhenius behavior of electron transfer reactions in molecular dimers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13095-13107. [PMID: 38023507 PMCID: PMC10664467 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03609j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of chemical reactions typically accelerate as the temperature rises, following the Arrhenius law. However, electron transfer reactions may exhibit weak temperature dependence or counterintuitive behavior, known as anti-Arrhenius behavior, wherein reaction rates decrease as temperature increases. Solvent reorganization energy and torsion-induced changes in electronic couplings could contribute to this unusual behavior, but how each contributes to the overall temperature dependence is unclear. One can decelerate the charge recombination process in photogenerated radical pairs or charge-separated states by harnessing this often-overlooked phenomenon. This means that we could achieve long-lived radical pairs without relying on conventional cooling. Using a series of homo molecular dimers, we showed that the degree of torsional hindrance dictates temperature-dependent torsion-induced changes in electronic coupling and, therefore, charge recombination rates. The overall temperature dependence is controlled by how changes in electronic coupling and the temperature-dependent solvent reorganization energy contribute to the rates of charge recombination. Our findings pave the way for rationally designing molecules that exhibit anti-Arrhenius behavior to slow down charge recombination, opening possibilities for applications in energy-related and quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
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2
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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3
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Streater D, Duisenova K, Luo J, Kohlstedt KL, Zhang J, Huang J. Impact of π-Conjugation Length on the Excited-State Dynamics of Star-Shaped Carbazole-π-Triazine Organic Chromophores. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3291-3300. [PMID: 35594508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Correlating star-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) molecular structures with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and intersystem crossing (ISC) is essential to their application in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, we report a systematic photophysical study on a series of star-shaped triazine-phenylene-carbazole DBA molecules with 0, 1, and 2 bridging phenylene units (pTCT-0P, pTCT-1P, pTCT-2P). Using a combination of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we find that the bridge length can strongly impact the structural conformation, ICT, and ISC. Global target analysis of the time-resolved spectroscopy reveals that pTCT-0P has the most favorable ISC rate of 1.96 × 10-4 ps-1, which is competitive with a singlet relaxation rate of 1.92 × 10-4 ps-1. TDDFT aligns with spectroscopic results within an order of magnitude, predicting an ISC rate of 2.1 × 10-5 ps-1 and revealing that the donor/acceptor orthogonalization concomitantly suppresses singlet exciton recombination and lowers the singlet-triplet energy gap. The new fundamental insights gained from this work will help design the next generation of star-shaped DBA-type molecules for photocatalytic and photoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Streater
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Korlan Duisenova
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kevin L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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4
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Wang K, Shao G, Peng S, You X, Chen X, Xu J, Huang H, Wang H, Wu D, Xia J. Achieving Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation in Perylenediimide Trimers: The Effect of Bridge Resonance. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3758-3767. [PMID: 35559687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) provides a very promising option to engineer a novel light conversion scheme, while it is still a challenge to realize SB-CS in a nonpolar environment. The strength of electronic coupling plays a crucial role in determining the exciton dynamics of organic semiconductors. Herein, we describe how to mediate interchromophore coupling to achieve SB-CS in a nonpolar solvent by the use of two perylenediimide (PDI)-based trimers, 1,7-tri-PDI and 1,6-tri-PDI. Although functionalization at the N-atom decreases electronic coupling between PDI units, our strategy takes advantage of "bridge resonance", in which the frontier orbital energies are nearly degenerate with those of the covalently linked PDI units, leading to enhanced interchromophore electronic coupling. Tunable electronic coupling was realized by the judicious combination of "bridge resonance" with N-functionalization. The enhanced mixing between the S1 state and CT/CS states results in direct observation of the CT band in the steady-state UV-vis absorption and negative free energy of charge separation (ΔGCS) in both chloroform and toluene for the two trimers. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrated that photoinduced SB-CS in a nonpolar solvent is feasible. This work highlights that the use of "bridge resonance" is an effective way to control exciton dynamics of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guangwei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huan Wang
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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5
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Roh DH, Park JH, Han HG, Kim YJ, Motoyoshi D, Hwang E, Kim WH, Mapley JI, Gordon KC, Mori S, Kwon OH, Kwon TH. Molecular design strategy for realizing vectorial electron transfer in photoelectrodes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Rader Bowers LM, Puodziukynaite E, Wang L, Morseth ZA, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR, Papanikolas JM. It Is Good to Be Flexible: Energy Transport Facilitated by Conformational Fluctuations in Light-Harvesting Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5885-5896. [PMID: 34043354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the mechanism of energy transfer between ruthenium(II) (Ru) and osmium(II) (Os) polypyridyl complexes affixed to a polyfluorene backbone (PF-RuOs) using a combination of time-resolved emission spectroscopy and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG MD). Photoexcitation of a Ru chromophore initiates Dexter-style energy hopping along isoenergetic complexes followed by sensitization of a lower-energy Os trap. While we can determine the total energy transfer rate within an ensemble of solvated PF-RuOs from time-dependent Os* emission spectra, heterogeneity of the system and inherent polymer flexibility give rise to highly multiexponential kinetics. We developed a three-part computational kinetic model to supplement our spectroscopic results: (1) CG MD model of PF-RuOs that simulates molecular motions out to 700 ns, (2) energy transfer kinetic simulations in CG MD PF-RuOs that produce time-resolved Ru and Os excited-state populations, and (3) computational experiments that interrogate the mechanisms by which motion aids energy transfer. Good agreement between simulated and experimental emission transients reveals that our kinetic model accurately simulates the molecular motion of PF-RuOs during energy transfer. Simulated results indicate that pendant flexibility allows 81% of the excited state to sensitize an Os trap compared to a 48% occupation when we treat pendants statically. Our computational experiments show how static pendants are only able to engage in local energy transfer. The excited state equilibrates across a domain of complexes proximal to the initial excitation and becomes trapped within that unique, frozen locality. Side-chain flexibility enables pendants to swing in and out of the original domain spreading the excited state out to ±30 pendant complexes away from the initial excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Rader Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Egle Puodziukynaite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zachary A Morseth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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7
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Chowdhury SN, Mandal A, Huo P. Ring polymer quantization of the photon field in polariton chemistry. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:044109. [PMID: 33514102 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We use the ring polymer (RP) representation to quantize the radiation field inside an optical cavity to investigate polariton quantum dynamics. Using a charge transfer model coupled to an optical cavity, we demonstrate that the RP quantization of the photon field provides accurate rate constants of the polariton mediated electron transfer reaction compared to Fermi's golden rule. Because RP quantization uses extended phase space to describe the photon field, it significantly reduces the computational costs compared to the commonly used Fock state description of the radiation field. Compared to the other quasi-classical descriptions of the photon field, such as the classical Wigner based mean-field Ehrenfest model, the RP representation provides a much more accurate description of the polaritonic quantum dynamics because it alleviates the potential quantum distribution leakage problem associated with the photonic degrees of freedom (DOF). This work demonstrates the possibility of using the ring polymer description to treat the quantized radiation field in polariton chemistry, offering an accurate and efficient approach for future investigations in cavity quantum electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutirtha N Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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8
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When Molecular Magnetism Meets Supramolecular Chemistry: Multifunctional and Multiresponsive Dicopper(II) Metallacyclophanes as Proof-of-Concept for Single-Molecule Spintronics and Quantum Computing Technologies? MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular magnetism has made a long journey, from the fundamental studies on through-ligand electron exchange magnetic interactions in dinuclear metal complexes with extended organic bridges to the more recent exploration of their electron spin transport and quantum coherence properties. Such a field has witnessed a renaissance of dinuclear metallacyclic systems as new experimental and theoretical models for single-molecule spintronics and quantum computing, due to the intercrossing between molecular magnetism and metallosupramolecular chemistry. The present review reports a state-of-the-art overview as well as future perspectives on the use of oxamato-based dicopper(II) metallacyclophanes as promising candidates to make multifunctional and multiresponsive, single-molecule magnetic (nano)devices for the physical implementation of quantum information processing (QIP). They incorporate molecular magnetic couplers, transformers, and wires, controlling and facilitating the spin communication, as well as molecular magnetic rectifiers, transistors, and switches, exhibiting a bistable (ON/OFF) spin behavior under external stimuli (chemical, electronic, or photonic). Special focus is placed on the extensive research work done by Professor Francesc Lloret, an outstanding chemist, excellent teacher, best friend, and colleague, in recognition of his invaluable contributions to molecular magnetism on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
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9
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Parenti KR, He G, Sanders SN, Pun AB, Kumarasamy E, Sfeir MY, Campos LM. Bridge Resonance Effects in Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9392-9399. [PMID: 33138366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major benefit of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) materials, in which through-bond interactions mediate triplet pair formation, is the ability to control the triplet formation dynamics through molecular engineering. One common design strategy is the use of molecular bridges to mediate interchromophore interactions, decreasing electronic coupling by increasing chromophore-chromophore separation. Here, we report how the judicious choice of aromatic bridges can enhance chromophore-chromophore electronic coupling. This molecular engineering strategy takes advantage of "bridge resonance", in which the frontier orbital energies are nearly degenerate with those of the covalently linked singlet fission chromophores, resulting in fast iSF even at large interchromophore separations. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we investigate this bridge resonance effect in a series of pentacene and tetracene-bridged dimers, and we find that the rate of triplet formation is enhanced as the bridge orbitals approach resonance. This work highlights the important role of molecular connectivity in controlling the rate of iSF through chemical bonds and establishes critical design principles for future use of iSF materials in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia R Parenti
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Guiying He
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew B Pun
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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10
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Taherinia D. Investigation of the Interfacial Electron Transfer Kinetics in Ferrocene-Terminated Oligophenyleneimine Self-Assembled Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12572-12579. [PMID: 32936644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the synthesis, characterization, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements are reported for ferrocene-terminated oligophenyleneimine (OPI_Fc) and ferrocene-terminated conjugation-broken oligophenyleneimine (CB-OPI_Fc) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in two different electrolytes, namely, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide (EMITFSI) ionic liquid and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu4NPF6) in acetonitrile (0.1 M solution). The SAMs were synthesized on Au surfaces by the sequential imine condensation reactions. CV was used to investigate the kinetics of electron transfer (ET) to the ferrocene, and it was observed that the standard ET rate constant (k0) is a strong function of the electrolyte nature as well as the chemical composition of the SAM. Interestingly, when 0.1 M Bu4NPF6 in acetonitrile was used as the electrolyte, all of the SAMs exhibited quite similar k0 values. However, in the case of the ionic liquid, we found that k0 dramatically varies for each SAM and trends as OPI 6_Fc > CB3-OPI 6_Fc > CB5-OPI 6_Fc > CB3,5-OPI 6_Fc. We also examined the temperature dependence of ET kinetics for OPI 2_Fc, OPI 4_Fc, OPI 8_Fc, CB3-OPI 6_Fc, CB5-OPI 6_Fc, and CB3,5-OPI 6_Fc SAMs in EMITFSI ionic liquid. It was found that the activation energies of the ET in these SAMs are very similar (∼0.2 eV). Moreover, it was observed that ln k0 varies linearly with the molecular length for three SAMs, OPI 2_Fc, OPI 4_Fc, and OPI 8_Fc. These findings suggest that the ET to the ferrocene in OPI_Fc and CB-OPI _Fc SAMs takes place via a direct tunneling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
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11
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Huang Z, Xu Z, Huang T, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Lian T, Tang ML. Evolution from Tunneling to Hopping Mediated Triplet Energy Transfer from Quantum Dots to Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17581-17588. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box
523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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12
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Mandal A, Krauss TD, Huo P. Polariton-Mediated Electron Transfer via Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6321-6340. [PMID: 32589846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the polariton-mediated electron transfer reaction in a model system with analytic rate constant theory and direct quantum dynamical simulations. We demonstrate that the photoinduced charge transfer reaction between a bright donor state and dark acceptor state can be significantly enhanced or suppressed by coupling the molecular system to the quantized radiation field inside an optical cavity. This is because the quantum light-matter interaction can influence the effective driving force and electronic couplings between the donor state, which is the hybrid light-matter excitation, and the molecular acceptor state. Under the resonance condition between the photonic and electronic excitations, the effective driving force can be tuned by changing the light-matter coupling strength; for an off-resonant condition, the same effect can be accomplished by changing the molecule-cavity detuning. We further demonstrate that using both the electronic coupling and light-matter coupling helps to extend the effective couplings across the entire system, even for the dark state that carries a zero transition dipole. Theoretically, we find that both the counter-rotating terms and the dipole self-energy in the quantum electrodynamics Hamiltonian are important for obtaining an accurate polariton eigenspectrum as well as the polariton-mediated charge transfer rate constant, especially in the ultrastrong coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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13
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Jones AL, Jiang J, Schanze KS. Excitation-Wavelength-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a π-Conjugated Diblock Oligomer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12658-12668. [PMID: 32589407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Control of photoinduced electron transfer through selective excitation of a π-conjugated diblock oligomeric system featuring tetrathiophene (T4) and tetra(phenylene ethynylene) (PE4) donor blocks capped with a naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor (T4PE4NDI) is demonstrated. Each π-conjugated oligomeric segment has its own discrete ionization potential, electron affinity, and optical band gap which provides an absorption profile that has specific wavelengths that offer selective excitation of the PE4 and T4 blocks. Therefore, T4PE4NDI can be selectively excited to form a charge-separated state via ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer from the PE4 segment to NDI when excited at 370 nm, but it does not produce a charge-separated state when excited at 420 nm (T4). Picosecond transient absorption techniques were performed to probe the excited-state dynamics, revealing ultrafast charge separation (∼4 ps) occurring from the PE4 segment to NDI when excited at 370 nm, followed by delocalization of the hole over the T4 segment. On the contrary, electron transfer is suppressed with excitation at longer wavelengths (≥420 nm), where the spectrum is dominated by the T4 unit. The rate of electron transfer and charge recombination was investigated versus the length of the PE bridge unit in oligomers featuring zero and two PE units (T4NDI and T4PE2NDI). The rate of charge recombination decreases from 1.2 × 1011 to 1.0 × 109 s-1 with increasing bridge length between the T4 and NDI components (T4NDI to T4PE4NDI). Furthermore, wavelength-dependent photoinduced electron transfer was not observed in either T4NDI or T4PE2NDI due to an insufficient PEn bridge length. This work demonstrates the ability to use optical wavelength to control photoinduced electron transfer in a fully π-conjugated oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Junlin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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14
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Patel K, Bittner ER. Mixed Quantum Classical Simulations of Charge-Transfer Dynamics in a Model Light-Harvesting Complex. II. Transient Vibrational Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2158-2167. [PMID: 32118439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We perform dynamics simulations of donor-bridge-acceptor triads following photoexcitation and correlate nuclear motions with the charge-transfer event using the short-time Fourier transform technique. Broadly, the porphyrin bridges undergo higher energy vibrations, whereas the fullerene acceptors undergo low energy modes. Aryl side groups exhibit torsional motions relative to the porphyrin. Aryl linkers between the bridge and acceptor are restricted from such motions and therefore express ring distortion modes. Finally, we find an amide linker mode that is directionally sensitive to electron motion. This work supports the notion of vibrationally coupled ultrafast charge transfer found in both experimental and theoretical studies and lays a foundational method for identifying key vibrational modes for parametrizing future theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eric R Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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15
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Kaur R, Possanza F, Limosani F, Bauroth S, Zanoni R, Clark T, Arrigoni G, Tagliatesta P, Guldi DM. Understanding and Controlling Short- and Long-Range Electron/Charge-Transfer Processes in Electron Donor–Acceptor Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7898-7911. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabio Possanza
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Limosani
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Computer-Chemistry-Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robertino Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Shultz DA, Kirk ML, Zhang J, Stasiw DE, Wang G, Yang J, Habel-Rodriguez D, Stein BW, Sommer RD. Spectroscopic Signatures of Resonance Inhibition Reveal Differences in Donor-Bridge and Bridge-Acceptor Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4916-4924. [PMID: 32069027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The torsional dependence of the ground state magnetic exchange coupling (J) and the corresponding electronic coupling matrix element (HDA) for eight transition metal complexes possessing donor-acceptor (D-A) biradical ligands is presented. These biradical ligands are composed of an S = 1/2 metal semiquinone (SQ) donor and an S = 1/2 nitronylnitroxide (NN) acceptor, which are coupled to each other via para-phenylene, methyl-substituted para-phenylenes, or a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring. The observed trends in electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectral features are in accord with a reduction in electronic and magnetic coupling between D and A units within the framework of our valence bond configuration interaction model. Moreover, our spectroscopic results highlight different orbital mechanisms that modulate coupling in these complexes, which is not manifest in the ferromagnetic JSQ-B-NN values. The work provides new detailed insight into the effects of torsional rotations which contribute to inhomogeneities in experimentally determined exchange couplings, electron transfer rates, and electron transport conductance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States.,Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Daniel E Stasiw
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Diana Habel-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Benjamin W Stein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Roger D Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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17
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Zenkevich EI. Еxcitation Energy Relaxation Processes Involving Chlorophyll Molecules In Vitro: Solutions and Self-Organized Nanoassemblies. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219120442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Li X, Valdiviezo J, Banziger SD, Zhang P, Ren T, Beratan DN, Rubtsov IV. Symmetry controlled photo-selection and charge separation in butadiyne-bridged donor–bridge–acceptor compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9664-9676. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) in donor–bridge–acceptor (DBA) compounds featuring alkyne bridges depends strongly on the torsion angle between the donor and acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Tulane University
- New Orleans
- USA
| | | | | | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - David N. Beratan
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University
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19
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Phelan BT, Schultz JD, Zhang J, Huang GJ, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Quantum coherence in ultrafast photo-driven charge separation. Faraday Discuss 2019; 216:319-338. [PMID: 31066389 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Coherent interactions are prevalent in photodriven processes, ranging from photosynthetic energy transfer to superexchange-mediated electron transfer, resulting in numerous studies aimed towards identifying and understanding these interactions. A key motivator of this interest is the non-statistical scaling laws that result from coherently traversing multiple pathways due to quantum interference. To that end, we employed ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to measure electron transfer in two donor-acceptor molecular systems comprising a p-(9-anthryl)-N,N-dimethylaniline chromophore/electron donor and either one or two equivalent naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) electron acceptors at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The two-acceptor compound shows a statistical factor of 2.1 ± 0.2 rate enhancement at room temperature and a non-statistical factor of 2.6 ± 0.2 rate enhancement at cryogenic temperatures, suggesting correlated interactions between the two acceptors with the donor and with the bath modes. Comparing the charge recombination rates indicates that the electron is delocalized over both acceptors at low temperature but localized on a single acceptor at room temperature. These results highlight the importance of shielding the system from bath fluctuations to preserve and ultimately exploit the coherent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Guan-Jhih Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
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20
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Barnsley JE, Pelet W, McAdam J, Wagner K, Hayes P, Officer DL, Wagner P, Gordon KC. When “Donor–Acceptor” Dyes Delocalize: A Spectroscopic and Computational Study of D–A Dyes Using “Michler’s Base”. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5957-5968. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - William Pelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Patricia Hayes
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - David L. Officer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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21
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Luo Y, Wächtler M, Barthelmes K, Winter A, Schubert US, Dietzek B. Superexchange in the fast lane - intramolecular electron transfer in a molecular triad occurs by conformationally gated superexchange. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5251-5254. [PMID: 30990492 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01886g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer via hopping is generally considered to have a stronger temperature dependence than electron transfer via superexchange. However, in this work, an opposite trend of the temperature dependence is observed. This unexpected result is rationalized by considering the specific geometrical and electronic structure of the Ru-bis(terpyridine) photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Luo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany and Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany and Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Kevin Barthelmes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany and Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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22
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Narayanan M, Singh VR, Kodali G, Moravcevic K, Morris KJ, Stanley RJ. An Ethenoadenine FAD Analog Accelerates UV Dimer Repair by DNA Photolyase. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 93:343-354. [PMID: 27935052 DOI: 10.1111/php.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced anionic flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH- ) is the critical cofactor in DNA photolyase (PL) for the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in UV-damaged DNA. The initial step involves photoinduced electron transfer from *FADH- to the CPD. The adenine (Ade) moiety is nearly stacked with the flavin ring, an unusual conformation compared to other FAD-dependent proteins. The role of this proximity has not been unequivocally elucidated. Some studies suggest that Ade is a radical intermediate, but others conclude that Ade modulates the electron transfer rate constant (kET ) through superexchange. No study has succeeded in removing or modifying this Ade to test these hypotheses. Here, FAD analogs containing either an ethano- or etheno-bridged Ade between the AN1 and AN6 atoms (e-FAD and ε-FAD, respectively) were used to reconstitute apo-PL, giving e-PL and ε-PL respectively. The reconstitution yield of e-PL was very poor, suggesting that the hydrophobicity of the ethano group prevented its uptake, while ε-PL showed 50% reconstitution yield. The substrate binding constants for ε-PL and rPL were identical. ε-PL showed a 15% higher steady-state repair yield compared to FAD-reconstituted photolyase (rPL). The acceleration of repair in ε-PL is discussed in terms of an ε-Ade radical intermediate vs superexchange mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay R Singh
- Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Katarina Moravcevic
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Horsham, PA
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23
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Parson WW. Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Intramolecular Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8824-8833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William W. Parson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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24
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Piontkowski Z, McCamant DW. Excited-State Planarization in Donor-Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11046-11057. [PMID: 30091908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Donor-π-acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor-bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor-bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in <10 ps and is stable for ca. 1 ns. Importantly, O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor-bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor-acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor-acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Piontkowski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
| | - David W McCamant
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
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25
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Barnsley JE, Shillito GE, Mapley JI, Larsen CB, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Walking the Emission Tightrope: Spectral and Computational Analysis of Some Dual-Emitting Benzothiadiazole Donor–Acceptor Dyes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7991-8006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph I. Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Ma Z, Lin Z, Lawrence CM, Rubtsov IV, Antoniou P, Skourtis SS, Zhang P, Beratan DN. How can infra-red excitation both accelerate and slow charge transfer in the same molecule? Chem Sci 2018; 9:6395-6405. [PMID: 30310568 PMCID: PMC6115705 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A UV-IR-Vis 3-pulse study of infra-red induced changes to electron transfer (ET) rates in a donor-bridge-acceptor species finds that charge-separation rates are slowed, while charge-recombination rates are accelerated as a result of IR excitation during the reaction. We explore the underpinning mechanisms for this behavior, studying IR-induced changes to the donor-acceptor coupling, to the validity of the Condon approximation, and to the reaction coordinate distribution. We find that the dominant IR-induced rate effects in the species studied arise from changes to the density of states in the Marcus curve crossing region. That is, IR perturbation changes the probability of accessing the activated complex for the ET reactions. IR excitation diminishes the population of the activated complex for forward (activationless) ET, thus slowing the rate. However, IR excitation increases the population of the activated complex for (highly activated) charge recombination ET, thus accelerating the charge recombination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , USA
| | - Candace M Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , Louisiana 70125 , USA
| | - Igor V Rubtsov
- Department of Chemistry , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , USA
| | | | - Spiros S Skourtis
- Department of Physics , University of Cyprus , Nicosia 1678 , Cyprus
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA.,Department of Physics , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA.,Department of Biochemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , USA
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27
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Ivanov MV, Wang D, Rathore R. From Static to Dynamic: Electron Density of HOMO at Biaryl Linkage Controls the Mechanism of Hole Delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4765-4769. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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28
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Jones AL, Gish MK, Zeman CJ, Papanikolas JM, Schanze KS. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Naphthalene Diimide End-Capped Thiophene Oligomers. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9579-9588. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin L. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Melissa K. Gish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Charles J. Zeman
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Way, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
- Key
Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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29
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Powell DD, Wasielewski MR, Ratner MA. Redfield Treatment of Multipathway Electron Transfer in Artificial Photosynthetic Systems. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7190-7203. [PMID: 28661144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coherence effects on electron transfer in a series of symmetric and asymmetric two-, three-, four-, and five-site molecular model systems for photosystem I in cyanobacteria and green plants were studied. The total site energies of the electronic Hamiltonian were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) formalism and included the zero point vibrational energies of the electron donors and acceptors. Site energies and couplings were calculated using a polarizable continuum model to represent various solvent environments, and the site-to-site couplings were calculated using fragment charge difference methods at the DFT level of theory. The Redfield formalism was used to propagate the electron density from the donors to the acceptors, incorporating relaxation and dephasing effects to describe the electron transfer processes. Changing the relative energies of the donor, intermediate acceptor, and final acceptor molecules in these assemblies has profound effects on the electron transfer rates as well as on the amplitude of the quantum oscillations observed. Increasing the ratio of a particular energy gap to the electronic coupling for a given pair of states leads to weaker quantum oscillations between sites. Biasing the intermediate acceptor energies to slightly favor one pathway leads to a general decrease in electron transfer yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mark A Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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30
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Barnsley JE, Lomax BA, McLay JRW, Larsen CB, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Flicking the Switch on Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Hexaazatrinaphthalene Dyes: A Spectroscopic and Computational Study. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago, Union Place West; Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Bethany A. Lomax
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago, Union Place West; Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - James R. W. McLay
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago, Union Place West; Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago, Union Place West; Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago, Union Place West; Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago, Union Place West; Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
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31
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Kim Y, Wilson AJ, Jain PK. The Nature of Plasmonically Assisted Hot-Electron Transfer in a Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Complex. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and §Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and §Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Prashant K. Jain
- Department of Chemistry and §Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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32
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Waskasi MM, Newton MD, Matyushov DV. Impact of Temperature and Non-Gaussian Statistics on Electron Transfer in Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2665-2676. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza M. Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Marshall D. Newton
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States
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33
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Roethlisberger P, Kaliginediand V, Leumann CJ. Modulation of Excess Electron Transfer through LUMO Gradients in DNA Containing Phenanthrenyl Base Surrogates. Chemistry 2017; 23:2022-2025. [PMID: 27992671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of excess electron transfer (EET) within DNA containing a dimethylaminopyrene (C-AP) as an electron donor and 5-bromouracil (Br dU) as an electron acceptor through phenanthrenyl pairs (phen-R) could be achieved by modifying the phenanthrenyl base surrogates with electron withdrawing and donating groups. Arranging the phenanthrenyl units to form a descending LUMO gradient increased the EET efficiency compared to the electron transfer through uniform LUMOs or an ascending LUMO gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Roethlisberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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34
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Wang D, Talipov MR, Ivanov MV, Rathore R. Energy Gap between the Poly-p-phenylene Bridge and Donor Groups Controls the Hole Delocalization in Donor-Bridge-Donor Wires. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16337-16344. [PMID: 27998092 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly-p-phenylene wires are critically important as charge-transfer materials in photovoltaics. A comparative analysis of a series of poly-p-phenylene (RPPn) wires, capped with isoalkyl (iAPPn), alkoxy (ROPPn), and dialkylamino (R2NPPn) groups, shows unexpected evolution of oxidation potentials, i.e., decrease (-260 mV) for iAPPn, while increase for ROPPn (+100 mV) and R2NPPn (+350 mV) with increasing number of p-phenylenes. Moreover, redox/optical properties and DFT calculations of R2NPPn/R2NPPn+• further show that the symmetric bell-shaped hole distribution distorts and shifts toward one end of the molecule with only 4 p-phenylenes in R2NPPn+•, while shifting of the hole occurs with 6 and 8 p-phenylenes in ROPPn+• and iAPPn+•, respectively. Availability of accurate experimental data on highly electron-rich dialkylamino-capped R2NPPn together with ROPPn and iAPPn allowed us to demonstrate, using our recently developed Marcus-based multistate model (MSM), that an increase of oxidation potentials in R2NPPn arises due to an interplay between the electronic coupling (Hab) and energy difference between the end-capped groups and bridging phenylenes (Δε). A comparison of the three series of RPPn with varied Δε further demonstrates that decrease/increase/no change in oxidation energies of RPPn can be predicted based on the energy gap Δε and coupling Hab, i.e., decrease if Δε < Hab (i.e., iAPPn), increase if Δε > Hab (i.e., R2NPPn), and minimal change if Δε ≈ Hab (i.e., ROPPn). MSM also reproduces the switching of the nature of electronic transition in higher homologues of R2NPPn+• (n ≥ 4). These findings will aid in the development of improved models for charge-transfer dynamics in donor-bridge-acceptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Marat R Talipov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Maxim V Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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35
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Qiblawi SH, LaDuca RL. Ribbon and Self-Penetrated Hybrid Copper Molybdates with Ancillary Bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan H. Qiblawi
- Lyman Briggs College and Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; 48825 East Lansing MI USA
| | - Robert L. LaDuca
- Lyman Briggs College and Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; 48825 East Lansing MI USA
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36
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Li X, Markandeya N, Jonusauskas G, McClenaghan ND, Maurizot V, Denisov SA, Huc I. Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Hole Migration in Nanosized Helical Aromatic Oligoamide Foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13568-13578. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nagula Markandeya
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Laboratoire Ondes et Matières
d’Aquitaine (UMR5798), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Nathan D. McClenaghan
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
(UMR5255), 351 cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sergey A. Denisov
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
(UMR5255), 351 cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
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37
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Morseth ZA, Pho TV, Gilligan AT, Dillon RJ, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR, Papanikolas JM. Role of Macromolecular Structure in the Ultrafast Energy and Electron Transfer Dynamics of a Light-Harvesting Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7937-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Morseth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Toan V. Pho
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer
Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alexander T. Gilligan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert J. Dillon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer
Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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39
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Peeks MD, Neuhaus P, Anderson HL. Experimental and computational evaluation of the barrier to torsional rotation in a butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5264-74. [PMID: 26814809 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The barrier to torsional rotation in a butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimer has been determined in solution using variable temperature UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy: ΔH = 5.27 ± 0.03 kJ mol(-1), ΔS = 10.69 ± 0.14 J K(-1) mol(-1). The value of ΔH agrees well with theoretical predictions. Quantum chemical calculations (DFT) were used to predict the torsion angle dependence of the absorption spectrum, and to calculate the vibronic fine structure of the S0 → S1 absorption for the planar dimer, showing that the absorption band of the planar conformer has a vibronic component overlapping with the 〈0|0〉 absorption of the perpendicular conformer. The torsion barrier in the porphyrin dimer is higher than that of 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne (calculated ΔH = 1.1 kJ mol(-1)). Crystallographic bond lengths and IR vibrational frequencies confirm that there is a greater contribution of the cumulenic resonance form in butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimers than in 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne. The DFT frontier orbitals of the twisted conformer of the porphyrin dimer are helical, when calculated in the absence of symmetry. The helical character of these orbitals disappears when D2d symmetry is enforced in the 90° twisted conformer. Helical representations of the frontier orbitals can be generated by linear combinations of the more localised orbitals from a symmetry-constrained calculation but they do not indicate π-conjugation. This work provides insights into the relationship between electronic structure and conformation in alkyne-linked conjugated oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Peeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Patrik Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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40
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Waskasi MM, Kodis G, Moore AL, Moore TA, Gust D, Matyushov DV. Marcus Bell-Shaped Electron Transfer Kinetics Observed in an Arrhenius Plot. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9251-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza M. Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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41
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Blair EP, Corcelli SA, Lent CS. Electric-field-driven electron-transfer in mixed-valence molecules. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:014307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4955113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique P. Blair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
| | - Steven A. Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Craig S. Lent
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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42
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Tosi I, Segado Centellas M, Campioli E, Iagatti A, Lapini A, Sissa C, Baldini L, Cappelli C, Di Donato M, Sansone F, Santoro F, Terenziani F. Excitation Dynamics in Hetero-bichromophoric Calixarene Systems. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1686-706. [PMID: 26867716 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the dynamics of electronic energy transfer (EET) in bichromophoric donor-acceptor systems, obtained by functionalizing a calix[4]arene scaffold with two dyes, was experimentally and theoretically characterized. The investigated compounds are highly versatile, due to the possibility of linking the dye molecules to the cone or partial cone structure of the calix[4]arene, which directs the two active units to the same or opposite side of the scaffold, respectively. The dynamics and efficiency of the EET process between the donor and acceptor units was investigated and discussed through a combined experimental and theoretical approach, involving ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy and density functional theory based characterization of the energetic and spectroscopic properties of the system. Our results suggest that the external medium strongly determines the particular conformation adopted by the bichromophores, with a direct effect on the extent of excitonic coupling between the dyes and hence on the dynamics of the EET process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Campioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Iagatti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,INO (Istituto Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapini
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Baldini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy. .,INO (Istituto Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125, Firenze, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Terenziani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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43
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Taherinia D, Smith CE, Ghosh S, Odoh SO, Balhorn L, Gagliardi L, Cramer CJ, Frisbie CD. Charge Transport in 4 nm Molecular Wires with Interrupted Conjugation: Combined Experimental and Computational Evidence for Thermally Assisted Polaron Tunneling. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4372-4383. [PMID: 27017971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, transport measurements, and electronic structure of conjugation-broken oligophenyleneimine (CB-OPI 6) molecular wires with lengths of ∼4 nm. The wires were grown from Au surfaces using stepwise aryl imine condensation reactions between 1,4-diaminobenzene and terephthalaldehyde (1,4-benzenedicarbaldehyde). Saturated spacers (conjugation breakers) were introduced into the molecular backbone by replacing the aromatic diamine with trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane at specific steps during the growth processes. FT-IR and ellipsometry were used to follow the imination reactions on Au surfaces. Surface coverages (∼4 molecules/nm(2)) and electronic structures of the wires were determined by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the wires were acquired using conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) in which an Au-coated AFM probe was brought into contact with the wires to form metal-molecule-metal junctions with contact areas of ∼50 nm(2). The low bias resistance increased with the number of saturated spacers, but was not sensitive to the position of the spacer within the wire. Temperature dependent measurements of resistance were consistent with a localized charge (polaron) hopping mechanism in all of the wires. Activation energies were in the range of 0.18-0.26 eV (4.2-6.0 kcal/mol) with the highest belonging to the fully conjugated OPI 6 wire and the lowest to the CB3,5-OPI 6 wire (the wire with two saturated spacers). For the two other wires with a single conjugation breaker, CB3-OPI 6 and CB5-OPI 6, activation energies of 0.20 eV (4.6 kcal/mol) and 0.21 eV (4.8 kcal/mol) were found, respectively. Computational studies using density functional theory confirmed the polaronic nature of charge carriers but predicted that the semiclassical activation energy of hopping should be higher for CB-OPI molecular wires than for the OPI 6 wire. To reconcile the experimental and computational results, we propose that the transport mechanism is thermally assisted polaron tunneling in the case of CB-OPI wires, which is consistent with their increased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samuel O Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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44
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Castellano M, Ruiz-García R, Cano J, Ferrando-Soria J, Pardo E, Fortea-Pérez FR, Stiriba SE, Barros WP, Stumpf HO, Cañadillas-Delgado L, Pasán J, Ruiz-Pérez C, de Munno G, Armentano D, Journaux Y, Lloret F, Julve M. Metallosupramolecular approach toward multifunctional magnetic devices for molecular spintronics. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Gilbert M, Albinsson B. Photoinduced charge and energy transfer in molecular wires. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:845-62. [PMID: 25212903 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exploring charge and energy transport in donor-bridge-acceptor systems is an important research field which is essential for the fundamental knowledge necessary to develop future applications. These studies help creating valuable knowledge to respond to today's challenges to develop functionalized molecular systems for artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics or molecular scale electronics. This tutorial review focuses on photo-induced charge/energy transfer in covalently linked donor-bridge-acceptor (D-B-A) systems. Of utmost importance in such systems is to understand how to control signal transmission, i.e. how fast electrons or excitation energy could be transferred between the donor and acceptor and the role played by the bridge (the "molecular wire"). After a brief description of the electron and energy transfer theory, we aim to give a simple yet accurate picture of the complex role played by the bridge to sustain donor-acceptor electronic communication. Special emphasis is put on understanding bridge energetics and conformational dynamics effects on the distance dependence of the donor-acceptor electronic coupling and transfer rates. Several examples of donor-bridge-acceptor systems from the literature are described as a support to the discussion. Finally, porphyrin-based molecular wires are introduced, and the relationship between their electronic structure and photophysical properties is outlined. In strongly conjugated porphyrin systems, limitations of the existing electron transfer theory to interpret the distance dependence of the transfer rates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Gilbert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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46
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Raichlin S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Protein Electronic Conductors: Hemin-Substrate Bonding Dictates Transport Mechanism and Efficiency across Myoglobin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Raichlin S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Protein Electronic Conductors: Hemin-Substrate Bonding Dictates Transport Mechanism and Efficiency across Myoglobin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12379-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Stasiw DE, Zhang J, Wang G, Dangi R, Stein BW, Shultz DA, Kirk ML, Wojtas L, Sommer RD. Determining the Conformational Landscape of σ and π Coupling Using para-Phenylene and “Aviram–Ratner” Bridges. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9222-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Stasiw
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Ranjana Dangi
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Stein
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David A. Shultz
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - Roger D. Sommer
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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49
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Chen J, Wenger OS. Fluoride binding to an organoboron wire controls photoinduced electron transfer. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3582-3592. [PMID: 29511520 PMCID: PMC5659175 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00964b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that the rates for long-range electron transfer can be controlled actively by tight anion binding to a rigid rod-like molecular bridge. Electron transfer from a triarylamine donor to a photoexcited Ru(bpy)32+ acceptor (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) across a 2,5-diboryl-1,4-phenylene bridge occurs within less than 10 ns in CH2Cl2 at 22 °C. Fluoride anions bind with high affinity to the organoboron bridge due to strong Lewis base/Lewis acid interactions, and this alters the electronic structure of the bridge drastically. Consequently, a large tunneling barrier is imposed on photoinduced electron transfer from the triarylamine to the Ru(bpy)32+ complex and hence this process occurs more than two orders of magnitude more slowly, despite the fact that its driving force is essentially unaffected by fluoride addition. Electron transfer rates in proteins could potentially be regulated via a similar fundamental principle, because interactions between charged amino acid side chains and counter-ions can modulate electronic couplings between distant redox partners. In artificial donor-bridge-acceptor compounds, external stimuli have been employed frequently to control electron transfer rates, but the approach of exploiting strong Lewis acid/Lewis base interactions to regulate the tunneling barrier height imposed by a rigid rod-like molecular bridge is conceptually novel and broadly applicable, because it is largely independent of the donor and the acceptor, and because the effect is not based on a change of the driving-force for electron transfer. The principle demonstrated here can potentially be used to switch between conducting and insulating states of molecular wires between electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland .
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures , Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , People's Republic of China
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland .
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Heinz LG, Yushchenko O, Neuburger M, Vauthey E, Wenger OS. Tetramethoxybenzene is a Good Building Block for Molecular Wires: Insights from Photoinduced Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5676-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa G. Heinz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Yushchenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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