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Shende VV, Bauman KD, Moore BS. The shikimate pathway: gateway to metabolic diversity. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:604-648. [PMID: 38170905 PMCID: PMC11043010 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 to 2023The shikimate pathway is the metabolic process responsible for the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Seven metabolic steps convert phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) into shikimate and ultimately chorismate, which serves as the branch point for dedicated aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants (yet not animals) biosynthesize chorismate and exploit its intermediates in their specialized metabolism. This review highlights the metabolic diversity derived from intermediates of the shikimate pathway along the seven steps from PEP and E4P to chorismate, as well as additional sections on compounds derived from prephenate, anthranilate and the synonymous aminoshikimate pathway. We discuss the genomic basis and biochemical support leading to shikimate-derived antibiotics, lipids, pigments, cofactors, and other metabolites across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Shende
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Katherine D Bauman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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2
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Sood U, Müller M, Lan T, Garg G, Singhvi N, Hira P, Singh P, Nigam A, Verma M, Lata P, Kaur H, Kumar A, Rawat CD, Lal S, Aldrich C, Bechthold A, Lal R. Amycolatopsis mediterranei: A Sixty-Year Journey from Strain Isolation to Unlocking Its Potential of Rifamycin Analogue Production by Combinatorial Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:424-438. [PMID: 38289177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ever since the isolation of Amycolatopsis mediterranei in 1957, this strain has been the focus of research worldwide. In the last 60 years or more, our understanding of the taxonomy, development of cloning vectors and conjugation system, physiology, genetics, genomics, and biosynthetic pathway of rifamycin B production in A. mediterranei has substantially increased. In particular, the development of cloning vectors, transformation system, characterization of the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster, and the regulation of rifamycin B production by the pioneering work of Heinz Floss have made the rifamycin polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster (PKS) an attractive target for extensive genetic manipulations to produce rifamycin B analogues which could be effective against multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Additionally, a better understanding of the regulation of rifamycin B production and the application of newer genomics tools, including CRISPR-assisted genome editing systems, might prove useful to overcome the limitations associated with low production of rifamycin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Sood
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Moritz Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gauri Garg
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Nirjara Singhvi
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Princy Hira
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110003, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110003, India
| | - Aeshna Nigam
- Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110027, India
| | - Mansi Verma
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Pushp Lata
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Abhilash Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Charu Dogra Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Sukanya Lal
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana-122001, India
| | - Courtney Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rup Lal
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana-122001, India
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110019, India
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3
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Escalante A, Mendoza-Flores R, Gosset G, Bolívar F. The aminoshikimic acid pathway in bacteria as source of precursors for the synthesis of antibacterial and antiviral compounds. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6347350. [PMID: 34374768 PMCID: PMC8788734 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aminoshikimic acid (ASA) pathway comprises a series of reactions resulting in the synthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), present in bacteria such as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces. AHBA is the precursor for synthesizing the mC7N units, the characteristic structural component of ansamycins and mitomycins antibiotics, compounds with important antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Furthermore, aminoshikimic acid, another relevant intermediate of the ASA pathway, is an attractive candidate for a precursor for oseltamivir phosphate synthesis, the most potent anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor treatment of both seasonal and pandemic influenza. This review discusses the relevance of the key intermediate AHBA as a scaffold molecule to synthesize diverse ansamycins and mitomycins. We describe the structure and control of the expression of the model biosynthetic cluster rif in A. mediterranei to synthesize ansamycins and review several current pharmaceutical applications of these molecules. Additionally, we discuss some relevant strategies developed for overproducing these chemicals, focusing on the relevance of the ASA pathway intermediates kanosamine, AHAB, and ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rubén Mendoza-Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Guillermo Gosset
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Francisco Bolívar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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4
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Vetter ND, Palmer DRJ. Substrate Substitution in Kanosamine Biosynthesis Using Phosphonates and Phosphite Rescue. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1926-1932. [PMID: 34096710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kanosamine is an antibiotic and antifungal compound synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) in Bacillus subtilis by the action of three enzymes: NtdC, which catalyzes NAD-dependent oxidation of the C3-hydroxyl; NtdA, a PLP-dependent aminotransferase; and NtdB, a phosphatase. We previously demonstrated that NtdC can also oxidize substrates such as glucose and xylose, though at much lower rates, suggesting that the phosphoryloxymethylene moiety of the substrate is critical for effective catalysis. To probe this, we synthesized two phosphonate analogues of G6P in which the bridging oxygen is replaced by methylene and difluoromethylene groups. These analogues are substrates for NtdC, with second-order rate constants an order of magnitude lower than those for G6P. NtdA converts the resulting 3-keto products to the corresponding kanosamine 6-phosphonate analogues. We compared the rates to the rate of NtdC oxidation of glucose and xylose and showed that the low reactivity of xylose could be rescued 4-fold by the presence of phosphite, mimicking G6P in two pieces. These results allow the evaluation of the individual energetic contributions to catalysis of the bridging oxygen, the bridging C6 methylene, the phosphodianion, and the entropic gain of one substrate versus two substrate pieces. Phosphite also rescued the reversible formation 3-amino-3-deoxy-d-xylose by NtdA, demonstrating that truncated and nonhydrolyzable analogues of kanosamine 6-phosphate can be generated enzymatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Vetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
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Prasertanan T, Palmer DRJ, Sanders DAR. Snapshots along the catalytic path of KabA, a PLP-dependent aminotransferase required for kanosamine biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus UW85. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107744. [PMID: 33984505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Kanosamine is an antibiotic and antifungal monosaccharide. The kanosamine biosynthetic pathway from glucose 6-phosphate in Bacillus cereus UW85 was recently reported, and the functions of each of the three enzymes in the pathway, KabA, KabB and KabC, were demonstrated. KabA, a member of a subclass of the VIβ family of PLP-dependent aminotransferases, catalyzes the second step in the pathway, generating kanosamine 6-phosphate (K6P) using l-glutamate as the amino-donor. KabA catalysis was shown to be extremely efficient, with a second-order rate constant with respect to K6P transamination of over 107 M-1s-1. Here we report the high-resolution structure of KabA in both the PLP- and PMP-bound forms. In addition, co-crystallization with K6P allowed the structure of KabA in complex with the covalent PLP-K6P adduct to be solved. Co-crystallization or soaking with glutamate or 2-oxoglutarate did not result in crystals with either substrate/product. Reduction of the PLP-KabA complex with sodium cyanoborohydride gave an inactivated enzyme, and crystals of the reduced KabA were soaked with the l-glutamate analog glutarate to mimic the KabA-PLP-l-glutamate complex. Together these four structures give a complete picture of how the active site of KabA recognizes substrates for each half-reaction. The KabA structure is discussed in the context of homologous aminotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - David A R Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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Wesemann F, Heutling A, Wienecke P, Kirschning A. First Ring-Expanded Maytansin Lactone Accessed by a New Mutasynthetic Variant. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2927-2930. [PMID: 32484951 PMCID: PMC7689855 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multiblocked mutant strain (ΔAHBA and Δasm12, asm21) of Actinosynnema pretiosum, the producer of the highly toxic maytansinoid ansamitocin, has been used for the mutasynthetic production of new proansamitocin derivatives. The use of mutant strains that are blocked in the biosynthesis of an early building block as well as in the expression of two tailoring enzymes broadens the scope of chemo-biosynthetic access to new maytansinoids. Remarkably, a ring-expanded macrolactone derived from ansamitocin was created for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wesemann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and, Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Heutling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and, Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Wienecke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and, Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and, Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Ye F, Shi Y, Zhao S, Li Z, Wang H, Lu C, Shen Y. 8-Deoxy-Rifamycin Derivatives from Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699 ΔrifT Strain. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091265. [PMID: 32887371 PMCID: PMC7563148 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proansamycin X, a hypothetical earliest macrocyclic precursor in the biosynthesis of rifamycin, had never been isolated and identified. According to bioinformatics analysis, it was proposed that RifT (a putative NADH-dependent dehydrogenase) may be a candidate target responsible for the dehydrogenation of proansamycin X. In this study, the mutant strain Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699 ΔrifT was constructed by deleting the rifT gene. From this strain, eleven 8-deoxy-rifamycin derivatives (1–11) and seven known analogues (12–18) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and high-resolution ESI mass spectra. Compound 1 is a novel amide N-glycoside of seco-rifamycin. Compounds 2 and 3 feature conserved 11,12-seco-rifamycin W skeleton. The diverse post-modifications in the polyketide chain led to the production of 4–11. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) values of 10, 20, 20, 20, 40 and 20 μg/mL, respectively). Compounds 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 showed potent antiproliferative activity against KG1 cells with IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values of 14.91, 44.78, 2.16, 18.67 and 8.07 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; (F.Y.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; (F.Y.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Shengliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; (F.Y.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; (F.Y.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; (F.Y.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China; (F.Y.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-531-8838-2108
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8
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Vetter ND, Jagdhane RC, Richter BJ, Palmer DRJ. Carbocyclic Substrate Analogues Reveal Kanosamine Biosynthesis Begins with the α-Anomer of Glucose 6-Phosphate. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2205-2211. [PMID: 32786294 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NtdC is an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to 3-oxo-glucose 6-phosphate (3oG6P), the first step in kanosamine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis and other closely-related bacteria. The NtdC-catalyzed reaction is unusual because 3oG6P undergoes rapid ring opening, resulting in a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound that is inherently unstable due to enolate formation. We have reported the steady-state kinetic behavior of NtdC, but many questions remain about the nature of this reaction, including whether it is the α-anomer, β-anomer, or open-chain form that is the substrate for the enzyme. Here, we report the synthesis of carbocyclic G6P analogues by two routes, one based upon the Ferrier II rearrangement to generate the carbocycle and one based upon a Claisen rearrangement. We were able to synthesize both pseudo-anomers of carbaglucose 6-phosphate (C6P) using the Ferrier approach, and activity assays revealed that the pseudo-α-anomer is a good substrate for NtdC, while the pseudo-β-anomer and the open-chain analogue, sorbitol 6-phosphate (S6P), are not substrates. A more efficient synthesis of α-C6P was achieved using the Claisen rearrangement approach, which allowed for a thorough evaluation of the NtdC-catalyzed oxidation of α-C6P. The requirement for the α-anomer indicates that NtdC and NtdA, the subsequent enzyme in the pathway, have co-evolved to recognize the α-anomer in order to avoid mutarotation between enzymatic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D. Vetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Rajendra C. Jagdhane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Brett J. Richter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David R. J. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Wang P, Huo CX, Lang S, Caution K, Nick ST, Dubey P, Deora R, Huang X. Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of a Pentasaccharide Bearing Multiple Rare Sugars as a Potential Anti-pertussis Vaccine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6451-6458. [PMID: 31953912 PMCID: PMC7141973 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
With the infection rate of Bordetella pertussis at a 60-year high, there is an urgent need for new anti-pertussis vaccines. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of B. pertussis is an attractive antigen for vaccine development. With the presence of multiple rare sugars and unusual glycosyl linkages, the B. pertussis LPS is a highly challenging synthetic target. In this work, aided by molecular dynamics simulation and modeling, a pertussis-LPS-like pentasaccharide was chemically synthesized for the first time. The pentasaccharide was conjugated with a powerful carrier, bacteriophage Qβ, as a vaccine candidate. Immunization of mice with the conjugate induced robust anti-glycan IgG responses with IgG titers reaching several million enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units. The antibodies generated were long lasting and boostable and could recognize multiple clinical strains of B. pertussis, highlighting the potential of Qβ-glycan as a new anti-pertussis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chang-Xin Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shuyao Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kyle Caution
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Setare Tahmasebi Nick
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, USA
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10
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Wang P, Huo C, Lang S, Caution K, Nick ST, Dubey P, Deora R, Huang X. Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of a Pentasaccharide Bearing Multiple Rare Sugars as a Potential Anti‐pertussis Vaccine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Chang‐xin Huo
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Shuyao Lang
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Kyle Caution
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University 460 W 12th Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Setare Tahmasebi Nick
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University 460 W 12th Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University 460 W 12th Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Department of MicrobiologyThe Ohio State University USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringMichigan State University USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and EngineeringMichigan State University USA
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11
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Pandey U, Subedi YP, Alfindee MN, Shepherd T, Chang CWT. An Alternative and Facile Synthetic Approach for the Precursors of 3- and 6-Aminosugar Donors and Study of One-pot Glycosyltrasferation. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uddav Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-300, USA
| | - Yagya Prasad Subedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-300, USA
| | - Madher N. Alfindee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-300, USA
| | - Taylor Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-300, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Tom Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-300, USA
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12
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Prasertanan T, Palmer DR. The kanosamine biosynthetic pathway in Bacillus cereus UW85: Functional and kinetic characterization of KabA, KabB, and KabC. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 676:108139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Vetter ND, Palmer DRJ. Simultaneous Measurement of Glucose-6-phosphate 3-Dehydrogenase (NtdC) Catalysis and the Nonenzymatic Reaction of Its Product: Kinetics and Isotope Effects on the First Step in Kanosamine Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2001-2009. [PMID: 28353336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate 3-dehydrogenase (NtdC) is an NAD-dependent oxidoreductase encoded in the NTD operon of Bacillus subtilis. The oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate by NtdC is the first step in kanosamine biosynthesis. The product, 3-oxo-d-glucose 6-phosphate (3oG6P), has never been synthesized or isolated. The NtdC-catalyzed reaction is very slow at low and neutral pH, and its rate increases to a maximum near pH 9.5. However, under alkaline conditions, the product is not stable because of ring opening followed by deprotonation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl compound. The absorbance band due to this enolate at 310 nm overlaps with that of the other enzymatic product, NADH, complicating kinetic measurements. We report the deconvolution of the resulting spectra of the reaction to determine the rate constants and likely kinetic mechanism. In doing so, we were able to determine the extinction coefficient of the enolate of 3oG6P (23000 M-1 cm-1), which allowed the measurement of the first-order rate constant (5.51 × 10-3 s-1) and activation energy (93 kJ mol-1) of nonenzymatic enolate formation. Using deuterium-labeled substrates, we show that hydride transfer from carbon 3 is partially rate-limiting in the enzymatic reaction, and deuterium substitution on carbon 2 has no significant effect on the enzymatic reaction but lowers the rate of deprotonation of 3oG6P 4-fold. These experiments clearly establish the regiochemistry of the reactions. Coupling of the NtdC reaction with the subsequent step in the pathway, NtdA-catalyzed glutamate-dependent amino transfer, has a small but significant effect on the rate of NAD reduction, consistent with these enzymes working together to process the unstable metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Vetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
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15
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Skarbek K, Milewska MJ. Biosynthetic and synthetic access to amino sugars. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:44-71. [PMID: 27592039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Amino sugars are important constituents of a number of biomacromolecules and products of microbial secondary metabolism, including antibiotics. For most of them, the amino group is located at the positions C1, C2 or C3 of the hexose or pentose ring. In biological systems, amino sugars are formed due to the catalytic activity of specific aminotransferases or amidotransferases by introducing an amino functionality derived from L-glutamate or L-glutamine to the keto forms of sugar phosphates or sugar nucleotides. The synthetic introduction of amino functionalities in a regio- and stereoselective manner onto sugar scaffolds represents a substantial challenge. Most of the modern methods of for the preparation of 1-, 2- and 3-amino sugars are those starting from "an active ester" of carbohydrate derivatives, glycals, alcohols, carbonyl compounds and amino acids. A substantial progress in the development of region- and stereoselective methods of amino sugar synthesis has been made in the recent years, due to the application of metal-based catalysts and tethered approaches. A comprehensive review on the current state of knowledge on biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of amino sugars is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Skarbek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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16
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Forget SM, Jee A, Smithen DA, Jagdhane R, Anjum S, Beaton SA, Palmer DRJ, Syvitski RT, Jakeman DL. Kinetic evaluation of glucose 1-phosphate analogues with a thymidylyltransferase using a continuous coupled enzyme assay. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:866-75. [PMID: 25408103 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cps2L, a thymidylytransferase, is the first enzyme in Streptococcus pneumoniae L-rhamnose biosynthesis and an antibacterial target. We herein report the evaluation of six sugar phosphate analogues selected to further probe Cps2L substrate tolerance. A modified continuous spectrophotometric assay was employed for facile detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) released from nucleotidylyltransfase-catalysed condensation of sugar 1-phosphates and nucleoside triphosphates to produce sugar nucleotides. Additionally, experiments using waterLOGSY NMR spectroscopy were investigated as a complimentary method to evaluate binding affinity to Cps2L.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Forget
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Rd, PO Box 15, 000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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17
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Shao ZH, Ren SX, Liu XQ, Xu J, Yan H, Zhao GP, Wang J. A preliminary study of the mechanism of nitrate-stimulated remarkable increase of rifamycin production in Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32 by RNA-seq. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:75. [PMID: 26041361 PMCID: PMC4453227 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rifamycin is an important antibiotic for the treatment of infectious disease caused by Mycobacteria tuberculosis. It was found that in Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32, an industrial producer for rifamycin SV, supplementation of nitrate into the medium remarkably stimulated the yield of rifamycin SV. However, the molecular mechanism of this nitrate-mediated stimulation remains unknown. Results In this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was employed for investigation of the genome-wide differential gene expression in U32 cultured with or without nitrate supplementation. In the presence of nitrate, U32 maintained a high transcriptional level of genes both located in the rifamycin biosynthetic cluster and involved in the biosynthesis of rifamycin precursors, including 3-amino-5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, malonyl-CoA and (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA. However, when nitrate was omitted from the medium, the transcription of these genes declined sharply during the transition from the mid-logarithmic phase to the early stationary phase. With these understandings, one may easily propose that nitrate stimulates the rifamycin SV production through increasing both the precursors supply and the enzymes for rifamycin biosynthesis. Conclusion It is the first time to thoroughly illustrate the mechanism of the nitrate-mediated stimulation of rifamycin production at the transcriptional level, which may facilitate improvement of the industrial production of rifamycin SV, e.g. through optimizing the global rifamycin biosynthetic pathways on the basis of RNA-seq data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0264-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hui Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Shuang Xi Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Xin Qiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Han Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Guo Ping Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China. .,State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Department of Microbiology and Li KaShing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Sar, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China.
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18
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Salinas JC, Migawa MT, Merner BL, Hanessian S. Alternative syntheses of (S)-cEt-BNA: a key constrained nucleoside component of bioactive antisense gapmer sequences. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11651-60. [PMID: 25401196 DOI: 10.1021/jo502320y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to the synthesis of the constrained 5-methyluracil nucleoside (S)-cEt-BNA, a key "gapmer" unit in a number of biologically relevant antisense oligonucleotides, are described using 5-methyluridine as starting material. In the shorter synthesis, a nine-step linear sequence afforded a O-protected (S)-cEt-BNA consisting of a [2.2.1]dioxabicycloheptane core in 7% overall yield. A competing reaction in an intramolecular cyclization of a tosylate led to a bicyclic oxetane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Salinas
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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19
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Lei Z, Wang J, Mao G, Wen Y, Tian Y, Wu H, Li Y, Xu H. Glucose positions affect the phloem mobility of glucose-fipronil conjugates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6065-71. [PMID: 24918526 DOI: 10.1021/jf5010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, a glucose-fipronil (GTF) conjugate at the C-1 position was synthesized via click chemistry and a glucose moiety converted a non-phloem-mobile insecticide fipronil into a moderately phloem-mobile insecticide. In the present paper, fipronil was introduced into the C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-6 positions of glucose via click chemistry to obtain four new conjugates and to evaluate the effects of the different glucose isomers on phloem mobility. The phloem mobility of the four new synthetic conjugates and GTF was tested using the Ricinus seedling system. The results confirmed that conjugation of glucose at different positions has a significant influence on the phloem mobility of GTF conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
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20
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Hodík T, Lamač M, Červenková Št’astná L, Karban J, Koubková L, Hrstka R, Císařová I, Pinkas J. Titanocene Dihalides and Ferrocenes Bearing a Pendant α-d-Xylofuranos-5-yl or α-d-Ribofuranos-5-yl Moiety. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Activity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500200r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hodík
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182
23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamač
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182
23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červenková Št’astná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Koubková
- Regional Centre
for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre
for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pinkas
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182
23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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21
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van Straaten KE, Ko JB, Jagdhane R, Anjum S, Palmer DRJ, Sanders DAR. The structure of NtdA, a sugar aminotransferase involved in the kanosamine biosynthetic pathway in Bacillus subtilis, reveals a new subclass of aminotransferases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34121-34130. [PMID: 24097983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.500637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NtdA from Bacillus subtilis is a sugar aminotransferase that catalyzes the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent equatorial transamination of 3-oxo-α-D-glucose 6-phosphate to form α-D-kanosamine 6-phosphate. The crystal structure of NtdA shows that NtdA shares the common aspartate aminotransferase fold (Type 1) with residues from both monomers forming the active site. The crystal structures of NtdA alone, co-crystallized with the product α-D-kanosamine 6-phosphate, and incubated with the amine donor glutamate reveal three key structures in the mechanistic pathway of NtdA. The structure of NtdA alone reveals the internal aldimine form of NtdA with the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate covalently attached to Lys-247. The addition of glutamate results in formation of pyridoxamine phosphate. Co-crystallization with kanosamine 6-phosphate results in the formation of the external aldimine. Only α-D-kanosamine 6-phosphate is observed in the active site of NtdA, not the β-anomer. A comparison of the structure and sequence of NtdA with other sugar aminotransferases enables us to propose that the VIβ family of aminotransferases should be divided into subfamilies based on the catalytic lysine motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E van Straaten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jong Bum Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Rajendra Jagdhane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Shazia Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David A R Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.
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22
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Bass PD, Gubler DA, Judd TC, Williams RM. Mitomycinoid alkaloids: mechanism of action, biosynthesis, total syntheses, and synthetic approaches. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6816-63. [PMID: 23654296 PMCID: PMC3864988 DOI: 10.1021/cr3001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Bass
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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23
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Wings S, Müller H, Berg G, Lamshöft M, Leistner E. A study of the bacterial community in the root system of the maytansine containing plant Putterlickia verrucosa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:158-64. [PMID: 22795602 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Maytansinoid compounds are ansa antibiotics occurring in the bacterium Actinosynnema pretiosum, in mosses and in higher plants such as Putterlickia verrucosa (E. Meyer ex Sonder) Szyszyl. The disjunct occurrence of maytansinoids has led to the consideration that plant-associated bacteria may be responsible for the presence of maytansinoids in P. verrucosa plants. Investigation of the bacterial community of this plant by molecular methods led to the observation that A. pretiosum, a maytansine-producing bacterium, is likely to be an inhabitant of the rhizosphere and the endorhiza of P. verrucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wings
- Institut fuer Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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24
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Vetter ND, Langill DM, Anjum S, Boisvert-Martel J, Jagdhane RC, Omene E, Zheng H, van Straaten KE, Asiamah I, Krol ES, Sanders DAR, Palmer DRJ. A previously unrecognized kanosamine biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus subtilis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5970-3. [PMID: 23586652 DOI: 10.1021/ja4010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ntd operon in Bacillus subtilis is essential for biosynthesis of 3,3'-neotrehalosadiamine (NTD), an unusual nonreducing disaccharide reported to have antibiotic properties. It has been proposed that the three enzymes encoded within this operon, NtdA, NtdB, and NtdC, constitute a complete set of enzymes required for NTD synthesis, although their functions have never been demonstrated in vitro. We now report that these enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis of kanosamine from glucose-6-phosphate: NtdC is a glucose-6-phosphate 3-dehydrogenase, NtdA is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent 3-oxo-glucose-6-phosphate:glutamate aminotransferase, and NtdB is a kanosamine-6-phosphate phosphatase. None of these enzymatic reactions have been reported before. This pathway represents an alternate route to the previously reported pathway from Amycolatopsis mediterranei which derives kanosamine from UDP-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Vetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5C9
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25
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Park SR, Park JW, Ban YH, Sohng JK, Yoon YJ. 2-Deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics: Recent advances in the characterization and manipulation of their biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Anjum S, Vetter ND, Rubin JE, Palmer DR. Synthesis of 3,3′-neotrehalosadiamine and related 1,1′-aminodisaccharides using disarmed, armed, and superarmed building blocks. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Yuan H, Zhao W, Zhong Y, Wang J, Qin Z, Ding X, Zhao GP. Two genes, rif15 and rif16, of the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Amycolatopsis mediterranei likely encode a transketolase and a P450 monooxygenase, respectively, both essential for the conversion of rifamycin SV into B. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:948-56. [PMID: 21986914 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amycolatopsis mediterranei produces an important antibiotic rifamycin, the biosynthesis of which involves many unusual modifications. Previous work suggested a putative P450 enzyme encoded by rif16 within the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (rif) was required for the conversion of the intermediate rifamycin SV into the end product rifamycin B. In this study, we genetically proved that a putative transketolase encoded by rif15 is another essential enzyme for this conversion. Expression of merely rif15 and rif16 in a rif cluster null mutant of A. mediterranei U32 was able to convert rifamycin SV into B. However, this Rif15- and Rif16-mediated conversion was only detected in intact cells of A. meidterranei, but not in Streptomyce coelicolor or Mycobacterium smegmatis, suggesting that yet-characterized gene(s) in A. mediterranei other than those encoded by the rif cluster should be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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28
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Discovery of parallel pathways of kanamycin biosynthesis allows antibiotic manipulation. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:843-52. [PMID: 21983602 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kanamycin is one of the most widely used antibiotics, yet its biosynthetic pathway remains unclear. Current proposals suggest that the kanamycin biosynthetic products are linearly related via single enzymatic transformations. To explore this system, we have reconstructed the entire biosynthetic pathway through the heterologous expression of combinations of putative biosynthetic genes from Streptomyces kanamyceticus in the non-aminoglycoside-producing Streptomyces venezuelae. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the biosynthetic pathway contains an early branch point, governed by the substrate promiscuity of a glycosyltransferase, that leads to the formation of two parallel pathways in which early intermediates are further modified. Glycosyltransferase exchange can alter flux through these two parallel pathways, and the addition of other biosynthetic enzymes can be used to synthesize known and new highly active antibiotics. These results complete our understanding of kanamycin biosynthesis and demonstrate the potential of pathway engineering for direct in vivo production of clinically useful antibiotics and more robust aminoglycosides.
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Lopez M, Bornaghi LF, Driguez H, Poulsen SA. Synthesis of sulfonamide-bridged glycomimetics. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2965-75. [PMID: 21401206 DOI: 10.1021/jo2001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A flexible and short synthesis of sulfonamide-bridged di-, tri-, tetra-, and octasaccharide glycomimetics was accomplished by reaction of glycosyl thioacetates with amino sugar substrates. The chemistry to incorporate the sulfonamide linker in place of a native O-glycosidic bond was broadly scoped, allowing access to head-to-head (1↔1) and head-to-tail (1→2), (1→3), (1→4), and (1→6) sulfonamide-bridged glycomimetics. The synthesis proceeds with retention of configuration at the anomeric center and is compatible with variable stereochemical arrangements and with acid- and base-labile protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lopez
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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30
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Regioselective synthesis of 5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,3-triazole nucleoside analogues via TBS-directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Floss HG, Yu TW, Arakawa K. The biosynthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), the precursor of mC7N units in ansamycin and mitomycin antibiotics: a review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:35-44. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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32
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Webby CJ, Jiao W, Hutton RD, Blackmore NJ, Baker HM, Baker EN, Jameson GB, Parker EJ. Synergistic allostery, a sophisticated regulatory network for the control of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30567-76. [PMID: 20667835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The shikimate pathway, responsible for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, is required for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a potential drug target. The first reaction is catalyzed by 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS). Feedback regulation of DAH7PS activity by aromatic amino acids controls shikimate pathway flux. Whereas Mycobacterium tuberculosis DAH7PS (MtuDAH7PS) is not inhibited by the addition of Phe, Tyr, or Trp alone, combinations cause significant loss of enzyme activity. In the presence of 200 μm Phe, only 2.4 μm Trp is required to reduce enzymic activity to 50%. Reaction kinetics were analyzed in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of Trp/Phe or Trp/Tyr. In the absence of inhibitors, the enzyme follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to substrate erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P), whereas the addition of inhibitor combinations caused significant homotropic cooperativity with respect to E4P, with Hill coefficients of 3.3 (Trp/Phe) and 2.8 (Trp/Tyr). Structures of MtuDAH7PS/Trp/Phe, MtuDAH7PS/Trp, and MtuDAH7PS/Phe complexes were determined. The MtuDAH7PS/Trp/Phe homotetramer binds four Trp and six Phe molecules. Binding sites for both aromatic amino acids are formed by accessory elements to the core DAH7PS (β/α)(8) barrel that are unique to the type II DAH7PS family and contribute to the tight dimer and tetramer interfaces. A comparison of the liganded and unliganded MtuDAH7PS structures reveals changes in the interface areas associated with inhibitor binding and a small displacement of the E4P binding loop. These studies uncover a previously unrecognized mode of control for the branched pathways of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis involving synergistic inhibition by specific pairs of pathway end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia J Webby
- From the Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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33
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Zhao W, Zhong Y, Yuan H, Wang J, Zheng H, Wang Y, Cen X, Xu F, Bai J, Han X, Lu G, Zhu Y, Shao Z, Yan H, Li C, Peng N, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lin W, Fan Y, Qin Z, Hu Y, Zhu B, Wang S, Ding X, Zhao GP. Complete genome sequence of the rifamycin SV-producing Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32 revealed its genetic characteristics in phylogeny and metabolism. Cell Res 2010; 20:1096-108. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Nagaiah K, Srinivasu K, Praveen Kumar S, Basha J, Yadav JS. Stereoselective synthesis of (S,S)-palythazine from d-mannitol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Singh S, Stavrinides J, Christendat D, Guttman DS. A phylogenomic analysis of the shikimate dehydrogenases reveals broadscale functional diversification and identifies one functionally distinct subclass. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:2221-32. [PMID: 18669580 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shikimate dehydrogenases (SDH) represent a widely distributed enzyme family with an essential role in secondary metabolism. This superfamily had been previously subdivided into 4 enzyme groups (AroE, YdiB, SdhL, and RifI), which show clear biochemical and functional differences ranging from amino acid biosynthesis to antibiotic production. Despite the importance of this group, little is known about how such essential enzymatic functions can evolve and diversify. We dissected the enzyme superfamily with a phylogenomic analysis of approximately 250 fully sequenced genomes, making use of previously characterized representatives from each enzyme class, and the key substrate-binding residues known to distinguish substrate specificity. We identified 5 major evolutionary and functional SDH subgroups and several other potentially unique functional classes within this complex enzyme family and then validated the functional distinctiveness of each group by characterizing the 5 SDH homologs found in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 biochemically. We identified an entirely novel functionally distinct subgroup, which we designated Ael1 (AroE-like1) and also delineated a new group of shikimate/quinate dehydrogenases (YdiB2), which is phylogenetically distinct from the previously described Escherichia coli YdiB. The combination of biochemical, phylogenetic, and genomic approaches has revealed the broad extent to which the SDH enzyme superfamily has diversified. Five functional groups were validated with the potential for at least 5 additional subgroups. Our analysis also identified a new SDH functional group, which appears to have evolved recently from an ancestral AroE, illustrating a very prominent role of horizontal transmission and neofunctionalizaton in the evolutionary and functional diversification of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Singh
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Biosynthesis of rubradirin as an ansamycin antibiotic from Streptomyces achromogenes var. rubradiris NRRL3061. Arch Microbiol 2007; 189:463-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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He W, Wu L, Gao Q, Du Y, Wang Y. Identification of AHBA biosynthetic genes related to geldanamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997. Curr Microbiol 2006; 52:197-203. [PMID: 16502293 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To clone and study the geldanamycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997, we designed degenerate primers based on the conserved sequence of the ansamycin 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) synthase gene. A 755-bp polymerase chain reaction product was obtained from S. hygroscopicus 17997 genomic DNA, which showed high similarity to ansamycin AHBA synthase genes. Through screening the cosmid library of S. hygroscopicus 17997, two loci of separated AHBA biosynthetic gene clusters were discovered. Comparisons of sequence homology and gene organization indicated that the two AHBA biosynthetic gene clusters could be divided into a benzenic and a naphthalenic subgroup. Gene disruption demonstrated that the benzenic AHBA gene cluster is involved in the biosynthesis of geldanamycin. However, the naphthalenic AHBA genes in the genome of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997 could not complement the deficiency of the benzenic AHBA genes. This is the first report on the AHBA biosynthetic gene cluster in a geldanamycin-producing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tiantan Xili No 1, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Llewellyn NM, Spencer JB. Biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:864-74. [PMID: 17119636 DOI: 10.1039/b604709m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycosides are an important class of clinically valuable antibiotics. A deep understanding of the biosynthesis of these natural products is required to enable efforts to rationally manipulate and engineer the biological production of novel aminoglycosides. This review discusses the development of our biosynthetic knowledge over the past half-century, with emphasis on the relatively recent contributions of molecular biology to the elucidation of these biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Llewellyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UKCB2 1EW.
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Hainrichson M, Pokrovskaya V, Shallom-Shezifi D, Fridman M, Belakhov V, Shachar D, Yaron S, Baasov T. Branched aminoglycosides: biochemical studies and antibacterial activity of neomycin B derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5797-807. [PMID: 15993084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The C5''-OH group in neomycin B was glycosylated with a variety of mono- and di-saccharides to probe the effect of introduction of additional binding elements on antibacterial activity and interaction with the aminoglycosides modifying enzyme APH(3')-IIIa. The designed structures show antibacterial activity superior to that of neomycin B against pathogenic and resistant strains, while in parallel they demonstrate poor substrate activity with APH(3')-IIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hainrichson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Hill AM. The biosynthesis, molecular genetics and enzymology of the polyketide-derived metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 23:256-320. [PMID: 16572230 DOI: 10.1039/b301028g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the biosynthesis of aliphatic and aromatic polyketides as well as mixed polyketide/NRPS metabolites, and discusses the molecular genetics and enzymology of the proteins responsible for their formation.
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Webby C, Patchett M, Parker E. Characterization of a recombinant type II 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Helicobacter pylori. Biochem J 2005; 390:223-30. [PMID: 15853768 PMCID: PMC1184578 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DAH7P (3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate) synthase catalyses the condensation reaction between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and D-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) as the first committed step in the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds in plants and micro-organisms. Previous work has identified two families of DAH7P synthases based on sequence similarity and molecular mass, with the majority of the mechanistic and structural studies being carried out on the type I paralogues from Escherichia coli. Whereas a number of organisms possess genes encoding both type I and type II DAH7P synthases, the pathogen Helicobacter pylori has only a single, type II, enzyme. Recombinant DAH7P synthase from H. pylori was partially solubilized by co-expression with chaperonins GroEL/GroES in E. coli, and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme reaction follows an ordered sequential mechanism with the following kinetic parameters: K(m) (PEP), 3 microM; K(m) (E4P), 6 microM; and kcat, 3.3 s(-1). The enzyme reaction involves interaction of the si face of PEP with the re face of E4P. H. pylori DAH7P synthase is not inhibited by phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan or chorismate. EDTA inactivates the enzyme, and activity is restored by a range of bivalent metal ions, including (in order of decreasing effectiveness) Co2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. Analysis of type II DAH7P synthase sequences reveals several highly conserved motifs, and comparison with the type I enzymes suggests that catalysis by these two enzyme types occurs on a similar active-site scaffold and that the two DAH7P synthase families may indeed be distantly related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia J. Webby
- *Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mark L. Patchett
- †Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emily J. Parker
- *Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- To whom correspondence should be sent, at the following address: Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand (email )
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Webby CJ, Baker HM, Lott JS, Baker EN, Parker EJ. The structure of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a common catalytic scaffold and ancestry for type I and type II enzymes. J Mol Biol 2005; 354:927-39. [PMID: 16288916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The shikimate pathway, responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, is essential for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a potential target for the design of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. The first step of this pathway is catalyzed by 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS). The DAH7PSs have been classified into two apparently unrelated types and, whereas structural data have been obtained for the type I DAH7PSs, no structural information is available for their type II counterparts. The type II DAH7PS from M.tuberculosis has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, functionally characterized and crystallized. It is found to be metal ion-dependent and subject to feedback inhibition by phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine and chorismate, with a significant synergistic effect when tryptophan is used in combination with phenylalanine. The crystal structure of M.tuberculosis DAH7PS has been determined by single-wavelength anomalous diffraction and refined at 2.3A in complex with substrate phosphoenolpyruvate and Mn(2+). The structure reveals a tightly associated dimer of (beta/alpha)(8) TIM barrels. The monomer fold, the arrangement of key residues in the active site, and the binding modes of PEP and Mn(2+), all match those of the type I enzymes, and indicate a common ancestry for the type I and type II DAH7PSs, despite their minimal sequence identity. In contrast, the structural elements that decorate the core (beta/alpha)(8) fold differ from those in the type I enzymes, consistent with their different regulatory and oligomeric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia J Webby
- Centre of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz G Floss
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Abstract
Diversity constitutes an intrinsic property of biosynthesis. This inherent property can be exploited and successfully applied in organic synthesis. Recent advances have been made in many areas, including the use of multifunctional enzymes and catalytic promiscuity, the synthesis of diverse products from a single substrate, the use of different biotransformations to make one product, and the use of in vivo biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Institute of Biotechnology 2, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Kharel MK, Subba B, Basnet DB, Woo JS, Lee HC, Liou K, Sohng JK. A gene cluster for biosynthesis of kanamycin from Streptomyces kanamyceticus: comparison with gentamicin biosynthetic gene cluster. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 429:204-14. [PMID: 15313224 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene clusters for the biosynthesis of kanamycin (Km) and gentamicin (Gm) were isolated from the genomic libraries of Streptomyces kanamyceticus and Micromonospora echinospora, respectively. The sequencing of the 47 kb-region of S. kanamyceticus genomic DNA revealed 40 putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding Km biosynthetic proteins, regulatory proteins, and resistance and transport proteins. Similarly, the sequencing of 32.6 kb genomic DNA of M. echinospora revealed a Gm biosynthetic gene cluster flanked by resistant genes. Biosynthetic pathways for the formation of Km were proposed by the comparative study of biosynthetic genes. Out of 12 putative Km biosynthetic genes, kanA was expressed in Escherichia coli and determined its function as a 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase. Furthermore, the acetylations of aminoglycoside-aminocyclitols (AmAcs) by Km acetyltransferase (KanM) were also demonstrated. The acetylated derivatives completely lost their antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis. The comparative genetic studies of Gm, Km, tobramycin (Tm), and butirosin (Bn) reveal their similar biosynthetic routes and provide a framework for the further biosynthetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan K Kharel
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, SunMoon University, Asan, Chung-nam, 336-708, South Korea
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Abstract
5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid (aminoshikimic acid) was synthesized from glucose using recombinant Amycolatopsis mediterranei and also synthesized by a tandem, two-microbe route employing Bacillus pumilus and recombinant Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Cassady JM, Chan KK, Floss HG, Leistner E. Recent Developments in the Maytansinoid Antitumor Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:1-26. [PMID: 14709862 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maytansine and its congeners have been isolated from higher plants, mosses and from an Actinomycete, Actinosynnema pretiosum. Many of these compounds are antitumor agents of extraordinary potency, yet phase II clinical trials with maytansine proved disappointing. The chemistry and biology of maytansinoids has been reviewed repeatedly in the late 1970s and early 1980s; the present review covers new developments in this field during the last two decades. These include the use of maytansinoids as "warheads" in tumor-specific antibodies, preliminary metabolism studies, investigations of their biosynthesis at the biochemical and genetic level, and ecological issues related to the occurrence of such typical microbial metabolites in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Cassady
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Cone MC, Yin X, Grochowski LL, Parker MR, Zabriskie TM. The blasticidin S biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces griseochromogenes: sequence analysis, organization, and initial characterization. Chembiochem 2003; 4:821-8. [PMID: 12964155 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Blasticidin S is a potent antifungal and cytotoxic peptidyl nucleoside antibiotic from Streptomyces griseochromogenes. The mixed biosynthesis of the compound is evident from the three distinct structural components: a cytosine base, an amino deoxyglucuronic acid, and N-methyl beta-arginine. The blasticidin S biosynthesis gene cluster was cloned from S. griseochromogenes and the pathway heterologously expressed in S. lividans from a cosmid harboring a 36.7-kb fragment of S. griseochromogenes DNA. The complete DNA sequence of this insert has now been determined and evidence suggests a contiguous 20-kb section defines the blasticidin S biosynthesis cluster. The predicted functions of several open reading frames are consistent with the expected biochemistry and include an arginine 2,3-aminomutase, a cytosylglucuronic acid synthase, and a guanidino N-methyltransferase. Insight into other steps in the assembly of blasticidin S was evident from sequence homology with proteins of known function and heterologous expression of fragments of the cluster. Additionally, the gene that directs the production of free cytosine, blsM, was subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Characterization of BlsM revealed that cytidine monophosphate serves as the precursor to cytosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Cone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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