1
|
Shen L, Gao X, Chang Z, Zhang C, Li Y, Lu J, Meng Q, Wu Q. Sufficient driving force for quinoidal isoindigo-based diradicaloids with tunable diradical characters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2529-2538. [PMID: 38170813 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Stable organic π-conjugated diradcialoids with tunable diradical characters can profoundly affect emerging technology. Over the past years, great efforts have been devoted to studying the structure-diradical character relationship in diradicaloids. Herein, a series of quinoidal isoindigo (IID) compounds with different attached terminal end groups were designed. Detailed analysis focuses on elucidating the driving force for evoking and enhancing the diradical character in the quinoidal IID systems. The arylene units of the IID core and the bridged aromatic units determine the contribution of the open-shell diradical form in the ground state. Diradical character y0 correlates well with bond length alternation (BLA), the total HOMA, and the total NICS(1)zz, and it is tuned by bridged aromatic units and terminal end groups in symmetric systems. The zwitterionic character weakens the diradical character in asymmetric systems to different extents. This work contributes to the deep understanding of evoking and enhancing the diradical character in quinoidal IID-based diradcialoids, providing useful guidelines to produce new molecules with desirable properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Xiaobo Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Zhanqing Chang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Changhao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Yue Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Jitao Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang L. NIR-II Absorbing Monodispersed Oligomers Based on N-B←N Unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310838. [PMID: 37635075 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules with near-infrared II (NIR II) light absorption are essential for many biological and opto-electronic applications. Herein, we report monodispersed oligomers as NIR II light absorber using a new molecular design strategy of resonant N-B←N unit, i.e. balanced resonant boron-nitrogen covalent bond (B-N) and boron-nitrogen coordination bond (B←N). We synthesize a series of monodispersed oligomers with thiophene-fused 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (TB), which contains resonant N-B←N unit, as the repeating unit. The TB pentamer exhibits the maximum absorption wavelength of 1169 nm, which is the longest for oligomers reported so far. Organic photodetectors (OPDs) with the TB tetramer as the electron acceptor shows the specific detectivity of 2.98×1011 Jones at 1180 nm under zero bias. This performance is among the best for NIR II OPDs. These results indicate a new kind of NIR II absorbing molecules as excellent opto-electronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li L, Prindle CR, Shi W, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Radical Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18182-18204. [PMID: 37555594 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Radicals are unique molecular systems for applications in electronic devices due to their open-shell electronic structures. Radicals can function as good electrical conductors and switches in molecular circuits while also holding great promise in the field of molecular spintronics. However, it is both challenging to create stable, persistent radicals and to understand their properties in molecular junctions. The goal of this Perspective is to address this dual challenge by providing design principles for the synthesis of stable radicals relevant to molecular junctions, as well as offering current insight into the electronic properties of radicals in single-molecule devices. By exploring both the chemical and physical properties of established radical systems, we will facilitate increased exploration and development of radical-based molecular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Claudia R Prindle
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wanzhuo Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dai Y, Zerbini A, Casado J, Negri F. Ambipolar Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors: How Intramolecular Reorganization Energy Is Controlled by Diradical Character. Molecules 2023; 28:4642. [PMID: 37375198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The charged forms of π-conjugated chromophores are relevant in the field of organic electronics as charge carriers in optoelectronic devices, but also as energy storage substrates in organic batteries. In this context, intramolecular reorganization energy plays an important role in controlling material efficiency. In this work, we investigate how the diradical character influences the reorganization energies of holes and electrons by considering a library of diradicaloid chromophores. We determine the reorganization energies with the four-point adiabatic potential method using quantum-chemical calculations at density functional theory (DFT) level. To assess the role of diradical character, we compare the results obtained, assuming both closed-shell and open-shell representations of the neutral species. The study shows how the diradical character impacts the geometrical and electronic structure of neutral species, which in turn control the magnitude of reorganization energies for both charge carriers. Based on computed geometries of neutral and charged species, we propose a simple scheme to rationalize the small, computed reorganization energies for both n-type and p-type charge transport. The study is supplemented with the calculation of intermolecular electronic couplings governing charge transport for selected diradicals, further supporting the ambipolar character of the investigated diradicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zerbini
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miao F, Ji Y, Han B, Quintero SM, Chen H, Xue G, Cai L, Casado J, Zheng Y. Asymmetric and zwitterionic Blatter diradicals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2698-2705. [PMID: 36908964 PMCID: PMC9993846 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric diradical molecular systems with different resonance mechanisms are largely unexplored. Herein, two conjugated asymmetric diradicals with Blatter and phenoxyl moieties (pBP and mBP) have been synthesized and studied in depth. A complete set of spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic and magnetic techniques, together with quantum chemical calculations, have been used. The para-isomer (pBP) bears diradical and zwitterionic resonant forms, the latter by a electron delocalization mechanism, which are synergistically integrated by a sequence of nitrogen, provided by the Blatter moiety imine and amine (of different acceptor nature). In the meta-isomer (mBP), the zwitterionic form promoted in pBP by the lone-pair electron of the amine nitrogen is not available, yet it possesses a pseudo-hyperconjugation effect where the N lone pair mediates in a bonding coupling in a counter homolytic bond scission mechanism. Both electronic effects converge to promote medium diradical characters and narrow singlet-triplet gaps to the two electronic isomers. All these aspects delineate the subtle balance that shapes the electronic structure of open-shell molecules, which is even more challenging in the case of asymmetric systems, such as those described here with asymmetric phenoxyl-Blatter diradicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China .,Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China .,School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Hanjiao Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China .,School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu X, Takebayashi S, Hanayama H, Vasylevskyi S, Onishi T, Ohto T, Tada H, Narita A. 6,6'-Biindeno[1,2- b]anthracene: An Open-Shell Biaryl with High Diradical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3891-3896. [PMID: 36780241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We report in situ generation of a 6,6'-biindeno[1,2-b]anthracene (BIA) derivative as an open-shell biaryl with high diradical character, which could be identified by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray analysis, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations by various methods and variable-temperature EPR analyses were performed to tackle the elusive ground state of BIA diradical, suggesting a singlet ground state with a nearly degenerate triplet state. These results provide insight into the design of unique open-shell biaryls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Satoshi Takebayashi
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hanayama
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Engineering Section, Research Support Division, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Onishi
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Tang Y, Guo J, Zhang J, Deng M, Xiao W, Li F, Yao Y, Xie S, Yang K, Zeng Z. Stair-like narrow N-doped nanographene with unusual diradical character at the topological interface. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
8
|
Sabuj MA, Muoh O, Huda MM, Rai N. Non-Aufbau orbital ordering and spin density modulation in high-spin donor-acceptor conjugated polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23699-23711. [PMID: 36148814 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02355e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-spin ground-state organic materials with unique spin topology can significantly impact molecular magnetism, spintronics, and quantum computing devices. However, strategies to control the spin topology and alignment of the unpaired spins in different molecular orbitals are not well understood. Here, we report modulating spin distribution along the molecular backbone in high-spin ground-state donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers. Density functional theory calculations indicate that substitution of different heteroatoms (such as C, Si, N, and Se) alters the aromatic character in the thiadiazole unit of the benzobisthiadiazole (BBT) acceptor and modulates the oligomer length to result in high-spin triplet ground-state, orbital and spin topology. The C, Si, and Se atom substituted polymers show a localized spin density at the two opposite ends of the polymers. However, a delocalized spin distribution is observed in the N substituted polymer. We find that the hybridization (sp3vs. sp2) of the substituent atom plays an important role in controlling the electronic structure of these materials. This study shows that atomistic engineering is an efficient technique to tune the spin topologies and electronic configurations in the high-spin ground-state donor-acceptor conjugated polymers, compelling synthetic targets for room-temperature magnetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Sabuj
- Dave C Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA.
| | - Obinna Muoh
- Dave C Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA.
| | - Md Masrul Huda
- Dave C Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA.
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Badía-Domínguez I, Canola S, Hernández Jolín V, López Navarrete JT, Sancho-García JC, Negri F, Ruiz Delgado MC. Tuning the Diradical Character of Indolocarbazoles: Impact of Structural Isomerism and Substitution Position. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6003-6010. [PMID: 35737902 PMCID: PMC9272443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a set of 10 positional indolocarbazole (ICz) isomers substituted with dicyanomethylene groups connected via para or meta positions are computationally investigated with the aim of exploring the efficiency of structural isomerism and substitution position in controlling their optical and electronic properties. Unrestricted density functional theory (DFT), a spin-flip time-dependent DFT approach, and the multireference CASSCF/NEVPT2 method have been applied to correlate the diradical character with the energetic trends (i.e., singlet-triplet energy gaps). In addition, the nucleus-independent chemical shift together with ACID plots and Raman intensity calculations were used to strengthen the relationship between the diradical character and (anti)aromaticity. Our study reveals that the substitution pattern and structural isomerism represent a very effective way to tune the diradical properties in ICz-based systems with meta-substituted systems with a V-shaped structure displaying the largest diradical character. Thus, this work contributes to the elucidation of the challenging chemical reactivity and physical properties of diradicaloid systems, guiding experimental chemists to produce new molecules with desirable properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Badía-Domínguez
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sofia Canola
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Víctor Hernández Jolín
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Franco LR, Toledo KCF, Matias TA, Benavides PA, Cezar HM, Araujo CM, Coutinho K, Araki K. Unraveling the acid-base characterization and solvent effects on the structural and electronic properties of a bis-bidentate bridging ligand. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10222-10240. [PMID: 35420602 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions and the solvent effects on the distribution of several species in equilibrium and how it can influence the 1H-NMR properties, spectroscopy (UV-vis absorption), and the acid-base equilibria can be especially challenging. This is the case of a bis-bidentate bridging ligand bis(2-pyridyl)-benzo-bis(imidazole), where the two pyridyl and four imidazolyl nitrogen atoms can be protonated in different ways, depending on the solvent, generating many isomeric/tautomeric species. Herein, we report a combined theoretical-experimental approach based on a sequential quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics procedure that was successfully applied to describe in detail the acid-base characterization and its effects on the electronic properties of such a molecule in solution. The calculated free-energies allowed the identification of the main species present in solution as a function of the solvent polarity, and its effects on the magnetic shielding of protons (1H-NMR chemical shifts), the UV-vis absorption spectra, and the acid-base equilibrium constants (pKas) in aqueous solution. Three acid-base equilibrium constants were experimentally/theoretically determined (pKa1 = 1.3/1.2, pKa2 = 2.1/2.2 and pKa5 = 10.1/11.3) involving mono-deprotonated and mono-protonated cis and trans species. Interestingly, other processes with pKa3 = 3.7 and pKa4 = 6.0 were also experimentally determined and assigned to the protonation and deprotonation of dimeric species. The dimerization of the most stable neutral species was investigated by Monte Carlo simulations and its electronic effects were considered for the elucidation of the UV-vis absorption bands, revealing transitions mainly with the charge-transfer characteristic and involving both the monomeric species and the dimeric species. The good matching of the theoretical and experimental results provides an atomistic insight into the solvent effects on the electronic properties of this bis-bidentate bridging ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rezende Franco
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | | | - Tiago Araujo Matias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paola Andrea Benavides
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Musseli Cezar
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - C Moyses Araujo
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden.,Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Koiti Araki
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen XX, Li JT, Fang YH, Deng XY, Wang XQ, Liu G, Wang Y, Gu X, Jiang SD, Lei T. High-mobility semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2258. [PMID: 35474302 PMCID: PMC9042904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic semiconductors with high-spin ground states are fascinating because they could enable fundamental understanding on the spin-related phenomenon in light element and provide opportunities for organic magnetic and quantum materials. Although high-spin ground states have been observed in some quinoidal type small molecules or doped organic semiconductors, semiconducting polymers with high-spin at their neutral ground state are rarely reported. Here we report three high-mobility semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states. We show that polymer building blocks with small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T) could enable small ΔES-T gap and increase the diradical character in copolymers. We demonstrate that the electronic structure, spin density, and solid-state interchain interactions in the high-spin polymers are crucial for their ground states. Polymers with a triplet ground state (S = 1) could exhibit doublet (S = 1/2) behavior due to different spin distributions and solid-state interchain spin-spin interactions. Besides, these polymers showed outstanding charge transport properties with high hole/electron mobilities and can be both n- and p-doped with superior conductivities. Our results demonstrate a rational approach to obtain high-mobility semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states. Semiconducting polymers with high-spin at their neutral ground state are rarely reported. Here the authors synthesize three semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states and high hole/electron mobility, by appropriate choice of the building blocks’ singlet-triplet energy gap, spin distributions and solid-state interchain interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Hui Fang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han H, Zhang D, Zhu Z, Wei R, Xiao X, Wang X, Liu Y, Ma Y, Zhao D. Aromatic Stacking Mediated Spin-Spin Coupling in Cyclophane-Assembled Diradicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17690-17700. [PMID: 34637282 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the capability of π-π stacking motifs to enable spin-spin coupling, we designed and synthesized three pairs of regio-isomers featuring two radical moieties joined by a [2.2]paracyclophane (CP) unit. By fusing indeno units to CP, two partially stacked fluorene radicals are covalently linked, exhibiting evident antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling regardless of the orientation of two spins. Remarkably, while possessing high diradical indices of 0.8 and 0.9, the two molecules demonstrate good air stability by virtue of their singlet ground state. Single crystals help unravel the structural basis of their AFM coupling behaviors. When two radical centers are arranged at the pseudometa-positions around CP, the face-to-face stacked phenylene rings intrinsically confer orbital interactions that promote AFM coupling. On the other hand, if two radicals are directed in the pseudopara-orientation, significant orbital overlapping is observed between the radical centers (i.e., C9 of fluorene) and the aromatic carbons laid on the side, rendering AFM coupling between the two spins. In contrast, when two fluorene radicals are tethered to CP via C9 through a single C-C bond, ferromagnetic (FM) coupling is manifested by both diradical isomers featuring pseudometa- and pseudopara-connectivity. With minimal spin distributed on CP and thus limited contribution from π-π stacking, their spin-spin coupling properties are more similar to a pair of nitroxide diradical analogues, in which the two spins are dominantly coupled via through-space interactions. From these results, important conclusions are elucidated such as that although through-space interactions may confer FM coupling, with weakened strength shown by PAH radicals due to their lower polarity, face-to-face stacked π-frameworks tend to induce AFM coupling, because favorable orbital interactions are readily achieved by PAH systems hosting delocalized spins that are capable of adopting varied stacking motifs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiang Q, Xu J, Guo J, Dang Y, Xu Z, Zeng Z, Sun Z. Unveiling the Hidden σ-Dimerization of a Kinetically Protected Olympicenyl Radical. Chemistry 2021; 27:8203-8213. [PMID: 33783053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The σ-dimer of a kinetically protected olympicenyl radical, which evaded the experimental detection, was revealed by conversion into biolympicenylidene with E-configuration in a regioselective manner. The complicated stereochemistry and energetics of the σ-dimers derived from C2v symmetry and uneven spin distribution of the olympicenyl radical were revealed by the theoretical calculations, and the energetic preference of π-dimer over σ-dimer by a minute gap was disclosed. The E-biolympicenylidene, a polycyclic ene structure previously considered as reactive intermediate in the phenalenyl radical system, exhibited exceptional stability, which allowed for a detailed investigation on its singlet diradical character and physical properties by means of X-ray crystallography, UV-vis-NIR absorption/emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, and assisted by theoretical calculations. The E-biolympicenylidene showed high resistance towards both thermal and photochemical ring-cyclization reactions, which was attributed to high activation energies for the rate-determining electrocyclization operated on both disrotatory and conrotatory mode, as well as a small spin density at the bonding sites for the radical-radical coupling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li G, Matsuno T, Han Y, Wu S, Zou Y, Jiang Q, Isobe H, Wu J. Fused Quinoidal Dithiophene-Based Helicenes: Synthesis by Intramolecular Radical-Radical Coupling Reactions and Dynamics of Interconversion of Enantiomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10326-10333. [PMID: 33565194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of fused quinoidal dithiophene-based double and triple helicenes (1-M, 2-M, 2-M-Cl, 3-M, 3-M-Cl) were synthesized by intramolecular radical-radical coupling followed by oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. These helical molecules show dynamic interconversion of enantiomers in solution as revealed by variable-temperature NMR measurements, and the energy barriers are correlated to the substituents and topological structures. Notably, dynamic high performance liquid chromatography was used to quantitatively investigate the room-temperature racemization process between the (P,P,M)- and (P,M,M)- enantiomers of the triple helical 3-M-Cl, which gave an interconversion energy barrier in consistent with density functional theory calculations. Their optical and electrochemical properties are dependent on the fusion mode. Our studies provide both new synthetic strategy and new dynamic analytical method for helicenes with unique electronic structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Taisuke Matsuno
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fused Quinoidal Dithiophene‐Based Helicenes: Synthesis by Intramolecular Radical–Radical Coupling Reactions and Dynamics of Interconversion of Enantiomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kim YA, Jung E, Mok Y, Kim K, Hwang H, Park JJ, Kim MG, Mathur S, Kim DY. Open-Shell and Closed-Shell Quinoid-Aromatic Conjugated Polymers: Unusual Spin Magnetic and High Charge Transport Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2887-2898. [PMID: 33404212 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While quinoidal moieties are considered as emerging platforms showing efficient charge transport and interesting open-shell diradical characteristics, whether these properties could be changed by extension to the conjugated polymer structure remains as a fundamental question. Here, we developed and characterized two conjugated polymers incorporating quinoids with different lengths, which have a stable close- and open-shell diradical character, respectively, namely, poly(quinoidal thiophene-thienylene vinylene) (PQuT-TV) and poly(quinoidal bithiophene-thienylene vinylene) (PQuBT-TV). A longer length of a quinoidal core led to enhanced diradical characteristics. Therefore, the longer core length of QuBT was favorable for the formation of an open-shell diradical structure in its monomer and in the quinoidal polymer. PQuBT-TV exhibited high spin characteristics observed by the strong ESR signal, a low band gap, and improved electrochemical stability. On the other hand, as QuT maintained a closed-shell quinoid structure, PQuT-TV exhibited high backbone coplanarity and strong intermolecular interaction, which was beneficial for charge transport and led to high hole mobility (up to 2.40 cm2 V-1 s-1) in organic field-effect transistors. This work successfully demonstrated how the control of the closed/open-shell character of quinoidal building blocks changes charge transport and spin properties of quinoidal conjugated polymers via quinoid-aromatic interconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunseul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-A Kim
- Basic Materials and Chemicals R&D, LG Chem, Jeonnam 59611, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwan Jung
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50939, Germany
| | - Yoonjung Mok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Hwang
- Division of Technical Supervision, Green Technology Center (GTC), Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50939, Germany
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pascal S, David S, Andraud C, Maury O. Near-infrared dyes for two-photon absorption in the short-wavelength infrared: strategies towards optical power limiting. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6613-6658. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the field of two-photon absorbing chromophores in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range (SWIR 1100–2500 nm) are summarized, highlighting the development of optical power limiting devices in this spectral range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pascal
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Sylvain David
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rausch R, Röhr MIS, Schmidt D, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Würthner F. Tuning phenoxyl-substituted diketopyrrolopyrroles from quinoidal to biradical ground states through (hetero-)aromatic linkers. Chem Sci 2020; 12:793-802. [PMID: 34163813 PMCID: PMC8179021 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongly fluorescent halochromic 2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol-functionalised phenyl-, thienyl- and furyl-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes were deprotonated and oxidised to give either phenylene-linked DPP1˙˙ biradical (y 0 = 0.75) with a singlet open shell ground state and a thermally populated triplet state (ΔE ST = 19 meV; 1.8 kJ mol-1; 0.43 kcal mol-1) or thienylene/furylene-linked DPP2q and DPP3q compounds with closed shell quinoidal ground states. Accordingly, we identified the aromaticity of the conjugated (hetero-)aromatic bridge to be key for modulating the electronic character of these biradicaloid compounds and achieved a spin crossover from closed shell quinones DPP2q and DPP3q to open shell biradical DPP1˙˙ as confirmed by optical and magnetic spectroscopic studies (UV/vis/NIR, NMR, EPR) as well as computational investigations (spin-flip TD-DFT calculations in combination with CASSCF(4,4) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) analysis). Spectroelectrochemical studies and comproportionation experiments further prove the reversible formation of mixed-valent radical anions for the DPP2q and DPP3q quinoidal compounds with absorption bands edging into the NIR spectral region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Rausch
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Merle I S Röhr
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Intorp SN, Hodecker M, Müller M, Tverskoy O, Rosenkranz M, Dmitrieva E, Popov AA, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF. Quinoidal Azaacenes: 99 % Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12396-12401. [PMID: 32190951 PMCID: PMC7384067 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quinoidal azaacenes with almost pure diradical character (y=0.95 to y=0.99) were synthesized. All compounds exhibit paramagnetic behavior investigated by EPR and NMR spectroscopy, and SQUID measurements, revealing thermally populated triplet states with an extremely low-energy gap ΔEST' of 0.58 to 1.0 kcal mol-1 . The species are persistent in solution (half-life≈14-21 h) and in the solid state they are stable for weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N. Intorp
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olena Tverskoy
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dressler JJ, Cárdenas Valdivia A, Kishi R, Rudebusch GE, Ventura AM, Chastain BE, Gómez-García CJ, Zakharov LN, Nakano M, Casado J, Haley MM. Diindenoanthracene Diradicaloids Enable Rational, Incremental Tuning of Their Singlet-Triplet Energy Gaps. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Yang X, Zhang D, Liao Y, Zhao D. Toward an Air-Stable Triradical with Strong Spin Coupling: Synthesis of Substituted Truxene-5,10,15-triyl. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5761-5770. [PMID: 32216268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to achieve air-stable polyradical species manifesting strong spin coupling, synthetic endeavors are made toward triradical molecules featuring a truxene-triyl skeleton. Commonly used steric-hindering side groups such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl and 9-anthracenyl are both found to be incompetent at stabilizing the targeted truxene triradical, which appears to be elusive from isolation and characterization. Nonetheless, single-crystal structures of adducts formed by relevant radicals are obtained, which strongly suggests the transient existence of the designed triradicals. Finally, a truxene triradical comprising 1-anthracenyl along with two 9-anthracenyl substituents is successfully isolated and found to exhibit decent stability in air. We propose that because of the smaller dihedral angle assumed by 1-anthracenyl with respect to the plane of truxene-triyl, more effective π-conjugation allows the spin density to be more widely delocalized and distributed to the anthracenyl side groups. Thus, higher stability is gained by the triradical molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinhui Liao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Intorp SN, Hodecker M, Müller M, Tverskoy O, Rosenkranz M, Dmitrieva E, Popov AA, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF. Quinoidal Azaacenes: 99 % Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N. Intorp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Ruprecht Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Olena Tverskoy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Ruprecht Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin Z, Chen L, Xu Q, Shao G, Zeng Z, Wu D, Xia J. Tuning Biradical Character to Enable High and Balanced Ambipolar Charge Transport in a Quinoidal π-System. Org Lett 2020; 22:2553-2558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohang Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Shao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barker JE, Dressler JJ, Cárdenas Valdivia A, Kishi R, Strand ET, Zakharov LN, MacMillan SN, Gómez-García CJ, Nakano M, Casado J, Haley MM. Molecule Isomerism Modulates the Diradical Properties of Stable Singlet Diradicaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1548-1555. [PMID: 31876145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of quinoidal cores in conjugated hydrocarbons is a common strategy to modulate the properties of diradicaloids formed by aromaticity recovery within the quinoidal unit. Here we describe an alternative approach of tuning of diradical properties in indenoindenodibenzothiophenes upon anti → syn isomerism of the benzothiophene motif. This alters the relationship of the S atom with the radical center from linear to cross conjugation yet retains the same 2,6-naphtho conjugation pattern of the rearomatized core. We conduct a full comparison between the anti and syn derivatives based on structural, spectroscopic, theoretical, and magnetic measurements, showing that these systems are stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids that only access their triplet state at elevated temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , United States
| | - Justin J Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , United States
| | - Abel Cárdenas Valdivia
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Malaga , Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Malaga , Spain
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Eric T Strand
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1433 , United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular , Universidad de Valencia , 46980 Paterna , Spain
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 , Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 , Japan.,Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 , Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science , 38 Nishigo-Naka , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 , Japan
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Malaga , Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Malaga , Spain
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , United States.,Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-6231 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim J, Oh J, Park S, Zafra JL, DeFrancisco JR, Casanova D, Lim M, Tovar JD, Casado J, Kim D. Two-electron transfer stabilized by excited-state aromatization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4983. [PMID: 31676760 PMCID: PMC6825201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific significance of excited-state aromaticity concerns with the elucidation of processes and properties in the excited states. Here, we focus on TMTQ, an oligomer composed of a central 1,6-methano[10]annulene and 5-dicyanomethyl-thiophene peripheries (acceptor-donor-acceptor system), and investigate a two-electron transfer process dominantly stabilized by an aromatization in the low-energy lying excited state. Our spectroscopic measurements quantitatively observe the shift of two π-electrons between donor and acceptors. It is revealed that this two-electron transfer process accompanies the excited-state aromatization, producing a Baird aromatic 8π core annulene in TMTQ. Biradical character on each terminal dicyanomethylene group of TMTQ allows a pseudo triplet-like configuration on the 8π core annulene with multiexcitonic nature, which stabilizes the energetically unfavorable two-charge separated state by the formation of Baird aromatic core annulene. This finding provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of excited-state aromaticity and insight to designing functional photoactive materials. Excited state aromaticity gives rise to unique photophysical properties which may aid the design of functional photoactive materials. Here, the authors spectroscopically characterize an acceptor-donor-acceptor system featuring a two-electron transfer process stabilized by aromatization in the lower energy excited state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jose L Zafra
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia, International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stuyver T, Chen B, Zeng T, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Hoffmann R. Do Diradicals Behave Like Radicals? Chem Rev 2019; 119:11291-11351. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853, United States
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mayorga Burrezo P, Zeng W, Moos M, Holzapfel M, Canola S, Negri F, Rovira C, Veciana J, Phan H, Wu J, Lambert C, Casado J. Perylene π‐Bridges Equally Delocalize Anions and Cations: Proportioned Quinoidal and Aromatic Content. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB)/ CIBER-BBN Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. 08193 Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Michael Moos
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sofia Canola
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna Via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna Via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Concepciò Rovira
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB)/ CIBER-BBN Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. 08193 Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB)/ CIBER-BBN Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. 08193 Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 229071 Malaga Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mayorga Burrezo P, Zeng W, Moos M, Holzapfel M, Canola S, Negri F, Rovira C, Veciana J, Phan H, Wu J, Lambert C, Casado J. Perylene π‐Bridges Equally Delocalize Anions and Cations: Proportioned Quinoidal and Aromatic Content. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14467-14471. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB)/ CIBER-BBN Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. 08193 Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Michael Moos
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sofia Canola
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna Via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna Via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Concepciò Rovira
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB)/ CIBER-BBN Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. 08193 Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB)/ CIBER-BBN Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. 08193 Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 229071 Malaga Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Escayola S, Callís M, Poater A, Solà M. Effect of Exocyclic Substituents and π-System Length on the Electronic Structure of Chichibabin Diradical(oid)s. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10845-10853. [PMID: 31460182 PMCID: PMC6648453 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ground state (GS) of Chichibabin's polycyclic hydrocarbons (CPHs) can be singlet [open- or closed-shell (OSS or CS)] or triplet (T), depending on the elongation of the π-system and the exocyclic substituents. CPHs with either a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE ST) or even a triplet GS have potential applications in optoelectronics. To analyze the effect of the size and exocyclic substituents on the nature of the GS of CPHs, we have selected a number of them with different substituents in the exocyclic carbon atoms and different ring chain lengths. The OPBE/cc-pVTZ level of theory was used for the optimization of the systems. The aromaticity of the resulting electronic structures was evaluated with HOMA, NICS, FLU, PDI, Iring, and MCI aromaticity indices. Our results show that the shortest π-systems (one or two rings) have a singlet GS. However, systems with three to five rings favor OSS GSs. Electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) and aromatic substituents in the exocyclic carbons tend to stabilize the OSS and T states, whereas electron-donating groups slightly destabilize them. For CS, OSS, and T states, aromaticity measures indicate a gain of aromaticity of the 6-membered rings of the CPHs with the increase in their size and when CPHs incorporate EWGs or aromatic substituents. In general, the CPHs analyzed present small singlet-triplet energy gaps, and in particular, the ones containing EWGs or aromatic substituents present the smallest singlet-triplet energy gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Escayola
- Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Callís
- Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
London AE, Chen H, Sabuj MA, Tropp J, Saghayezhian M, Eedugurala N, Zhang BA, Liu Y, Gu X, Wong BM, Rai N, Bowman MK, Azoulay JD. A high-spin ground-state donor-acceptor conjugated polymer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2336. [PMID: 31139745 PMCID: PMC6534388 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interest in high-spin organic materials is driven by opportunities to enable far-reaching fundamental science and develop technologies that integrate light element spin, magnetic, and quantum functionalities. Although extensively studied, the intrinsic instability of these materials complicates synthesis and precludes an understanding of how fundamental properties associated with the nature of the chemical bond and electron pairing in organic materials systems manifest in practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a conjugated polymer semiconductor, based on alternating cyclopentadithiophene and thiadiazoloquinoxaline units, that is a ground-state triplet in its neutral form. Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility measurements are consistent with a high-to-low spin energy gap of 9.30 × 10-3 kcal mol-1. The strongly correlated electronic structure, very narrow bandgap, intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling, high electrical conductivity, solution processability, and robust stability open access to a broad variety of technologically relevant applications once thought of as beyond the current scope of organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. London
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - H. Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - M. A. Sabuj
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J. Tropp
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - M. Saghayezhian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - N. Eedugurala
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - B. A. Zhang
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Y. Liu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - X. Gu
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - B. M. Wong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - N. Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - M. K. Bowman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - J. D. Azoulay
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lu R, Wu S, Yang L, Gao W, Qu H, Wang X, Chen J, Tang C, Shi H, Cao X. Stable Diindeno‐Fused Corannulene Regioisomers with Open‐Shell Singlet Ground States and Large Diradical Characters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru‐Qiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Lin‐Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Bin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jun‐Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lu RQ, Wu S, Yang LL, Gao WB, Qu H, Wang XY, Chen JB, Tang C, Shi HY, Cao XY. Stable Diindeno-Fused Corannulene Regioisomers with Open-Shell Singlet Ground States and Large Diradical Characters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7600-7605. [PMID: 30843654 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of open-shell polycyclic hydrocarbons with large diradical characters is challenging because of their high reactivities. Herein, two diindeno-fused corannulene regioisomers DIC-1 and DIC-2, curved fragments of fullerene C104 , were synthesized that exhibit open-shell singlet ground states. The incorporation of the curved and non-alternant corannulene moiety within diradical systems leads to significant diradical characters as high as 0.98 for DIC-1 and 0.89 for DIC-2. Such high diradical characters can presumably be ascribed to the re-aromatization of the corannulene π system. Although the DIC compounds have large diradical characters, they display excellent stability under ambient conditions. The half-lives are 37 days for DIC-1 and 6.6 days for DIC-2 in solution. This work offers a new design strategy towards diradicaloids with large diradical characters yet maintain high stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Qiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jun-Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang L, Zhang L, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Tan G, Wang X. Orthogonal Oriented Bisanthrancene‐Bridged Bis(Triarylamine) Diradical Dications: Isolation, Characterizations and Crystal Structures. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1708-1711. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wehrmann CM, Charlton RT, Chen MS. A Concise Synthetic Strategy for Accessing Ambient Stable Bisphenalenyls toward Achieving Electroactive Open-Shell π-Conjugated Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3240-3248. [PMID: 30689950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell, π-conjugated molecules represent exciting next-generation materials due to their unique optoelectronic and magnetic properties and their potential to exploit unpaired spin densities to engineer exceptionally close π-π interactions. However, prior syntheses of ambient stable, open-shell molecules required lengthy routes and displayed intermolecular spin-spin coupling with limited dimensionality. Here we report a general fragment-coupling strategy with phenalenone that enables the rapid construction of both biradicaloid (Ph2- s-IDPL, 1) and radical [10(OTf)] bisphenalenyls in ≤7 steps from commercial starting materials. Significantly, we have discovered an electronically stabilized π-radical cation [10(OTf)] that shows multiple intermolecular closer-than-vdW contacts (<3.4 Å) in its X-ray crystal structure. DFT simulations reveal that each of these close π-π interactions allows for intermolecular spin-spin coupling to occur and suggests that 10(OTf) achieves electrostatically enhanced intermolecular covalent-bonding interactions in two dimensions. Single crystal devices were fabricated from 10(OTf) and demonstrate average electrical conductivities of 1.31 × 10-2 S/cm. Overall, these studies highlight the practical synthesis and device application of a new π-conjugated material, based on a design principle that promises to facilitate spin and charge transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Wehrmann
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Ryan T Charlton
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Adinarayana B, Shimizu D, Osuka A. Stable (BIII
-Subporphyrin-5-yl)dicyanomethyl Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 25:1706-1710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fujiyoshi JY, Tonami T, Yamane M, Okada K, Kishi R, Muhammad S, Al-Sehemi AG, Nozawa R, Shinokubo H, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on Open-Shell Singlet Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities in Cofacial π-Stacked Dimers Composed of Weak Open-Shell Antiaromatic Porphyrins. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2863-2871. [PMID: 30080316 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
From the analysis based on the broken-symmetry density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we in this study propose a strategy to enhance the open-shell characters and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of π-stacked dimers composed of antiaromatic molecules with weak open-shell characters. For this purpose, we here constructed cofacial π-stacked dimer models composed of aromatic and antiaromatic NiII porphyrins in order to examine the π-π stacking distance (R) dependence of the diradical characters (y) and static second hyperpolarizabilities (γ). The antiaromatic porphyrin dimers are found to have intermediate y around R∼3.3 Å, the result of which originates in the unique intermolecular interactions between the antiaromatic monomers. Static γ along the stacking direction of such antiaromatic porphyrin dimers with intermediate diradical characters are shown to be enhanced significantly as compared to those of the isolated monomers and the aromatic porphyrin dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Fujiyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yamane M, Kishi R, Tonami T, Okada K, Nagami T, Kitagawa Y, Nakano M. Open-Shell Characters, Aromaticities and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Carbon Nanobelts Composed of Five- and Six-Membered Rings. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); 38 Nishigo-Naka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thiophene and its sulfur inhibit indenoindenodibenzothiophene diradicals from low-energy lying thermal triplets. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1134-1140. [PMID: 30224686 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many qualitative structure-property correlations between diradical character and emerging molecular properties are known. For example, the increase of diradical character further decreases the singlet-triplet energy gap. Here we show that inclusion of thiophenes within a quinoidal polycyclic hydrocarbon imparts appreciable diradical character yet retains the large singlet-triplet energy gap, a phenomenon that has no precedent in the literature. The low aromatic character of thiophene and its electron-rich nature are the key properties leading to these unique findings. A new indenoindenodibenzothiophene scaffold has been prepared and fully characterized by several spectroscopies, magnetic measurements, solid-state X-ray and state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations, all corroborating this unique dichotomy between the diradical input and the emerging magnetic properties. New structure-property relationships such as these are not only extremely important in the field of diradical chemistry and organic electronics, but also provide new insights into the versatility of π-electron chemical bonding.
Collapse
|
42
|
Desroches M, Morin JF. Wurster-Type Anthanthrene Polyradicaloid Cations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800214. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Desroches
- Département de Chimie et Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA); Université Laval; Pavillon A.-Vachon, 1045 Ave de la Médecine Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Département de Chimie et Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA); Université Laval; Pavillon A.-Vachon, 1045 Ave de la Médecine Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Medina Rivero S, Mayorga Burrezo P, Sandoval-Salinas ME, Li T, Ramírez FJ, Casanova D, Wang X, Casado J. Isomerism, Diradical Signature, and Raman Spectroscopy: Underlying Connections in Diamino Oligophenyl Dications. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1465-1470. [PMID: 29570949 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A diradical dication of a 4,4'-di(bis(1,4-methylphenyl)amino)-p-terphenyl oligomer has been characterized in solid-state by Raman spectroscopy and thermo-spectroscopy together with quantum chemical calculations. The diradical character has been evaluated on the basis of the Raman spectra and as a function of temperature. A complete understanding of the nature of the changes in solid state has been provided based on a pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect, which is feasible owing to the fine balance between quinoidal/aromatic extension among consecutive rings and steric crowding. This study contributes to the further comprehension of the molecular and electronic structures of these particular diradical molecules with strong implications on the understanding of the nature of chemical bonds in the limits of high electronic correlation or π-conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Sandoval-Salinas
- 2IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science (DC) & Donostia, International Physics Center & Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Francisco J Ramírez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- 2IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science (DC) & Donostia, International Physics Center & Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ke XS, Hong Y, Lynch VM, Kim D, Sessler JL. Metal-Stabilized Quinoidal Dibenzo[g, p]chrysene-Fused Bis-dicarbacorrole System. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7579-7586. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Zeng W, Hong Y, Medina Rivero S, Kim J, Zafra JL, Phan H, Gopalakrishna TY, Herng TS, Ding J, Casado J, Kim D, Wu J. Stable Nitrogen-Centered Bis(imino)rylene Diradicaloids. Chemistry 2018; 24:4944-4951. [PMID: 29396877 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids is critical for their practical material application. So far, most reported examples are based on carbon-centered radicals, which are intrinsically reactive, and there are very few examples of stable nitrogen-centered diradicaloids. In this full paper, a series of soluble and stable bis(imino)rylenes up to octarylene were synthesized on the basis of newly developed dibromorylene intermediates. It was found that from hexarylene onward, these quinoidal rylenes showed open-shell singlet ground states and could be thermally populated to paramagnetic triplet aminyl diradicals. They are stable due to efficient spin delocalization onto the rylene backbone as well as kinetic blocking of the aminyl sites by the bulky and electron-deficient 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl groups. They exhibited very different electronic structures, diradical character, excited-state dynamics, one-photon absorption, two-photon absorption, and electrochemical properties from their respective aromatic rylene counterparts. These bis(imino)rylenes represent a rare class of stable, neutral, nitrogen-centered aminyl diradicaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - José L Zafra
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tullimilli Y Gopalakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Y Gopalakrishna T, Zeng W, Lu X, Wu J. From open-shell singlet diradicaloids to polyradicaloids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2186-2199. [PMID: 29423462 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we highlight our recent efforts toward stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids and polyradicaloids. A brief review on the historical works in the area is introduced first, followed by discussion on the fundamental electronic and physical properties of open-shell singlet diradicaloids. Then, the structure-diradical character relationships based on our recently developed diradicaloids are presented. Next, the challenges and solutions toward stable polyradicaloids and 3D π-conjugated diradicaloids are discussed. Finally, their preliminary material applications are introduced and a perspective view of the area is given.
Collapse
|
48
|
Minamida Y, Kishi R, Fukuda K, Matsui H, Takamuku S, Yamane M, Tonami T, Nakano M. Tunability of Open-Shell Character, Charge Asymmetry, and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Covalently Linked (Hetero)Phenalenyl Dimers. Chemistry 2018; 24:1913-1921. [PMID: 29193349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tunability of the open-shell character, charge asymmetry, and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of covalently linked (hetero)phenalenyl dimers are investigated by using the density functional theory method. By changing the molecular species X and substitution position (i, j) for the linker part, a variety of intermonomer distances R and relative alignments between the phenalenyl dimers can be realized from the geometry optimizations, resulting in a wide-range tuning of diradical character y and charge asymmetry. It is found that the static second hyperpolarizabilities along the stacking direction, γyyyy , are one-order enhanced for phenalenyl dimer systems exhibiting intermediate y, a feature that is in good agreement with the "y-γ correlation". By replacing the central carbon atoms of the phenalenyl rings with a boron or a nitrogen, we have also designed covalently linked heterophenalenyl dimers. The introduction of such a charge asymmetry to the open-shell systems, which leads to closed-shell ionic ground states, is found to further enhance the γyyyy values of the systems having longer intermonomer distance R with intermediate ionic character, that is, charge asymmetry. The present results demonstrate a promising potential of covalently linked NLO dimers with intermediate open-shell/ionic characters as a new building block of highly efficient NLO systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Minamida
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kotaro Fukuda
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jiang C, Bang Y, Wang X, Lu X, Lim Z, Wei H, El-Hankari S, Wu J, Zeng Z. Tetrabenzo-Chichibabin's hydrocarbons: substituent effects and unusual thermochromic and thermomagnetic behaviours. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2389-2392. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of new Chichibabin's hydrocarbons was studied, and a cationic ammonium substituted product was obtained, showing unusual thermochromic and thermomagnetic behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Yawen Bang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Zhenglong Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Samir El-Hankari
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zeng W, Qi Q, Wu J. Toward Long Rylene Ribbons and Quinoidal Rylene Diradicaloids. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Qingbiao Qi
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|