1
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Zhu B, Huang W, Lin H, Feng H, Palotás K, Lv J, Ren Y, Ouyang R, Yang F. Vacancy Ordering in Ultrathin Copper Oxide Films on Cu(111). J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38825776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Oxide thin films grown on metal surfaces have wide applications in catalysis and beyond owing to their unique surface structures compared to their bulk counterparts. Despite extensive studies, the atomic structures of copper surface oxides on Cu(111), commonly referred to as "44" and "29", have remained elusive. In this work, we demonstrated an approach for the structural determination of oxide surfaces using element-specific scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging enhanced by functionalized tips. This approach enabled us to resolve the atomic structures of "44" and "29" surface oxides, which were further corroborated by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) measurements and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The stoichiometry of the "44" and "29" frameworks was identified as Cu23O16 and Cu16O11, respectively. Contrary to the conventional hypothesis, we observed ordered Cu vacancies within the "44" structure manifesting as peanut-shaped cavities in the hexagonal lattice. Similarly, a combination of Cu and O vacancies within the "29" structure leads to bean-shaped cavities within the pentagonal lattice. Our study has thus resolved the decades-long controversy on the atomic structures of "44" and "29" surface oxides, advancing our understanding of copper oxidation processes and introducing a robust framework for the analysis of complex oxide surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wugen Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hao Feng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | - Jiayu Lv
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yihui Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Runhai Ouyang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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2
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Xu J, Song S, Li J, Ji Y, Li Z, Fu D, Zhong Z, Xu G, Su F. Forming Multiple Heterojunctions in ZnO/Cu/Cu2O Boosts Dimethyldichlorosilane Production in Rochow-Müller Reaction. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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3
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Effect of Water Vapor on Oxidation Processes of the Cu(111) Surface and Sublayer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010810. [PMID: 36614285 PMCID: PMC9821670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-based catalysts have different catalytic properties depending on the oxidation states of Cu. We report operando observations of the Cu(111) oxidation processes using near-ambient pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (NAP-STM) and near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS). The Cu(111) surface was chemically inactive to water vapor, but only physisorption of water molecules was observed by NAP-STM. Under O2 environments, dry oxidation started at the step edges and proceeded to the terraces as a Cu2O phase. Humid oxidation of the H2O/O2 gas mixture was also promoted at the step edges to the terraces. After the Cu2O covered the surface under humid conditions, hydroxides and adsorbed water layers formed. NAP-STM observations showed that Cu2O was generated at lower steps in dry oxidation with independent terrace oxidations, whereas Cu2O was generated at upper steps in humid oxidation. The difference in the oxidation mechanisms was caused by water molecules. When the surface was entirely oxidized, the diffusion of Cu and O atoms with a reconstruction of the Cu2O structures induced additional subsurface oxidation. NAP-XPS measurements showed that the Cu2O thickness in dry oxidation was greater than that in humid oxidation under all pressure conditions.
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4
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Construction and stabilization of highly active Cu+ sites in layered double hydroxides for the cascade radical addition/cyclization reactions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Kim SJ, Kim YI, Lamichhane B, Kim YH, Lee Y, Cho CR, Cheon M, Kim JC, Jeong HY, Ha T, Kim J, Lee YH, Kim SG, Kim YM, Jeong SY. Flat-surface-assisted and self-regulated oxidation resistance of Cu(111). Nature 2022; 603:434-438. [PMID: 35296844 PMCID: PMC8930770 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation can deteriorate the properties of copper that are critical for its use, particularly in the semiconductor industry and electro-optics applications1–7. This has prompted numerous studies exploring copper oxidation and possible passivation strategies8. In situ observations have, for example, shown that oxidation involves stepped surfaces: Cu2O growth occurs on flat surfaces as a result of Cu adatoms detaching from steps and diffusing across terraces9–11. But even though this mechanism explains why single-crystalline copper is more resistant to oxidation than polycrystalline copper, the fact that flat copper surfaces can be free of oxidation has not been explored further. Here we report the fabrication of copper thin films that are semi-permanently oxidation resistant because they consist of flat surfaces with only occasional mono-atomic steps. First-principles calculations confirm that mono-atomic step edges are as impervious to oxygen as flat surfaces and that surface adsorption of O atoms is suppressed once an oxygen face-centred cubic (fcc) surface site coverage of 50% has been reached. These combined effects explain the exceptional oxidation resistance of ultraflat Cu surfaces. The fabrication of copper thin films with ultraflat surfaces and only occasional mono-atomic steps, which show semi-permanent resistance to oxidation over long periods, is reported and the mechanism explained using first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jae Kim
- Crystal Bank Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bipin Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousil Lee
- Crystal Bank Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ryong Cho
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Cheon
- Crystal Bank Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Taewoo Ha
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungdae Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se-Young Jeong
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Huang W, Lin N, Xie X, Chen M, Wan H. NO
reduction on Cu‐based model catalysts studied by
in‐situ
IRAS. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols−Ethers−Esters, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols−Ethers−Esters, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols−Ethers−Esters, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols−Ethers−Esters, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols−Ethers−Esters, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian People's Republic of China
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7
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Cu-Ga3+-doped wurtzite ZnO interface as driving force for enhanced methanol production in co-precipitated Cu/ZnO/Ga2O3 catalysts. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Huang E, Orozco I, Ramírez PJ, Liu Z, Zhang F, Mahapatra M, Nemšák S, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Liu P. Selective Methane Oxidation to Methanol on ZnO/Cu 2O/Cu(111) Catalysts: Multiple Site-Dependent Behaviors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19018-19032. [PMID: 34735767 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the abundance of natural gas in our planet, a major goal is to achieve a direct methane-to-methanol conversion at medium to low temperatures using mixtures of methane and oxygen. Here, we report an efficient catalyst, ZnO/Cu2O/Cu(111), for this process investigated using a combination of reactor testing, scanning tunneling microscopy, ambient-pressure X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, density functional calculations, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The catalyst is capable of methane activation at room temperature and transforms mixtures of methane and oxygen to methanol at 450 K with a selectivity of ∼30%. This performance is not seen for other heterogeneous catalysts which usually require the addition of water to enable a significant conversion of methane to methanol. The unique coarse structure of the ZnO islands supported on a Cu2O/Cu(111) substrate provides a collection of multiple centers that display different catalytic activity during the reaction. ZnO-Cu2O step sites are active centers for methanol synthesis when exposed to CH4 and O2 due to an effective O-O bond dissociation, which enables a methane-to-methanol conversion with a reasonable selectivity. Upon addition of water, the defected O-rich ZnO sites, introduced by Zn vacancies, show superior behavior toward methane conversion and enhance the overall methanol selectivity to over 80%. Thus, in this case, the surface sites involved in a direct CH4 → CH3OH conversion are different from those engaged in methanol formation without water. The identification of the site-dependent behavior of ZnO/Cu2O/Cu(111) opens a design strategy for guiding efficient methane reformation with high methanol selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ivan Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Pedro J Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1020-A Venezuela.,Zoneca-CENEX, R&D Laboratories, Alta Vista, 64770 Monterrey, México
| | - Zongyuan Liu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Mausumi Mahapatra
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sanjaya D Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - José A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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9
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Hayashida K, Tsuda Y, Yamada T, Yoshigoe A, Okada M. Revisit of XPS Studies of Supersonic O 2 Molecular Adsorption on Cu(111): Copper Oxides. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26814-26820. [PMID: 34661036 PMCID: PMC8515815 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of the bulk Cu2O(111) surface and "8" and "29" oxide structures on Cu(111) prepared using a 0.5 eV O2 supersonic molecular beam. We propose a new structural model for the "8" oxide structure and also confirm the previously proposed model for the "29" oxide structure on Cu(111), based on the O 1s XPS spectra. The detection angle dependence of the O 1s spectra supports that the nanopyramidal model is more preferable for the (√3 × √3)R30° Cu2O(111). We also report electronic excitations that O 1s electrons suffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Hayashida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsuda
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akitaka Yoshigoe
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Michio Okada
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Institute
for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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10
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Abstract
This is a Review of recent studies on surface structures of crystalline materials in the presence of gases in the mTorr to atmospheric pressure range, which brings surface science into a brand new direction. Surface structure is not only a property of the material but also depends on the environment surrounding it. This Review emphasizes that high/ambient pressure goes hand-in-hand with ambient temperature, because weakly interacting species can be densely covering surfaces at room temperature only when in equilibrium with a sufficiently high gas pressure. At the same time, ambient temperatures help overcome activation barriers that impede diffusion and reactions. Even species with weak binding energy can have residence lifetimes on the surface that allow them to trigger reconstructions of the atomic structure. The consequences of this are far from trivial because under ambient conditions the structure of the surface dynamically adapts to its environment and as a result completely new structures are often formed. This new era of surface science emerged and spread rapidly after the retooling of characterization techniques that happened in the last two decades. This Review is focused on the new surface structures enabled particularly by one of the new tools: high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy. We will cover several important surfaces that have been intensely scrutinized, including transition metals, oxides, and alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Baran Eren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Tang F, Li J, Zhu Y, Ji Y, Li H, Liu H, Wang X, Zhong Z, Su F. In situ generating Cu2O/Cu heterointerfaces on the Cu2O cube surface to enhance interface charge transfer for the Rochow reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cubic Cu/Cu2O with heterointerfaces showed enhanced catalytic performance for the Rochow reaction. The resulting Schottky junction enhanced charge transfer efficiency and contributed to easier cleavage of Si–Si bond along {110} crystal plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yongxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yongjun Ji
- School of Light Industry
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Huifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Hezhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xueguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- College of Engineering
- Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT)
- Shantou
- PR China
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT)
| | - Fabing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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12
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Zeng S, Shan S, Lu A, Wang S, Caracciolo DT, Robinson RJ, Shang G, Xue L, Zhao Y, Zhang A, Liu Y, Liu S, Liu Z, Bai F, Wu J, Wang H, Zhong CJ. Copper-alloy catalysts: structural characterization and catalytic synergies. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00179e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of copper-alloy catalysts is highlighted, focusing on the structural and mechanistic characterizations of the catalysts in different catalytic reactions, and challenges and opportunities in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghong Zeng
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Shiyao Shan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Aolin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Dominic T. Caracciolo
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Richard J. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Guojun Shang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Lei Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Yuansong Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Aiai Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Shangpeng Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Ze Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Bai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Wu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Rare Earth Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010051, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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13
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Huang W, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Li Y, Ling Y, Wang Y, Tu Y, Wang B, Zhou X, Deng D, Yang B, Yang Y, Liu Z, Bao X, Yang F. Tuning the activities of cuprous oxide nanostructures via the oxide-metal interaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2312. [PMID: 32385230 PMCID: PMC7210313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous importance in catalysis, the design of oxide-metal interface has been hampered by the limited understanding of the nature of interfacial sites and the oxide-metal interaction (OMI). Through construction of well-defined Cu2O/Pt, Cu2O/Ag and Cu2O/Au interfaces, we find that Cu2O nanostructures (NSs) on Pt exhibit much lower thermal stability than on Ag and Au, although they show the same structure. The activities of these interfaces are compared for CO oxidation and follow the order of Cu2O/Pt > Cu2O/Au > Cu2O/Ag. OMI is found to determine the activity and stability of supported Cu2O NSs, which could be described by the formation energy of interfacial oxygen vacancy. Further, electronic interaction between Cu+ and metal substrates is found center to OMI, where the d band center could be used as a key descriptor. Our study provides insight for OMI and for the development of Cu-based catalysts for low temperature oxidation reactions. The design of oxide-metal interface for heterogeneous catalysis has been hampered by the limited fundamental understanding. Here, the authors demonstrate that the activities of cuprous oxide nanostructures for CO oxidation can be tuned via the oxide-metal (Cu2O/M, M = Pt, Ag, Au) interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wugen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunchuan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China. .,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Schilling AC, Groden K, Simonovis JP, Hunt A, Hannagan RT, Çınar V, McEwen JS, Sykes ECH, Waluyo I. Accelerated Cu2O Reduction by Single Pt Atoms at the Metal-Oxide Interface. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kyle Groden
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Simonovis
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ryan T. Hannagan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Volkan Çınar
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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15
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Fang Y, Chi X, Li L, Yang J, Liu S, Lu X, Xiao W, Wang L, Luo Z, Yang W, Hu S, Xiong J, Hoang S, Deng H, Liu F, Zhang L, Gao P, Ding J, Guo Y. Elucidating the Nature of the Cu(I) Active Site in CuO/TiO 2 for Excellent Low-Temperature CO Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7091-7101. [PMID: 31931575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stabilized Cu+ species have been widely considered as catalytic active sites in composite copper catalysts for catalytic reactions with industrial importance. However, few examples comprehensively explicated the origin of stabilized Cu+ in a low-cost and widely investigated CuO/TiO2 system. In this study, mass producible CuO/TiO2 catalysts with interface-stabilized Cu+ were prepared, which showed excellent low-temperature CO oxidation activity. A thorough characterization and theoretical calculations proved that the strong charge-transfer effect and Ti-O-Cu hybridization in Ti-doped CuO(111) at the CuO/TiO2 interface contributed to the formation and stabilization of Cu+ species. The CO molecule adsorbed on Cu+ and reacted directly with Ti doping-promoted active lattice oxygen via a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism, leading to the enhanced low-temperature activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source National University of Singapore , 5 Research Link , 117603 , Singapore
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Ji Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Xingxu Lu
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3136 , United States
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117575 , Singapore
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Siyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Juxia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Son Hoang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Puxian Gao
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3136 , United States
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117575 , Singapore
| | - Yanbing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China
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16
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Bychkov VY, Tulenin YP, Gorenberg AY, Korchak VN. Study of self-oscillations during CO oxidation over Cu foil. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Wang C, Tissot H, Stenlid JH, Kaya S, Weissenrieder J. High-Density Isolated Fe 1O 3 Sites on a Single-Crystal Cu 2O(100) Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7318-7323. [PMID: 31713426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts have recently been subject to considerable attention within applied catalysis. However, complications in the preparation of well-defined single-atom model systems have hampered efforts to determine the reaction mechanisms underpinning the reported activity. By means of an atomic layer deposition method utilizing the steric hindrance of the ligands, isolated Fe1O3 motifs were grown on a single-crystal Cu2O(100) surface at densities up to 0.21 sites per surface unit cell. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows a strong metal-support interaction with Fe in a chemical state close to 3+. Results from scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional calculations demonstrate that isolated Fe1O3 is exclusively formed and occupies a single site per surface unit cell, coordinating to two oxygen atoms from the Cu2O lattice and another through abstraction from O2. The isolated Fe1O3 motif is active for CO oxidation at 473 K. The growth method holds promise for extension to other catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Heloise Tissot
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Department of Physics, Albanova University Center , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sarp Kaya
- Koç University TUPRAS Energy Center , 34450 Istanbul , Turkey
- Chemistry Department , Koç University , 34450 Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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18
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Zhang H, Sun H, Shen K, Hu J, Hu J, Jiang Z, Song F. Recent Progress with In Situ Characterization of Interfacial Structures under a Solid-Gas Atmosphere by HP-STM and AP-XPS. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223674. [PMID: 31703436 PMCID: PMC6888168 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Surface science is an interdisciplinary field involving various subjects such as physics, chemistry, materials, biology and so on, and it plays an increasingly momentous role in both fundamental research and industrial applications. Despite the encouraging progress in characterizing surface/interface nanostructures with atomic and orbital precision under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions, investigating in situ reactions/processes occurring at the surface/interface under operando conditions becomes a crucial challenge in the field of surface catalysis and surface electrochemistry. Promoted by such pressing demands, high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), for example, have been designed to conduct measurements under operando conditions on the basis of conventional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and photoemission spectroscopy, which are proving to become powerful techniques to study various heterogeneous catalytic reactions on the surface. This report reviews the development of HP-STM and AP-XPS facilities and the application of HP-STM and AP-XPS on fine investigations of heterogeneous catalytic reactions via evolutions of both surface morphology and electronic structures, including dehydrogenation, CO oxidation on metal-based substrates, and so on. In the end, a perspective is also given regarding the combination of in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and STM towards the identification of the structure-performance relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Haoliang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Kongchao Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Jinbang Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (H.Z.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (J.H.); (Z.J.)
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Peña LF, Veyan JF, Todd MA, Derecskei-Kovacs A, Chabal YJ. Vapor-Phase Cleaning and Corrosion Inhibition of Copper Films by Ethanol and Heterocyclic Amines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38610-38620. [PMID: 30335353 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning and passivation of metal surfaces are necessary steps for selective film deposition processes that are attractive for some microelectronic applications (e.g., fully aligned vias or self-aligned contacts). For copper, there is limited knowledge about the mechanisms of the copper oxide reduction process and subsequent passivation layer formation reactions. We have investigated the in situ cleaning (i.e., oxidation and reduction by vapor-phase species) and passivation of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP)-prepared Cu films in an effort to derive the mechanisms associated with selectively tailoring the surface chemistry. By monitoring the interaction of vapor-phase ethanol with the surface species generated after ozone cleaning at 300 °C, we find that the optimum procedure to remove these species and avoid byproduct redeposition is to use atomic layer deposition (ALD)-like binary cycles of ethanol and N2, with active pumping. We have further explored passivation of clean Cu using benzotriazole and 2,2'-bipyridine in an ALD environment. Both molecules chemisorb on clean Cu in an upright orientation, with respect to the metal surface at temperatures higher than the melting point of the organic inhibitors (100 ≤ T < 300 °C). Both molecules desorb without decomposition from clean Cu above 300 °C but not from Cu2O. Previous studies related to the passivation of Cu surfaces using heterocyclic amines have focused on solution-based or ultrahigh vacuum applications of the passivation molecules onto single crystalline Cu samples. The present work explores more industrially relevant vapor-phase passivation of CMP-cleaned, electroplated Cu samples using ALD-like processing conditions and in situ vapor-phase cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabián Peña
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Jean-Francois Veyan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Michael A Todd
- Versum Materials, Inc. , 8555 South River Parkway , Tempe , Arizona 85284 , United States
| | - Agnes Derecskei-Kovacs
- Versum Materials, Inc. , 8555 South River Parkway , Tempe , Arizona 85284 , United States
| | - Yves J Chabal
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
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20
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Therrien AJ, Hensley AJR, Marcinkowski MD, Zhang R, Lucci FR, Coughlin B, Schilling AC, McEwen JS, Sykes ECH. An atomic-scale view of single-site Pt catalysis for low-temperature CO oxidation. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Therrien AJ, Hensley AJR, Zhang R, Pronschinske A, Marcinkowski MD, McEwen JS, Sykes ECH. Characterizing the geometric and electronic structure of defects in the “29” copper surface oxide. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:224706. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4996729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Therrien
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Alyssa J. R. Hensley
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Renqin Zhang
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Alex Pronschinske
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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22
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Niu T, Jiang Z, Zhu Y, Zhou G, van Spronsen MA, Tenney SA, Boscoboinik JA, Stacchiola D. Oxygen-Promoted Methane Activation on Copper. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:855-863. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, No. 200, Xiaolingwei, 210094, China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Yaguang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Guangwen Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Matthijs A. van Spronsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Samuel A. Tenney
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - J. Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dario Stacchiola
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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23
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Reaction mechanisms of methanol synthesis from CO/CO 2 hydrogenation on Cu 2 O(111): Comparison with Cu(111). J CO2 UTIL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Besharat Z, Halldin Stenlid J, Soldemo M, Marks K, Önsten A, Johnson M, Öström H, Weissenrieder J, Brinck T, Göthelid M. Dehydrogenation of methanol on Cu 2O(100) and (111). J Chem Phys 2017; 146:244702. [PMID: 28668016 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption and desorption of methanol on the (111) and (100) surfaces of Cu2O have been studied using high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy in the temperature range 120-620 K, in combination with density functional theory calculations and sum frequency generation spectroscopy. The bare (100) surface exhibits a (3,0; 1,1) reconstruction but restructures during the adsorption process into a Cu-dimer geometry stabilized by methoxy and hydrogen binding in Cu-bridge sites. During the restructuring process, oxygen atoms from the bulk that can host hydrogen appear on the surface. Heating transforms methoxy to formaldehyde, but further dehydrogenation is limited by the stability of the surface and the limited access to surface oxygen. The (√3 × √3)R30°-reconstructed (111) surface is based on ordered surface oxygen and copper ions and vacancies, which offers a palette of adsorption and reaction sites. Already at 140 K, a mixed layer of methoxy, formaldehyde, and CHxOy is formed. Heating to room temperature leaves OCH and CHx. Thus both CH-bond breaking and CO-scission are active on this surface at low temperature. The higher ability to dehydrogenate methanol on (111) compared to (100) is explained by the multitude of adsorption sites and, in particular, the availability of surface oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Besharat
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SCI, S-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Soldemo
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SCI, S-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Kess Marks
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Önsten
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SCI, S-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johnson
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden
| | - Henrik Öström
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SCI, S-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Tore Brinck
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Göthelid
- Material Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SCI, S-164 40 Kista, Sweden
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25
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Shin K, Zhang L, An H, Ha H, Yoo M, Lee HM, Henkelman G, Kim HY. Interface engineering for a rational design of poison-free bimetallic CO oxidation catalysts. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5244-5253. [PMID: 28397916 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We use density functional theory calculations of Pt@Cu core@shell nanoparticles (NPs) to design bifunctional poison-free CO oxidation catalysts. By calculating the adsorption chemistry under CO oxidation conditions, we find that the Pt@Cu NPs will be active for CO oxidation with resistance to CO-poisoning. The CO oxidation pathway at the Pt-Cu interface is determined on the Pt NP covered with a full- and partial-shell of Cu. The exposed portion of the Pt core preferentially binds CO and the Cu shell binds O2, supplying oxygen for the reaction. The Pt-Cu interface provides CO-oxidation sites that are not poisoned by either CO or O2. Additional computational screening shows that this separation of reactant binding sites is possible for several other core@shell NPs. Our results indicate that the metal-metal interface within a single NP can be optimized for design of bifunctional catalytic systems with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyun Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291-Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Korea
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26
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Huang W, Sun G, Cao T. Surface chemistry of group IB metals and related oxides. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1977-2000. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic surface chemistry of IB metals are reviewed with an attempt to bridge model catalysts and powder catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Guanghui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Tian Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
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27
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Dou J, Sun Z, Opalade AA, Wang N, Fu W, Tao F(F. Operando chemistry of catalyst surfaces during catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2001-2027. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of a catalyst surface during catalysis is crucial for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of a catalytic reaction performed on the catalyst in the gas or liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dou
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Adedamola A. Opalade
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Wensheng Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications and College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Franklin (Feng) Tao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
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28
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Mudiyanselage K, Luo S, Kim HY, Yang X, Baber AE, Hoffmann FM, Senanayake S, Rodriguez JA, Chen JG, Liu P, Stacchiola DJ. How to stabilize highly active Cu+ cations in a mixed-oxide catalyst. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Rijs NJ, González-Navarrete P, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Penetrating the Elusive Mechanism of Copper-Mediated Fluoromethylation in the Presence of Oxygen through the Gas-Phase Reactivity of Well-Defined [LCuO](+) Complexes with Fluoromethanes (CH(4-n)Fn, n = 1-3). J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3125-35. [PMID: 26859159 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) isomer separation was exploited to react the particularly well-defined ionic species [LCuO](+) (L = 1,10-phenanthroline) with the neutral fluoromethane substrates CH(4-n)Fn (n = 1-3) in the gas phase. Experimentally, the monofluoromethane substrate (n = 1) undergoes both hydrogen-atom transfer, forming the copper hydroxide complex [LCuOH](•+) and concomitantly a CH2F(•) radical, and oxygen-atom transfer, yielding the observable ionic product [LCu](+) plus the neutral oxidized substrate [C,H3,O,F]. DFT calculations reveal that the mechanism for both product channels relies on the initial C-H bond activation of the substrate. Compared to nonfluorinated methane, the addition of fluorine to the substrate assists the reactivity through a lowering of the C-H bond energy and reaction preorganization (through noncovalent interaction in the encounter complex). A two-state reactivity scenario is mandatory for the oxidation, which competitively results in the unusual fluoromethanol product, CH2FOH, or the decomposed products, CH2O and HF, with the latter channel being kinetically disfavored. Difluoromethane (n = 2) is predicted to undergo the analogous reactions at room temperature, although the reactions are less favored than those of monofluoromethane. The reaction of trifluoromethane (n = 3, fluoroform) through C-H activation is kinetically hindered under ambient conditions but might be expected to occur in the condensed phase upon heating or with further lowering of reaction barriers through templation with counterions, such as potassium. Overall, formation of CH(3-n)Fn(•) and CH(3-n)FnOH occurs under relatively gentle energetic conditions, which sheds light on their potential as reactive intermediates in fluoromethylation reactions mediated by copper in the presence of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Rijs
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vajda
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Michael G. White
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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31
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Eren B, Heine C, Bluhm H, Somorjai GA, Salmeron M. Catalyst Chemical State during CO Oxidation Reaction on Cu(111) Studied with Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Near Edge X-ray Adsorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11186-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabor A. Somorjai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Stacchiola DJ. Tuning the properties of copper-based catalysts based on molecular in situ studies of model systems. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2151-8. [PMID: 26103058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Studying catalytic processes at the molecular level is extremely challenging, due to the structural and chemical complexity of the materials used as catalysts and the presence of reactants and products in the reactor's environment. The most common materials used on catalysts are transition metals and their oxides. The importance of multifunctional active sites at metal/oxide interfaces has been long recognized, but a molecular picture of them based on experimental observations is only recently emerging. The initial approach to interrogate the surface chemistry of catalysts at the molecular level consisted of studying metal single crystals as models for reactive metal centers, moving later to single crystal or well-defined thin film oxides. The natural next iteration consisted in the deposition of metal nanoparticles on well-defined oxide substrates. Metal nanoparticles contain undercoordinated sites, which are more reactive. It is also possible to create architectures where oxide nanoparticles are deposited on top of metal single crystals, denominated inverse catalysts, leading in this case to a high concentration of reactive cationic sites in direct contact with the underlying fully coordinated metal atoms. Using a second oxide as a support (host), a multifunctional configuration can be built in which both metal and oxide nanoparticles are located in close proximity. Our recent studies on copper-based catalysts are presented here as an example of the application of these complementary model systems, starting from the creation of undercoordinated sites on Cu(111) and Cu2O(111) surfaces, continuing with the formation of mixed-metal copper oxides, the synthesis of ceria nanoparticles on Cu(111) and the codeposition of Cu and ceria nanoparticles on TiO2(110). Catalysts have traditionally been characterized before or after reactions and analyzed based on static representations of surface structures. It is shown here how dynamic changes on a catalyst's chemical state and morphology can be followed during a reaction by a combination of in situ microscopy and spectroscopy. In addition to determining the active phase of a catalyst by in situ methods, the presence of weakly adsorbed surface species or intermediates generated only in the presence of reactants can be detected, allowing in turn the comparison of experimental results with first principle modeling of specific reaction mechanisms. Three reactions are used to exemplify the approach: CO oxidation (CO + 1/2O2 → CO2), water gas shift reaction (WGSR) (CO + H2O → CO2 + H2), and methanol synthesis (CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O). During CO oxidation, the full conversion of Cu(0) to Cu(2+) deactivates an initially outstanding catalyst. This can be remedied by the formation of a TiCuOx mixed-oxide that protects the presence of active partially oxidized Cu(+) cations. It is also shown that for the WGSR a switch occurs in the reaction mechanism, going from a redox process on Cu(111) to a more efficient associative pathway at the interface of ceria nanoparticles deposited on Cu(111). Similarly, the activation of CO2 at the ceria/Cu(111) interface allows its facile hydrogenation to methanol. Our combined studies emphasize the need of searching for optimal metal/oxide interfaces, where multifunctional sites can lead to new efficient catalytic reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío J. Stacchiola
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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33
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Yang X, Kattel S, Xiong K, Mudiyanselage K, Rykov S, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Liu P, Stacchiola DJ, Chen JG. Direct Epoxidation of Propylene over Stabilized Cu+Surface Sites on Titanium-Modified Cu2O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26215635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yang
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Shyam Kattel
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Ke Xiong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716 (USA)
| | - Kumudu Mudiyanselage
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Sergei Rykov
- Sergei Rykov, Department of Semiconductors Physics and Nanoelectronics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg (Russia)
| | - Sanjaya D Senanayake
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - José A Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Ping Liu
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA)
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2 Center St., Upton, NY 11973 (USA).
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th St., New York, NY 10027 (USA).
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34
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Yang X, Kattel S, Xiong K, Mudiyanselage K, Rykov S, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez JA, Liu P, Stacchiola DJ, Chen JG. Direct Epoxidation of Propylene over Stabilized Cu+Surface Sites on Titanium-Modified Cu2O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Mudiyanselage K, Xu F, Hoffmann FM, Hrbek J, Waluyo I, Boscoboinik JA, Stacchiola DJ. Adsorbate-driven morphological changes on Cu(111) nano-pits. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3032-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Healing of a metal surface by formation of a sub-surface hydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mudiyanselage
- Chemistry Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
- Department of Science
| | - F. Xu
- Chemistry Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
- Chemistry Department
| | | | - J. Hrbek
- Chemistry Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - I. Waluyo
- Chemistry Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - J. A. Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
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Graciani J, Mudiyanselage K, Xu F, Baber AE, Evans J, Senanayake SD, Stacchiola DJ, Liu P, Hrbek J, Sanz JF, Rodriguez JA. Highly active copper-ceria and copper-ceria-titania catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2. Science 2014; 345:546-50. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1253057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Weissenrieder J, Gustafson J, Stacchiola D. Reactivity and Mass Transfer of Low-Dimensional Catalysts. CHEM REC 2014; 14:857-68. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research; Lund University; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Dario Stacchiola
- Chemistry Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
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38
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Rijs NJ, Weiske T, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. On divorcing isomers, dissecting reactivity, and resolving mechanisms of propane CH and aryl CX (X=halogen) bond activations mediated by a ligated copper(III) oxo complex. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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An W, Baber AE, Xu F, Soldemo M, Weissenrieder J, Stacchiola D, Liu P. Mechanistic Study of CO Titration on CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) (x≤2) Surfaces. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Baber AE, Yang X, Kim HY, Mudiyanselage K, Soldemo M, Weissenrieder J, Senanayake SD, Al-Mahboob A, Sadowski JT, Evans J, Rodriguez JA, Liu P, Hoffmann FM, Chen JG, Stacchiola DJ. Stabilization of Catalytically Active Cu+Surface Sites on Titanium-Copper Mixed-Oxide Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5336-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Baber AE, Yang X, Kim HY, Mudiyanselage K, Soldemo M, Weissenrieder J, Senanayake SD, Al-Mahboob A, Sadowski JT, Evans J, Rodriguez JA, Liu P, Hoffmann FM, Chen JG, Stacchiola DJ. Stabilization of Catalytically Active Cu+Surface Sites on Titanium-Copper Mixed-Oxide Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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