1
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Zhang W, Kim S, Sarazen ML, He M, Chen JG, Lercher JA. Advances and Challenges in Low-Temperature Upcycling of Waste Polyolefins via Tandem Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202500559. [PMID: 40082210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 03/05/2025] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
Polyolefin waste is the largest polymer waste stream that could potentially serve as an advantageous hydrocarbon feedstock. Upcycling polyolefins poses significant challenges due to their inherent kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Traditional methods, such as thermal and catalytic cracking, are straightforward but require temperatures exceeding 400 °C for complete conversion because of thermodynamic constraints. We summarize and critically compare recent advances in upgrading spent polyolefins and model reactants via kinetic (and thermodynamic) coupling of the endothermic C─C bond cleavage of polyolefins with exothermic reactions including hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, metathesis, cyclization, oxidation, and alkylation. These approaches enable complete conversion to desired products at low temperatures (<300 °C). The goal is to identify challenges and possible pathways for catalytic conversions that minimize energy and carbon footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai, 202162, China
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Mingyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai, 202162, China
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, 85747, Germany
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2
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Nobis M, Takahashi K, Uchida J, Nakagawa S, Yoshie N, Kato T, Nozaki K. Polyethyleneketones with Controlled Spacer Units: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photodegradation. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:17034-17041. [PMID: 40358140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
In this study, a new synthetic method for structurally controlled polyethyleneketones, a photodegradable polyethylene-like polymer, has been developed. Telechelic Zn-polyethylene was prepared from α,ω-diene, diethylzinc, and ethylene, which was allowed to react with diacid chlorides to give polyethyleneketones with defined spacing between the neighboring ketone functionalities. The photodegradation of these polymers under UV light demonstrated a degradation rate dependency on the spacer units between the carbonyl groups. The ones with longer-spaced ketones (6-18 carbons) showed efficient degradation, while shorter-spaced ketones (3-5 carbons) exhibited a slower degradation process. Structural analysis by solid-state FT-IR and DSC suggested the existence of carbonyl-carbonyl interactions in the shorter-spaced polymers, which are presumed to interfere with photodegradation via the Norrish reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nobis
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshie
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Ye P, Wei X, Shen C, Liu X, Xu S, Wang YZ. Iron(III)-Catalyzed C─H Hydroxylation of Low-Density Polyethylene Coupled with Short Chain Branching Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025:e202503405. [PMID: 40260590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202503405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Revised: 03/30/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/23/2025]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely used in packaging applications, but after being discarded its environmental impact is a pressing concern due to a lack of effective chemical recycling strategies, especially owing to its chemical inertness and nonpolar nature. To address these challenges, we present a mild iron(III)-catalyzed oxidative upcycling of LDPE in which C─H hydroxylation of LDPE occurs coupled with the growth of methyl short chain branching (Me-SCB) and ethyl shortchain branching (Et-SCB). As a result, the resulting products achieve significant improvements in surface wettability, crystallinity, and mechanical properties despite a concomitant reduction in molecular weight. CH…F interactions and σ-π interactions are found between LDPE and the catalyst. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the catalytic mechanism that fluorine on the ligand facilitates hydrogen peroxide activation and subsequent deprotonation, leading to the formation of high-valent ironoxo species. The growth of short-chain branching (SCB) involves the β-scission of CC bonds and a radical-mediated chain-walking mechanism. This work represents a transformative advancement in deep understanding of polyolefin upcycling and opens a new approach of polyolefin functionalization and architecture modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Ye
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiangyue Wei
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chengfeng Shen
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shimei Xu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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4
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Hong CE, Oh MS, An S, Song KH, Lee S. Cobalt-Catalyzed C─H Oxidation of Alkanes and Postfunctionalization of Polyolefin Elastomers. Chemistry 2025:e202500510. [PMID: 40243266 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2025] [Revised: 04/12/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
This study focuses on the postfunctionalization of polyolefin elastomers (POEs) through direct C─H activation using a novel cobalt-based catalytic system. The investigation, initiated with the oxidation of cyclohexane, identified the cumene hydroperoxide (CumHPO) as the optimal oxidant and ligands L3, L4, and L7 as effective in chlorinated benzene solvents. Cobalt catalyst (Cat. 1) demonstrated superior activity in the oxidation of octadecane, achieving a 42% yield with a minimal amount of catalyst. The catalytic system was successfully extended to the C─H oxidation of POE, introducing functional groups in solvents like 1,2-Cl2C6H4 and 1,2,4-Cl3C6H3. Our findings propose a simple and green approach for the postfunctionalization of POE, offering versatility and potential for broader applications in the field of polymeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan An
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Song
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sead FF, Jain V, Ballal S, Singh A, Devi A, Chandra Sharma G, Joshi KK, Kazemi M, Javahershenas R. Research on transition metals for the multicomponent synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams. RSC Adv 2025; 15:2334-2346. [PMID: 39867320 PMCID: PMC11756498 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra08798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 01/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Benzo-fused γ-lactams are fundamental in medicinal chemistry, acting as essential elements for various therapeutic agents due to their structural adaptability and capability to enhance biological activity. In their synthesis, transition metals play a pivotal role as catalysts, offering more efficient alternatives to traditional methods by facilitating C-N bond formation through mechanisms like intramolecular coupling. Recent advances have especially spotlighted transition-metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions for directly converting C(sp2)-H to C(sp2)-N bonds, streamlining the creation of these compounds. Furthermore, biocatalytic approaches have emerged, providing asymmetric synthesis of lactams with high yield and enantioselectivity. This review examined the transition metal-catalyzed synthesis techniques for producing benzo-fused γ-lactams, marking a significant leap in organic synthesis by proposing more effective, selective, and greener production methods. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers in the fields of transition metal catalysts and those engaged in synthesizing these lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhil Faez Sead
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Islamic University Najaf Iraq
- Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah Al Diwaniyah Iraq
- Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University of Babylon Babylon Iraq
| | - Vicky Jain
- Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University Rajkot-360003 Gujarat India
| | - Suhas Ballal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University) Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Abhayveer Singh
- Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University Rajpura Punjab 140401 India
| | - Anita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh Engineering College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri Mohali140307 Punjab India
| | - Girish Chandra Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences-Chemistry, NIMS Institute of Engineering & Technology, NIMS University Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Kamal Kant Joshi
- Department of Allied Science, Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun India
- Graphic Era Deemed to be (b) University Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - Mosstafa Kazemi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Javahershenas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
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6
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Hourtoule M, Trienes S, Ackermann L. Anodic Commodity Polymer Recycling: The Merger of Iron-Electrocatalysis with Scalable Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202412689. [PMID: 39254508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are omnipresent in our everyday life, and accumulation of post-consumer plastic waste in our environment represents a major societal challenge. Hence, methods for plastic waste recycling are in high demand for a future circular economy. Specifically, the degradation of post-consumer polymers towards value-added small molecules constitutes a sustainable strategy for a carbon circular economy. Despite of recent advances, chemical polymer degradation continues to be largely limited to chemical redox agents or low energy efficiency in photochemical processes. We herein report a powerful iron-catalyzed degradation of high molecular weight polystyrenes through electrochemistry to efficiently deliver monomeric benzoyl products. The robustness of the ferraelectrocatalysis was mirrored by the degradation of various real-life post-consumer plastics, also on gram scale. The cathodic half reaction was largely represented by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The scalable electro-polymer degradation could be solely fueled by solar energy through a commercially available solar panel, indicating an outstanding potential for a decentralized green hydrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Hourtoule
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Trienes
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Sun J, Dong J, Gao L, Zhao YQ, Moon H, Scott SL. Catalytic Upcycling of Polyolefins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9457-9579. [PMID: 39151127 PMCID: PMC11363024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The large production volumes of commodity polyolefins (specifically, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride)), in conjunction with their low unit values and multitude of short-term uses, have resulted in a significant and pressing waste management challenge. Only a small fraction of these polyolefins is currently mechanically recycled, with the rest being incinerated, accumulating in landfills, or leaking into the natural environment. Since polyolefins are energy-rich materials, there is considerable interest in recouping some of their chemical value while simultaneously motivating more responsible end-of-life management. An emerging strategy is catalytic depolymerization, in which a portion of the C-C bonds in the polyolefin backbone is broken with the assistance of a catalyst and, in some cases, additional small molecule reagents. When the products are small molecules or materials with higher value in their own right, or as chemical feedstocks, the process is called upcycling. This review summarizes recent progress for four major catalytic upcycling strategies: hydrogenolysis, (hydro)cracking, tandem processes involving metathesis, and selective oxidation. Key considerations include macromolecular reaction mechanisms relative to small molecule mechanisms, catalyst design for macromolecular transformations, and the effect of process conditions on product selectivity. Metrics for describing polyolefin upcycling are critically evaluated, and an outlook for future advances is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jinhu Dong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Lijun Gao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Yu-Quan Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Hyunjin Moon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
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8
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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9
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Tian D, Liu X, Li J, Wang Z, Cai X, Chen J, Jin H, Li B, Lou Z. Constructing High-Active Surface of Plasmonic Tungsten Oxide for Photocatalytic Alcohol Dehydration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404738. [PMID: 38695468 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic semiconductors with broad spectral response hold significant promise for sustainable solar energy utilization. However, the surface inertness limits the photocatalytic activity. Herein, a novel approach is proposed to improve the body crystallinity and increase the surface oxygen vacancies of plasmonic tungsten oxide by the combination of hydrochloric acid (HCl) regulation and light irradiation, which can promote the adsorption of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) on plasmonic tungsten oxide and overcome the hindrance of the surface depletion layer in photocatalytic alcohol dehydration. Additionally, this process can concentrate electrons for strong plasmonic electron oscillation on the near surface, facilitating rapid electron transfer within the adsorbed TBA molecules for C-O bond cleavage. As a result, the activation barrier for TBA dehydration is significantly reduced by 93% to 6.0 kJ mol-1, much lower than that of thermocatalysis (91 kJ mol-1). Therefore, an optimal isobutylene generation rate of 1.8 mol g-1 h-1 (selectivity of 99.9%) is achieved. A small flow reaction system is further constructed, which shows an isobutylene generation rate of 12 mmol h-1 under natural sunlight irradiation. This work highlights the potential of plasmonic semiconductors for efficient photocatalytic alcohol dehydration, thereby promoting the sustainable utilization of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Juan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zeyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hao Jin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zaizhu Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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10
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Ko K, Lundberg DJ, Johnson AM, Johnson JA. Mechanism-Guided Discovery of Cleavable Comonomers for Backbone Deconstructable Poly(methyl methacrylate). J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9142-9154. [PMID: 38526229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of cleavable comonomers (CCs) with suitable copolymerization reactivity paves the way for the introduction of backbone deconstructability into polymers. Recent advancements in thionolactone-based CCs, exemplified by dibenzo[c,e]-oxepine-5(7H)-thione (DOT), have opened promising avenues for the selective deconstruction of multiple classes of vinyl polymers, including polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, and polystyrenics. To date, however, no thionolactone CC has been shown to copolymerize with methacrylates to an appreciable extent to enable polymer deconstruction. Here, we overcome this challenge through the design of a new class of benzyl-functionalized thionolactones (bDOTs). Guided by detailed mechanistic analyses, we find that the introduction of radical-stabilizing substituents to bDOTs enables markedly increased and tunable copolymerization reactivity with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Through iterative optimizations of the molecular structure, a specific bDOT, F-p-CF3PhDOT, is discovered to copolymerize efficiently with MMA. High molar mass deconstructable PMMA-based copolymers (dPMMA, Mn > 120 kDa) with low percentages of F-p-CF3PhDOT (1.8 and 3.8 mol%) are prepared using industrially relevant bulk free radical copolymerization conditions. The thermomechanical properties of dPMMA are similar to PMMA; however, the former is shown to degrade into low molar mass fragments (<6.5 kDa) under mild aminolysis conditions. This work presents the first example of a radical ring-opening CC capable of nearly random copolymerization with MMA without the possibility of cross-linking and provides a workflow for the mechanism-guided design of deconstructable copolymers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwook Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alayna M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Shi JX, Ciccia NR, Pal S, Kim DD, Brunn JN, Lizandara-Pueyo C, Ernst M, Haydl AM, Messersmith PB, Helms BA, Hartwig JF. Chemical Modification of Oxidized Polyethylene Enables Access to Functional Polyethylenes with Greater Reuse. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21527-21537. [PMID: 37733607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene is a commodity material that is widely used because of its low cost and valuable properties. However, the lack of functional groups in polyethylene limits its use in applications that include adhesives, gas barriers, and plastic blends. The inertness of polyethylene makes it difficult to install groups that would enhance its properties and enable programmed chemical decomposition. To overcome these deficiencies, the installation of pendent functional groups that imbue polyethylene with enhanced properties is an attractive strategy to overcome its inherent limitations. Here, we describe strategies to derivatize oxidized polyethylene that contains both ketones and alcohols to monofunctional variants with bulk properties superior to those of unmodified polyethylene. Iridium-catalyzed transfer dehydrogenation with acetone furnished polyethylenes with only ketones, and ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogenation with hydrogen furnished polyethylenes with only alcohols. We demonstrate that the ratio of these functional groups can be controlled by reduction with stoichiometric hydride-containing reagents. The ketones and alcohols serve as sites to introduce esters and oximes onto the polymer, thereby improving surface and bulk properties over those of polyethylene. These esters and oximes were removed by hydrolysis to regenerate the original oxygenated polyethylenes, showing how functionalization can lead to materials with circularity. Waste polyethylenes were equally amenable to oxidative functionalization and derivatization of the oxidized material, showing that this low- or negative-value feedstock can be used to prepare materials of higher value. Finally, the derivatized polymers with distinct solubilities were separated from mechanically mixed plastic blends by selective dissolution, demonstrating that functionalization can lead to novel approaches for distinguishing and separating polymers from a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake X Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicodemo R Ciccia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diane D Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John N Brunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett A Helms
- The Molecular Foundry and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zeng R. Photoinduced iron-catalyzed C-H alkylation of polyolefins. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9374-9379. [PMID: 37712034 PMCID: PMC10498505 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03252c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically introducing diverse polar groups into polyolefins via carbon-hydrogen bond alkylation with polar olefins is of substantial value in the synthesis of next-generation lightweight thermoplastics, which is still underdeveloped. In this work, we report a new approach for efficient carbon-hydrogen bond alkylation in commodity polyolefins using photoinduced iron catalysis. Various polyolefins could be functionalized with broad scope. Polar groups could be incorporated in a single step. The controllable synthesis of multi-polar functional polyolefins could be achieved by a designed module-assembled process. Remarkably, even low levels of functionalization could upcycle the polyolefin materials to exhibit unusual physical properties, such as enhancement of the transparencies, strains, stresses at break of the materials, and hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongnan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
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13
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Maksso I, Samanta RC, Zhan Y, Zhang K, Warratz S, Ackermann L. Polymer up-cycling by mangana-electrocatalytic C(sp 3)-H azidation without directing groups. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8109-8118. [PMID: 37538824 PMCID: PMC10395267 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02549g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical up-cycling of polymers into value-added materials offers a unique opportunity to place plastic waste in a new value chain towards a circular economy. Herein, we report the selective up-cycling of polystyrenes and polyolefins to C(sp3)-H azidated materials under electrocatalytic conditions. The functionalized polymers were obtained with high retention of mass average molecular mass and high functionalization through chemo-selective mangana-electrocatalysis. Our strategy proved to be broadly applicable to a variety of homo- and copolymers. Polyethylene, polypropylene as well as post-consumer polystyrene materials were functionalized by this approach, thereby avoiding the use of hypervalent-iodine reagents in stoichiometric quantities by means of electrocatalysis. This study, hence, represents a chemical oxidant-free polymer functionalization by electro-oxidation. The electrocatalysis proved to be scalable, which highlights its unique feature for a green hydrogen economy by means of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Maksso
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Yifei Zhan
- Institut für Holztechnologie und Holzwerkstoffe, Georg-August-Universität Büsgenweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institut für Holztechnologie und Holzwerkstoffe, Georg-August-Universität Büsgenweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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14
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Zhou XY, Fu B, Jin WD, Wang X, Wang KK, Wang M, She YB, Shen HM. Efficient and Selective Oxygenation of Cycloalkanes and Alkyl Aromatics with Oxygen through Synergistic Catalysis of Bimetallic Active Centers in Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Metalloporphyrins. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:325. [PMID: 37504212 PMCID: PMC10807029 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Confined catalytic realms and synergistic catalysis sites were constructed using bimetallic active centers in two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to achieve highly selective oxygenation of cycloalkanes and alkyl aromatics with oxygen towards partly oxygenated products. Every necessary characterization was carried out for all the two-dimensional MOFs. The selective oxygenation of cycloalkanes and alkyl aromatics with oxygen was accomplished with exceptional catalytic performance using two-dimensional MOF Co-TCPPNi as a catalyst. Employing Co-TCPPNi as a catalyst, both the conversion and selectivity were improved for all the hydrocarbons investigated. Less disordered autoxidation at mild conditions, inhibited free-radical diffusion by confined catalytic realms, and synergistic C-H bond oxygenation catalyzed by second metal center Ni employing oxygenation intermediate R-OOH as oxidant were the factors for the satisfying result of Co-TCPPNi as a catalyst. When homogeneous metalloporphyrin T(4-COOCH3)PPCo was replaced by Co-TCPPNi, the conversion in cyclohexane oxygenation was enhanced from 4.4% to 5.6%, and the selectivity of partly oxygenated products increased from 85.4% to 92.9%. The synergistic catalytic mechanisms were studied using EPR research, and a catalysis model was obtained for the oxygenation of C-H bonds with O2. This research offered a novel and essential reference for both the efficient and selective oxygenation of C-H bonds and other key chemical reactions involving free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai-Min Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.-Y.Z.); (B.F.); (W.-D.J.); (X.W.); (K.-K.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-B.S.)
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15
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Guo AB, Qin JW, Wang KK, Liu QP, Wu HK, Wang M, Shen HM, She YB. Synergetic catalytic oxidation of C-H bonds in cycloalkanes and alkyl aromatics by dimetallic active sites in 3D metalloporphyrinic MOFs employing O2 as oxidant with increased conversion and unconsumed selectivity. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Ma P, Plummer CM, Luo W, Pang J, Chen Y, Li L. Exhaustive Baeyer-Villiger oxidation: a tailor-made post-polymerization modification to access challenging poly(vinyl acetate) copolymers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11746-11754. [PMID: 36320906 PMCID: PMC9580620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of exhaustive (nearly quantitative) post-polymerization modifications (PPM) relies heavily on the efficiency of their corresponding small-molecule protocols. However, the direct translation of existing small-molecule protocols into PPM methods has never been guaranteed due to the intrinsic differences between small-molecule substrates and polymers. Herein, we introduce the direct optimization on polymers (DOP) as a complementary approach to developing exhaustive PPM reactions. As proof of the DOP concept, we present an exhaustive Baeyer-Villiger (BV) post-modification which cannot be accessed by conventional approaches. This user-friendly methodology provides general access to synthetically challenging copolymers of vinyl acetate and more activated monomers (MAMs) including both statistical and narrow-dispersed block copolymers. Furthermore, a scalable one-pot copolymerization/exhaustive BV post-modification procedure was developed to produce such materials showing improved performance over regular PVAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ma
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Christopher M Plummer
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Wenjun Luo
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Jiyan Pang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Le Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
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17
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Ni JY, Cong SZ, Ning L, Wang M, Shen HM, She YB. Binary catalytic systems constructed by porphyrin cobalts(II) with confining nano-region and Zn(OAc)2 for oxygenation of cycloalkanes with O2 in relay mode. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Valle M, Ximenis M, Lopez de Pariza X, Chan JMW, Sardon H. Spotting Trends in Organocatalyzed and Other Organomediated (De)polymerizations and Polymer Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203043. [PMID: 35700152 PMCID: PMC9545893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis has evolved into an effective complement to metal- or enzyme-based catalysis in polymerization, polymer functionalization, and depolymerization. The ease of removal and greater sustainability of organocatalysts relative to transition-metal-based ones has spurred development in specialty applications, e.g., medical devices, drug delivery, optoelectronics. Despite this, the use of organocatalysis and other organomediated reactions in polymer chemistry is still rapidly developing, and we envisage their rapidly growing application in nascent areas such as controlled radical polymerization, additive manufacturing, and chemical recycling in the coming years. In this Review, we describe ten trending areas where we anticipate paradigm shifts resulting from novel organocatalysts and other transition-metal-free conditions. We highlight opportunities and challenges and detail how new discoveries could lead to previously inaccessible functional materials and a potentially circular plastics economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta CenterAvda Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Marta Ximenis
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta CenterAvda Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
- University of the Balearic Islands UIBDepartment of ChemistryCra. Valldemossa, Km 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta CenterAvda Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Julian M. W. Chan
- Institute of Sustainability for ChemicalsEnergy and Environment (ISCE2)Agency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)1 Pesek Road, Jurong IslandSingapore627833Singapore
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta CenterAvda Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
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19
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Sardon H, Valle M, Lopez de Pariza X, Ximenis M, Chan JM. Spotting Trends in Organocatalyzed and Other Organomediated (De)polymerizations and Polymer Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Sardon
- University of Basque Country POLYMAT Paseo Manuel Lardizabal n 3 20018 San Sebastian SPAIN
| | - María Valle
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco POLYMAT SPAIN
| | | | - Marta Ximenis
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco POLYMAT SPAIN
| | - Julian M.W. Chan
- Agency for Science Technology and Research Institue of Chemical and Engineering Science SINGAPORE
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20
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Shen HM, Guo AB, Zhang Y, Liu QP, Qin JW, She YB. Relay catalysis of hydrocarbon oxidation using O2 in the confining domain of 3D metalloporphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks with bimetallic catalytic centers. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Kawazu R, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. Iridium-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Borylation Using Silyl-Bipyridine Pincer Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202327. [PMID: 35262270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New ligands for the iridium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H borylation of aliphatic compounds were established. In sharp contrast to 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 6-isobutyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives bearing a hydrosilylmethyl group (which would give a thermally stable NNSi pincer complex) served as suitable ligands for the reaction. Among them, a phenanthroline-based NNSi pincer ligand was shown to be an excellent ligand, and various aliphatic compounds were efficiently converted to the corresponding borylated products using the Ir/NNSi pincer catalyst system. The NNSi pincer ligand showed unique selectivity and enabled the iridium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H borylation using pinacolborane [H-B(pin)] instead of B2 (pin)2 . The formation of an iridium complex bearing a quinoline-based NNSi pincer ligand from [IrCl(cod)]2 was observed, and the catalytic activity of the complex was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kawazu
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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22
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Kawazu R, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. Iridium‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H Borylation Using Silyl‐Bipyridine Pincer Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kawazu
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences Kyushu University 6-1 Kasugakoen Kasuga-shi Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences Kyushu University 6-1 Kasugakoen Kasuga-shi Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences Kyushu University 6-1 Kasugakoen Kasuga-shi Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
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23
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Yang W, Chen J, Yan J, Liu S, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Advance of click chemistry in anion exchange membranes for energy application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yang
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
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24
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Wein LA, Wurst K, Magauer T. Total Synthesis and Late-Stage C-H Oxidations of ent-Trachylobane Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113829. [PMID: 34762359 PMCID: PMC7612322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present our studies to construct seven ent-trachylobane diterpenoids by employing a bioinspired two-phase synthetic strategy. The first phase provided enantioselective and scalable access to five ent-trachylobanes, of which methyl ent-trachyloban-19-oate was produced on a 300 mg scale. During the second phase, chemical C-H oxidation methods were employed to enable selective conversion to two naturally occurring higher functionalized ent-trachylobanes. The formation of regioisomeric analogs, which are currently inaccessible via enzymatic methods, reveals the potential as well as limitations of established chemical C-H oxidation protocols for complex molecule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Anton Wein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical ChemistryLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
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25
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Wein LA, Wurst K, Magauer T. Total Synthesis and Late-Stage C-H Oxidations of ent-Trachylobane Natural Products. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202113829. [PMID: 38505342 PMCID: PMC10947344 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present our studies to construct seven ent-trachylobane diterpenoids by employing a bioinspired two-phase synthetic strategy. The first phase provided enantioselective and scalable access to five ent-trachylobanes, of which methyl ent-trachyloban-19-oate was produced on a 300 mg scale. During the second phase, chemical C-H oxidation methods were employed to enable selective conversion to two naturally occurring higher functionalized ent-trachylobanes. The formation of regioisomeric analogs, which are currently inaccessible via enzymatic methods, reveals the potential as well as limitations of established chemical C-H oxidation protocols for complex molecule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Anton Wein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical ChemistryLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
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26
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Kong S, He C, Dong J, Li N, Xu C, Pan X. Sunlight‐Mediated Degradation of Polyethylene under the Synergy of Photothermal CH Activation and Modification. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Congze He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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27
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Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Half-Sandwich Arene–Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Bis(imidazol-1-yl)methane, Imidazole and Benzimidazole. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9050034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and binuclear arene–ruthenium(II) complexes with imidazole-containing ligands were prepared by the reaction of the ligands (L1 = bis(imidazole-1-yl)methane; ImH = 1H-Imidazole; BImH = 1H-Benzimidazole) with [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2 dimers. When bis(imidazole-1-yl)methane reacted with [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2 in methanol, a binuclear complex of the type [Ru2(L1)2(p-cym)2Cl2]Cl2 (2) with cyclic structure was synthesized, whereas by using acetonitrile as a solvent under the same reaction conditions, an unexpected C–N bond cleavage was observed, and a complex of formula [Ru(ImH)2(p-cym)Cl]Cl (1) with coordinated imidazole molecules was obtained. Another type of arene–ruthenium complex [Ru(BImH)(p-cym)Cl2] (3) was obtained by the reaction of benzimidazole and [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2. All compounds were characterized by spectral (FT-IR, NMR 1H, 13C) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods; their catalytic activity in transfer hydrogenation and the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells were evaluated.
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