Single-Crystal Inorganic Helical Architectures Induced by Asymmetrical Defects in Sub-Nanometric Wires

Recent advances in nano-molybdenum oxide for photothermal cancer therapy

Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, driving the search for innovative treatments. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising approach, using photothermal agents to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat for tumor ablation. Among these agents, nano-molybdenum oxide, particularly non-stoichiometric MoO3-x (0 < x < 1), stands out due to its unique defect structure, strong NIR absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), and pH-responsive degradation. This review summarized recent advancements in nano-molybdenum oxide for PTT, covering its classification, synthesis, surface modification, and tumor-targeting mechanisms. Subsequently, we explored its applications in PTT and combination therapies, evaluated biocompatibility and toxicity, and discussed current achievements, challenges, and future perspectives in cancer treatment.

Chirality of sub-nanometer nanowires/nanobelts

Chirality is a widespread phenomenon in the fields of nature and chemicals, endowing compounds with distinctive chemical and biological characteristics. The conventional synthesis of chiral nanomaterials relies on the introduction of chiral ligands or additives and environmental factors such as solvents and mechanical forces. Sub-nanometer nanowires (SNWs) and sub-nanometer nanobelts (SNBs) are one-dimensional nanomaterials with high anisotropy, nearly 100% atomic exposure ratio and some other distinctive characteristics. In addition to traditional synthesis methods, the intrinsic chirality of SNWs/SNBs can also be achieved by several methods, such as the construction of asymmetric defects and counterion exchange. Chiral SNWs/SNBs have wide application prospects in chiral catalysis, chiral optical devices, chiral drug delivery, chiral liquid crystal materials, chiral sensors, and so on. In this work, we briefly introduce several examples of the origination, amplification, and transfer of the chirality in SNWs/SNBs. This review aims to deepen chirality researchers' understanding of the fundamental origins of intrinsic chirality in SNWs/SNBs and lays the foundation for expanding their potential applications.

Sub-1 nm Materials Chemistry: Challenges and Prospects

Subnanometer materials (SNMs) refer to nanomaterials with a feature size close to 1 nm, similar to the diameter of a single polymer, DNA strand, and a single cluster/unit cell. The growth and assembly of subnanometer building blocks can be controlled by interactions at atomic levels, representing the limit for the precise manipulation of materials. The size, geometry, and flexibility of 1D SNMs inorganic backbones are similar to the polymer chains, bringing excellent gelability, adhesiveness, and processability different from inorganic nanocrystals. The ultrahigh surface atom ratio of SNMs results in significantly increased surface energy, leading to significant rearrangement of surface atoms. Unconventional phases, immiscible metal alloys, and high entropy materials with few atomic layers can be stabilized, and the spontaneous twisting of SNMs may induce the intrinsic structural chirality. Electron delocalization may also emerge at the subnanoscale, giving rise to the significantly enhanced catalytic activity. In this perspective, we summarized recent progress on SNMs, including their synthesis, polymer-like properties, metastable phases, structural chirality, and catalytic properties, toward energy conversion. As a critical size region in nanoscience, the development of functional SNMs may fuse the boundary of inorganic materials and polymers and conduce to the precise manufacturing of materials at atomic levels.

Strong and Healable Elastomers with Photothermal-Stimulus Dynamic Nanonetworks Enabled by Subnano Ultrafine MoO3-x Nanowires

One-dimensional nanomaterials have become one of the most available nanoreinforcing agents for developing next-generation high-performance functional self-healing composites owing to their unique structural characteristics and surface electron structure. However, nanoscale control, structural regulation, and crystal growth are still enormous challenges in the synthesis of specific one-dimensional nanomaterials. Here, oxygen-defective MoO3-x nanowires with abundant surface dynamic bonding were successfully synthesized as novel nanofillers and photothermal response agents combined with a polyurethane matrix to construct composite elastomers, thus achieving mechanically enhanced and self-healing properties. Benefiting from the surface plasmon resonance of the MoO3-x nanowires and interfacial multiple dynamic bonding interactions, the composite elastomers demonstrated strong mechanical performance (with a strength of 31.45 MPa and elongation of 1167.73%) and ultrafast photothermal toughness self-healing performance (20 s and an efficiency of 94.34%). The introduction of MoO3-x nanowires allows the construction of unique three-dimensional cross-linked nanonetworks that can move and regulate interfacial dynamic interactions under 808 nm infrared laser stimulation, resulting in controlled mechanical and healing performance. Therefore, such special elastomers with strong photothermal responses and mechanical properties are expected to be useful in next-generation biological antibacterial materials, wearable devices, and artificial muscles.

Plasmon-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using α-Type MoO3 Semiconductor Nanorods with Strong Light Scattering in the Visible Regime

Recent developments in semiconductor-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have achieved numerous advancements, primarily centered on the chemical mechanism. However, the role of the electromagnetic (electromagnetic mechanism) contribution in advancing semiconductor SERS substrates is still underexplored. In this study, we developed a SERS substrate based on densely aligned α-type MoO3 (α-MoO3) semiconductor nanorods (NRs) with rectangular parallelepiped ribbon shapes with width measuring several hundred nanometers. These structural attributes strongly affect light transport in the visible range by multiple light scattering generated in narrow gaps between NRs, contributing to the improvement of SERS performance. Engineering the nanostructure and chemical composition of NRs realized high SERS sensitivity with an enhancement factor of 2 × 108 and a low detection limit of 5 × 10-9 M for rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules, which was achieved by the stoichiometric NR sample with strong light scattering. Furthermore, it was observed that the scattering length becomes significantly shorter compared with the excitation wavelength in the visible regime, which indicates that light transport is strongly modified by mesoscopic interference related to Anderson localization. Additionally, high electric fields were found to be localized on the NR surfaces, depending on the excitation wavelength, similar to the SERS response. These optical phenomena indicate that electromagnetic excitation processes play an important role in plasmon-free SERS platforms based on α-MoO3 NRs. We postulate that our study provides important guidance for designing effective EM-based SERS-active semiconductor substrates.

Autophagy-Inducing MoO3-x Nanowires Boost Photothermal-Triggered Cancer Immunotherapy

Autophagy could play suppressing role in cancer therapy by facilitating release of tumor antigens from dying cells and inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Therefore, discovery and rational design of more effective inducers of cytotoxic autophagy is expected to develop new strategies for finding innovative drugs for precise and successful cancer treatment. Herein, we develop MoO3-x nanowires (MoO3-x NWs) with high oxygen vacancy and strong photothermal responsivity to ablate tumors through hyperthermia, thus promote the induction of cytotoxic autophagy and severe ICD. As expected, the combination of MoO3-x NWs and photothermal therapy (PTT) effectively induces autophagy to promote the release of tumor antigens from the ablated cells, and induces the maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs), subsequently activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)-mediated adaptive immunity. Furthermore, the combination treatment of MoO3-x NWs with immune checkpoint blockade of PD-1 could promote the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization into tumor-killing M1 macrophages, inhibit infiltration of Treg cells at tumor sites, and alleviate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, finally intensify the anti-tumor activity in vivo. This study provides a strategy and preliminary elucidation of the mechanism of using MoO3-x nanowires with high oxygen vacancy to induce autophagy and thus enhance photothermal immunotherapy.

Anchoring Fe Species on the Highly Curved Surface of S and N Co-Doped Carbonaceous Nanosprings for Oxygen Electrocatalysis and a Flexible Zinc-Air Battery

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of critical significance in the advancement of fuel cells and zinc-air batteries. The iron-nitrogen (Fe-Nx ) sites exhibited exceptional reactivity towards ORR. However, the task of designing and controlling the local structure of Fe species for high ORR activity and stability remains a challenge. Herein, we have achieved successful immobilization of Fe species onto the highly curved surface of S, N co-doped carbonaceous nanosprings (denoted as FeNS/Fe3 C@CNS). The induction of this twisted configuration within FeNS/Fe3 C@CNS arose from the assembly of chiral templates. For electrocatalytic ORR tests, FeNS/Fe3 C@CNS exhibits a half-wave potential (E1/2 ) of 0.91 V in alkaline medium and a E1/2 of 0.78 V in acidic medium. The Fe single atoms and Fe3 C nanoparticles are coexistent and play as active centers within FeNS/Fe3 C@CNS. The highly curved surface, coupled with S substitution in the coordination layer, served to reduce the energy barrier for ORR, thereby enhancing the intrinsic catalytic activity of the Fe single-atom sites. We also assembled a wearable flexible Zn-air battery using FeNS/Fe3 C@CNS as electrocatalysts. This work provides new insights into the construction of highly curved surfaces within carbon materials, offering high electrocatalytic efficacy and remarkable performance for flexible energy conversion devices.

Engineering Sub-Nanometer Hafnia-Based Ferroelectrics to Break the Scaling Relation for High-Efficiency Piezocatalytic Water Splitting

Reversible control of ferroelectric polarization is essential to overcome the heterocatalytic kinetic limitation. This can be achieved by creating a surface with switchable electron density; however, owing to the rigidity of traditional ferroelectric oxides, achieving polarization reversal in piezocatalytic processes remains challenging. Herein, sub-nanometer-sized Hf0.5 Zr0.5 O2 (HZO) nanowires with a polymer-like flexibility are synthesized. Oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and negative spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy reveal an orthorhombic (Pca21 ) ferroelectric phase of the HZO sub-nanometer wires (SNWs). The ferroelectric polarization of the flexible HZO SNWs can be easily switched by slight external vibration, resulting in dynamic modulation of the binding energy of adsorbates and thus breaking the "scaling relationship" during piezocatalysis. Consequently, the as-synthesized ultrathin HZO nanowires display superb water-splitting activity, with H2 production rate of 25687 µmol g-1  h-1 under 40 kHz ultrasonic vibration, which is 235 and 41 times higher than those of non-ferroelectric hafnium oxides and rigid BaTiO3 nanoparticles, respectively. More strikingly, the hydrogen production rates can reach 5.2 µmol g-1  h-1 by addition of stirring exclusively.

Spiral Square Nanosheets Assembled from Ru Clusters

Spiral two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets exhibit unique physical and chemical phenomena due to their twisted structures. While self-assembly of clusters is an ideal strategy to form hierarchical 2D structures, it is challenging to form spiral nanosheets. Herein, we first report a screw dislocation involved assembled method to obtain 2D spiral cluster assembled nanosheets (CANs) with uniform square morphology. The 2D spiral Ru CANs with a length of approximately 4 μm and thickness of 20.7 ± 3.0 nm per layer were prepared via the assembly of 1-2 nm Ru clusters in the presence of molten block copolymer Pluronic F127. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) demonstrate the existence of screw dislocation in the spiral assembled structure. The X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum indicates that Ru clusters are Ru³⁺ species, and Ru atoms are mainly coordinated with Cl with a coordination number of 6.5. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra (¹H NMR) indicate that the assembly process of Ru clusters is formed by noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding and hydrophilic interactions. Additionally, the Ru-F127 CANs exhibit excellent photothermal conversion performance in the near-infrared (NIR) region.

Defect-induced charge redistribution of MoO3-x nanometric wires for photocatalytic ammonia synthesis

Photocatalytic ammonia synthesis technology has become one of the effective methods to replace the Haber method for nitrogen fixation in the future for its low energy consumption and green environment. However, limited by the weak adsorption/activation ability of N₂ molecules at the photocatalyst interface, the efficient nitrogen fixation still remains a daunting job. Defect-induced charge redistribution as a catalytic site for N₂ molecules is the most prominent strategy to enhance the adsorption/activation of N₂ molecules at the interface of catalysts. In this study, MoO_3-x nanowires containing asymmetric defects were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method via using glycine as a defect inducer. It is shown that at the atomic scale, the defect-induced charge reconfiguration can significantly improve the nitrogen adsorption and activation capacity and enhance the nitrogen fixation capacity; at the nanoscale, the charge redistribution induced by asymmetric defects effectively improved the photogenerated charge separation. Given the charge redistribution on the atomic and nanoscale of MoO_3-x nanowires, the optimal nitrogen fixation rate of MoO_3-x reached 200.35 µmol g^-1h^-1.

Polarization-induced nanohelixes of organic cocrystals from asymmetric components with dopant-induced chirality inversion

Supramolecular chirality is essential for the development of functional materials. In this study, we report the synthesis of twisted nanobelts based on charge-transfer (CT) complexes using self-assembly cocrystallization starting from asymmetric components. An asymmetric donor, DBCz, and a typical acceptor, tetracyanoquinodimethane, were used to construct a chiral crystal architecture. An asymmetric alignment of the donor molecules induced polar ±(102) facets that, accompanied with free-standing growth, resulted in a twisting along the b-axis due to the electrostatic repulsive interactions. Meanwhile, the alternately oriented ±(001) side-facets were responsible for the propensity of the helixes to be right-handed. Addition of a dopant significantly enhanced the twisting probability by reducing the surface tension and adhesion influence, even switching the chirality preference of the helixes. In addition, we could further extend the synthetic route to other CT systems for formation of other chiral micro/nanostructures. Our study offers a novel design approach for chiral organic micro/nanostructures for applications in optically active systems, micro/nano-mechanical systems and biosensing.

Curvature effects on the bifunctional oxygen catalytic performance of single atom metal-N-C

Understanding the fundamental relationship between the structural information of electrocatalysts and their catalytic activities plays a key role in controlling many important electrochemical processes. Recently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) with the so-called MN₄ structure, consisting of a central transition metal quadruply bound to four pyridine nitrogen atoms all situated in an extended carbon-based matrix, have attracted intensive scientific attention owing to their exceptional catalytic performance. In this work, we perform the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the curvature effects of the carbon matrix surfaces on the catalytic activities for two fundamental electrochemical processes, namely, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Our DFT results suggest that the curved surface structure can weaken the interaction between the metal atom and the N-doped carbon matrix, modify the electronic structure of the metal atom, and thus increase the adsorption strength of the reaction intermediates, resulting in enhanced OER and ORR catalytic activities of MN₄ catalysts. More importantly, a prediction model is developed to evaluate the bifunctional catalytic activities of such catalysts based on their directly obtained parameters including the surface curvature of the catalysts, the number of d electrons of the metal element, and the electronegativity of the metal atom and its coordination atoms in MN₄ catalysts. This prediction model not only provides some candidates, for example, FeN₄, CoN₄ and OsN₄ for the ORR; CoN₄, NiN₄, RuN₄, RhN₄ and IrN₄ for the OER; and CoN₄, RuN₄, IrN₄ and OsN₄ for the bifunctional ORR and OER, but also reasonably links the structure of catalysts with their catalytic performance, providing new possibilities for the quick design of high-performance catalysts.

Recent Progress of Sub-Nanometric Materials in Photothermal Energy Conversion

Sub-nanometric materials (SNMs) are an attractive scope in recent years due to their atomic-level size and unique properties. Among various performances of SNMs, photothermal energy conversion is one of the most important ones because it can efficiently utilize the light energy. Herein, the SNMs with photothermal energy conversion behaviors and their applications are reviewed. First, a hydrothermal/solvothermal method for the synthesis of SNMs is systematically discussed, including the LaMer pathway and the cluster-nuclei coassembly pathway. Based on this synthetic strategy, many kinds of SNMs with different morphologies are successfully prepared, such as nanorings, nanowires, nanosheets, and nanobelts. These SNMs exhibit excellent photothermal performance under the laser or solar irradiation according to their different light absorption ranges. These enhanced absorption performances of SNMs are induced by the mechanism of plasmonic localized heating or nonradiative relaxation. Finally, the applications of the photothermal SNMs are illustrated. The SNMs with photothermal behaviors can be widely applied in the fields of solar vapor generation, biomedicine, and light-responsive composites construction. It is hoped that this review can provide new viewpoints and profound understanding to the SNMs in photothermal energy conversion.

Chiral Conformation of Subnanometric Materials

Subnanometric materials (SNMs) refer to nanomaterials with sizes comparable to the diameter of common linear polymers or confined at the level of a single unit cell in at least one dimension, usually <1 nm. Conventional inorganic nanoparticles are usually deemed to be rigid, lacking self-adjustable conformation. In contrast, the size at subnanometric scale endows SNMs with flexibility analogous to polymers, resulting in their abundant self-adjustable conformation. It is noteworthy that some highly flexible SNMs can adjust their shape automatically to form chiral conformation, which is rare in conventional inorganic nanoparticles. Herein, we summarize the chiral conformation of SNMs and clarify the driving force behind their formation, in an attempt to establish a better understanding for the origin of flexibility and chirality at subnanometric scale. In addition, the general strategies for controlling the conformation of SNMs are elaborated, which might shed light on the efficient fabrications of chiral inorganic materials. Finally, the challenges facing this area as well as some unexplored topics are discussed.

The Role of Surface Curvature in Electrocatalysts

Excessive consumption of fossil fuels has caused unavoidable environmental problems. The development of renewable and clean alternatives is essential for the sustainable and green development of human society. Electrocatalysts are most important parts in these energy-related devices. Recently, scientists found that the surface curvature of electrocatalysts could play an important role for the improvement of catalytic performance and the optimization of intrinsic catalytic activity during electrocatalytic process. The role of surface curvature in electrocatalysts is still under investigating. In this minireview, we summarized the latest progress of electrocatalysts with different surface curvatures and their applications in energy-related applications. This review mainly involves the strategies for preparation of electrocatalysts with different surface curvatures, three typical electrocatalysts with different surface curvatures (curled surface, onion-like structure, and spiral structure), and the potential mechanisms that surface curvature in electrocatalysts affects activities.

Fabrication and Elastic Properties of TiO2 Nanohelix Arrays through a Pressure-Induced Hydrothermal Method

TiO₂ nanohelices (NHs) have attracted extensive attention owing to their high aspect ratio, excellent flexibility, elasticity, and optical properties, which endow promising performances in a vast range of vital fields, such as optics, electronics, and micro/nanodevices. However, preparing rigid TiO₂ nanowires (TiO₂ NWs) into spatially anisotropic helical structures remains a challenge. Here, a pressure-induced hydrothermal strategy was designed to assemble individual TiO₂ NWs into a DNA-like helical structure, in which a Teflon block was placed in an autoclave liner to regulate system pressure and simulate a cell-rich environment. The synthesized TiO₂ NHs of 50 nm in diameter and 5-7 mm in length approximately were intertwined into nanohelix bundles (TiO₂ NHBs) with a diameter of 20 μm and then assembled into vertical TiO₂ nanohelix arrays (NHAs). Theoretical calculations further confirmed that straight TiO₂ NWs prefer to convert into helical conformations with minimal entropy (S) and free energy (F) for continuous growth in a confined space. The excellent elastic properties exhibit great potential for applications in flexible devices or buffer materials.