1
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Tomer K, Schnakenburg G, Das U, Filippou AC. Metal-silicon triple bonds: reactivity of the silylidyne complexes [Cp*(CO) 2M[triple bond, length as m-dash]Si-Tbb] (M = Cr - W). Chem Sci 2025; 16:7773-7793. [PMID: 40201161 PMCID: PMC11973576 DOI: 10.1039/d5sc01063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/23/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
The different reactivity pattern of M[triple bond, length as m-dash]Si and M[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bonds (M = transition metal) is illustrated by a series of reactions of the silylidyne complexes [Cp*(CO)2M[triple bond, length as m-dash]Si-Tbb] (1-M) (M = Cr - W; Cp* = η 5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; Tbb = 4-tert-butyl-2,6-bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl)phenyl)). Complexes 1-M were obtained selectively from Li[Cp*M(CO)3] and the 1,2-dibromodisilene (E)-Tbb(Br)Si[double bond, length as m-dash]Si(Br)Tbb. The reaction of 1-Mo and 1-W with two equivalents of mesityl isocyanate leads selectively to complex 2-Mo and 2-W, respectively, featuring a novel κ 2 O,O-imidocarbonatosilyl ligand. Ring opening of ethyloxirane occurs rapidly with 1-Mo and leads to the hydrido-enolatosilylidene complex 3-Mo illustrating the Si-centered electrophilicity of the silylidyne complex. Trimethylsilyldiazomethane induces a cleavage of the Mo[triple bond, length as m-dash]Si bond of 1-Mo after a rapid double [2 + 1] cycloaddition of the terminal N-atom, resulting in the first silaamidinato complex 4-Mo. In comparison, the reaction of 1-Mo with mesityl azide gives, after N2 elimination, the Mo-silaiminoacyl complex 5-Mo. All compounds were fully characterized and the isomerism and dynamics of 3-Mo in solution were analysed by a combination of spectroscopic and quantum-chemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Tomer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 Bonn 53121 Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 Bonn 53121 Germany
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 Bonn 53121 Germany
| | - Alexander C Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 Bonn 53121 Germany
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2
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Liu Y, Westermair FF, Becker I, Hauer S, Bodensteiner M, Hennig C, Balázs G, Meyer F, Gschwind RM, Wolf R. Synthesis and Reactivity of an Iron-Tin Complex with Adjacent Stannylidyne and Ferriostannylene Units. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:7083-7093. [PMID: 39932385 PMCID: PMC11869287 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c18423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Heavier transition metal carbyne analogs hold significant potential for cooperative activation of small molecules. However, complexes containing more than one heavier tetrylidyne ligand RE (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) are rare due to the high oligomerization tendency of RE ligands. In this study, we describe the complex [Fe(SnAr')2] (1; Ar' = 2,6-Dipp2-C6H3, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3), which features adjacent Fe-Sn single and double bonds. Complex 1 exhibits versatile reactivity with transition metal and main group compounds. Treatment of complex 1 with Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) yields the tetranuclear complex [Fe(μ-SnAr')2Ni] (2), characterized by an unusual "push-pull" interaction between nickel(0) and the two coordinating Sn atoms, as revealed by quantum chemical studies. The reaction of complex 1 with AlBr3 results in Al-Br bond cleavage and Ar' migration to aluminum. CH3I adds oxidatively to the Sn atom that is singly bonded to Fe, while PMe3 coordinates to Fe, inducing reversible cleavage of the Fe═Sn double bond. In addition, complex 1 activates inorganic molecules. CO2 undergoes disproportionation to produce a carbonate-bridged Ar'Sn(μ-OCO2)SnAr' ligand, whereas CS2 is reductively coupled to form an ethylene tetrathiolate ligand ([C2S4]4-). The reaction with white phosphorus (P4) generates an unusual Ar'P4Sn2Ar' ligand. This multifaceted reactivity illustrates the behavior of the Fe and Sn sites in complex 1, suggesting that complexes of this type are promising reagents for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Franz F. Westermair
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Isabelle Becker
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hauer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Christoph Hennig
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Rossendorf Beamline (BM20-CRG), Grenoble 38043, France
- Institute
of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01314, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
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3
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Lv ZJ, Eisenlohr KA, Naumann R, Reuter T, Verplancke H, Demeshko S, Herbst-Irmer R, Heinze K, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Triplet carbenes with transition-metal substituents. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1788-1793. [PMID: 39103654 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The extraordinary advances in carbene (R1-C-R2) chemistry have been fuelled by strategies to stabilize the electronic singlet state via π interactions. In contrast, the lack of similarly efficient approaches to obtain authentic triplet carbenes with appreciable lifetimes beyond cryogenic temperatures hampers their exploitation in synthesis and catalysis. Transition-metal substitution represents a potential strategy, but metallocarbenes (M-C-R) usually represent high-lying excited electronic configurations of the well-established carbyne complexes (M≡C-R). Here we report the synthesis and characterization of triplet metallocarbenes (M-C-SiMe3, M = PdII, PtII) that are persistent beyond cryogenic conditions, and their selective reactivity towards carbene C-H insertion and carbonylation. Bond analysis reveals significant stabilization by spin-polarized push-pull interactions along both π-bonding planes, which fundamentally differs from bonding in push-pull singlet carbenes. This bonding model, thus, expands key strategies for stabilizing the open-shell carbene electromers and closes a conceptual gap towards carbyne complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim A Eisenlohr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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4
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Cui M, Huang J, Tsang LY, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Jia G. Exploring efficient and air-stable d 2 Re(v) alkylidyne catalysts: toward room temperature alkyne metathesis. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc05369a. [PMID: 39464615 PMCID: PMC11499950 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed alkyne metathesis has become a useful tool in synthetic chemistry. Well-defined alkyne metathesis catalysts comprise alkylidyne complexes of tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium. Non-d0 Re(v) alkylidyne catalysts exhibit advantages such as remarkable tolerance to air and moisture as well as excellent functional group compatibility. However, the known Re(v) alkylidynes with a pyridine leaving ligand require harsh conditions for activation, resulting in lower catalytic efficiency compared to d0 Mo(vi) and W(vi) alkylidynes. Herein, we report the first non-d0 alkylidyne complex capable of mediating alkyne metathesis at room temperature, namely, the Re(v) aqua alkylidyne complex Re([triple bond, length as m-dash]CCH2Ph)( Ph PO)2(H2O) (14). The aqua complex readily dissociates a water ligand in solution, confirmed by ligand substitution reactions with other σ-donor ligands. The aqua complex can be readily prepared on a large scale, and is stable to air and moisture in the solid state and compatible with a variety of functional groups. The versatile ability of the catalyst has been demonstrated through examples of alkyne cross-metathesis (ACM), ring-closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM), and acyclic diyne metathesis macrocyclization (ADIMAC) reactions. All in all, this work presents a solution for an efficient and air-stable alkyne metathesis catalytic system based on d2 Re(v)-alkylidynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Long Yiu Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute 518057 Shenzhen P. R. China
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5
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Cai Y, Hua Y, Lu Z, Chen J, Chen D, Xia H. Metallacyclobutadienes: Intramolecular Rearrangement from Kinetic to Thermodynamic Isomers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403940. [PMID: 39104029 PMCID: PMC11481178 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Metallacyclobutadienes (MCBDs) are key intermediates of alkyne metathesis reactions. There are in principle two isomerization pathway from kinetic to thermodynamic MCBDs, intermolecular and intramolecular. However, systems that simultaneously isolate two kinds of MCBD isomers have not been achieved, thus restricting the mechanistic studies of the isomerization. Here the reactivity of a metallapentalyne that contains an M≡C bond within the aromatic ring, with alkynes to afford a series of MCBD-fused metallapentalenes is studied. In some cases, both kinetic and thermodynamic products are isolated in the same system, which has never been observed in previous MCBD reactions. Furthermore, the isomerization of MCBD-fused metallapentalenes is investigated both experimentally and theoretically, indicating that it is an intramolecular process involving a metallatetrahedrane (MTd) intermediate. This research provides experimental evidence demonstrating that one MCBD can undergo intramolecular rearrangement to transform into another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518005China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518005China
| | - Jiangxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of MaterialsXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
| | - Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518005China
| | - Haiping Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518005China
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6
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Hadlington TJ. Heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry: it's no carbon copy. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9738-9831. [PMID: 39230570 PMCID: PMC11373607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Since the late 19th century, heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry has formed an important cornerstone in both main-group and organometallic chemistry alike. Driven by the success of carbene systems, significant efforts have gone towards the thorough understanding of the heavier group 14 derivatives, with examples now known from across the d-block. This now leads towards applications in cooperative bond activation, and moves ultimately towards well-defined catalytic systems. This review aims to summarise this vast field, from initial discoveries of tetrylene and tetrylyne complexes, to the most recent developments in reactivity and catalysis, as a platform to the future of this exciting, blossoming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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7
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Zhai X, Xue M, Zhao Q, Zheng Q, Song D, Tung CH, Wang W. Water-catalyzed iron-molybdenum carbyne formation in bimetallic acetylene transformation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7729. [PMID: 39232032 PMCID: PMC11375111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal carbyne complexes are of fundamental importance in carbon-carbon bond formation, alkyne metathesis, and alkyne coupling reactions. Most reported iron carbyne complexes are stabilized by incorporating heteroatoms. Here we show the synthesis of bioinspired FeMo heterobimetallic carbyne complexes by the conversion of C2H2 through a diverse series of intermediates. Key reactions discovered include the reduction of a μ-η2:η2-C2H2 ligand with a hydride to produce a vinyl ligand (μ-η1:η2-CH = CH2), tautomerization of the vinyl ligand to a carbyne (μ-CCH3), and protonation of either the vinyl or the carbyne compound to form a hydrido carbyne heterobimetallic complex. Mechanistic studies unveil the pivotal role of H2O as a proton shuttle, facilitating the proton transfer that converts the vinyl group to a bridging carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuting Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Qiucui Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
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8
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Xing JF, Tan YZ, Zhu J. Probing σ-Aromaticity-Driven Ring Contraction of Metallabenzocyclobutadiene to Metallabenzocyclopropene. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13903-13910. [PMID: 39014892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Ring contraction of metallacyclobutadiene to metallacyclopropene is rare because of the increasing strain from a four-membered ring to a three-membered one. Here we demonstrate a new series of reactions of metallabenzocyclobutadiene to metallabenzocyclopropene via density functional theory calculations. The results suggest that these reactions are thermodynamically favorable ranging from -17.4 to -29.4 kcal mol-1, and a low reaction barrier (10.3 kcal mol-1) is achieved when the metal center is Ru and the ligands are one cyanide and one chloride. Further analysis suggests that a strengthened binding energy helps stabilize the transition state in the protonation process. The aromaticity during the reaction was investigated using the electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB), isomerization stabilization energy, and isodesmic reactions. The EDDB shows that the π-conjugation is disrupted in the intermediate, and then σ-aromaticity is generated and dominant in the products. Our findings could be helpful for experimentalists in developing novel ring contraction reactions driven by aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, People's Republic of China
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9
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Hernandez S, Belov DS, Krivovicheva V, Senthil S, Bukhryakov KV. Decreasing the Bond Order between Vanadium and Oxo Ligand to Form 3d Schrock Carbynes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18905-18909. [PMID: 38968596 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Preserving vanadium in a high oxidation state during chemical transformations can be challenging due to the oxidizing nature of V(+5) species. Oxo and similar isoelectronic ligands have been utilized to stabilize V(+5) by extensive π-donation. However, decreasing the bond order between V and the oxo ligand often results in a reduction of the metal center. Herein, we report a unique transformation involving anionic V(+5) alkylidene that converts a V(+5) oxo complex to a V(+5) alkylidyne in three steps without altering the oxidation state of the metal center. This method has been used to obtain rare 3d Schrock carbynes, which provide easy and scalable access to V(+5) alkylidynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Vasilisa Krivovicheva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Shuruthi Senthil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Konstantin V Bukhryakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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10
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Rom CL, O'Donnell S, Huang K, Klein RA, Kramer MJ, Smaha RW, Zakutayev A. Low-temperature synthesis of cation-ordered bulk Zn 3WN 4 semiconductor via heterovalent solid-state metathesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9709-9718. [PMID: 38939135 PMCID: PMC11206237 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metathesis reactions are widely used in synthetic chemistry. While state-of-the-art organic metathesis involves highly controlled processes where specific bonds are broken and formed, inorganic metathesis reactions are often extremely exothermic and, consequently, poorly controlled. Ternary nitrides offer a technologically relevant platform for expanding synthetic control of inorganic metathesis reactions. Here, we show that energy-controlled metathesis reactions involving a heterovalent exchange are possible in inorganic nitrides. We synthesized Zn3WN4 by swapping Zn2+ and Li+ between Li6WN4 and ZnX2 (X = Br, Cl, F) precursors. The in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry show that the reaction onset is correlated with the ZnX2 melting point and that product purity is inversely correlated with the reaction's exothermicity. Therefore, careful choice of the halide counterion (i.e., ZnBr2) allows the synthesis to proceed in a swift but controlled manner at a surprisingly low temperature for an inorganic nitride (300 °C). High resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy confirm the synthesis of a cation-ordered Zn3WN4 semiconducting material. We hypothesize that this synthesis strategy is generalizable because many Li-M-N phases are known (where M is a metal) and could therefore serve as precursors for metathesis reactions targeting new ternary nitrides. This work expands the synthetic control of inorganic metathesis reactions in a way that will accelerate the discovery of novel functional ternary nitrides and other currently inaccessible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Rom
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Shaun O'Donnell
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Kayla Huang
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Ryan A Klein
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | - Morgan J Kramer
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University Dallas TX 75275 USA
| | - Rebecca W Smaha
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
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11
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Lei Z, Chen H, Huang S, Wayment LJ, Xu Q, Zhang W. New Advances in Covalent Network Polymers via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7829-7906. [PMID: 38829268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent network polymers, as materials composed of atoms interconnected by covalent bonds in a continuous network, are known for their thermal and chemical stability. Over the past two decades, these materials have undergone significant transformations, gaining properties such as malleability, environmental responsiveness, recyclability, crystallinity, and customizable porosity, enabled by the development and integration of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). In this review, we explore the innovative realm of covalent network polymers by focusing on the recent advances achieved through the application of DCvC. We start by examining the history and fundamental principles of DCvC, detailing its inception and core concepts and noting its key role in reversible covalent bond formation. Then the reprocessability of covalent network polymers enabled by DCvC is thoroughly discussed, starting from the significant milestones that marked the evolution of these polymers and progressing to their current trends and applications. The influence of DCvC on the crystallinity of covalent network polymers is then reviewed, covering their bond diversity, synthesis techniques, and functionalities. In the concluding section, we address the current challenges faced in the field of covalent network polymers and speculates on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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12
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Russell JB, Jafari MG, Kim JH, Pudasaini B, Ozarowski A, Telser J, Baik MH, Mindiola DJ. Ynamide and Azaalleneyl. Acid-Base Promoted Chelotropic and Spin-State Rearrangements in a Versatile Heterocumulene [(Ad)NCC( tBu)] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401433. [PMID: 38433099 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the heterocumulene ligand [(Ad)NCC(tBu)]- (Ad=1-adamantyl (C10H15), tBu=tert-butyl, (C4H9)), which can adopt two forms, the azaalleneyl and ynamide. This ligand platform can undergo a reversible chelotropic shift using Brønsted acid-base chemistry, which promotes an unprecedented spin-state change of the [VIII] ion. These unique scaffolds are prepared via addition of 1-adamantyl isonitrile (C≡NAd) across the alkylidyne in complexes [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (A) (BDI-=ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH3)NAr), Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3) and [(dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (B) (dBDI2-=ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH2)NAr). Complex A reacts with C≡NAd, to generate the high-spin [VIII] complex with a κ1-N-ynamide ligand, [(BDI)V{κ1-N-(Ad)NCC(tBu)}(OTf)] (1). Conversely, B reacts with C≡NAd to generate a low-spin [VIII] diamagnetic complex having a chelated κ2-C,N-azaalleneyl ligand, [(dBDI)V{κ2-N,C-(Ad)NCC(tBu)}] (2). Theoretical studies have been applied to better understand the mechanism of formation of 2 and the electronic reconfiguration upon structural rearrangement by the alteration of ligand denticity between 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Mehrafshan G Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) & Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bimal Pudasaini
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) & Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310, United States
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) & Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
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13
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Song H, Xiao Y, Wei J, Liu Y, Yang L, Bai P, Yang F, Yu K, Xu C, Cai X. Low-valent-tungsten catalysis enables hydroboration of esters and nitriles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5026-5029. [PMID: 38629636 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In the research presented herein, low-valent-tungsten-catalyzed hydroboration of esters and nitriles was investigated. Aromatic and aliphatic substrates were smoothly reduced to corresponding alcohol derivatives and N,N-diborylamines in the presence of W(CO)4(NCMe)2. Valuable derivatives were conveniently accessed by introducing a further functionalization process to crude hydroboration mixtures in one pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Xiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yuzan Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Liqing Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Pengtao Bai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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14
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Tomasini M, Gimferrer M, Caporaso L, Poater A. Rhenium Alkyne Catalysis: Sterics Control the Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5842-5851. [PMID: 38507560 PMCID: PMC10988556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Metathesis reactions, including alkane, alkene, and alkyne metatheses, have their origins in the fundamental understanding of chemical reactions and the development of specialized catalysts. These reactions stand as transformative pillars in organic chemistry, providing efficient rearrangement of carbon-carbon bonds and enabling synthetic access to diverse and complex compounds. Their impact spans industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. In this work, we present a detailed mechanistic study of the Re(V) catalyzed alkyne metathesis through density functional theory calculations. Our findings are in agreement with the experimental evidence from Jia and co-workers and unveil critical factors governing catalyst performance. Our work not only enhances our understanding of alkyne metathesis but also contributes to the broader landscape of catalytic processes, facilitating the design of more efficient and selective transformations in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Martí Gimferrer
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August
Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano 84084, Italy
- CIRCC, Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis, via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Yue M, He J, Zou C, Chang X, Lu W. Phosphorescent fac-Bis(triarylisocyanide) W(0) and Mo(0) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3267-3282. [PMID: 38307513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Homoleptic W(0) and Mo(0) complexes containing bis(triarylisocyanide) ligands with bulky substituents were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. Crystallographically determined structures revealed that these complexes are hourglass-like in shape with the tridentate ligands adopting a facial coordination mode to the metal center. These complexes luminesce in fluid solutions and in the solid state. Typically in toluene at 298 K, the two W(0) complexes display the emission maximum (lifetime and quantum yield) at 591 nm (0.83 μs and 0.35) and 628 nm (1.04 μs and 0.39), and similarly, the two Mo(0) complexes display it at 575 nm (0.54 μs and 0.15) and 617 nm (0.56 μs and 0.23). DFT and TDDFT calculations indicated that the low-energy absorption bands of the W(0) and Mo(0) complexes could be metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in nature. These complexes exhibited a reversible M+/0 redox couple at -0.70 and -0.63 V vs Fc+/0 for the W(0) complexes and -0.86 and -0.67 V for the Mo(0) complexes. The excited-state reduction potentials were hence estimated to be -2.91 and -2.74 V vs Fc+/0 for the W(0) complexes and -3.10 and -2.81 V vs Fc+/0 for the Mo(0) complexes, indicating that they are potentially strong photoreductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zou
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Functional Coordination Material Group-Frontier Research Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Korber JN, Wille C, Leutzsch M, Fürstner A. From the Glovebox to the Benchtop: Air-Stable High Performance Molybdenum Alkylidyne Catalysts for Alkyne Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26993-27009. [PMID: 38032858 PMCID: PMC10722517 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum alkylidynes endowed with tripodal silanolate ligands belong to the most active and selective catalysts for alkyne metathesis known to date. This paper describes a new generation that is distinguished by an unprecedented level of stability and practicality without sacrificing the chemical virtues of their predecessors. Specifically, pyridine adducts of type 16 are easy to make on gram scale, can be routinely weighed and handled in air, and stay intact for many months outside the glovebox. When dissolved in toluene, however, spontaneous dissociation of the stabilizing pyridine ligand releases an active species of excellent performance and functional group tolerance. Specifically, a host of polar and apolar groups, various protic sites, and numerous basic functionalities proved compatible. The catalysts are characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic means, including 95Mo NMR; their activity and stability are benchmarked in detail, and the enabling properties are illustrated by advanced applications to natural product synthesis. For the favorable overall application profile and ease of handling, complexes of this new series are expected to replace earlier catalyst generations and help encourage a more regular use of alkyne metathesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Nepomuk Korber
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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17
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Rao J, Dong S, Yang C, Liu Q, Leng X, Wang D, Zhu J, Deng L. A Triplet Iron Carbyne Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25766-25775. [PMID: 37971755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the spin state of metal carbynes, which have broad applications in organic synthesis and material science, presents a formidable challenge for modern chemists as the strong field nature of carbyne ligands dictates low-spin ground spin states (S = 0 or 1/2) for known metal carbynes. Through the oxidative addition reaction of a low-coordinate iron(0) N-heterocyclic carbene complex with the C-S bond of a thioazole-2-ylidene, we synthesized the first triplet (S = 1) metal terminal carbyne, an iron cyclic carbyne complex. Different from the classical metal carbynes, the triplet complex features an LXZ-type carbyne ligand and a weak Fe≡C triple bond, which endow it with the unique reactivity pattern of facile carbyne coupling, weak affinity toward nucleophiles, and facial addition reactions with electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chengbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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18
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Jiang W, Kong F, Del Rosal I, Li M, Wang K, Maron L, Zhang L. A binuclear guanidinate yttrium carbyne complex: unique reactivity toward unsaturated C-N, C-O and C-S bonds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9154-9160. [PMID: 37655032 PMCID: PMC10466373 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03483f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A guanidinato-stabilized binuclear yttrium carbyne complex [(PhCH2)2NC(NC6H3iPr2-2,6)2]2Y2(μ2-Me)(AlMe3)2(μ4-CH) (1) was synthesized via C-H bond activation and its versatile reactivities were investigated. Complex 1 underwent σ-bond metathesis with PhSSPh and nucleophilic addition with PhCN to form the corresponding yttrium thiolate complex 3 and aza-allyl complex 4 respectively. Additionally, the rare yttrium carbide complex 5 was also prepared by treatment of complex 1 with S8. Interestingly, in the reaction with PhNCS, the C[double bond, length as m-dash]S double bond was cleaved, followed by C-H bond activation to give the yttrium sulfide complex 7 with a ketenimine dianion ligand. Unexpectedly, the reaction of complex 1 with CO (1 atm) resulted in deoxygenative coupling of CO, to afford mono- or dioxo-yttrium complexes at different temperatures. The mechanism of the possible formation processes of complexes 3 and 9 was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | | | - Meng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | | | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
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19
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He Z, Cui X, Lei G, Liu Z, Yang X, Liu Y, Wan J, Ma F. Coral-like Fe-doped MoO 2/C heterostructures with rich oxygen vacancies for efficient electrocatalytic N 2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2887-2897. [PMID: 36779249 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is one of the most important constituent elements in natural nitrogenase and theoretical calculation results show that Mo-based materials can be used as potential NRR electrocatalysts. The design of advanced catalysts with a special structure is very essential for promoting the development of electrocatalytic N2 into NH3. In this paper, Fe-doped MoO2/C heterostructured nanoparticles with rich oxygen vacancies (Vo) are designed and they exhibit highly efficient catalytic activity for artificial N2 fixation in neutral electrolytes under ambient conditions. The influence of the atomic ratio of the Fe source to the Mo source and the NaBH4 ethanol solution treatment on the structure and electrocatalytic performance are systematically investigated. The Vo-Fe-MoO2/C (1 : 50) catalyst with rich oxygen vacancies shows a satisfactory electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (e-NRR) activity in 0.1 M Na2SO4 with a high ammonia yield rate of 15.87 ± 0.3 μg h-1 mg-1 at -0.5 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. the RHE) and a FE of 13.4% at -0.3 V (vs. the RHE). According to the results of DFT calculations, the active center of the electro-catalytic nitrogen reduction reaction is the molybdenum atom between the iron atom and the O vacancy. Oxygen vacancies can not only reduce the energy barrier of the RDS but also facilitate the desorption of ammonia and the first step hydrogenation of nitrogen. The doping of Fe will change the electronic state of the Mo atom in MoO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Guangping Lei
- School of Energy and Power Engineering North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Yifu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Jiafeng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Fangwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Processes&Technology for High-efficiency Conversion (College of Heilongjiang Province), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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20
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Cai X, Shen Y, Li W, Zhan W, Zhang F, Xu C, Song H. Low-Valent Tungsten-Catalyzed Controllable Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Anilines. Org Lett 2023; 25:240-245. [PMID: 36573686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed an efficient tungsten-catalyzed homogeneous system for oxidative dehydrogenative coupling of anilines to selectively produce various azoaromatics and azoxyaromatics as well as 2-substituted indolone N-oxides by simply regulating the reaction solvent with peroxide as a terminal oxidant under additive-free conditions. These findings provide an experimental framework for exploring tungsten catalysis in organic synthesis and offer an efficient and convenient tactic for the selective oxidation of anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Zhan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanjun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Agrochem Laboratory Company, Limited, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, People's Republic of China
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