1
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Yang J, Tan Q, Li K, Liao J, Hao Y, Chen Y. Advances and Trends of Photoresponsive Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1921-1945. [PMID: 38457377 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of static hydrogels as an optimal choice for bone tissue engineering (BTE) remains a difficult challenge primarily due to the intricate nature of bone healing processes, continuous physiological functions, and pathological changes. Hence, there is an urgent need to exploit smart hydrogels with programmable properties that can effectively enhance bone regeneration. Increasing evidence suggests that photoresponsive hydrogels are promising bioscaffolds for BTE due to their advantages such as controlled drug release, cell fate modulation, and the photothermal effect. Here, we review the current advances in photoresponsive hydrogels. The mechanism of photoresponsiveness and its advanced applications in bone repair are also elucidated. Future research would focus on the development of more efficient, safer, and smarter photoresponsive hydrogels for BTE. This review is aimed at offering comprehensive guidance on the trends of photoresponsive hydrogels and shedding light on their potential clinical application in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qingqing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ka Li
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ying Hao
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuwen Chen
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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2
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Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Combining thermosensitive physical self-assembly and covalent cycloaddition chemistry as simultaneous dual cross-linking mechanisms for the preparation of injectable hydrogels with tuneable properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Aljuaid M, Houck HA, Efstathiou S, Haddleton DM, Wilson P. Photocrosslinking of Polyacrylamides Using [2 + 2] Photodimerisation of Monothiomaleimides. Macromolecules 2022; 55:8495-8504. [PMID: 36245549 PMCID: PMC9558485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of monothiomaleimides
(MTMs) has
been exploited for the photocrosslinking of polyacrylamides. Polymer
scaffolds composed of dimethylacrylamide and varying amounts of d,l-homocysteine
thiolactone acrylamide (5, 10, and 20 mol %) were synthesized via
free-radical polymerization, whereby the latent thiol functionality
was exploited to incorporate MTM motifs. Subsequent exposure to UV
light (λ = 365 nm, 15 mW cm–2) triggered intermolecular
crosslinking via the photodimerization of MTM side chains, thus resulting
in the formation of polyacrylamide gels. The polymer scaffolds were
characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible
spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography,
confirming the occurrence of the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition between
the MTM moieties. The mechanical and physical properties of the resulting
gels containing various MTM mol % were evaluated by rheology, compression
testing, and swelling experiments. In addition, scanning electron
microscopy was used to characterize the xerogel morphology of 5 and
10 mol % MTM hydro- and organo-gels. The macro-porous morphology obtained
for the hydrogels was attributed to phase separation due to the difference
in solubility of the PDMA modified with thiolactone side chains, provided
that a more homogeneous morphology was obtained when the photo-gels
were prepared in DMF as the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljuaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
- Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Spyridon Efstathiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
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5
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Aljuaid M, Liarou E, Town J, Baker JR, Haddleton DM, Wilson P. Synthesis and [2+2]-photodimerisation of monothiomaleimide functionalised linear and brush-like polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9545-9548. [PMID: 32691028 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[2+2]-Photodimerisation of monothiomaleimides has been demonstrated on functionalised linear and brush-like polymers. In water/acetonitrile (95 : 5) mixtures the rate of reaction is accelerated significantly by irradiation of the thiomaleimide end group (λmax = 350 nm) with UV light, reaching full conversion within 10 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljuaid
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Library Road, Coventry, UK. and Taif University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Turabah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evelina Liarou
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Library Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - James Town
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Library Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - James R Baker
- University College London, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon St, London, UK
| | - David M Haddleton
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Library Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - Paul Wilson
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Library Road, Coventry, UK.
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6
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Ricci M, Rutten MG, Toyouchi S, Nanayakkara S, Fortuni B, Vitale R, Rocha S, Wilson DA, Hofkens J, Saito K, Uji-i H. Two-Photon-Induced [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Bis-thymines: A Biocompatible and Reversible Approach. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11547-11552. [PMID: 32478244 PMCID: PMC7254774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite having great value across a wide variety of scientific fields, two-photon polymerizations currently suffer from two significant problems: the need for photoinitiators, which generate toxic side products, and the irreversibility of the process. Hence, the design of a versatile approach that circumvents these issues represents a major scientific challenge. Herein, we report a two-photon absorption strategy where reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition of bis-thymines was achieved without the need for any photoinitiator. The cycloaddition and cycloreversion reactions could be induced by simply changing the irradiation wavelength, and repeated writing and erasing cycles were performed. The simplicity, reversibility, and biocompatibility of this strategy open up a whole new toolbox for applications across a wide variety of scientific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ricci
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Martin G.T.A. Rutten
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sepa Nanayakkara
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Raffaele Vitale
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratoire
de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, Université
de Lille, Villeneuve
d’Ascq Cedex C5, 59655 Lille, France
| | - Susana Rocha
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kei Saito
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-i
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20W10, Kita-Waird, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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7
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Cengiz N, Gevrek TN, Sanyal R, Sanyal A. Fabrication of Patterned Hydrogel Interfaces: Exploiting the Maleimide Group as a Dual Purpose Handle for Cross-Linking and Bioconjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1382-1391. [PMID: 32259431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional hydrogels that can be obtained through facile fabrication procedures and subsequently modified using straightforward reagent-free methods are indispensable materials for biomedical applications such as sensing and diagnostics. Herein a novel hydrogel platform is obtained using polymeric precursors containing the maleimide functional group as a side chain. The maleimide groups play a dual role in fabrication of functional hydrogels. They enable photochemical cross-linking of the polymers to yield bulk and patterned hydrogels. Moreover, the maleimide group can be used as a handle for efficient functionalization using the thiol-maleimide conjugation and Diels-Alder cycloaddition click reactions. Obtained hydrogels are characterized in terms of their morphology, water uptake capacity, and functionalization. Micropatterned hydrogels are obtained under UV-irradiation using a photomask to obtain reactive micropatterns, which undergo facile functionalization upon treatment with thiol-containing functional molecules such as fluorescent dyes and bioactive ligands. The maleimide group also undergoes conjugation through the Diels-Alder reaction, where the attached molecule can be released through thermal treatment via the retro Diels-Alder reaction. The antibiofouling nature of these hydrogel micropatterns enables efficient ligand-directed biomolecular immobilization, as demonstrated by attachment of streptavidin-coated quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Cengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Nihal Gevrek
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Gaspar VM, Lavrador P, Borges J, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. Advanced Bottom-Up Engineering of Living Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903975. [PMID: 31823448 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up tissue engineering is a promising approach for designing modular biomimetic structures that aim to recapitulate the intricate hierarchy and biofunctionality of native human tissues. In recent years, this field has seen exciting progress driven by an increasing knowledge of biological systems and their rational deconstruction into key core components. Relevant advances in the bottom-up assembly of unitary living blocks toward the creation of higher order bioarchitectures based on multicellular-rich structures or multicomponent cell-biomaterial synergies are described. An up-to-date critical overview of long-term existing and rapidly emerging technologies for integrative bottom-up tissue engineering is provided, including discussion of their practical challenges and required advances. It is envisioned that a combination of cell-biomaterial constructs with bioadaptable features and biospecific 3D designs will contribute to the development of more robust and functional humanized tissues for therapies and disease models, as well as tools for fundamental biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lavrador
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Borges
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Tuten BT, Wiedbrauk S, Barner-Kowollik C. Contemporary catalyst-free photochemistry in synthetic macromolecular science. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Micrometre-long covalent organic fibres by photoinitiated chain-growth radical polymerization on an alkali-halide surface. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1112-1117. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Picchioni F, Muljana H. Hydrogels Based on Dynamic Covalent and Non Covalent Bonds: A Chemistry Perspective. Gels 2018; 4:E21. [PMID: 30674797 PMCID: PMC6318606 DOI: 10.3390/gels4010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on reversible covalent bonds represent an attractive topic for research at both academic and industrial level. While the concept of reversible covalent bonds dates back a few decades, novel developments continue to appear in the general research area of gels and especially hydrogels. The reversible character of the bonds, when translated at the general level of the polymeric network, allows reversible interaction with substrates as well as responsiveness to variety of external stimuli (e.g., self-healing). These represent crucial characteristics in applications such as drug delivery and, more generally, in the biomedical world. Furthermore, the several possible choices that can be made in terms of reversible interactions generate an almost endless number of possibilities in terms of final product structure and properties. In the present work, we aim at reviewing the latest developments in this field (i.e., the last five years) by focusing on the chemistry of the systems at hand. As such, this should allow molecular designers to develop a toolbox for the synthesis of new systems with tailored properties for a given application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henky Muljana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Ciumbuleuit 94, Bandung 40141, West Java, Indonesia.
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12
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Yao H, Wang J, Mi S. Photo Processing for Biomedical Hydrogels Design and Functionality: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E11. [PMID: 30966045 PMCID: PMC6415176 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of opportunities for biomedical hydrogel design and functionality through photo-processing have stretched the limits of innovation. As both photochemical understanding and engineering technologies continue to develop, more complicated geometries and spatiotemporal manipulations can be realized through photo-exposure, producing multifunctional hydrogels with specific chemical, biological and physical characteristics for the achievement of biomedical goals. This report describes the role that light has recently played in the synthesis and functionalization of biomedical hydrogels and primarily the design of photoresponsive hydrogels via different chemical reactions (photo crosslinking and photo degradation) and conventional light curing processes (micropatterning, stereolithography and two/multiphoton techniques) as well as typical biomedical applications of the hydrogels (cell culture, differentiation and in vivo vascularization) and their promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Yao
- Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shengli Mi
- Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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