1
|
Smith BIP, Knight NML, Knox GJ, Lindsay DM, Paterson LC, Bergare J, Elmore CS, Bragg RA, Kerr WJ. Selective Deuteration and Tritiation of Pharmaceutically Relevant Sulfoximines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202417179. [PMID: 39475204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202417179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical-aligned research endeavors continue to diversify, including via the installation of new chemical functionality and non-classical bioisosteres within drug design. With this, an equally high demand emerges for the direct installation of isotopic substituents into these scaffolds within drug discovery programmes, as isotopologues are essential for the elucidation of the biological efficacy and metabolic fate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The sulfoximine functional group has recently become established as a high-value unit in this context; however, general and effective methods for the synthesis of deuterium (2H, D) and tritium (3H, T) labelled analogues have remained elusive. Herein, we disclose the design and development of the first iridium-catalyzed sulfoximine-directed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) systems that permit the site-selective integration of a distinguishing atomic label at aromatic C(sp2)-H and more challenging C(sp3)-H moieties. Moreover, we exemplify the broad applicability of these methods within a spectrum of molecular settings, as well as in the late-stage generation of isotopically-enriched complex bioactive architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair I P Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Nathan M L Knight
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Gary J Knox
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - David M Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Laura C Paterson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Ryan A Bragg
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, England, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández I, Domínguez G, Soloshonok VA, Landa A, Oiarbide M. Ynone Promoted Deaminative Coupling of Gramines with C- and N-Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:17291-17309. [PMID: 39533799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
The deaminative coupling of gramines with nucleophiles represents a versatile approach for structure diversification, but often involves non innocent conditions and/or reagents. Here a new acetylenic reagent 2 is developed for the C-N bond activation of gramines and their in situ coupling with C- and N-centered nucleophiles. Using the new acid/base- and redox-neutral ynone reagent 2 the coupling reactions proceed exceedingly as exemplified by the synthesis of several indol-3-ylmethyl derivatives, including new indole-benzodiazepine and indole-hydrazone conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iker Hernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guillermo Domínguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitor Landa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mikel Oiarbide
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feng A, Yang Y, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT Calculations Rationalize Unconventional Regioselectivity in Pd II-Catalyzed Defluorinative Alkylation of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes with Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38766868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to gain insight into the unique formation of the branched alkylation product in the PdII-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of gem-difluorocyclopropanes with hydrazones. The reaction is established to occur in sequence through oxidative addition, β-F elimination, η1-η3 isomerization, transmetalation, η3-η1 isomerization, 3,3'-reductive elimination, deprotonation/N2 extrusion, and proton abstraction. The rate-determining step of the reaction is identified as the β-F elimination, featuring an energy barrier of 28.6 kcal/mol. The 3,3'-reductive elimination transition states are the regioselectivity-determining transition states. The favorable noncovalent π-π interaction between the naphthyl group of gem-difluorocyclopropane and the phenyl group of hydrazone is found to be mainly responsible for the observed regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aili Feng
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu T, Mi L, Namulinda T, Chen D, Yan YJ, Chen ZL. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 5,15-diaryltetranaphtho [2,3]porphyrins as photosensitizers in real-time photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115980. [PMID: 38039789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new potent photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) with better efficacy, a series of 5,15-diaryltetranaphtho [2,3]porphyrins (Ar2TNPs) with two or four carboxyalkoxy groups were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. These new compounds exhibited strong, broad and red-shifted UV-vis absorptions at 729 nm and other strong absorptions at 446, 475, 650, 659, 714 nm for tumors and other diseases of varying sizes and depths. They possess high molar extinction coefficients (0.95 × 105-1.48 × 105 M-1 cm-1), good singlet oxygen quantum yields and photodynamic antitumor effects towards Eca-109 cells in vitro. It is suggested that the extension of porphyrin with naphthalene into Ar2TNP results into remarkable improvement of photophysical characteristics, while the introduction of carboxyalkoxy groups on meso-phenyl can significantly improve the solubility and photodynamic effects in vitro and in vivo. Notably, compound II3 can localize primarily in lysosomes of Eca-109 cells and induce substantial cell apoptosis after PDT. It can also selectively accumulate in tumor tissues and be traced real-timely through in vivo fluorescence imaging with distinctive inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, compound II3 deserves to be considered as a promising PDT drug candidate for individualized tumor real-time tracing and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Biology and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Le Mi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Biology and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tabbisa Namulinda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Biology and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Danye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yi-Jia Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Biology and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alcay Y, Ozdemir E, Yildirim MS, Ertugral U, Yavuz O, Aribuga H, Ozkilic Y, Şenyurt Tuzun N, Ozdabak Sert AB, Kok FN, Yilmaz I. A methionine biomolecule-modified chromenylium-cyanine fluorescent probe for the analysis of Hg2+ in the environment and living cells. Talanta 2023; 259:124471. [PMID: 37001401 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is, for the first time, to construct a new near infrared (NIR) fluorophore, spectrophotometric, colorimetric, ratiometric, and turn-on probe (CSME) based on chromenylium cyanine platform decorated with methionine biomolecule to provide an efficient solution for critical shortcoming to be encountered for analysis of hazardous Hg2+ in environment and living cell. The CSME structure and its interaction with Hg2+ ion were evaluated by NMR, FTIR, MS, UV-Vis and fluorescence methods as well as Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The none fluorescence CSME having spirolactam ring only interacted with Hg2+ in aqueous solution including competing ions. This interaction caused the fluorescence CSME with opened spirolactam form which exhibited spectral and colorimetric changes in the NIR region. The probe based on UV-Vis and fluorescence techniques respond in 90 s, has wide linear ranges (for UV-Vis: 6.29 × 10-8 - 1.86 × 10-4 M; for fluorescence: 9.49 × 10-9 - 1.13 × 10-5 M), and has a lower Limit of Detection (LOD) value (for fluorescence: 4.93 × 10-9 M, 0.99 ng/mL) than the value predicted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) organization. Hg2+ analysis was performed in drinking and tap water with low Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values and high recovery. Smartphone and living cell applications were successfully performed for colorimetric sensing Hg2+ in real samples and 3T3 cells, respectively.
Collapse
|
6
|
de Dios SMR, Hass JL, Graham DL, Kumar N, Antony AE, Morton MD, Berkowitz DB. Information-Rich, Dual-Function 13C/ 2H-Isotopic Crosstalk NMR Assay for Human Serine Racemase (hSR) Provides a PLP-Enzyme "Partitioning Fingerprint" and Reveals Disparate Chemotypes for hSR Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3158-3174. [PMID: 36696670 PMCID: PMC11103274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The first dual-function assay for human serine racemase (hSR), the only bona fide racemase in human biology, is reported. The hSR racemization function is essential for neuronal signaling, as the product, d-serine (d-Ser), is a potent N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) coagonist, important for learning and memory, with dysfunctional d-Ser-signaling being observed in some neuronal disorders. The second hSR function is β-elimination and gives pyruvate; this activity is elevated in colorectal cancer. This new NMR-based assay allows one to monitor both α-proton-exchange chemistry and β-elimination using only the native l-Ser substrate and hSR and is the most sensitive such assay. The assay judiciously employs segregated dual 13C-labeling and 13C/2H crosstalk, exploiting both the splitting and shielding effects of deuterium. The assay is deployed to screen a 1020-compound library and identifies an indolo-chroman-2,4-dione inhibitor family that displays allosteric site binding behavior (noncompetitive inhibition vs l-Ser substrate; competitive inhibition vs adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)). This assay also reveals important mechanistic information for hSR; namely, that H/D exchange is ∼13-fold faster than racemization, implying that K56 protonates the carbanionic intermediate on the si-face much faster than does S84 on the re-face. Moreover, the 13C NMR peak pattern seen is suggestive of internal return, pointing to K56 as the likely enamine-protonating residue for β-elimination. The 13C/2H-isotopic crosstalk assay has also been applied to the enzyme tryptophan synthase and reveals a dramatically different partition ratio in this active site (β-replacement: si-face protonation ∼6:1 vs β-elimination: si-face protonation ∼1:3.6 for hSR), highlighting the value of this approach for fingerprinting the pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzyme mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Aina E. Antony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Martha D. Morton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
He Y, Yuan J, Lv WX, Liu P, Teng F, Mo Q, Wu Z, Huang C, Liu Q, Wang H. Simple nucleophile/H2O promoted defluorinative ring-opening of gem-difluorocyclopropenes. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
8
|
Zhang X, Li L, Sivaguru P, Zanoni G, Bi X. Highly electrophilic silver carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13699-13715. [PMID: 36453127 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic carbene transfer reactions are fundamental transformations in modern organic synthesis, which enable direct access to diverse structurally complex molecules. Despite diazo precursors playing a crucial role in catalytic carbene transfer reactions, most reported methodologies take into account only diazoacetates or related compounds. This is primarily because diazoalkanes, unless they contain a resonance stabilizing group, are more susceptible to violent exothermic decomposition. In this feature article, we present an alternative approach to carbene-transfer reactions based on the formation of highly electrophilic silver carbenes from N-sulfonylhydrazones, where the high electrophilicity of silver carbenes stems from the weak interaction between silver and the carbenic carbon. These precursors are readily accessible, stable, and environmentally sustainable. Using the strategy that employs highly electrophilic silver carbenes, it is possible to develop novel intermolecular transformations involving non-stabilized carbenes, including C(sp3)-H insertion, C(sp3)-C(O) insertion, cycloaddition, and defluorinative functionalization. The silver-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions described here have high efficiency, unusual reactivity, exceptional selectivity, and a reaction pathway that differs from typical transition metal-catalyzed reactions. Our research provided fundamental insight into silver carbene chemistry, and we hope to apply this mode of catalysis to other more general transformations, including asymmetric transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, 130024, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Linxuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, 130024, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Paramasivam Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, 130024, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, 130024, Changchun, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang H, Li J, Peng L, Song J, Guo C. Cu-Catalyzed Switchable Asymmetric Defluoroalkylation and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Trifluoropropene. Org Lett 2022; 24:7828-7833. [PMID: 36264023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral fluorinated amino esters and pyrrolidines are privileged scaffolds in synthetic chemistry and exhibit unique biological properties. We report the facile preparation of these compounds through copper-catalyzed switchable defluoroalkylation and [3 + 2] cycloaddition of trifluoropropene in an asymmetric fashion. The choice of solvent and chiral ligand was crucial for the efficient transformation and exquisite chemoselectivity pattern from identical starting materials that rapidly and reliably incorporate gem-difluoroalkene and trifluoromethyl (CF3) motifs to generate a diverse range of enantioenriched fluorinated building blocks in good to excellent yields with high asymmetric induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lingzi Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramos De Dios SM, Tiwari VK, McCune CD, Dhokale RA, Berkowitz DB. Biomacromolecule-Assisted Screening for Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Optimization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13800-13880. [PMID: 35904776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction discovery and catalyst screening lie at the heart of synthetic organic chemistry. While there are efforts at de novo catalyst design using computation/artificial intelligence, at its core, synthetic chemistry is an experimental science. This review overviews biomacromolecule-assisted screening methods and the follow-on elaboration of chemistry so discovered. All three types of biomacromolecules discussed─enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids─have been used as "sensors" to provide a readout on product chirality exploiting their native chirality. Enzymatic sensing methods yield both UV-spectrophotometric and visible, colorimetric readouts. Antibody sensors provide direct fluorescent readout upon analyte binding in some cases or provide for cat-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)-type readouts. DNA biomacromolecule-assisted screening allows for templation to facilitate reaction discovery, driving bimolecular reactions into a pseudo-unimolecular format. In addition, the ability to use DNA-encoded libraries permits the barcoding of reactants. All three types of biomacromolecule-based screens afford high sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chemical transformations discovered by enzymatic screening methods are the first Ni(0)-mediated asymmetric allylic amination and a new thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation in which both C-SCN and C-C bonds are fashioned sequentially. Cat-ELISA screening has identified new classes of sydnone-alkyne cycloadditions, and DNA-encoded screening has been exploited to uncover interesting oxidative Pd-mediated amido-alkyne/alkene coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Virendra K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ranjeet A Dhokale
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Li L, Zanoni G, Han X, Bi X. Direct gem-Difluoroalkenylation of X-H Bonds with Trifluoromethyl Ketone N-Triftosylhydrazones for Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Heteroatomic gem-Difluoroalkenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200280. [PMID: 35191565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The direct gem-difluoroalkenylation of X-H bonds represents the most straightforward approach to access heteroatomic gem-difluoroalkenes that, as the isostere of the carbonyl group, have great potency in drug discovery. However, the construction of tetrasubstituted heteroatomic gem-difluoroalkenes by this strategy is still an unsolved problem. Here, we report the first direct X-H bond gem-difluoroalkenylation of amines and alcohols with trifluoromethyl ketone N-triftosylhydrazones under silver (for (hetero)aryl hydrazones) or rhodium (for alkyl hydrazones), thereby providing a most powerful method for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted heteroatomic gem-difluoroalkenes. This method features a broad substrate scope, high product yield, excellent functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity (open air conditions). Moreover, the site-specific replacement of the carbonyl group with a gem-difluorovinyl ether bioisostere in drug Trimebutine and the post-modification of bioactive molecules demonstrates potential use in medicinal research. Finally, the reaction mechanism was investigated by combining experiments and DFT calculations, and disclosed that the key step of HF elimination occurred via five-membered ring transition state, and the difference in the electrophilicity of Ag- and Rh-carbenes as well as the multiple intermolecular interactions rendered the effectiveness of Rh catalyst selectively for alkyl hydrazones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Linxuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Xinyue Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu X, Bao L, Ran L, Yang Z, Yan D, Wang CJ, Teng H. Synthesis of bioactive fluoropyrrolidines via copper(i)-catalysed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1398-1407. [PMID: 35222924 PMCID: PMC8809416 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral pyrrolidinyl units are important building blocks in biologically active natural products and drugs, and the development of efficient methods for the synthesis of diverse structured pyrrolidine derivatives is of great importance. Meanwhile, incorporating fluorine containing groups into small molecules often changes their activities to a great extent due to the special physicochemical properties of fluorine atoms. Herein, we report an efficient route to obtain enantioenriched 3,3-difluoro- and 3,3,4-trifluoropyrrolidinyl derivatives by Cu(i)-catalysed enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with less active 1,1-difluoro- and 1,1,2-trifluorostyrenes. A series of new fluorinated pyrrolidines have been prepared in high yields (up to 96%) and with excellent stereoselectivities (up to >20 : 1 dr and 97% ee), and these unique structural blocks could be readily introduced into some natural compounds and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, antifungal activity investigation against four common plant fungi showed that some products possess general and high biological activities; comparison with the low antifungal activities of corresponding nonfluorinated compounds revealed that the fluorine atoms at the pyrrolidinyl rings play a crucial role in the antifungal activity. Chiral fluoropyrrolidines were synthesized by Cu(i)-catalyzed enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with less active fluorinated styrenes, with broad substrate scope and high yield, stereoselectivity and biological activity.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Longzhu Bao
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ran
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Yang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Dingce Yan
- Analytical and Testing Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sivaguru P, Bi X. Fluoroalkyl N-sulfonyl hydrazones: An efficient reagent for the synthesis of fluoroalkylated compounds. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Wang C, Liu YC, Xu MY, Xiao B. Synthesis of Dialkyl-Substituted Monofluoroalkenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Carbagermatranes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4593-4597. [PMID: 34060856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented cross-coupling reaction of alkyl carbagermatranes with bromofluoroolefins to deliver dialkyl-substituted monofluoroalkenes was achieved. This cross-coupling reaction was performed under base/additive-free conditions with excellent functional group tolerance, therefore offering an opportunity for challenging dialkyl-substituted monofluoroalkenes. The preparation of bioactive agent analogues including an antitubercular agent mimic and a COX-2 inhibitor analogue and the late-stage fluoroalkenylation of drug-molecule derivatives proved the utility of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Chao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng-Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Modification of N-terminal α-amine of proteins via biomimetic ortho-quinone-mediated oxidation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2257. [PMID: 33859198 PMCID: PMC8050078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally abundant quinones are important molecules, which play essential roles in various biological processes due to their reduction potential. In contrast to their universality, the investigation of reactions between quinones and proteins remains sparse. Herein, we report the development of a convenient strategy to protein modification via a biomimetic quinone-mediated oxidation at the N-terminus. By exploiting unique reactivity of an ortho-quinone reagent, the α-amine of protein N-terminus is oxidized to generate aldo or keto handle for orthogonal conjugation. The applications have been demonstrated using a range of proteins, including myoglobin, ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO2). The effect of this method is further highlighted via the preparation of a series of 17 macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β) analogs, followed by preliminary anti-HIV activity and cell viability assays, respectively. This method offers an efficient and complementary approach to existing strategies for N-terminal modification of proteins. Methods for selective modification of the N-terminus of proteins are of high interest, but mostly require specific amino acid residues. Here, the authors report a selective and fast method for N-terminal modification of proteins based on quinone-mediated oxidation of the alpha-amine to aldehyde or ketone, and apply it to diverse proteins.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang L, Wang F, Zhang J, Yang H, Xia C, Qian J, Jiang G. High Chemo-/Stereoselectivity for Synthesis of Polysubstituted Monofluorinated Pyrimidyl Enol Ether Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:1669-1674. [PMID: 33599505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel intramolecular Smiles rearrangement of α-fluoro-β-keto-pyrimidylsulfones (usually used as a carbon nucleophile) was developed, providing a versatile avenue for synthesis of tri/tetra-substituted monofluorinated pyrimidyl enol ethers. Among these, diverse (Z)-monofluorovinylsulfones and sulfinates were efficiently assembled by adding extra electrophile and fine-tuning reaction conditions. The process is triggered by a keto-enol tautomerism from enol oxyanion to pyrimidine 2-carbon, completely different from the classical carbon nucleophilic addition reaction approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Huameng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Gaoxi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Structural and functional analysis of the Francisella lysine decarboxylase as a key actor in oxidative stress resistance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:972. [PMID: 33441661 PMCID: PMC7806604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is one of the most virulent pathogenic bacteria causing the acute human respiratory disease tularemia. While the mechanisms underlying F. tularensis pathogenesis are largely unknown, previous studies have shown that a F. novicida transposon mutant with insertions in a gene coding for a putative lysine decarboxylase was attenuated in mouse spleen, suggesting a possible role of its protein product as a virulence factor. Therefore, we set out to structurally and functionally characterize the F. novicida lysine decarboxylase, which we termed LdcF. Here, we investigate the genetic environment of ldcF as well as its evolutionary relationships with other basic AAT-fold amino acid decarboxylase superfamily members, known as key actors in bacterial adaptative stress response and polyamine biosynthesis. We determine the crystal structure of LdcF and compare it with the most thoroughly studied lysine decarboxylase, E. coli LdcI. We analyze the influence of ldcF deletion on bacterial growth under different stress conditions in dedicated growth media, as well as in infected macrophages, and demonstrate its involvement in oxidative stress resistance. Finally, our mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis enables identification of 80 proteins with expression levels significantly affected by ldcF deletion, including several DNA repair proteins potentially involved in the diminished capacity of the F. novicida mutant to deal with oxidative stress. Taken together, we uncover an important role of LdcF in F. novicida survival in host cells through participation in oxidative stress response, thereby singling out this previously uncharacterized protein as a potential drug target.
Collapse
|
18
|
Orsi DL, Douglas JT, Sorrentino JP, Altman RA. Cobalt-Catalyzed Selective Unsymmetrical Dioxidation of gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10451-10465. [PMID: 32697905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
gem-Difluoroalkenes represent valuable synthetic handles for organofluorine chemistry; however, most reactions of this substructure proceed through reactive intermediates prone to eliminate a fluorine atom and generate monofluorinated products. Taking advantage of the distinct reactivity of gem-difluoroalkenes, we present a cobalt-catalyzed regioselective unsymmetrical dioxygenation of gem-difluoroalkenes using phenols and molecular oxygen, which retains both fluorine atoms and provides β-phenoxy-β,β-difluorobenzyl alcohols. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction operates through a radical chain process initiated by Co(II)/O2/phenol and quenched by the Co-based catalyst. This mechanism enables the retention of both fluorine atoms, which contrasts most transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of gem-difluoroalkenes that typically involve defluorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Orsi
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Molecular Structures Group, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Jacob P Sorrentino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zou S, Zhang T, Wang S, Huang H. Iron‐Catalyzed Aminomethyloxygenative Cyclization of Hydroxy‐α‐diazoesters with
N,O
‐Aminals. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchen Zou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Tianze Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmed EAMA, Suliman AMY, Gong TJ, Fu Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Defluorination Arylation/Alkenylation/Alkylation of gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2019; 21:5645-5649. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim-Alkhalil M. A. Ahmed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ayman M. Y. Suliman
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tian-Jun Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moschitto MJ, Doubleday PF, Catlin DS, Kelleher NL, Liu D, Silverman RB. Mechanism of Inactivation of Ornithine Aminotransferase by (1 S,3 S)-3-Amino-4-(hexafluoropropan-2-ylidenyl)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10711-10721. [PMID: 31251613 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme, has been implicated as a treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer, for which there is no effective treatment. From a previous evaluation of our aminotransferase inhibitors, (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-(perfluoropropan-2-ylidene)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (1) was found to be a selective and potent inactivator of human OAT (hOAT), which inhibited the growth of HCC in athymic mice implanted with human-derived HCC, even at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. Currently, investigational new drug (IND)-enabling studies with 1 are underway. The inactivation mechanism of 1, however, has proved to be elusive. Here we propose three possible mechanisms, based on mechanisms of known aminotransferase inactivators: Michael addition, enamine addition, and fluoride ion elimination followed by conjugate addition. On the basis of crystallography and intact protein mass spectrometry, it was determined that 1 inactivates hOAT through fluoride ion elimination to an activated 1,1'-difluoroolefin, followed by conjugate addition and hydrolysis. This result was confirmed with additional studies, including the detection of the cofactor structure by mass spectrometry and through the identification of turnover metabolites. On the basis of this inactivation mechanism and to provide further evidence for the mechanism, analogues of 1 (19, 20) were designed, synthesized, and demonstrated to have the predicted selective inactivation mechanism. These analogues highlight the importance of the trifluoromethyl group and provide a basis for future inactivator design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel S Catlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60660 , United States
| | | | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60660 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of ( E)-β-Fluorovinyl Sulfones. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081569. [PMID: 31009999 PMCID: PMC6514952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organofluorine compounds are finding increasing application in a variety of fields such as pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. However, given the scarcity of fluorine-containing natural products, advancement in this area depends almost entirely on the development of new synthetic methodologies. In this article, we present the synthesis of a series of previously undescribed (E)-β-fluorovinyl sulfones via a simple copper-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to alkynyl sulfone starting materials in varying yields and E/Z selectivities. The hydrogenation of these products was also explored and compared with the hydrogenation of the related Z isomers. These new products may find interesting applications, given the versatility of vinyl sulfones in chemical synthesis and the unique properties of vinyl fluorides in biological settings.
Collapse
|
24
|
Graham DL, Beio ML, Nelson DL, Berkowitz DB. Human Serine Racemase: Key Residues/Active Site Motifs and Their Relation to Enzyme Function. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:8. [PMID: 30918891 PMCID: PMC6424897 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine racemase (SR) is the first racemase enzyme to be identified in human biology and converts L-serine to D-serine, an important neuronal signaling molecule that serves as a co-agonist of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor. This overview describes key molecular features of the enzyme, focusing on the side chains and binding motifs that control PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) cofactor binding as well as activity modulation through the binding of both divalent cations and ATP, the latter showing allosteric modulation. Discussed are catalytically important residues in the active site including K56 and S84—the si- and re-face bases, respectively,—and R135, a residue that appears to play a critical role in the binding of both negatively charged alternative substrates and inhibitors. The interesting bifurcated mechanism followed by this enzyme whereby substrate L-serine can be channeled either into D-serine (racemization pathway) or into pyruvate (β-elimination pathway) is discussed extensively, as are studies that focus on a key loop region (the so-called “triple serine loop”), the modification of which can be used to invert the normal in vitro preference of this enzyme for the latter pathway over the former. The possible cross-talk between the PLP enzymes hSR and hCBS (human cystathionine β-synthase) is discussed, as the former produces D-serine and the latter produces H2S, both of which stimulate the NMDAR and both of which have been implicated in neuronal infarction pursuant to ischemic stroke. Efforts to gain a more complete mechanistic understanding of these PLP enzymes are expected to provide valuable insights for the development of specific small molecule modulators of these enzymes as tools to study their roles in neuronal signaling and in modulation of NMDAR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew L Beio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - David L Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Discovery of a pathway for terminal-alkyne amino acid biosynthesis. Nature 2019; 567:420-424. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
26
|
Abas H, Mas‐Roselló J, Amer MM, Durand DJ, Groleau RR, Fey N, Clayden J. Asymmetric and Geometry‐Selective α‐Alkenylation of α‐Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2418-2422. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossay Abas
- School of Chemistry Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lei X, Wang Y, Fan E, Sun Z. In Situ Activation of Disulfides for Multicomponent Reactions with Isocyanides and a Broad Range of Nucleophiles. Org Lett 2019; 21:1484-1487. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhihua Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abas H, Mas-Roselló J, Amer MM, Durand DJ, Groleau RR, Fey N, Clayden J. Asymmetric and Geometry-Selective α-Alkenylation of α-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossay Abas
- School of Chemistry; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang X, Liu Z, Yang X, Dong Y, Virelli M, Zanoni G, Anderson EA, Bi X. Use of trifluoroacetaldehyde N-tfsylhydrazone as a trifluorodiazoethane surrogate and its synthetic applications. Nat Commun 2019; 10:284. [PMID: 30655536 PMCID: PMC6336877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluorodiazoethane (CF3CHN2), a highly reactive fluoroalkylating reagent, offers a useful means to introduce trifluoromethyl groups into organic molecules. At present, CF3CHN2 can only be generated by oxidation of trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride under acidic conditions; due to its toxic and explosive nature, its safe generation and use remains a prominent concern, hampering wider synthetic exploitation. Here we report the development of trifluoroacetaldehyde N-tfsylhydrazone (TFHZ-Tfs) as a CF3CHN2 surrogate, which is capable of generating CF3CHN2 in situ under basic conditions. The reaction conditions employed in this chemistry enabled a difluoroalkenylation of X-H bonds (X = N, O, S, Se), affording a wide range of heteroatom-substituted gem-difluoroalkenes, along with Doyle-Kirmse rearrangements and trifluoromethylcyclopropanation reactions, with superior outcomes to approaches using pre-formed CF3CHN2. Given the importance of generally applicable fluorination methodologies, the use of TFHZ-Tfs thus creates opportunities across organic and medicinal chemistry, by enabling the wider exploration of the reactivity of trifluorodiazoethane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanqing Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Matteo Virelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silverman RB. Design and Mechanism of GABA Aminotransferase Inactivators. Treatments for Epilepsies and Addictions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4037-4070. [PMID: 29569907 PMCID: PMC8459698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
When the brain concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) diminishes below a threshold level, the excess neuronal excitation can lead to convulsions. This imbalance in neurotransmission can be corrected by inhibition of the enzyme γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which catalyzes the conversion of GABA to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. It also has been found that raising GABA levels can antagonize the rapid elevation and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which is responsible for the reward response in addiction. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors of GABA-AT, which increases brain GABA levels, is an important approach to new treatments for epilepsy and addiction. This review summarizes findings over the last 40 or so years of mechanism-based inactivators (unreactive compounds that require the target enzyme to catalyze their conversion to the inactivating species, which inactivate the enzyme prior to their release) of GABA-AT with emphasis on their catalytic mechanisms of inactivation, presented according to organic chemical mechanism, with minimal pharmacology, except where important for activity in epilepsy and addiction. Patents, abstracts, and conference proceedings are not covered in this review. The inactivation mechanisms described here can be applied to the inactivations of a wide variety of unrelated enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sedgwick DM, Hammond GB. The history and future challenges associated with the hydrogenation of vinyl fluorides. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Ray SK, Biswas RG, Suneja A, Sadhu MM, Singh VK. (R)-DM-SEGPHOS-Ag(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidines and Pyrrolizidines via (1,3)- and Double (1,3)-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2293-2308. [PMID: 29364672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient diastereo- and enantioselective route to access a wide range of highly substituted pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine derivatives has been described via (1,3)- and double (1,3)-dipolar cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by the (R)-DM-SEGPHOS-Ag(I) complex. The reactions proceed smoothly at ambient temperature, affording a variety of pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines in high yields (up to 93%) with up to 99:1 dr and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) without any additives. The newly synthesized pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine derivatives contain four and seven contiguous stereogenic centers, respectively. Moreover, the synthetic utility of enantioenriched products has been demonstrated by transforming them into various synthetically useful advanced intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Rayhan G Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Arun Suneja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Milon M Sadhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Vinod K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sedgwick DM, Román R, Barrio P, Morales C, Fustero S. A metal-free and regioselective approach to (Z)-β-fluorovinyl sulfones and their chemoselective hydrogenation to β-fluoroalkyl sulfones. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
34
|
Novikov MA, Nefedov OM. (2-Fluoroallyl)boronates: new reagents for diastereoselective 2-fluoroallylboration of aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4963-4967. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New reagents for anti-selective 2-fluoroallylboration of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes—(2-fluoroallyl)pinacolboranes, were prepared by Pd-catalyzed borylation of 2-fluoroallyl chlorides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A. Novikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Oleg M. Nefedov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fustero S, Sedgwick DM, Román R, Barrio P. Recent advances in the synthesis of functionalised monofluorinated compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9706-9725. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, we have tackled the synthesis of interesting monofluorinated organic molecules, such as: dihydronaphthalene derivatives, β-fluoro sulfones and related carbonyl compounds, fluorohydrins and allylic alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas
| | - Daniel M. Sedgwick
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas
| | - Raquel Román
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe
- E-46012 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Pablo Barrio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
An R, Liao L, Liu X, Song S, Zhao X. Acid-catalyzed oxidative cleavage of S–S and Se–Se bonds with DEAD: efficient access to sulfides and selenides. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00909k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An acid/DEAD system for oxidative cleavage of S–S and Se–Se bonds to generate chalcogenium ions has been developed. These ions could be captured by nucleophile-tethered alkenes and nucleophilic aryl reagents such as arylboronic acids and arenes to give chalcogenides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui An
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Shuqin Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Malik G, Swyka RA, Tiwari VK, Fei X, Applegate GA, Berkowitz DB. A thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation identified through enzymatic screening: stereocontrolled tandem C-SCN and C-C bond formation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8050-8060. [PMID: 29568453 PMCID: PMC5855125 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a formal thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation and its parametrization and optimization using a new elevated temperature plate-based version of our visual colorimetric enzymatic screening method for reaction discovery. The carbocyclization step leads to C-SCN bond formation in tandem with C-C bond construction and is highly stereoselective, showing nearly absolute 1,2-anti-stereoinduction (5 examples) for substrates bearing allylic substitution, and nearly absolute 1,3-syn-stereoinduction (16 examples) for substrates bearing propargylic substitution. Based upon these high levels of stereoinduction, the dependence of the 1,2-stereoinduction upon cyclization substrate geometry, and the generally high preference for the transoid vinyl thiocyanate alkene geometry, a mechanistic model is proposed, involving (i) Pd(ii)-enyne coordination, (ii) thiocyanopalladation, (iii) migratory insertion and (iv) β-elimination. Examples of transition metal-mediated C-SCN bond formation that proceed smoothly on unactivated substrates and allow for preservation of the SCN moiety are lacking. Yet, the thiocyanate functionality is of great value for biophysical chemistry (vibrational Stark effect) and medicinal chemistry (S,N-heterocycle construction). The title transformation accommodates C-, O-, N- and S-bridged substrates (6 examples), thereby providing the corresponding carbocyclic or heterocyclic scaffolds. The reaction is also shown to be compatible with a significant range of substituents, varying in steric and electronic demand, including a wide range of substituted aromatics, fused bicyclic and heterocyclic systems, and even biaryl systems. Combination of this new transformation with asymmetric allylation and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis provides for a streamlined enantio- and diastereoselective entry into the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl core of the natural products massarilactone and annuionone A, as also evidenced by low temperature X-ray crystal structure determination. Utilizing this bicyclic scaffold, we demonstrate the versatility of the thiocyanate moiety for structural diversification post-cyclization. Thus, the bridging vinyl thiocyanate moiety is smoothly elaborated into a range of derivative functionalities utilizing transformations that cleave the S-CN bond, add the elements of RS-CN across a π-system and exploit the SCN moiety as a cycloaddition partner (7 diverse examples). Among the new functionalities thereby generated are thiotetrazole and sulfonyl tetrazole heterocycles that serve as carboxylate and phosphate surrogates, respectively, highlighting the potential of this approach for future applications in medicinal chemistry or chemical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Malik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - R A Swyka
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - V K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - X Fei
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - G A Applegate
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| | - D B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|