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Garbeva P, Avalos M, Ulanova D, van Wezel GP, Dickschat JS. Volatile sensation: The chemical ecology of the earthy odorant geosmin. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1565-1574. [PMID: 36999338 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin may be the most familiar volatile compound, as it lends the earthy smell to soil. The compound is a member of the largest family of natural products, the terpenoids. The broad distribution of geosmin among bacteria in both terrestrial and aquatic environments suggests that this compound has an important ecological function, for example, as a signal (attractant or repellent) or as a protective specialized metabolite against biotic and abiotic stresses. While geosmin is part of our everyday life, scientists still do not understand the exact biological function of this omnipresent natural product. This minireview summarizes the current general observations regarding geosmin in prokaryotes and introduces new insights into its biosynthesis and regulation, as well as its biological roles in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana Avalos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Babaei M, Thomsen PT, Dyekjær JD, Glitz CU, Pastor MC, Gockel P, Körner JD, Rago D, Borodina I. Combinatorial engineering of betalain biosynthesis pathway in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:128. [PMID: 37592353 PMCID: PMC10436450 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betalains, comprising red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins, are the hydrophilic vacuolar pigments that provide bright coloration to roots, fruits, and flowers of plants of the Caryophyllales order. Betanin extracted from red beets is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (E162). Due to antioxidant activity, betanin has potential health benefits. RESULTS We applied combinatorial engineering to find the optimal combination of a dozen tyrosine hydroxylase (TyH) and 4,5-dopa-estradiol-dioxygenase (DOD) variants. The best-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains produced over six-fold higher betaxanthins than previously reported. By genome-resequencing of these strains, we found out that two copies of DOD enzyme from Bougainvillea glabra together with TyH enzymes from Abronia nealleyi, Acleisanthes obtusa, and Cleretum bellidiforme were present in the three high-betaxanthin-producing isolates. Next, we expressed four variants of glucosyltransferases from Beta vulgaris for betanin biosynthesis. The highest titer of betanin (30.8 ± 0.14 mg/L after 48 h from 20 g/L glucose) was obtained when completing the biosynthesis pathway with UGT73A36 glucosyltransferase from Beta vulgaris. Finally, we investigated betalain transport in CEN.PK and S288C strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified a possible role of transporter genes QDR2 and APL1 in betanin transport. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the potential of combinatorial engineering of yeast cell factories for the biotechnological production of betanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Babaei
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philip Tinggaard Thomsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jane Dannow Dyekjær
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christiane Ursula Glitz
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marc Cernuda Pastor
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Gockel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johann Dietmar Körner
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniela Rago
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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Taharuddin NH, Jumaidin R, Mansor MR, Hazrati KZ, Tarique J, Asyraf MRM, Razman MR. Unlocking the Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass Dragon Fruit ( Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Bioplastics, Biocomposites and Various Commercial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2654. [PMID: 37376300 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dragon fruit, also called pitaya or pitahaya, is in the family Cactaceae. It is found in two genera: 'Selenicereus' and 'Hylocereus'. The substantial growth in demand intensifies dragon fruit processing operations, and waste materials such as peels and seeds are generated in more significant quantities. The transformation of waste materials into value-added components needs greater focus since managing food waste is an important environmental concern. Two well-known varieties of dragon fruit are pitaya (Stenocereus) and pitahaya (Hylocereus), which are different in their sour and sweet tastes. The flesh of the dragon fruit constitutes about two-thirds (~65%) of the fruit, and the peel is approximately one-third (~22%). Dragon fruit peel is believed to be rich in pectin and dietary fibre. In this regard, extracting pectin from dragon fruit peel can be an innovative technology that minimises waste disposal and adds value to the peel. Dragon fruit are currently used in several applications, such as bioplastics, natural dyes and cosmetics. Further research is recommended for diverging its development in various areas and maturing the innovation of its usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Taharuddin
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - R Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - M R Mansor
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - K Z Hazrati
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - J Tarique
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - M R M Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M R Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Moraes SM, Louzada CA, Lima Filho T, Della Lucia SM. Using the hedonic thresholds methodology and affective sensory methods to develop beet‐flavored smoothie yogurt. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Medeiros Moraes
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Natural Science and Health Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário Alegre Brazil
| | - Camila Affonso Louzada
- Department of Food Engineering, Center for Agrarian Sciences and Engineering Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário Alegre Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Lima Filho
- Department of Food Engineering, Center for Agrarian Sciences and Engineering Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário Alegre Brazil
| | - Suzana Maria Della Lucia
- Department of Food Engineering, Center for Agrarian Sciences and Engineering Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário Alegre Brazil
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Hanson SJ, Dawson JC, Goldman IL. Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris chromosome 8 shows significant association with geosmin concentration in table beet. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab344. [PMID: 34586384 PMCID: PMC8664477 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geosmin, a degraded sesquiterpene molecule with earthy and musty odor, imbues table beet with its characteristic aroma. Geosmin is heritable and endogenously produced in table beet; its earthy aroma is sought by some consumers but deters others. Geosmin biosynthesis is catalyzed by a bifunctional geosmin synthase enzyme in diverse bacteria and fungi, but a mechanism for geosmin biosynthesis in plants has not been reported. This work employed association analysis and selective genotyping of a segregating F2:3 mapping population to seek QTL associated with geosmin concentration in table beet. GBS reads were aligned to sugar beet reference genome EL10.2, and association analysis revealed two QTL for geosmin concentration on Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris chromosome 8. QTL at EL10.2 positions 28,017,624 and 38,488,687 each show effect size 8.7 μg·kg-1 geosmin and explain 8.5% and 6.4% of total variation in geosmin concentration, respectively. Resolution was low due to large recombination bin size and imperfect alignment between the reference genome and mapping population, but population size and selection proportion were sufficient to detect moderate to large effect QTL. This study, the first molecular genetic mapping experiment in table beet, succeeded in finding QTL for geosmin concentration in table beet, and it provides the basis for fine mapping or candidate gene investigation of functional loci for this distinctive sensory trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig J Hanson
- Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julie C Dawson
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Irwin L Goldman
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Petrović M, Veljović S, Tomić N, Zlatanović S, Tosti T, Vukosavljević P, Gorjanović S. Formulation of Novel Liqueurs from Juice Industry Waste: Consumer Acceptance, Phenolic Profile and Preliminary Monitoring of Antioxidant Activity and Colour Changes During Storage. Food Technol Biotechnol 2021; 59:282-294. [PMID: 34759760 PMCID: PMC8542182 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.59.03.21.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RESEARCH BACKGROUND Apple juice is one of the most popular and liked beverages worldwide. Due to the increased health consciousness among consumers, beetroot and chokeberry juices have also rising consumption trends. Despite representing a considerable percentage of the processed fruit and rich source of bioactive compounds, fruit pomace, remaining after juice production, has still been underutilised. Here, the possibility of using apple, beetroot and chokeberry pomace in liqueur formulations is investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Apple and chokeberry liqueurs were produced from apple and chokeberry pomace extracts, respectively. Apple/chokeberry and apple/beetroot liqueurs were obtained by combining apple pomace with chokeberry and beetroot pomace extracts in ratios 50:50 and 70:30, respectively. The sensory quality and acceptability of freshly prepared liqueurs were evaluated by experts and consumers. Sugars and phenolics were identified and quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed-amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS), respectively. Storability was preliminarily evaluated based on monitoring of total phenolic concentration, antioxidant activity and colour each month during 6 months of storage at 4 and 22 °C. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The expert and the consumer testing indicated that apple and chokeberry pomace could be used as raw materials without any flavour corrections while apple/beetroot pomace liqueur would require modification. High total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in all freshly prepared liqueurs, with chokeberry liqueur being by far superior. Among identified phenolics, ellagic acid and phlorizin were quantified as the most prominent, except in chokeberry liqueur, where phlorizin was not quantified. Despite the decrease in total phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity after 6 months, liqueurs still represented a rich source of phytochemicals. The highest phenolic compound retention and antioxidant activity maintenance were observed in chokeberry liqueur. Also, the appealing colour was retained despite the changes detected in chromatic characteristics. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION The possibility of apple, beetroot and chokeberry pomace restoration into the food chain by the production of liqueurs has been demonstrated for the first time. Functional and sensorial properties of newly developed liqueurs indicated that the selected pomace represents the promising raw material for liqueur production. The applied approach represents a contribution to the circular economy in juice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petrović
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Veljović
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Tomić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Zlatanović
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Tosti
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Stanislava Gorjanović
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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7
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Abdulsalam O, Wagner K, Wirth S, Kunert M, David A, Kallenbach M, Boland W, Kothe E, Krause K. Phytohormones and volatile organic compounds, like geosmin, in the ectomycorrhiza of Tricholoma vaccinum and Norway spruce (Picea abies). MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:173-188. [PMID: 33210234 PMCID: PMC7910269 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizospheric habitat contains a diverse pool of organisms, including the host plant, mycorrhizal fungi, and other rhizospheric microorganisms. Different signaling molecules may influence the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we investigated the potential of the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum to produce communication molecules for the interaction with its coniferous host, Norway spruce (Picea abies). We focused on the production of volatile organic compounds and phytohormones in axenic T. vaccinum cultures, identified the potential biosynthesis genes, and investigated their expression by RNA-Seq analyses. T. vaccinum released volatiles not usually associated with fungi, like limonene and β-barbatene, and geosmin. Using stable isotope labeling, the biosynthesis of geosmin was elucidated. The geosmin biosynthesis gene ges1 of T. vaccinum was identified, and up-regulation was scored during mycorrhiza, while a different regulation was seen with mycorrhizosphere bacteria. The fungus also released the volatile phytohormone ethylene and excreted salicylic and abscisic acid as well as jasmonates into the medium. The tree excreted the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, and its biosynthesis intermediate, indole-3-acetamide, as well as salicylic acid with its root exudates. These compounds could be shown for the first time in exudates as well as in soil of a natural ectomycorrhizospheric habitat. The effects of phytohormones present in the mycorrhizosphere on hyphal branching of T. vaccinum were assessed. Salicylic and abscisic acid changed hyphal branching in a concentration-dependent manner. Since extensive branching is important for mycorrhiza establishment, a well-balanced level of mycorrhizospheric phytohormones is necessary. The regulation thus can be expected to contribute to an interkingdom language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Abdulsalam
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Wagner
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophia Wirth
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja David
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Yang W, Kaimainen M, Järvenpää E, Sandell M, Huopalahti R, Yang B, Laaksonen O. Red beet (Beta vulgaris) betalains and grape (Vitis vinifera) anthocyanins as colorants in white currant juice - Effect of storage on degradation kinetics, color stability and sensory properties. Food Chem 2021; 348:128995. [PMID: 33503536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Red beet betalains, grape anthocyanins, and their mixtures were used as colorants in white currant juice. Storage stability of the compounds was evaluated using liquid chromatography and the degradation kinetic order and parameters were calculated. Degradation of betalains followed first-order kinetics, while the degradation of anthocyanins did not have any trend toward any order kinetics. The coexisting anthocyanins and their concentration affected the rate constant of betalains. Betalains degraded faster than anthocyanins, their mixtures promoted respective degradation. Pyruvate derivatives of anthocyanins showed better stability. During storage, all samples became more yellowish with CIELab method and lighter in color. In the projective mapping sensory test, samples were distinguished by the colorant type as the main criteria and the storage time as the second criteria. Anthocyanin (described as 'dark' and 'natural') was preferred by sensory panelists over betalain (described as 'pink' and 'unnatural'), as were the fresh samples over stored samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Mika Kaimainen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; Delsitech Ltd., FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eila Järvenpää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mari Sandell
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsingin yliopisto, Finland
| | - Rainer Huopalahti
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Oskar Laaksonen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
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Sandate-Flores L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Rostro-Alanis M, Urbina JAS, Mayolo-Deloisa K, Melchor-Martínez EM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HM. Validation of aqueous two-phase extraction method. MethodsX 2021; 8:101421. [PMID: 34430316 PMCID: PMC8374489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, consumer interest in food with natural ingredients has increased. This need has led to the research of new sources and green extraction methods. Betalains are compounds responsible for giving color to cacti fruits. The aim is to obtain low-sugar betacyanins extracts from jiotilla Escontria chiotilla using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) to color food with the extract. The effect of principal parameters of ATPS (Ethyl alcohol- KH2PO4/K2HPO4) as tie-line length (TL;40,50 and 70), phase volume ratios (Vr; 1 and 3) on the partitioning of betacyanins, betaxanthins, total sugars, reducing sugars, and antioxidant activity in the extract was evaluated. The yields were determined from the top and bottom phases of the aforementioned parameters. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA, α = 0.05) showed that TLL and Vr were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The lowest bottom sugar yield (25.78 ± 3.14%) corresponds to TLL = 40, Vr = 3. Under these conditions, the corresponding value for betacyanins yield is 62.98±4.52%. For the first time, the ATPS was used to extract betacyanins from cactus fruit.•Escontria chiotilla, as a biological source, contained a high percent of betalains•Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was statistically optimized•The developed method enriches the valorization of environmentally related plants waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jorge Alejandro Santiago Urbina
- Universidad Tecnológica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, Avenida Universidad S/N, San Pablo Huixtepec, Zimatlán de Álvarez, Oaxaca 71270, Mexico
| | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849 Mexico
| | | | | | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849 Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hafiz M.N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849 Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
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Cheng Z, McCann S, Faraone N, Clarke JA, Hudson EA, Cloonan K, Hillier NK, Tahlan K. Production of Plant-Associated Volatiles by Select Model and Industrially Important Streptomyces spp. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111767. [PMID: 33187102 PMCID: PMC7697265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Streptomyces produce a great diversity of specialized metabolites, including highly volatile compounds with potential biological activities. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by nine Streptomyces spp., some of which are of industrial importance, were collected and identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) present in the genomes of the respective Streptomyces spp. were also predicted to match them with the VOCs detected. Overall, 33 specific VOCs were identified, of which the production of 16 has not been previously reported in the Streptomyces. Among chemical classes, the most abundant VOCs were terpenes, which is consistent with predicted biosynthetic capabilities. In addition, 27 of the identified VOCs were plant-associated, demonstrating that some Streptomyces spp. can also produce such molecules. It is possible that some of the VOCs detected in the current study have roles in the interaction of Streptomyces with plants and other higher organisms, which might provide opportunities for their application in agriculture or industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Cheng
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (Z.C.); (J.-A.C.)
| | - Sean McCann
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (S.M.); (E.A.H.); (K.C.)
| | - Nicoletta Faraone
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada;
| | - Jody-Ann Clarke
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (Z.C.); (J.-A.C.)
| | - E. Abbie Hudson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (S.M.); (E.A.H.); (K.C.)
| | - Kevin Cloonan
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (S.M.); (E.A.H.); (K.C.)
| | - N. Kirk Hillier
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (S.M.); (E.A.H.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.K.H.); (K.T.)
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (Z.C.); (J.-A.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.K.H.); (K.T.)
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12
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Huang H, Ren L, Li H, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Lu Y, Cheng D. The nesting preference of an invasive ant is associated with the cues produced by actinobacteria in soil. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008800. [PMID: 32913361 PMCID: PMC7482974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-dwelling animals are at risk of pathogen infection in soils. When choosing nesting sites, animals could reduce this risk by avoiding contact with pathogens, yet there is currently little evidence. We tested this hypothesis using Solenopsis invicta as a model system. Newly mated queens of S. invicta were found to nest preferentially in soil containing more actinobacteria of Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis and to be attracted to two volatiles produced by these bacteria, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. Actinobacteria-rich soil was favored by S. invicta and this soil contained fewer putative entomopathogenic fungi than adjacent areas. Queens in such soil benefited from a higher survival rate. In culture, isolated actinobacteria inhibited entomopathogenic fungi, suggested that their presence may reduce the risk of fungal infection. These results indicated a soil-dwelling ant may choose nest sites presenting relatively low pathogen risk by detecting the odors produced by bacteria with anti-fungal properties. Insect pathogens are widely distributed in soil. Soil-dwelling insects must overcome challenges arising from pathogens in soil. Here we report that a soil-dwelling ant may choose nest sites with lower pathogen infection risk, specifically the ant can sense the cues of some actinobacteria that can inhibit the growth of the pathogens. By choosing the sites with higher abundance of some actinobacteria, the ant can get a higher survival rate. The ant and some actinobacteria thus coordinate a specialized adaptive strategy of infection risk management, enabling the ant population to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Huang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Li
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DC)
| | - Daifeng Cheng
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DC)
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Tobolková B, Polovka M, Daško Ľ, Belajová E, Durec J. Evaluation of qualitative changes of apple-beetroot juice during long-term storage at different temperatures. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Finding the right lure for trapping pest insects is difficult. The typical smell of rain and humid soil, geosmin, now turns out to be a strong attractant for the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Galizia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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A novel cyanobacterial geosmin producer, revising GeoA distribution and dispersion patterns in Bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8679. [PMID: 32457360 PMCID: PMC7251104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous organisms with a relevant contribution to primary production in all range of habitats. Cyanobacteria are well known for their part in worldwide occurrence of aquatic blooms while producing a myriad of natural compounds, some with toxic potential, but others of high economical impact, as geosmin. We performed an environmental survey of cyanobacterial soil colonies to identify interesting metabolic pathways and adaptation strategies used by these microorganisms and isolated, sequenced and assembled the genome of a cyanobacterium that displayed a distinctive earthy/musty smell, typical of geosmin, confirmed by GC-MS analysis of the culture's volatile extract. Morphological studies pointed to a new Oscillatoriales soil ecotype confirmed by phylogenetic analysis, which we named Microcoleus asticus sp. nov. Our studies of geosmin gene presence in Bacteria, revealed a scattered distribution among Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Delta and Gammaproteobacteria, covering different niches. Careful analysis of the bacterial geosmin gene and gene tree suggests an ancient bacterial origin of the gene, that was probably successively lost in different time frames. The high sequence similarities in the cyanobacterial geosmin gene amidst freshwater and soil strains, reinforce the idea of an evolutionary history of geosmin, that is intimately connected to niche adaptation.
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16
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Santos GBM, Dionísio AP, Magalhães HCR, Abreu FAPD, Lira SM, Lima ACVD, Silva GSD, Guedes JAC, da Silva Araujo IM, Artur AG, Pontes DF, Zocolo GJ. Effects of processing on the chemical, physicochemical, enzymatic, and volatile metabolic composition of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose). Food Res Int 2019; 127:108710. [PMID: 31882103 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of processing on the chemical, physicochemical, enzymatic, and volatile metabolic composition of pitaya pulp were assessed for the first time. To this end, the following treatments to obtain pitaya pulp were evaluated: Treatment A (TA, pulp processing without ascorbic acid), Treatment B (TB, whole fruit processing with ascorbic acid), and Control (whole fruit processing without ascorbic acid). The treatment employed in TB resulted in low polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity, and no significant chemical or physicochemical alterations in most parameters evaluated. In addition, TB presents high yields and fiber content compared to the TA or Control. For metabolic analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was effective for the simultaneous determination of 80 volatile metabolites in pitaya. Chemometric analyses was used to efficiently distinguish the volatile compounds of each treatment, and demonstrated that TB presents an interesting volatile profile due the conservation or agregation of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Dionísio
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita St., 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Sandra Machado Lira
- Department of Nutrition, State University of Ceara, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Guirado Artur
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita St., 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Julião Zocolo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita St., 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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17
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Melo N, Wolff GH, Costa-da-Silva AL, Arribas R, Triana MF, Gugger M, Riffell JA, DeGennaro M, Stensmyr MC. Geosmin Attracts Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes to Oviposition Sites. Curr Biol 2019; 30:127-134.e5. [PMID: 31839454 PMCID: PMC7144812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melo et al. show that geosmin mediates egg laying in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, which associates geosmin with microbes present in the larval aquatic habitat. The authors further show that geosmin can be used as bait in oviposition traps and that geosmin can be substituted by beetroot peel for mosquito trapping in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Melo
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gabriella H Wolff
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Andre Luis Costa-da-Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert Arribas
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Merybeth Fernandez Triana
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden; Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio 5702-970, Brazil
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Collection of Cyanobacteria, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Matthew DeGennaro
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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18
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Beezer RP, Mattinson DS, Fellman JK, Ewing BL, Edwards CG. Impacts of depectinization of pear juice on alcoholic fermentation and indole formation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5792-5798. [PMID: 31162672 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a producer of fermented ciders observed 'vinyl' off-odors formed during fermentation of pear juice previously depectinized at ≥ 49 °C but not if depectinized at lower temperatures. The objective of this study was to investigate the source of this spoilage and evaluate factors that affect formation. RESULTS Analysis of untainted and tainted samples obtained from the producer determined the causative agent to be indole, a compound sometimes produced by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during fermentation. To mimic commercial depectinization conditions, pectinases were added to pear juices held at 35 °C for 45 min (Treatment A), 49 °C for 45 min (Treatment B), or 49 °C for 90 min (Treatment C). Juice processing conditions did not affect yeast growth nor progress of alcoholic fermentation. Although neither yeast strain (DV10 or MERIT) synthesized indole during fermentation of Treatment A juices, the compound was produced by MERIT in Treatments B (27.05 μg L-1 ) and C (469.9 μg L-1 ). Supplementation of Treatment C juice with pyridoxine (vitamin B6 ) prior to fermentation resulted in no detectable indole formed. However, juices from Treatments A, B, or C contained similar concentrations of pyridoxine and non-detectable amounts of tryptophan, a potential precursor to indole. Furthermore, indole was not detected during fermentations of a synthetic pear juice medium without pyridoxine. CONCLUSION Supplementation of cider musts with pyridoxine prior to fermentation and choice of yeast strain can lower the risk of formation of off-odors caused by indole. However, other unidentified factors are present which affect its formation in perry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Beezer
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Mt Veron, WA, USA
| | - D Scott Mattinson
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John K Fellman
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brianna L Ewing
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Mt Veron, WA, USA
| | - Charles G Edwards
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Mt Veron, WA, USA
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19
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Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Update on natural food pigments - A mini-review on carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Food Res Int 2018; 124:200-205. [PMID: 31466641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structure elucidation has revealed a remarkable diversity of structures for carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, the major natural pigments in plant-derived foods. Composition, stability, influencing factors, processing effects have been widely investigated. Carotenoids isomerize and oxidize while anthocyanins undergo hydrolysis, nucleophilic attack of water, ring fission, and polymerization during thermal processing. Betacyanins suffer deglycosylation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation. Biotechnological production dominates research on carotenoids as food colorants while the search for plant sources continues with anthocyanins and betalains. Stabilization studies presently focus on microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation. For anthocyanins, co-pigmentation has also been intensely researched. Carotenoids have been the most studied in terms of health effects, involving epidemiological, cell, animal, and human intervention studies, yet some inconsistencies in the results persist. A wide range of biological activities have been attributed to anthocyanins and betalains, based mainly on cell and animal studies; human clinical studies are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia B Rodriguez-Amaya
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Laranjeiras do Sul, Rhodovia BR 158 - Km 405, 85301-970 Laranjeiras do Sul, PR, Brazil.
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20
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Anuar NSS, Kassim AA, Utsumi M, Iwamoto K, Goto M, Shimizu K, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Sugiura N, Hara H. Characterization of Musty Odor-Producing Actinomycetes from Tropics and Effects of Temperature on the Production of Musty Odor Compounds. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:352-357. [PMID: 29093279 PMCID: PMC5745020 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) outbreaks in tropical water bodies, such as Southeast Asia, by actinomycetes have not yet been elucidated in detail. Six Streptomyces isolates from lowland environments in Malaysia were selected and evaluated for their odor production under different temperatures. The gene responsible for the production of geosmin, geoA, was detected in all isolates, while only two isolates harbored tpc, which is responsible for 2-MIB production. This result suggested that geosmin and 2-MIB synthesis pathway genes already existed in the environment in the Tropics of Southeast Asia. Furthermore, our isolates produced musty odor compounds at 30°C, and differences were observed in musty odor production between various temperatures. This result indicated the potential for odor episodes in water bodies of the tropical countries of Southeast Asia throughout the year due to the mean annual ambient temperature of 27°C in the lowlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Syahirah Shamsol Anuar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Aeyshah Abang Kassim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Koji Iwamoto
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Masafumi Goto
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Nor’azizi Othman
- Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Zuriati Zakaria
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Norio Sugiura
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
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Liato V, Aïder M. Geosmin as a source of the earthy-musty smell in fruits, vegetables and water: Origins, impact on foods and water, and review of the removing techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:9-18. [PMID: 28414956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The earthy-musty smell produced by Streptomyces sp. is assigned to geosmin and is responsible for the major organoleptic defects found in drinking water, fruits and vegetables such as grapes, mushrooms, carrots, and beet. Geosmin is also found in juices and musts before fermentation and its presence has been associated with partial presence of Botrytis cinerea. It has a variable detection threshold depending on the matrix and the detection level ranges from 5 to 50 ng/L. On the sensory level, very few individuals are immune to geosmin and although the intensity of the defect caused by this molecule decreases rapidly in the nose, a bad taste is very persistent in the mouth. As the origin of geosmin is fungal, conventional control techniques used for geosmin prevention are limited to ventilation, improving the integrity of plants and use of storage temperatures around 1 °C in a humidity-controlled environment. However, it has been demonstrated that only the combination of different prophylactic and preventive measures provide a relatively sufficient efficacy. Therefore, prevention of factors favoring the formation of geosmin is still topical. Some chemical treatments showed relatively good results against Botrytis cinerea. However, there is a requirement that must be met, namely that only one chemical per family per year must be used. Moreover, a multi-year alternation of chemical families is a strong agronomic recommendation. Regarding Penicillium, no active material is 100% approved and it negative effects plants such as beet and grapes. Consequently, the importance of finding effective ways to fight against geosmin formation is still relevant. From analytical point of view, measurement of geosmin is mainly based on gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Liato
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mohammed Aïder
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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22
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Use of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for Antimicrobial Applications—a Critical Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Watson SB, Monis P, Baker P, Giglio S. Biochemistry and genetics of taste- and odor-producing cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:112-127. [PMID: 28073471 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the principal sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which cause offensive taste and odor (T&O) in drinking and recreational water, fish, shellfish and other seafood. Although non-toxic to humans, these T&O compounds severely undermine public trust in these commodities, resulting in substantial costs in treatment, and lost revenue to drinking water, aquaculture, food and beverage and tourist/hospitality industries. Mitigation and control have been hindered by the complexity of the communities and processes which produce and modify T&O events, making it difficult to source-track the major producer(s) and the factors governing VOC production and fate. Over the past decade, however, advances in bioinformatics, enzymology, and applied detection technologies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the pathways, the enzymes and the genetic coding for some of the most problematic VOCs produced by cyanobacteria. This has led to the development of tools for rapid and sensitive detection and monitoring for the VOC production at source, and provided the basis for further diagnostics of endogenous and exogenous controls. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the major cyanobacterial VOCs, the producers, the biochemistry and the genetics and highlight the current applications and further research needs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Watson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Paul Monis
- South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Peter Baker
- South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Steven Giglio
- Healthscope Pathology, 1 Goodwood Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia.
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Bach V, Mikkelsen L, Kidmose U, Edelenbos M. Culinary preparation of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.): the impact on sensory quality and appropriateness. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1852-1859. [PMID: 25156135 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beetroot is a diverse vegetable available in different shapes and colours. The objectives of this study were to evaluate sensory qualities, and sugar and dry matter content of five beetroot varieties in relationship to the appropriateness for raw, boiled and pan-fried preparation. RESULTS Sensory evaluation by descriptive sensory analysis and consumer tests showed clear distinctions between red varieties Taunus, Rocket and Pablo, and the pink-white striped Chioggia and yellow Burpee's Golden in raw preparations. However, variety delimination was more difficult after boiling and pan-frying. Different sensory qualities were important for beetroot appropriateness in raw, boiled and pan-fried preparations. Appropriateness of raw beetroots was associated with high sensory scores in beetroot flavour, crispness and juiciness, and low scores in bitterness. Appropriateness of boiled beetroots was related to high scores in beetroot and earthy flavours. Pan-fried beetroot appropriateness was associated with high scores in beetroot flavour, colour intensity and crispness. CONCLUSION This study showed that the quality of raw materials is integral in culinary preparations. These results can be used to guide consumers in the use of beetroot in culinary preparations and subsequently increase consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Bach
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Laerke Mikkelsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kidmose
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Merete Edelenbos
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-5792, Årslev, Denmark
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25
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Bacha N, Echarki Z, Mathieu F, Lebrihi A. Development of a novel quantitative PCR assay as a measurement for the presence of geosmin-producing fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1144-51. [PMID: 25580564 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To provide an efficient technique for monitoring the off-flavoured fungal compound geosmin. METHODS AND RESULTS Geosmin-associated gpe1 gene of Penicillium expansum displayed ≥99% similarity to cytochrome P450 gene of geosmin-producing P. restrictum, but ≤40% similarities to geosmin biosynthesis, non-cytochromic gene of Streptomyces avermitilis and cytochrome P450 genes of non-geosmin-producing Neotyphodium lolii, Phoma betae and P. paxilli. Serial 10-fold dilutions of P. expansum's DNA was subjected to a previously reported qPCR assay (Atoui et al. 2007), utilizing gpe1 specific primer pair 'SNgpe1F/SNgpe1R'. A linear relationship between DNA quantity and Cycle Threshold (Ct ), with strong correlative coefficient, was observed. Using the available physico-chemical method, geosmin was quantified in 188 grape samples. Penicillium spp's DNA was quantified in these samples, utilizing the developed qPCR assay. A strong positive correlation (R(2) = 0·97) between Penicillium's DNA and geosmin concentration was observed. Furthermore, <50 ng μl(-1) Penicillium's DNA corresponds to geosmin level below the permitted intensity limit i.e. 4, for 'Flavour Profile Analysis'. CONCLUSIONS Penicillium spp., genomic DNA level can provide an efficient way to quantify geosmin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This particular qPCR technique can be utilized in numerous food industries, for the timely detection and monitoring of geosmin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bacha
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, INPT-UPS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
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26
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Urbanus BL, Schmidt SJ, Lee SY. Sensory Differences between Product Matrices Made with Beet and Cane Sugar Sources. J Food Sci 2014; 79:S2354-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Urbanus
- Authors are with Univ. of Illinois; 905 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
| | - Shelly J. Schmidt
- Authors are with Univ. of Illinois; 905 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
| | - Soo-Yeun Lee
- Authors are with Univ. of Illinois; 905 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
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Esatbeyoglu T, Wagner AE, Schini-Kerth VB, Rimbach G. Betanin-A food colorant with biological activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:36-47. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Germany
| | - Anika E. Wagner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Germany
| | - Valérie B. Schini-Kerth
- UMR CNRS 7213; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; Université de Strasbourg; Faculté de Pharmacie; Illkirch France
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Germany
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Urbanus BL, Cox GO, Eklund EJ, Ickes CM, Schmidt SJ, Lee SY. Sensory differences between beet and cane sugar sources. J Food Sci 2014; 79:S1763-8. [PMID: 25124655 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research concerning the sensory properties of beet and cane sugars is lacking in the scientific literature. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine whether a sensory difference was perceivable between beet and cane sugar sources in regard to their (1) aroma-only, (2) aroma and taste without nose clips, and (3) taste-only with nose clips, and to characterize the difference between the sugar sources using descriptive analysis. One hundred panelists evaluated sugar samples using a tetrad test. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was identified between beet and cane sugar sources when evaluated by aroma-only and taste and aroma without nose clips. However, there was no difference when tasted with nose clips. To characterize the observed differences, ten trained panelists identified and quantified key sensory attributes of beet and cane sugars using descriptive analysis. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between sugar samples for 8 of the 10 attributes including: off-dairy, oxidized, earthy, and barnyard aroma, fruity and burnt sugar aroma-by-mouth, sweet aftertaste, and burnt sugar aftertaste. The sensory profile of beet sugar was characterized by off-dairy, oxidized, earthy, and barnyard aromas and by a burnt sugar aroma-by-mouth and aftertaste, whereas cane sugar was characterized by a fruity aroma-by-mouth and sweet aftertaste. This study shows that beet and cane sugar sources can be differentiated by their aroma and provides a sensory profile characterizing the differences. As sugar is used extensively as a food ingredient, sensory differences between beet and cane sugar sources once incorporated into different product matrices should be studied as a next step.
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Jagannath A, Kumar M, Raju P. Fermentative Stabilization of Betanin Content in Beetroot and Its Loss during Processing and Refrigerated Storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jagannath
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddartha Nagar Mysore 570 011 Karnataka State India
| | - Manoranjan Kumar
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddartha Nagar Mysore 570 011 Karnataka State India
| | - P.S. Raju
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddartha Nagar Mysore 570 011 Karnataka State India
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Freidig AK, Goldman IL. Geosmin (2β,6α-dimethylbicyclo[4.4.0]decan-1β-ol) production associated with Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris is cultivar specific. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2031-2036. [PMID: 24506519 DOI: 10.1021/jf4047336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic earthy flavor and aroma of table beet [Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (garden beet group)] is due to the presence of geosmin, C₁₂H₂₂O, a volatile terpenoid compound commonly produced by many soil microorganisms. This study screened beet and related subspecies cultivars grown in three different environments (field, greenhouse in nonautoclaved soil, greenhouse in autoclaved soil) to evaluate the effect of cultivar and environment on geosmin level in table beet. There was no significant difference between years or between cultivars grown in autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil, indicating geosmin content may not be primarily attributable to microbial associations. A significant interaction between cultivar and environment was found, but generalizations could be made for high- or low-producing cultivars, demonstrating that geosmin levels were cultivar specific. 'Bull's Blood', 'Chioggia', and sugar beet exhibited the highest geosmin levels. Cultivars grown in the field had the smallest range of geosmin production, from 4.84 to 20.82 μg geosmin (kg root tissue)⁻¹. The high degree of consistency in cultivar performance across years and in ranking for geosmin levels across environments as well as the lack of a significant difference between plants grown in autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil suggests characteristic levels of geosmin may be present in and produced endogenously by cultivars of table beet. It may be possible to establish breeding populations with defined geosmin levels and to identify variety-specific aroma and flavor intensities that would be durable across environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Freidig
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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31
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Nutritional and functional potential of Beta vulgaris cicla and rubra. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:188-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Du H, Xu Y. Determination of the microbial origin of geosmin in Chinese liquor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2288-2292. [PMID: 22324746 DOI: 10.1021/jf204648e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin is the major cause of the common earthy off-flavor in light-aroma type Chinese liquor and, thus, highly detrimental to the aromatic quality. To find out its origin, the evolving process of geosmin in light-aroma type liquor making was monitored, and microbial analysis of Daqu containing geosmin was carried out. The results showed that geosmin appeared in all the fermented sorghums at different fermentation periods. About 57% geosmin in the fermented sorghums was distilled into liquor. During the distillation process, the peak of geosmin concentration appeared when alcohol content was 50-60% vol. More importantly, high geosmin content was observed during the Daqu-making process. Furthermore, five Streptomyces strains were isolated from different types of Daqu used for the fermentation of light-aroma type liquor. All of them produced only geosmin as the main volatile metabolite but no 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB). It appears that microorganisms developing in Daqu are responsible for the presence of geosmin in liquor. Because of the relatively low detection threshold estimated at 110 ng/L in 46 vol % hydroalcoholic solution, the presence of geosmin in Daqu may pose a risk for Chinese liquor producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Citron CA, Gleitzmann J, Laurenzano G, Pukall R, Dickschat JS. Terpenoids are widespread in actinomycetes: a correlation of secondary metabolism and genome data. Chembiochem 2011; 13:202-14. [PMID: 22213220 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of all bacteria with publicly available sequenced genomes have been screened for the presence of sesquiterpene cyclase homologues, resulting in the identification of 55 putative geosmin synthases, 23 homologues of 2-methylisoborneol synthases, and 98 other sesquiterpene cyclase homologues. Most of these enzymes by far were found in actinomycetes. The terpenoid volatiles from 35 strains, including 31 actinomycetes and four strains from other taxa, were collected by using a closed-loop stripping apparatus and identified by GC-MS. All of these bacteria apart from one strain encode sesquiterpene cyclase homologues in their genomes. The identified volatile terpenoids were grouped according to structural similarities and their biosynthetic relationship, and the results of these analyses were correlated to the available genome information, resulting in valuable new insights into bacterial terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Citron
- Institut für Organische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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TALAVERA-BIANCHI MARTIN, CHAMBERS IV EDGAR, CHAMBERS DELORESH. LEXICON TO DESCRIBE FLAVOR OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES. J SENS STUD 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-459x.2009.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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Moßhammer M, Maier C, Stintzing F, Carle R. Impact of Thermal Treatment and Storage on Color of Yellow-Orange Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica [L.] Mill. cv. ?Gialla?) Juices. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cane DE, He X, Kobayashi S, Omura S, Ikeda H. Geosmin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces avermitilis. Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Mechanistic Study of the Germacradienol/Geosmin Synthase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2006; 59:471-9. [PMID: 17080683 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2006.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Geosmin (1) is responsible for the characteristic odor of moist soil. The Gram-positive soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis produces geosmin (1) as well as its precursor germacradienol (3). The S. avermitilis gene SAV2163 (geoA) is extremely similar to the S. coelicolor A3(2) SCO6073 gene that encodes a germacradienol/geosmin synthase. S. avermitilis mutants with a deleted geoA were unable to produce either germacradienol (3) or geosmin (1). Biosynthesis of both compounds was restored by introducing an intact geoA gene into the mutants. Incubation of recombinant GeoA, encoded by the SAV2163 gene of S. avermitilis, with farnesyl diphosphate (2) in the presence of Mg2+ gave a mixture of (4S,7R)-germacra-1(10)E,5E-diene-11-ol (3) (66%), (7S)-germacrene D (4) (24%), geosmin (1) (8%), and a hydrocarbon, tentatively assigned the structure of octalin 5 (2%). Incubation of this germacradienol/geosmin synthase with [1,1-(2)H2] FPP (2a) gave geosmin-d1 (1a), as predicted. When recombinant GeoA from either S. avermitilis or S. coelicolor A3(2) was incubated with nerolidyl diphosphate (8), only the acyclic elimination products beta3-farnesene (10), (Z)-alpha-farnesene (11), and (E)-alpha-farnesene (12) were formed, thereby ruling out nerolidyl diphosphate as an intermediate in the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to geosmin, germacradienol, and germacrene D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA.
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Herbach KM, Maier C, Stintzing FC, Carle R. Effects of processing and storage on juice colour and betacyanin stability of purple pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) juice. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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La Guerche S, Chamont S, Blancard D, Dubourdieu D, Darriet P. Origin of (−)-Geosmin on Grapes: On the Complementary Action of Two Fungi, Botrytis Cinerea and Penicillium Expansum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2005; 88:131-9. [PMID: 16096689 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-005-3872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the consequences of rot on grapes is the development of volatile compounds giving fungal, mouldy or earthy odours. Among these compounds, (-)-geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol), a powerful aromatic compound with an earthy smell is a persistent defect in grape juice and wines made with at least partially rotten grapes. A microbiota analysis of rotten grapes containing (-)-geosmin was carried out on sites from four French regions from 1999 to 2002, to clarify the involvement in geosmin appearance of Streptomyces spp. and Penicillium spp., two types of microorganisms present on grape, that are known for their ability to produce geosmin. In earthy grapes, Botrytis cinerea was largely present. Different species of Streptomyces were also isolated, but their pH sensitivity was an extremely limiting parameter for their development on grape juice, grapes or stem, and consequently for their potentiality to generate geosmin in the vineyard. Penicillium expansum, producing geosmin on a model medium, was omnipresent. Penicillium carneum, which is also a geosmin producer, was represented by a single colony during the 4 years of this study. P. expansum alone was able to produce geosmin on a model medium but not on grapes. However, after 7 days' pre-culture of some B. cinerea strains on grape juice, this juice became favourable to geosmin production by P. expansum. We demonstrated the necessary and complementary action of B. cinerea and P. expansum in geosmin production in grape juice and in crushed grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane La Guerche
- Faculté d'cenologie, UMR Oenologie-Ampélologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 351 cours de la libération, 33405, Talence, Cedex, France.
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Stintzing FC, Carle R. Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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