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Taormina B, Kutti T, Olsen SA, Sævik PN, Hannisdal R, Husa V, Legrand E. Effects of aquaculture effluents on the slender sea pen Virgularia mirabilis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9385. [PMID: 38654030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess in situ the impact of effluents originating from an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farm on a nearby slender sea pen (Virgularia mirabilis) field. We evidenced (1) the presence and persistence of emamectin residues (i.e. a common chemotherapeutants used for treating ectoparasites in salmons) in V. mirabilis tissue 56 days after treatment and (2) lethal and sublethal responses of V. mirabilis to effluents discharged by the salmon farm. Particularly, sea pens near the fish farm exhibited significant overproduction of mucus, contraction of polyps' tentacles, and disappearance of associated fauna. Furthermore, sea pens located directly underneath the farm showed substantial tissue necrosis and, in the most severe case, complete tissue loss and mortality. Our results suggest that lethal damages on sea pens occur directly below the farm, and that sublethal effects are visible up to 500 m from the farm. However, the presence of V. mirabilis below the studied farm, which has been active for more than twenty years, suggests that V. mirabilis population possesses the capacity to recover from the impacts of the farm, thereby preventing the complete disappearance from the area. In this context, it would be particularly interesting to run a temporal survey following the health state of V. mirabilis during an entire production cycle to have a more precise overview of fish farm impacts on this species, including during and after the post-production fallowing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Taormina
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tina Kutti
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Rita Hannisdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vivian Husa
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erwann Legrand
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
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Taormina B, Escobar-Lux RH, Legrand E, Parsons AE, Kutti T, Husa V, Hannisdal R, Samuelsen OB, Agnalt AL. Effects of the sea lice chemotherapeutant, emamectin benzoate, on metabolism and behaviour of the sea-pen Pennatula phosphorea. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115903. [PMID: 38091631 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutants used to control infestations by sea lice can be released into the marine environment surrounding aquaculture farms. Among these therapeutic agents, emamectin benzoate is extensively utilized even though its impact on non-target taxa has not been thoroughly examined. In this context, we explored the effects of emamectin benzoate on a common Norwegian habitat-forming species: the phosphorescent sea-pen Pennatula phosphorea. Specifically, we examined P. phosphorea metabolic and responses before, during and after exposure to emamectin benzoate. Results indicate that an 8-day emamectin benzoate exposure (0.8 mg/L) did not induce P. phosphorea mortality or significant behavioural or metabolic modifications. However, we highlighted the presence and persistence of emamectin benzoate in exposed P. phosphorea tissue. These results indicate that emamectin benzoate is unlikely to adversely impact P. phosphorea populations in the environment. However, persistence of emamectin benzoate in tissue constitutes a potential for bioaccumulation with repeated treatments and should be examined in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Taormina
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway.
| | - Rosa Helena Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, Storebø 5392, Norway
| | - Erwann Legrand
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | | | - Tina Kutti
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Vivian Husa
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Rita Hannisdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
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Hamoutene D, Kingsbury M, Davies J, Le A, Blais DR, Gagnon M. The persistence of emamectin benzoate in marine sediments with different organic matter regimes, temperature conditions, and antibiotic presence. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 197:115714. [PMID: 37890320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this 318-day study are to determine half-lives of the anti-sea lice medication emamectin benzoate (EMB) under conditions present in sediments at aquaculture sites and document the degradation of EMB into its main metabolite desmethyl emamectin benzoate (DES). Tested conditions include different matrix types (sand, mud), two temperatures (4, 10 degrees), organic matter presence (fish feed waste and feces), and the presence of oxytetracycline. We document a transformation ratio of EMB to DES of 0.16 to 4.4 % and show that the co-presence of oxytetracycline increases EMB calculated half-lives to values >6000 days for mud matrices. EMB incubated in high organic enrichment regimes was not observed to degrade at 4 degrees. Multivariate analyses show interactions between sediment conditions (matrix, temperature, organic matter [OM], oxytetracycline) influence EMB persistence and DES:EMB ratios. Ranges of EMB half-lives and information on metabolites can be used to anticipate potential effects on marine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - M Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - J Davies
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - A Le
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - D R Blais
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - M Gagnon
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Kingsbury MV, Hamoutene D, Kraska P, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Page F, Coyle T, Sutherland T, Gibb O, Mckindsey CW, Hartog F, Neil S, Chernoff K, Wong D, Law BA, Brager L, Baillie SM, Black M, Bungay T, Gaspard D, Hua K, Parsons GJ. Relationship between in feed drugs, antibiotics and organic enrichment in marine sediments at Canadian Atlantic salmon aquaculture sites. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 188:114654. [PMID: 36736258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of in-feed anti-sea lice drugs and their relationship with organic enrichment is poorly understood in sediment surrounding salmon farms. Using data from an aquaculture monitoring program (2018-2020), we describe this relationship at ten sites in four Canadian provinces. Three anti-sea lice pesticides (lufenuron, teflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate and metabolite desmethyl emamectin benzoate), and one antibiotic (oxytetracycline) were detected. Concentrations were often below limits of quantification. Values are also lower than those reported in other aquaculture salmon-producing countries. Highest concentrations, along with organic enrichment, were observed ~200 m of cages with lower concentrations detected up to 1.5 km away. Most samples had at least two drugs present: 75.2 % (British Columbia), 91.4 % (Newfoundland), and 54.8 % (New Brunswick/Nova Scotia) highlighting the potential for cumulative effects. Emamectin benzoate and oxytetracycline were detected four and three years respectively after last known treatments, demonstrating the need for research on overall persistence of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - P Kraska
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - A Lacoursière-Roussel
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - F Page
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - T Coyle
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - T Sutherland
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - O Gibb
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - C W Mckindsey
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - F Hartog
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - S Neil
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - K Chernoff
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - D Wong
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - B A Law
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - L Brager
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - S M Baillie
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - M Black
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - T Bungay
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - D Gaspard
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - K Hua
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - G J Parsons
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
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Mallik SK, Singh S, Shahi N, Patil PK, Kala K, Pathak R, Giri AK, Das P, Tandel RS, Chandra S, Krishna N, Ravindran R, Pandey PK. Biosafety, histological alterations and residue depletion of feed administered anti-parasitic drug emamectin benzoate in golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822) as a model candidate fish for sport fishery and conservation in temperate waters. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1106124. [PMID: 36843939 PMCID: PMC9950520 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present experiment, the attempt has been made to study the biosafety, toxicity, residue depletion and drug tolerance of graded doses of emamectin benzoate (EB) in juveniles of golden mahseer, Tor putitora as a model candidate fish for sport fishery and conservation in temperate waters through an extended medicated feeding. The graded doses of EB viz., 1× (50 μg/kg fish/day), 2 × (100 μg/kg fish/day), 5 × (250 μg/kg fish/day) and 10 × (500 μg/kg fish/day) were administered to golden mahseer juveniles through medicated diet for 21 days at water temperature of 18.6°C. The higher doses of EB did not cause any mortality during and 30 days after the end of medication period, but considerable variations in feeding and behavior were observed. Severe histological alterations observed after EB-diets (5 × and 10×) were vacuolation, pyknotic nuclei, melanomacrophage centre and necrosis in liver; Bowman's capsule dilation, degenerated renal tubules in kidney; myofibril disintegration, muscle oedema, splitting of muscle fibres, migration of inflammatory cells in muscle; and abundant goblet cells, dilated lamina propria and disarrangement of mucosa in intestine tissues. The residual concentrations of EB metabolites Emamectin B1a and B1b were analyzed using muscle extracts and were found to be peaked during medication period followed by gradual depletion in post-medication period. The outcome of this study showed that the Emamectin B1a residual concentration in fish muscle in 1×, 2×, 5×, and 10× EB treatment groups were 1.41 ± 0.49, 1.2 ± 0.7, 9.7 ± 3.3, and 37.4 ± 8.2 μg/kg at 30 days of post-medication period, respectively, which falls under the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 100 μg/kg. The results support the biosafety of EB at recommended dose of 50 μg/kg fish/day for 7 days. As residue of EB is recorded falling within the MRL, no withdrawal period is recommended for golden mahseer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Kumar Mallik
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India,*Correspondence: Pramod Kumar Pandey, , Sumanta Kumar Mallik,
| | - Shivam Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Neetu Shahi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | | | - Krishna Kala
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Giri
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Partha Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | | | - Suresh Chandra
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Nanitha Krishna
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Kochi, India
| | - Rajisha Ravindran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Kochi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India,*Correspondence: Pramod Kumar Pandey, , Sumanta Kumar Mallik,
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Hamoutene D, Gagnon M, Davies J, Le A, Black M, Blais DR, Kingsbury M. Metabolization of emamectin benzoate into desmethyl emamectin benzoate in spiked marine sediments. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137635. [PMID: 36565759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) (4″deoxy- 4″-epi-methylaminoavermectin) is a pesticide developed to control pests on various crops, and in forestry. It is also used in salmon aquaculture to control sea lice infestations as an in-feed therapeutant. Little is known about EMB metabolites and potential associated toxicities in marine sediments. In this study, we used natural marine sediments (sand and mud) fortified at an EMB concentration of 60 ppb (wet weight). Results show an almost immediate transformation of EMB to Desmethyl EMB (DES) with no increased rates of metabolization when stored sediment samples were incubated for up to 16 h. The transformation ratio of EMB to DES represented between 0.16 and 0.39% of EMB; values are lower than what has been observed in fish tissue. Data suggest that DES is generated through both abiotic (tested after autoclaving marine sediments) and biological processes. Further work on freshly sampled marine sediments with EMB deposits, different organic regimes, and a detailed assessment of active bacterial communities are necessary to better evaluate the EMB to DES rate of transformation around aquaculture sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - M Gagnon
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - J Davies
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - A Le
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - M Black
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - D R Blais
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - M Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
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Bloodworth JW, Baptie MC, Preedy KF, Best J. Negative effects of the sea lice therapeutant emamectin benzoate at low concentrations on benthic communities around Scottish fish farms. Sci Total Environ 2019; 669:91-102. [PMID: 30878944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate is used as an in-feed treatment for the control of sea lice parasites in all of the main farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) facilities worldwide (Norway, Chile, Scotland and Canada). Investigations into its effect on non-target benthic fauna resulting from its excretion from farmed fish and uneaten feed have been limited. This paper presents the findings from a study that intended to assess the impact of emamectin benzoate on benthic fauna using a new low detection method for emamectin benzoate. Eight fish farms in the Shetland Isles, Scotland were surveyed, with sediment sampled along transects radiating from the farms analysed for benthic ecology, sediment chemistry and sediment veterinary medicine residues (analysed for emamectin benzoate and teflubenzuron). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Generalised Linear Mixed Modelling (GLMM) were used to assess which environmental parameters observed during the survey had the biggest effect on benthic community composition and abundance, and more specifically crustacean abundance and richness. Emamectin benzoate was found in 97% of samples, demonstrating widespread dispersion in the sediments sampled. The CCA showed that species composition was predominantly ordinated along a gradient of particle size, with a secondary axis dominated by a change in emamectin benzoate and organic carbon enrichment. Peaks in abundance of crustacean species were predicted to be organised along a gradient of emamectin benzoate concentration. The GLMM corroborated this by showing that emamectin benzoate had the strongest negative effect on total crustacean abundance and species richness, though there was some degree of collinearity with organic carbon, that had a smaller effect. Overall, this study shows that, following its use as an in-feed treatment for sea lice, emamectin benzoate residues are more widely distributed in the benthic environment than previously thought, and have a statistically significant effect on benthic ecology at the concentrations observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Bloodworth
- Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, Maxim 6, Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ, UK.
| | - M C Baptie
- Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, Maxim 6, Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ, UK
| | - K F Preedy
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Errol Rd, Invergowire DD2 5DA, UK
| | - J Best
- Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, Maxim 6, Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ, UK
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Cárcamo JG, Aguilar MN, Carreño CF, Vera T, Arias-Darraz L, Figueroa JE, Romero AP, Alvarez M, Yañez AJ. Consecutive emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin treatments affect the expressions and activities of detoxification enzymes in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:129-137. [PMID: 27765649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to three consecutive, alternating treatments with emamectin benzoate (EMB) and deltamethrin (DM) during outbreaks of Caligus rogercresseyi in a farm located in southern Chile (Hornopiren, Chiloé), were studied to determine the effects of these treatments on the protein and enzymatic activity levels of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in different tissues. Consecutive and alternating EMB/DM treatments resulted in a 10-fold increase and 3-fold decrease of CYP1A protein levels in the intestine and gills, respectively. Notably, CYP1A activity levels decreased in most of the analyzed tissues. FMO protein and activity levels markedly increased in the kidney and the intestine. GST was up-regulated in all tissues, either as protein or enzyme activity. When comparing consecutive EMB/DM treatments against previous studies of EMB treatment alone, CYP1A activity levels were similarly diminished, except in muscle. Likewise, FMO activity levels were increased in most of the analyzed tissues, particularly in the muscle, kidney, and intestine. The increases observed for GST were essentially unchanged between consecutive EMB/DM and EMB only treatments. These results indicate that consecutive EMB/DM treatments in rainbow trout induce the expression and activity of FMO and GST enzymes and decrease CYP1A activity. These altered activities of detoxification enzymes could generate imbalances in metabolic processes, synthesis, degradation of hormones and complications associated with drug interactions. It is especially important when analyzing possible effects of consecutive antiparasitic treatments on withholding periods and salmon farming yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guillermo Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile.
| | - Marcelo N Aguilar
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza F Carreño
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tamara Vera
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Luis Arias-Darraz
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime E Figueroa
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Alex P Romero
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Patología Acuática, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marco Alvarez
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile; Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yañez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
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Veldhoen N, Ikonomou MG, Buday C, Jordan J, Rehaume V, Cabecinha M, Dubetz C, Chamberlain J, Pittroff S, Vallée K, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC. Biological effects of the anti-parasitic chemotherapeutant emamectin benzoate on a non-target crustacean, the spot prawn (Pandalus platyceros Brandt, 1851) under laboratory conditions. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 108:94-105. [PMID: 22088864 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of commercial salmon aquaculture along the coast of British Columbia on the health of non-target marine wildlife is of growing concern. In the current initiative, the biological effects on gene expression within spot prawn (Pandalus platyceros) exposed to the sea lice controlling agent, emamectin benzoate (EB; 0.1-4.8 mg/kg sediment), were investigated. A mean sediment/water partitioning coefficient (K(p)) was determined to be 21.81 and significant levels of EB were detected in the tail muscle tissue in all exposed animals. Animals selected for the experiment did not have eggs and were of similar weight. Significant mortality was observed within 8 days of EB treatment at concentrations between 0.1 and 0.8 mg/kg and there was no effect of EB on molting. Twelve spot prawn cDNA sequences were isolated from the tail muscle either by directed cloning or subtractive hybridization of control versus EB exposed tissues. Three of the transcripts most affected by EB exposure matched sequences encoding the 60S ribosomal protein L22, spliceosome RNA helicase WM6/UAP56, and the intracellular signal mediator histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 suggesting that translation, transcription regulation, and apoptosis pathways were impacted. The mRNA encoding the molting enzyme, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, was not affected by EB treatment. However, the expression of this transcript was extremely variable making it unsuitable for effects assessment. The results suggest that short-term exposure to EB can impact biological processes within this non-target crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Veldhoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Stn CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Glover KA, Samuelsen OB, Skilbrei OT, Boxaspen K, Lunestad BT. Pharmacokinetics of emamectin benzoate administered to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by intra-peritoneal injection. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:183-186. [PMID: 19732265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of the antiparasitic agent emamectin benzoate was studied in plasma after intravenous (i.v.) injection and in plasma, muscle and skin following oral (p.o.) administration to cod, Gadus morhua, held in sea water at 9 degrees C and weighing 100-200 g. Following i.v. injection, the plasma drug concentration-time profile showed two distinct phases. The plasma distribution half-life (t(1/2)alpha) was estimated as 2.5 h, the elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta) as 216 h, the total body clearance (Cl(T)) as 0.0059 L kg(-1) h(-1) and mean residence time (MRT) as 385 h. The volume of distribution at steady state, V(d(ss)), was calculated to be 1.839 L kg(-1). Following p.o. administration the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) was 15 ng mL(-1), the time to peak plasma concentration (T(max)) was 89 h and t(1/2)beta was 180 h. The highest concentration in muscle (21 ng g(-1)) was measured after 7 days and t(1/2)beta was calculated to be 247 h. For skin, a peak concentration of 28 ng g(-1) at 3 days was observed and a t(1/2)beta of 235 h was determined. The bioavailability following p.o. administration was calculated to be 38%.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway.
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Olsvik PA, Lie KK, Mykkeltvedt E, Samuelsen OB, Petersen K, Stavrum AK, Lunestad BT. Pharmacokinetics and transcriptional effects of the anti-salmon lice drug emamectin benzoate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). BMC Pharmacol 2008; 8:16. [PMID: 18786259 PMCID: PMC2546395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a dominating pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment and control of infections by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Fish with an initial mean weight of 132 g were experimentally medicated by a standard seven-day EB treatment, and the concentrations of drug in liver, muscle and skin were examined. To investigate how EB affects Atlantic salmon transcription in liver, tissues were assessed by microarray and qPCR at 7, 14 and 35 days after the initiation of medication. Results The pharmacokinetic examination revealed highest EB concentrations in all three tissues at day 14, seven days after the end of the medication period. Only modest effects were seen on the transcriptional levels in liver, with small fold-change alterations in transcription throughout the experimental period. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that EB treatment induced oxidative stress at day 7 and inflammation at day 14. The qPCR examinations showed that medication by EB significantly increased the transcription of both HSP70 and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in liver during a period of 35 days, compared to un-treated fish, possibly via activation of enzymes involved in phase II conjugation of metabolism in the liver. Conclusion This study has shown that a standard seven-day EB treatment has only a modest effect on the transcription of genes in liver of Atlantic salmon. Based on GSEA, the medication seems to have produced a temporary oxidative stress response that might have affected protein stability and folding, followed by a secondary inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P,O, Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Tribble ND, Burka JF, Kibenge FS, Wright GM. Identification and localization of a putative ATP-binding cassette transporter in sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and host Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Parasitology 2008; 135:243-55. [PMID: 17961285 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182007003861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Some members of the ABC-transporter superfamily, such as P-glycoprotein and the multidrug resistance associated protein, may confer resistance to the avermectin subclass of macrocyclic lactones. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of ABC transporters in both sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and its Atlantic salmon host (Salmo salar) using monoclonal antibodies (C219 and JSB-1, with high selectivity for P-gp) and a new polyclonal antibody (SL0525) generated against a putative sea louse ABC transporter. The antibody raised to SL0525 did not react with rat P-gp, suggesting that an ABC transporter, not necessarily P-gp, was isolated. C219 was the only antibody to localize P-gp in all 3 salmon tissues (intestine, kidney and liver). American lobster (Homarus americanus) was used as a reference crustacean for L. salmonis immunostaining reactions and showed positive staining in the hepatopancreatic and intestinal tissues with all 3 antibodies. The L. salmonis showed positive staining in the intestinal epithelial lining with all antibodies. This report represents the first documented evidence for the expression of ABC transporters in L. salmonis, its Atlantic salmon host, and the American lobster.
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the content of emamectin in blood, mucus and muscle following field administration of the recommended dose, and correlation with sea lice infection on the same fish (elimination study). The tissue distribution of tritiated emamectin benzoate after a single oral dose in Atlantic salmon was also investigated by means of whole-body autoradiography and scintillation counting (distribution study). In the elimination study, concentrations of emamectin benzoate reached maximum levels of 128, 105 and 68 ng/g (p.p.b.) for blood, mucus and muscle respectively, on day 7, the last day of administration. From day 7, the concentration in the blood declined until concentration was less than the limit of detection on day 77. The concentration was higher in mucus compared with plasma (P < 0.05) except on days 7 and 21. The concentration of emamectin benzoate decreased gradually from the end of treatment (day 7) to day 70 with half-lives of 9.2, 10.0 and 11.3 days in muscle, plasma and mucus respectively. The distribution study demonstrated a high quantity of radioactivity in mucous membranes (gastrointestinal tract, gills) throughout the observation period (56 days). Activity was high in the epiphysis, hypophysis and olfactory rosette throughout the study. The highest activity was observed in the bile, indicating this to be an important route for excretion. The distribution study confirmed the results from the elimination study with respect to concentrations in blood, skin mucous and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sevatdal
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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