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Bueno-Díaz C, Zuurveld M, Ayechu-Muruzabal V, Korsten SGPJ, Martín-Pedraza L, Parrón-Ballesteros J, Redegeld F, Garssen J, Villalba M, Willemsen LEM. Mustard seed major allergen Sin a1 activates intestinal epithelial cells and also dendritic cells that drive type 2 immune responses. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 38804660 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01980f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mustard seeds belong to the food category of mandatory labelling due to the severe reactions they can trigger in allergic patients. However, the mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization to mustard seeds are poorly understood. The aim of this work is to study type 2 immune activation induced by the mustard seed major allergen Sin a1 via the intestinal mucosa, employing an in vitro model mimicking allergen exposure via the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Sin a1 was isolated from the total protein extract and exposed to IEC, monocyte derived dendritic cells (DCs) or IEC/DC co-cultures. A system of consecutive co-cultures was employed to study the generic capacity of Sin a1 to induce type 2 activation leading to sensitization: IEC/DC, DC/T-cell, T/B-cell and stem cell derived mast cells (MCs) derived from healthy donors. Immune profiles were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. Sin a1 activated IEC and induced type-2 cytokine secretion in IEC/DC co-culture or DC alone (IL-15, IL-25 and TSLP), and primed DC induced type 2 T-cell skewing. IgG secretion in the T-cell/B-cell phase was enhanced in the presence of Sin a1 in the first stages of the co-culture. Anti-IgE did not induce degranulation but promoted IL-13 and IL-4 release by MC primed with the supernatant from B-cells co-cultured with Sin a1-IEC/DC or -DC primed T-cells. Sin a1 enhanced the release of type-2 inflammatory mediators by epithelial and dendritic cells; the latter instructed generic type-2 responses in T-cells that resulted in B-cell activation, and finally MC activation upon anti-IgE exposure. This indicates that via activation of IEC and/or DC, mustard seed allergen Sin a1 is capable of driving type 2 immunity which may lead to allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bueno-Díaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Verónica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sandra G P J Korsten
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Tiofarma B.V., Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jorge Parrón-Ballesteros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mayte Villalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Zheng S, Liu Y, Liu S, Han J. Transport of glycinin, the major soybean allergen, across intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cell monolayers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38689491 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Soybean allergen entering the body is the initial step to trigger intestinal allergic response. However, it remains unclear how glycinin, the major soybean allergen, is transported through the intestinal mucosal barrier. The objective of this study was to elucidate the pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysate transport through the intestinal epithelial barrier using IPEC-J2 cell model. Purified glycinin was digested by in vitro static digestion model. The pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysates transport through intestinal epithelial cells were investigated by cellular transcytosis assay, cellular uptake assay, immunoelectron microscopy and endocytosis inhibition assay. The glycinin hydrolysates were transported across IPEC-J2 cell monolayers in a time/dose-dependent manner following the Michaelis equation. Immunoelectron microscopy showed a number of glycinin hydrolysates appeared in the cytoplasm, but no glycinin hydrolysates were observed in the intercellular space of IPEC-J2 cells. The inhibitors, colchicine, chlorpromazine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin, significantly inhibited the cellular uptake of glycinin hydrolysates. The glycinin hydrolysates crossed IPEC-J2 cell monolayers through the transcellular pathway. Both clathrin- and caveolae-dependent endocytosis were involved in the epithelial uptake of the hydrolysates. These findings provided potential targets for the prevention and treatment of soybean allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yintong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shugui Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yajin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Simiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Junfeng Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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3
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Roth-Walter F, Berni Canani R, O'Mahony L, Peroni D, Sokolowska M, Vassilopoulou E, Venter C. Nutrition in chronic inflammatory conditions: Bypassing the mucosal block for micronutrients. Allergy 2024; 79:353-383. [PMID: 38084827 DOI: 10.1111/all.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional Immunity is one of the most ancient innate immune responses, during which the body can restrict nutrients availability to pathogens and restricts their uptake by the gut mucosa (mucosal block). Though this can be a beneficial strategy during infection, it also is associated with non-communicable diseases-where the pathogen is missing; leading to increased morbidity and mortality as micronutritional uptake and distribution in the body is hindered. Here, we discuss the acute immune response in respect to nutrients, the opposing nutritional demands of regulatory and inflammatory cells and particularly focus on some nutrients linked with inflammation such as iron, vitamins A, Bs, C, and other antioxidants. We propose that while the absorption of certain micronutrients is hindered during inflammation, the dietary lymph path remains available. As such, several clinical trials investigated the role of the lymphatic system during protein absorption, following a ketogenic diet and an increased intake of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, in reducing inflammation and ameliorating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science and ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine, School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Diego Peroni
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Pediatric Area, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carina Venter
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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4
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Fu W, Chen C, Liu C, Tao S, Xue W. Changes in wheat protein digestibility and allergenicity: Role of Pediococcus acidilactici XZ31 and yeast during dough fermentation. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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5
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Dijk W, Villa C, Benedé S, Vassilopoulou E, Mafra I, Garrido-Arandia M, Martínez Blanco M, Bouchaud G, Hoppenbrouwers T, Bavaro SL, Giblin L, Knipping K, Castro AM, Delgado S, Costa J, Bastiaan-Net S. Critical features of an in vitro intestinal absorption model to study the first key aspects underlying food allergen sensitization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:971-1005. [PMID: 36546415 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New types of protein sources will enter our diet in a near future, reinforcing the need for a straightforward in vitro (cell-based) screening model to test and predict the safety of these novel proteins, in particular their potential risk for de novo allergic sensitization. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for allergen sensitization describes the current knowledge of key events underlying the complex cellular interactions that proceed allergic food sensitization. Currently, there is no consensus on the in vitro model to study the intestinal translocation of proteins as well as the epithelial activation, which comprise the first molecular initiation events (ME1-3) and the first key event of the AOP, respectively. As members of INFOGEST, we have highlighted several critical features that should be considered for any proposed in vitro model to study epithelial protein transport in the context of allergic sensitization. In addition, we defined which intestinal cell types are indispensable in a consensus model of the first steps of the AOP, and which cell types are optional or desired when there is the possibility to create a more complex cell model. A model of these first key aspects of the AOP can be used to study the gut epithelial translocation behavior of known hypo- and hyperallergens, juxtaposed to the transport behavior of novel proteins as a first screen for risk management of dietary proteins. Indeed, this disquisition forms a basis for the development of a future consensus model of the allergic sensitization cascade, comprising also the other key events (KE2-5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Benedé
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez Blanco
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tamara Hoppenbrouwers
- Food Quality & Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (Ispa-Cnr), Campus Universitario Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | | | - Ana Maria Castro
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Ballegaard ASR, Bøgh KL. Intestinal protein uptake and IgE-mediated food allergy. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112150. [PMID: 36596102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is affecting 5-8% of young children and 2-4% of adults and seems to be increasing in prevalence. The cause of the increase in food allergy is largely unknown but proposed to be influenced by both environmental and lifestyle factors. Changes in intestinal barrier functions and increased uptake of dietary proteins have been suggested to have a great impact on food allergy. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the gastrointestinal digestion and intestinal barrier function and provide a more detailed description of intestinal protein uptake, including the various routes of epithelial transport, how it may be affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and the relation to food allergy. Further, we give an overview of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques available for evaluation of intestinal protein uptake and gut permeability in general. Proteins are digested by gastric, pancreatic and integral brush border enzymes in order to allow for sufficient nutritional uptake. Absorption and transport of dietary proteins across the epithelial layer is known to be dependent on the physicochemical properties of the proteins and their digestion fragments themselves, such as size, solubility and aggregation status. It is believed, that the greater an amount of intact protein or larger peptide fragments that is transported through the epithelial layer, and thus encountered by the mucosal immune system in the gut, the greater is the risk of inducing an adverse allergic response. Proteins may be absorbed across the epithelial barrier by means of various mechanisms, and studies have shown that a transcellular facilitated transport route unique for food allergic individuals are at play for transport of allergens, and that upon mediator release from mast cells an enhanced allergen transport via the paracellular route occurs. This is in contrast to healthy individuals where transcytosis through the enterocytes is the main route of protein uptake. Thus, knowledge on factors affecting intestinal barrier functions and methods for the determination of their impact on protein uptake may be useful in future allergenicity assessments and for development of future preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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7
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Kong Y, Jing L, Huang D. Plant proteins as the functional building block of edible microcarriers for cell-based meat culture application. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4966-4976. [PMID: 36384368 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2147144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible microcarriers are essential for developing cell-based meat in large-scale cell cultures. As they are required to be embedded in the final products, the microcarriers should be edible, biocompatible, cost-effective, and pathogen-free. The invention of edible animal-free microcarriers would be a breakthrough for cell-based meat culture. We reviewed the fabrication techniques and the materials of microcarriers, and found that plant proteins, having diverse structures and composition, could possess the active domains that are hypnotized to replace the animal-based extracellular matrix (ECM) for meat culture applications. In addition, the bioactive peptides in plants have been reviewed and most of them were resulted from enzyme hydrolysis. Therefore, plant proteins with rich bioactive peptides have the potential in the development microcarriers. Our work provided some new trains of thought for developing plant-based biomaterials as ECM materials and advances the fabrication of microcarriers for meat culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 2 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linzhi Jing
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 2 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, China
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8
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Villa C, Costa J, Mafra I. Sesame as a source of food allergens: clinical relevance, molecular characterization, cross-reactivity, stability toward processing and detection strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4746-4762. [PMID: 36377716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2145263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sesame is an allergenic food with an increasing allergy prevalence among the European/USA population. Sesame allergy is generally life-persisting, being the cause of severe/systemic adverse immune responses in sesame-allergic individuals. Herein, clinical data about sesame allergy, including prevalence, diagnosis, relevance, and treatments are described, with focus on the molecular characterization of sesame allergens, their cross-reactivity and co-sensitization phenomena. The influence of food processing and digestibility on the stability/immunoreactivity of sesame allergens is critically discussed and the analytical approaches available for their detection in foodstuffs. Cross-reactivity between sesame and tree nuts or peanuts is frequent because of the high similarities among proteins of the same family. However, cross-reactivity phenomena are not always correlated with true clinical allergy in sensitized patients. Data suggest that sesame allergens are resistant to heat treatments and digestibility, with little effect on their immunoreactivity. Nevertheless, data are scarce, evidencing the need for more research to understand the effect of food processing on sesame allergenicity modulation. The demands for identifying trace amounts of sesame in foods have prompted the development of analytical methods, which have targeted both protein and DNA markers, providing reliable, specific, and sensitive tools, crucial for the effective management of sesame as an allergenic food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Pi X, Peng Z, Liu J, Jiang Y, Wang J, Fu G, Yang Y, Sun Y. Sesame allergy: mechanisms, prevalence, allergens, residue detection, effects of processing and cross-reactivity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2847-2862. [PMID: 36165272 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2128031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sesame allergy is a serious public health problem and is mainly induced by IgE-mediated reactions, whose prevalence is distributed all over the world. Sesame has been included on the priority allergic food list in many countries. This review summarizes the mechanism and prevalence of sesame allergy. The characteristics, structures and epitopes of sesame allergens (Ses i 1 to Ses i 7) are included. Moreover, the detection methods for sesame allergens are evaluated, including nucleic-acid, immunoassays, mass spectrometry, and biosensors. Various processing techniques for reducing sesame allergenicity are discussed. Additionally, the potential cross-reactivity of sesame with other plant foods is assessed. It is found that the allergenicity of sesame is related to the structures and epitopes of sesame allergens. Immunoassays and mass spectrometry are the major analytical tools for detecting and quantifying sesame allergens in food. Limited technologies have been successfully used to reduce the antigenicity of sesame, involving microwave heating, high hydrostatic pressure, salt and pH treatment. More technologies for reducing the allergenicity of sesame should be widely investigated in future studies. The reduction of allergenicity in processed sesames should be ultimately confirmed by clinical studies. What's more, sesame may exhibit cross-reactivity with peanut and tree nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Pi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zeyu Peng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiafei Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqing Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiarong Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guiming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yili Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxue Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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10
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Khuda SE, Nguyen AV, Sharma GM, Alam MS, Balan KV, Williams KM. Effects of emulsifiers on an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and the transport of food allergens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100576. [PMID: 34779572 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Certain food emulsifiers may interfere with gut barrier function in ways correlating to increased exposure to allergens. Understanding the consequences of interactions between these food ingredients and the intestinal epithelium is important for evaluating allergen dose exposure characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS Wechallenged Caco-2 cell monolayers, an in vitromodel of human intestinal epithelial tight junctions with synthetic polysorbate-80 or natural lecithin alone, or in combination with known allergens (egg proteins: ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and ovotransferrin; and a synthetic form of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), an allergen of increasing concern). For most doses of individual emulsifiers and allergens, >90% cell viability and <15% cytotoxicity wasobserved; however, toxicity increased at a 0.5% concentration of emulsifiers. At low cytotoxic concentration (0.2%), only polysorbate-80 treatment reduced monolayer integrity (∼20%) with increased lucifer yellow passage. Dose-related differences in expression of tight junction genes and occludin proteins wereobserved with emulsifier treatments. The transport of all tested allergens across the cell monolayers, excluding ovotransferrin, nearly doubled in the presence of 0.2% polysorbate-80 compared to lecithin and untreated control. CONCLUSION By modulating paracellular permeability, polysorbate-80 may enhance absorption of allergens in a size-dependent manner. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefat E Khuda
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Ann V Nguyen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Girdhari M Sharma
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Mohammad S Alam
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Kannan V Balan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Kristina M Williams
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
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11
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Abstract
This review searched for published evidence that could explain how different physicochemical properties impact on the allergenicity of food proteins and if their effects would follow specific patterns among distinct protein families. Owing to the amount and complexity of the collected information, this literature overview was divided in two articles, the current one dedicated to protein families of plant allergens and a second one focused on animal allergens. Our extensive analysis of the available literature revealed that physicochemical characteristics had consistent effects on protein allergenicity for allergens belonging to the same protein family. For example, protein aggregation contributes to increased allergenicity of 2S albumins, while for legumins and cereal prolamins, the same phenomenon leads to a reduction. Molecular stability, related to structural resistance to heat and proteolysis, was identified as the most common feature promoting plant protein allergenicity, although it fails to explain the potency of some unstable allergens (e.g. pollen-related food allergens). Furthermore, data on physicochemical characteristics translating into clinical effects are limited, mainly because most studies are focused on in vitro IgE binding. Clinical data assessing how these parameters affect the development and clinical manifestation of allergies is minimal, with only few reports evaluating the sensitising capacity of modified proteins (addressing different physicochemical properties) in murine allergy models. In vivo testing of modified pure proteins by SPT or DBPCFC is scarce. At this stage, a systematic approach to link the physicochemical properties with clinical plant allergenicity in real-life scenarios is still missing.
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12
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Alpha-Gal on the Protein Surface Hampers Transcytosis through the Caco-2 Monolayer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165742. [PMID: 32796496 PMCID: PMC7461108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transepithelial transport of proteins is an important step in the immune response to food allergens. Mammalian meat allergy is characterized by an IgE response against the carbohydrate moiety galactosyl-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) present on mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids, which causes severe allergic reactions several hours after red meat consumption. The delayed reaction may be related to the processing of α-Gal carrying proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate how protein glycosylation by α-Gal affects the susceptibility to gastric digestion and transport through the Caco-2 cell monolayer. We found that α-Gal glycosylation altered protein susceptibility to gastric digestion, where large protein fragments bearing the α-Gal epitope remained for up to 2 h of digestion. Furthermore, α-Gal glycosylation of the protein hampered transcytosis of the protein through the Caco-2 monolayer. α-Gal epitope on the intact protein could be detected in the endosomal fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of Caco-2 cell lysates. Furthermore, the level of galectin-3 in Caco-2 cells was not affected by the presence of α-Gal glycosylated BSA (bovine serum albumin) (BSA-α-Gal). Taken together, our data add new knowledge and shed light on the digestion and transport of α-Gal glycosylated proteins.
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A Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Seed Vicilins Hydrolysate Exhibits PPARγ Ligand Activity and Modulates Adipocyte Differentiation in a 3T3-L1 Cell Culture Model. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060793. [PMID: 32560200 PMCID: PMC7353609 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume consumption has been reported to induce beneficial effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. In the current work, pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed meal proteins (albumins, legumins and vicilins) were isolated, submitted to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and the effects of their hydrolysates (pea albumins hydrolysates (PAH), pea legumins hydrolysates (PLH) and pea vicilin hydrolysates (PVH), respectively) on 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocytes were investigated. The pea vicilin hydrolysate (PVH), but not native pea vicilins, increased lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. PVH also increased the mRNA expression levels of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) and decreased that of pre-adipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) (a pre-adipocyte marker gene), suggesting that PVH promotes adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, PVH induced adiponectin and insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and stimulated glucose uptake. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation, were up-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells treated with PVH during adipocyte differentiation. Finally, PVH exhibited PPARγ ligand activity. Lactalbumin or other pea hydrolysates (PAH, PLH) did not exhibit such effects. These findings show that PVH stimulates adipocyte differentiation via, at least in part, the up-regulation of PPARγ expression levels and ligand activity. These effects of PVH might be relevant in the context of the beneficial health effects of legume consumption in obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
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Zhang R, Zhang Q, Ma LQ, Cui X. Effects of Food Constituents on Absorption and Bioaccessibility of Dietary Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidant by Caco-2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4670-4677. [PMID: 32064879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One typical synthetic phenolic antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) is widely used in foodstuff. Concerns are rising on the toxicity of BHT and its metabolites through dietary exposure. In this study, the effects of food macronutrients (i.e., lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, protein, and fasted (as control)) on absorption and bioaccessibility of BHT by Caco-2 cells were investigated. Food components decreased the absorption and bioaccessibility by Caco-2 cells. The highest absorption rate by Caco-2 cells was fasted state (first-order rate constant = 4.26 h-1), followed by carbohydrate (2.36 h-1), fiber (1.39 h-1), lipid (1.34 h-1), and protein (1.15 h-1). The order of bioaccessibility of BHT and its metabolites was fasted (100 ± 11.5%) > protein (83.1 ± 2.69%) > fiber (65.8 ± 2.67%) > carbohydrate (56.8 ± 1.58%) ≈ lipid (56.7 ± 0.82%). A solid-phase microextraction test together with a computational in vitro kinetic model suggested that the macronutrients may bind to BHT to reduce its free concentration and decrease the bioaccessibility. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report food influence on the absorption and bioaccessibility of BHT by Caco-2 cells. Results here can provide important implications for the safety regulation for dietary synthetic phenolic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Applying the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for food sensitization to support in vitro testing strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Sultan S, Osborne SA, Addepalli R, Netzel G, Netzel ME, Fletcher MT. Indospicine cytotoxicity and transport in human cell lines. Food Chem 2018; 267:119-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Picariello G, Ferranti P, Addeo F. Use of brush border membrane vesicles to simulate the human intestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Scheurer
- Molecular Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - M. Toda
- Molecular Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - S. Vieths
- Molecular Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
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Mattison CP, Dinter J, Berberich MJ, Chung SY, Reed SS, Le Gall S, Grimm CC. In vitro evaluation of digestive and endolysosomal enzymes to cleave CML-modified Ara h 1 peptides. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 3:273-83. [PMID: 26288719 PMCID: PMC4534154 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ara h 1 is a major peanut allergen. Processing-induced modifications may modulate the allergenic potency of Ara h 1. Carboxymethyl lysine (CML) modifications are a commonly described nonenzymatic modification on food proteins. In the current study, we tested the ability of digestive and endolysosomal proteases to cleave CML-modified and unmodified Ara h 1 peptides. Mass spectrometric analyses of the digested peptides demonstrate that carboxymethylation of lysine residues renders these peptides refractory to trypsin digestion. We did not detect observable differences in the simulated gastric fluid or endolysosomal digestion between the parental and CML-modified peptides. One of the tested peptides contains a lysine residue previously shown to be CML modified laying in a previously mapped linear IgE epitope, but we did not observe a difference in IgE binding between the modified and parental peptides. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the increased resistance of peanut allergens modified by thermal processing, such as Ara h 1, to digestion in intestinal fluid after heating and could help explain how food processing-induced modifications may lead to more potent food allergens by acting to protect intact IgE epitopes from digestion by proteases targeting lysine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Mattison
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124
| | - Jens Dinter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 ; Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Berberich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Si-Yin Chung
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124
| | - Shawndrika S Reed
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 ; Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Casey C Grimm
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124
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Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Willemsen LE. Epithelial models to study food allergen-induced barrier disruption and immune activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Cubells-Baeza N, Verhoeckx K, Larre C, Denery-Papini S, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Diaz Perales A. Applicability of epithelial models in protein permeability/transport studies and food allergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Monaci L, Pilolli R, De Angelis E, Mamone G. Mass Spectrometry in Food Allergen Research. ADVANCED MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63340-8.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Tordesillas L, Gómez-Casado C, Garrido-Arandia M, Murua-García A, Palacín A, Varela J, Konieczna P, Cuesta-Herranz J, Akdis CA, O'Mahony L, Díaz-Perales A. Transport of Pru p 3 across gastrointestinal epithelium - an essential step towards the induction of food allergy? Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:1374-83. [PMID: 24261947 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since intestinal absorption of food protein can trigger an allergic reaction, the effect of plant food allergen on intestinal epithelial cell permeability and its ability to cross the epithelial monolayer was evaluated. OBJECTIVE To study the interaction of Pru p 3 with intestinal epithelium, its natural entrance, analyzing transport kinetics and cellular responses that trigger. METHODS This was achieved using Pru p 3, the peach LTP, as a model. Enterocytic monolayers were established by culturing Caco 2 cells, as a model of enterocytes, on permeable supports that separate the apical and basal compartments. Pru p 3 was added to the apical compartment, the transepithelial resistance (TEER) was measured, and the transport was quantified. RESULTS The peach allergen that crossed the cell monolayer was detected in the cell fraction and in the basal medium by immunodetection with specific antibodies and the quantity was measured by ELISA assay. Pru p 3 was able to cross the monolayer without disturbing the integrity of the tight junctions. This transport was significantly higher than that of a non-allergenic peach LTP, LTP1, and occurred via lipid raft pathway. The incubation of Caco 2 cells with Pru p 3 and LTP1 produced the expression of epithelial-specific cytokines TSLP, IL33 and IL25. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Pru p 3 was able to cross the cell monolayer by the transcellular route and then induce the production of Th2 cytokines. The results of the present study represent a step towards clarifying the importance of Pru p 3 as a sensitizer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The capacity of food allergens to cross the intestinal monolayer could explain their high allergenic capacity and its fast diffusion through the body associating to severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tordesillas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Amigo-Benavent M, Clemente A, Caira S, Stiuso P, Ferranti P, del Castillo MD. Use of phytochemomics to evaluate the bioavailability and bioactivity of antioxidant peptides of soybean β-conglycinin. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1582-9. [PMID: 24375550 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates how in vitro digestion contributes to the release of antioxidant peptides crypted in soybean β-conglycinin (7S) and its deglycosylated form (D7S). It also investigates the uptake of the bioactive peptides by human intestinal Caco-2 cells using a bicameral system, and their effect on the antioxidant cell defense. Phytochemomics is used as a tool for achieving this goal. The peptides are obtained by mimicking human physiological gastrointestinal digestion conditions. The antioxidant capacity of the peptides is tested by ABTS•(+) radical cation decolorization (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. The antioxidant power of the peptides recovered from the basolateral chamber is also evaluated by an analysis of biomarkers of cellular oxidative stress such as cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase, and secretion of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Peptides from D7S were more active than those of 7S in the modulation of the cell proliferation, oxidative status and differentiation of Caco-2 cells treated with H2 O2 . Differences in the bioactivity of the peptides of both proteins can be explained by analysis of the structural data obtained by mass spectrophotometry. Our findings support the bioavailability of antioxidant peptides of 7S. The antioxidant properties of 7S soy protein were influenced by events such as glycosylation, digestion, and absorption. Deglycosylation seems to be an innovative strategy for improving the properties of 7S. Deglycosylation might enhance 7S antioxidant power and reduce its immunoreactivity. The combined use of advanced analytical techniques and biochemical analyses (phytochemomics) has been a key part of this study.
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25
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Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption of Pen j 1, a Major Allergen from Kuruma Prawn,Penaeus japonicus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1249-58. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Production and analysis of recombinant tree nut allergens. Methods 2014; 66:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Rubio LA, Pérez A, Ruiz R, Guzmán MÁ, Aranda-Olmedo I, Clemente A. Characterization of pea (Pisum sativum) seed protein fractions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:280-7. [PMID: 23744804 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legume seed proteins have to be chemically characterized in order to properly link their nutritional effects with their chemical structure. RESULTS Vicilin and albumin fractions devoid of cross-contamination, as assessed by mass peptide fingerprinting analysis, were obtained from defatted pea (Pisum sativum cv. Bilbo) meal. The extracted protein fractions contained 56.7-67.7 g non-starch polysaccharides kg⁻¹. The vicilin fraction was higher than legumins in arginine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine. The most abundant amino acids in the albumin fraction were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and arginine, and the amounts of methionine were more than double than those in legumins and vicilins. The pea albumin fraction showed a clear enrichment of protease inhibitory activity when compared with the seed meal. In vitro digestibility values for pea proteins were 0.63 ± 0.04, 0.88 ± 0.04 and 0.41 ± 0.23 for legumins, vicilins and albumins respectively. CONCLUSION Vicilin and albumin fractions devoid of cross-contamination with other proteins were obtained from pea seed meal. The vicilin fraction also contained low amounts of soluble non-starch polysaccharides and was enriched in isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine. In vitro digestibility values for pea proteins were similar or even numerically higher than those for control proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Rubio
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition (EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008, Granada, Spain
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Osborne S, Chen W, Addepalli R, Colgrave M, Singh T, Tran C, Day L. In vitrotransport and satiety of a beta-lactoglobulin dipeptide and beta-casomorphin-7 and its metabolites. Food Funct 2014; 5:2706-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitrotransport of β-CM7 occurs through rapid hydrolysis into three peptide metabolites that transport at variable rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Osborne
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences
- St Lucia, Australia
| | - Wei Chen
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences
- St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rama Addepalli
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences
- St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Tanoj Singh
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences
- Werribee, Australia
| | - Cuong Tran
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences
- Adelaide, Australia
| | - Li Day
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences
- Werribee, Australia
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Reitsma M, Westerhout J, Wichers HJ, Wortelboer HM, Verhoeckx KCM. Protein transport across the small intestine in food allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:194-205. [PMID: 24395537 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of the imminent deficiency of protein sources for human consumption in the near future, new protein sources need to be identified. However, safety issues such as the risk of allergenicity are often a bottleneck, due to the absence of predictive, validated and accepted methods for risk assessment. The current strategy to assess the allergenic potential of proteins focuses mainly on homology, stability and cross-reactivity, although other factors such as intestinal transport might be of added value too. In this review, we present an overview of the knowledge of protein transport across the intestinal wall and the methods currently being used to measure this. A literature study reveals that protein transport in sensitised persons occurs para-cellularly with the involvement of mast cells, and trans-cellularly via enterocytes, while in non-sensitised persons micro-fold cells and enterocytes are considered most important. However, there is a lack of comparable systematic studies on transport of allergenic proteins. Knowledge of the multiple protein transport pathways and which model system can be useful to study these processes may be of added value in the risk assessment of food allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Reitsma
- TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands; Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
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Picariello G, Mamone G, Nitride C, Addeo F, Ferranti P. Protein digestomics: Integrated platforms to study food-protein digestion and derived functional and active peptides. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Price D, Ackland L, Suphioglu C. Nuts 'n' guts: transport of food allergens across the intestinal epithelium. Asia Pac Allergy 2013; 3:257-65. [PMID: 24260731 PMCID: PMC3826608 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2013.3.4.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of food allergy is a growing problem for the western world. This review will focus on the findings from several macromolecular epithelial transport experiments and drug permeability studies to provide a recent comprehension of food allergen intestinal epithelial cell transport and the allergen-epithelial relationship. Specifically, this review will aim to answer whether allergens can permeate the intestinal barrier directly via intestinal epithelial cells, and whether this mode of transport affects downstream immune reactions. By improving our understanding of the interactions which take place during exposure of food allergens with the intestinal epithelium, we can begin to understand whether the epithelial barrier plays a major role in the allergic sensitization process rather than simply restricting the entry of allergens to the underlying lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwan Price
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia. ; NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Radosavljevic J, Nordlund E, Mihajlovic L, Krstic M, Bohn T, Buchert J, Velickovic TC, Smit J. Sensitizing potential of enzymatically cross-linked peanut proteins in a mouse model of peanut allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:635-46. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luka Mihajlovic
- University of Belgrade; Faculty of Chemistry; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Maja Krstic
- University of Belgrade; Faculty of Chemistry; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Cabanillas B, Cheng H, Grimm CC, Hurlburt BK, Rodríguez J, Crespo JF, Maleki SJ. Pine nut allergy: clinical features and major allergens characterization. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1884-93. [PMID: 23081934 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aims of this study were to evaluate IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to pine nut with details of clinical reactions and to characterize major pine nut allergens. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included ten consecutive teenagers and adults diagnosed with IgE-mediated clinical allergy to pine nut. Two major pine nut allergens were purified and identified and the secondary structures and susceptibility to digestion were characterized. Severe reactions represent 80% of allergic reactions to pine nut in this study. Moreover, 70% of the patients were monosensitized to this nut. Two major allergens with molecular weights of 6 and 50 kDa were purified and identified as albumin and vicilin, respectively. The 6 kDa protein (albumin), rich in α-helix content, was far more stable to peptic and tryptic digestion as compared with 50 kDa protein (vicilin), which was quickly broken down. The secondary structure of the purified 50 kDa protein showed 41% β-sheet, 5% α-helix, and 54% random coil and/or loops. CONCLUSION Eighty percent of allergic reactions to pine nut in the ten patients included in this study were severe. Most patients (70%) were monosensitized to this nut. Two major allergens with molecular weights of 6 and 50 kDa were purified and identified as albumin and vicilin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cabanillas
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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Absorption of Casein Antihypertensive Peptides through an In Vitro Model of Intestinal Epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13228-012-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vissers YM, Wichers HJ, Savelkoul HFJ. Influence of Food Processing, Digestion and the Food Matrix on Allergenicity & Cellular Measures of Allergenicity. MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO ALLERGIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31609-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Langerholc T, Maragkoudakis PA, Wollgast J, Gradisnik L, Cencic A. Novel and established intestinal cell line models - An indispensable tool in food science and nutrition. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011; 22:S11-S20. [PMID: 32336880 PMCID: PMC7172287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the applications of intestinal cell models of human and pig origin in food and nutritional sciences and highlights their potential as in vitro platforms for preclinical research. Intestinal cell models are used in studies of bioavailability, adsorption and transport in nutritional or toxicological settings, allergic effects of food components, as well as probiotics and/or host-pathogen gut interactions. In addition, this review discusses the advantages of using specialized and functional cell models over generic cancer-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Langerholc
- Dep. of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoce, Slovenia
| | - Petros A Maragkoudakis
- European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jan Wollgast
- European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Lidija Gradisnik
- Dep. of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slomskov trg 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Avrelija Cencic
- Dep. of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoce, Slovenia
- Dep. of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slomskov trg 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Schulten V, Lauer I, Scheurer S, Thalhammer T, Bohle B. A food matrix reduces digestion and absorption of food allergens in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1484-91. [PMID: 21984443 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Food allergy is caused by primary (class 1) food allergens, e.g. Bos d 5 (cow's milk) and Cor a 8 (hazelnut) or secondary (class 2) food allergens, e.g. Mal d 1 (apple). The latter cannot sensitize susceptible individuals but can cause allergy due to immunological cross-reactivity with homologous respiratory allergens. Here, we studied the effects of food matrix on gastrointestinal proteolysis, epithelial transport and in vivo absorption of class 1 and class 2 food allergens. METHODS AND RESULTS Mal d 1 lost its IgE-reactivity immediately after simulated gastric digestion whereas Bos d 5 and Cor a 8 did not. Only Cor a 8 maintained IgE-binding capacity after simulated intestinal proteolysis. The presence of hazelnut and peanut extracts, which served as protein-rich model food matrices, delayed gastrointestinal degradation and reduced epithelial transport rates of all allergens through CaCo-2 monolayers. Finally, IgE-reactive allergens were assessed at different time points in sera from rats fed with all three allergens with or without hazelnut extract. The levels of all allergens peaked 2 h after animals were fed without matrix and increased over 8 h after feeding. CONCLUSIONS A protein-rich food matrix delays gastrointestinal digestion and epithelial transport of food allergens and thereby may affect their sensitizing capacity and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Schulten
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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Capraro J, Clemente A, Rubio LA, Magni C, Scarafoni A, Duranti M. Assessment of the lupin seed glucose-lowering protein intestinal absorption by using in vitro and ex vivo models. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fasano A. Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:151-75. [PMID: 21248165 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract have traditionally been perceived to be limited to the digestion and absorption of nutrients and to electrolytes and water homeostasis. A more attentive analysis of the anatomic and functional arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract, however, suggests that another extremely important function of this organ is its ability to regulate the trafficking of macromolecules between the environment and the host through a barrier mechanism. Together with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the neuroendocrine network, the intestinal epithelial barrier, with its intercellular tight junctions, controls the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens. Zonulin is the only physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions described so far that is involved in trafficking of macromolecules and, therefore, in tolerance/immune response balance. When the finely tuned zonulin pathway is deregulated in genetically susceptible individuals, both intestinal and extraintestinal autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders can occur. This new paradigm subverts traditional theories underlying the development of these diseases and suggests that these processes can be arrested if the interplay between genes and environmental triggers is prevented by reestablishing the zonulin-dependent intestinal barrier function. This review is timely given the increased interest in the role of a "leaky gut" in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions targeting both the intestine and extraintestinal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Arena S, Renzone G, Novi G, Scaloni A. Redox proteomics of fat globules unveils broad protein lactosylation and compositional changes in milk samples subjected to various technological procedures. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2453-75. [PMID: 21256992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Maillard reaction between lactose and proteins occurs during thermal treatment of milk and lactosylated β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin and caseins have widely been used to monitor the quality of dairy products. We recently demonstrated that a number of other whey milk proteins essential for nutrient delivery, defense against bacteria/virus and cellular proliferation become lactosylated during milk processing. The extent of their modification is associated with the harshness of product manufacturing. Since fat globule proteins are also highly important for the health-beneficial properties of milk, an evaluation of their lactosylation is crucial for a complete understanding of aliment nutritional characteristics. This is more important when milk is the unique dietary source, as in the infant diet. To this purpose, a sequential proteomic procedure involving an optimized milk fat globule (MFG) preparation/electrophoretic resolution, shot-gun analysis of gel portions for protein identification, selective trapping of lactosylated peptides by phenylboronate chromatography and their analysis by nanoLC-ESI-electron transfer dissociation (ETD) tandem MS was used for systematic characterization of fat globule proteins in milk samples subjected to various manufacturing procedures. Significant MFG protein compositional changes were observed between samples, highlighting the progressive adsorption of caseins and whey proteins on the fat globule surface as result of the technological process used. A significant lactosylation of MFG proteins was observed in ultra-high temperature sterilized and powdered for infant nutrition milk preparations, which well paralleled with the harshness of thermal treatment. Globally, this study allowed the identification of novel 157 non-redundant modification sites and 35 MFG proteins never reported so far as being lactosylated, in addition to the 153 ones ascertained here as present on other 21 MFG-adsorbed proteins whose nature was already characterized. Novel MFG proteins include components involved in nutrient delivery, defense response against pathogens and cellular proliferation/differentiation. Nutritional, biological and toxicological consequences of these findings are here discussed, highlighting their possible impact on children's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Arena
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
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D'Alessandro A, Scaloni A, Zolla L. Human milk proteins: an interactomics and updated functional overview. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3339-73. [PMID: 20443637 DOI: 10.1021/pr100123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Milk and milk fractions are characterized by a wide array of proteins, whose concentration spans across several orders of magnitude. By exploiting a combined approach based on functional gene ontology enrichment (FatiGO/Babelomics), hierarchical clustering, and pathway and network analyses, we merged data from literature dealing with protein-oriented studies on human milk. A total of 285 entries defined a nonredundant list upon comparison with the Ingenuity Knowledge Base from the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Results were compared with an inventory of bovine milk proteins gathered from dedicated proteomic studies. A protein core of 106 proteins was found, with most of the entries associated to three main biological functions, namely nutrient transport/lipid metabolism, concretization of the immune system response and cellular proliferation processes. Our analyses confirm and emphasize that the biological role of the human milk proteins is not only limited to the provision of external nutrients and defense molecules against pathogens to the suckling but also to the direct stimulation of the growth of neonate tissues/organs and to the development of a proper independent immune system, both through the induction of a number of molecular cascades associated with cell proliferation/differentiation. The latter aspects were previously investigated by single-molecule dedicated studies, missing the holistic view that results from our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Arena S, Renzone G, Novi G, Paffetti A, Bernardini G, Santucci A, Scaloni A. Modern proteomic methodologies for the characterization of lactosylation protein targets in milk. Proteomics 2010; 10:3414-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Maciel FM, Laberty MA, Oliveira ND, Felix SP, Soares AMDS, Verícimo MA, Machado OLT. A new 2S albumin from Jatropha curcas L. seeds and assessment of its allergenic properties. Peptides 2009; 30:2103-7. [PMID: 19686791 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant effort has been made world-wide to boost biofuels with the expectation of a positive contribution to renewable fuel and greenhouse gas reduction. Jatropha curcas L. has proved to be an opportunistic crop in tropical areas, particularly in unfavorable environments. For this reason, analyses of toxicity and allergy caused by its seeds and pollen are necessary. A 12kDa, allergenic 2S albumin, denoted Jat c 1, was isolated from Physic nut (J. curcas) seeds. Jat c 1 binds IgE attached to rat mast cells, inducing histamine release. It also showed strong cross-reactivity with the major allergens from castor bean, Ric c 1 and Ric c 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Menezes Maciel
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, 2000 Parque Califórnia, RJ CEP 28013-602, Brazil
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Rubio LA, Clemente A. In vivo(rat) andin vitro(Caco-2 cells) absorption of amino acids from legume protein isolates as compared to lactalbumin or casein. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:413-26. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903169237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moreno FJ, Clemente A. 2S Albumin Storage Proteins: What Makes them Food Allergens? Open Biochem J 2008; 2:16-28. [PMID: 18949071 PMCID: PMC2570561 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2S albumin storage proteins are becoming of increasing interest in nutritional and clinical studies as they have been reported as major food allergens in seeds of many mono- and di-cotyledonous plants. This review describes the main biochemical, structural and functional properties of these proteins thought to play a role in determining their potential allergenicity. 2S albumins are considered to sensitize directly via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The high stability of their intrinsic protein structure, dominated by a well-conserved skeleton of cysteine residues, to the harsh conditions present in the GIT suggests that these proteins are able to cross the gut mucosal barrier to sensitize the mucosal immune system and/or elicit an allergic response. The flexible and solvent-exposed hypervariable region of these proteins is immunodominant and has the ability to bind IgE from allergic patients sera. Several linear IgE-binding epitopes of 2S albumins spanning this region have been described to play a major role in allergenicity; the role of conformational epitopes of these proteins in food allergy is far from being understood and need to be investigated. Finally, the interaction of these proteins with other components of the food matrix might influence the absorption rates of immunologically reactive 2S albumins but also in their immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Bodinier M, Legoux MA, Pineau F, Triballeau S, Segain JP, Brossard C, Denery-Papini S. Intestinal translocation capabilities of wheat allergens using the Caco-2 cell line. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4576-83. [PMID: 17477542 DOI: 10.1021/jf070187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Because intestinal absorption of food protein can trigger an allergic reaction, the effect of wheat proteins on intestinal epithelial cell permeability was evaluated and the abilities of these proteins in native or pepsin-hydrolyzed state to cross the epithelial cell monolayer were compared. Enterocytic monolayers were established by culturing Caco-2 cells, a model of enterocytes, on permeable supports that separate the apical and basal compartments. Proteins were added into the apical compartment, and the transepithelial resistance (TER) was measured; proteins that crossed the cell monolayer were detected in the basal medium by ELISA. Wheat proteins did not alter the cell monolayer. TER and Caco-2 cell viability were conserved, and the passage of dextran was prevented. Native and pepsin-hydrolyzed forms of omega5-gliadin and lipid transfer proteins were detected in the basal medium. The results suggest that these two major allergens in food allergy to wheat were able to cross the cell monolayer by the transcellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bodinier
- INRA, Research Unit on Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages (BIA), and INRA, Université de Nantes, UMR 1280, F44316 Nantes, France.
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