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Ge L, Song L, Wang L, Li Y, Sun Y, Wang C, Chen J, Wu G, Pan A, Wu Y, Quan Z, Li P. Evaluating response mechanisms of soil microbiomes and metabolomes to Bt toxin additions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130904. [PMID: 36860032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and persistence of Bt toxins in soils from Bt plants and Bt biopesticides may result in environmental hazards such as adverse impacts on soil microorganisms. However, the dynamic relationships among exogenous Bt toxins, soil characteristics, and soil microorganisms are not well understood. Cry1Ab is one of the most commonly used Bt toxins and was added to soils in this study to evaluate subsequent changes in soil physiochemical properties, microbial taxa, microbial functional genes, and metabolites profiles via 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, high-throughput qPCR, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics. Higher additions of Bt toxins led to higher concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), ammonium (NH+4-N), and nitrite (NO2--N) compared against controls without addition after 100 days of soil incubation. High-throughput qPCR analysis and shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed that the 500 ng/g Bt toxin addition significantly affected profiles of soil microbial functional genes involved in soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling after 100 days of incubation. Furthermore, combined metagenomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that the 500 ng/g Bt toxin addition significantly altered low molecular weight metabolite profiles of soils. Importantly, some of these altered metabolites are involved in soil nutrient cycling, and robust associations were identified among differentially abundant metabolites and microorganisms due to Bt toxin addition treatments. Taken together, these results suggest that higher levels of Bt toxin addition can alter soil nutrients, probably by affecting the activities of Bt toxin-degrading microorganisms. These dynamics would then activate other microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling, finally leading to broad changes in metabolite profiles. Notably, the addition of Bt toxins did not cause the accumulation of potential microbial pathogens in soils, nor did it adversely affect the diversity and stability of microbial communities. This study provides new insights into the putative mechanistic associations among Bt toxins, soil characteristics, and microorganisms, providing new understanding into the ecological impacts of Bt toxins on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Lili Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Jun Chen
- East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guogan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Aihu Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- The College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhexue Quan
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China.
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Gu J, Ye R, Xu Y, Yin Y, Li S, Chen H. A historical overview of analysis systems for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Qiu Y, Li P, Dong S, Zhang X, Yang Q, Wang Y, Ge J, Hammock BD, Zhang C, Liu X. Phage-Mediated Competitive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Detecting Cry1Ab Toxin by Using an Anti-Idiotypic Camel Nanobody. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:950-956. [PMID: 29293334 PMCID: PMC7314401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cry toxins have been widely used in genetically modified organisms for pest control, raising public concern regarding their effects on the natural environment and food safety. In this work, a phage-mediated competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay (c-CLIA) was developed for determination of Cry1Ab toxin using anti-idiotypic camel nanobodies. By extracting RNA from camels' peripheral blood lymphocytes, a naive phage-displayed nanobody library was established. Using anti-Cry1Ab toxin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the library for anti-idiotypic antibody screening, four anti-idiotypic nanobodies were selected and confirmed to be specific for anti-Cry1Ab mAb binding. Thereafter, a c-CLIA was developed for detection of Cry1Ab toxin based on anti-idiotypic camel nanobodies and employed for sample testing. The results revealed a half-inhibition concentration of developed assay to be 42.68 ± 2.54 ng/mL, in the linear range of 10.49-307.1 ng/mL. The established method is highly specific for Cry1Ab recognition, with negligible cross-reactivity for other Cry toxins. For spiked cereal samples, the recoveries of Cry1Ab toxin ranged from 77.4% to 127%, with coefficient of variation of less than 9%. This study demonstrated that the competitive format based on phage-displayed anti-idiotypic nanobodies can provide an alternative strategy for Cry toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulou Qiu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pan Li
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Sa Dong
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qianru Yang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Laboratory of Pesticide & Biotechnology, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China. Tel.:+86-25-8439 0401; (C. Zhang)
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Albright VC, Hellmich RL, Coats JR. A Review of Cry Protein Detection with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2175-2189. [PMID: 26949828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Cry proteins in insecticide formulations and transgenic crops for insect control has led to an increased interest in the environmental fate of these proteins. Although several detection methods are available to monitor the fate of Cry proteins in the environment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have emerged as the preferred detection method, due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and rapid results. Validation of ELISAs is necessary to ensure accurate measurements of Cry protein concentrations in the environment. Validation methodology has been extensively researched and published for the areas of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision; however, cross validation of ELISA results has been studied to a lesser extent. This review discusses the use of ELISAs for detection of Cry proteins in environmental samples and validation of ELISAs and introduces cross validation. The state of Cry protein environmental fate research is considered through a critical review of published literature to identify areas where the use of validation protocols can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vurtice C Albright
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University , 110 Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Richard L Hellmich
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 110 Genetics Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joel R Coats
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University , 110 Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Fate of the insecticidal Cry1Ab protein of GM crops in two agricultural soils as revealed by ¹⁴C-tracer studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7333-41. [PMID: 25967657 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insecticidal delta-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis are among the most abundant recombinant proteins released by genetically modified (GM) crops into agricultural soils worldwide. However, there is still controversy about their degradation and accumulation in soils. In this study, (14)C-labelled Cry1Ab protein was applied to soil microcosms at two concentrations (14 and 50 μg g(-1) soil) to quantify the mineralization of Cry1Ab, its incorporation into the soil microbial biomass, and its persistence in two soils which strongly differed in their texture but not in silt or pH. Furthermore, ELISA was used to quantify Cry1Ab and its potential immunoreactive breakdown products in aqueous soil extracts. In both soils, (14)CO2-production was initially very high and then declined during a total monitoring period of up to 135 days. A total of 16 to 23 % of the (14)C activity was incorporated after 29 to 37 days into the soil microbial biomass, indicating that Cry1Ab protein was utilized by microorganisms as a growth substrate. Adsorption in the clay-rich soil was the most important factor limiting microbial degradation; as indicated by higher degradation rates in the more sandy soil, extremely low concentrations of immunoreactive Cry1Ab molecules in the soils' aqueous extracts and a higher amount of (14)C activity bound to the soil with more clay. Ecological risk assessments of Bt-crops should therefore consider that the very low concentrations of extractable Cry1Ab do not reflect the actual elimination of the protein from soils but that, on the other hand, desorbed proteins mineralize quickly due to efficient microbial degradation.
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Ferreira Holderbaum D, Cuhra M, Wickson F, Orth AI, Nodari RO, Bøhn T. Chronic Responses of Daphnia magna Under Dietary Exposure to Leaves of a Transgenic (Event MON810) Bt-Maize Hybrid and its Conventional Near-Isoline. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:993-1007. [PMID: 26262442 PMCID: PMC4566889 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1037877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance is the second most common trait globally in cultivated genetically modified (GM) plants. Resistance is usually obtained by introducing into the plant's genome genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) coding for insecticidal proteins (Cry proteins or toxins) that target insect pests. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a chronic, high-dose dietary exposure to leaves of a Bt-maize hybrid (GM event MON810, expressing a transgenic or recombinant Cry1Ab toxin), exerted no adverse effects on fitness parameters of the aquatic nontarget organism Daphnia magna (water flea) when compared to an identical control diet based on leaves of the non-GM near-isoline. Cry1Ab was immunologically detected and quantified in GM maize leaf material used for Daphnia feed. A 69-kD protein near Bt's active core-toxin size and a 34-kD protein were identified. The D. magna bioassay showed a resource allocation to production of resting eggs and early fecundity in D. magna fed GM maize, with adverse effects for body size and fecundity later in life. This is the first study to examine GM-plant leaf material in the D. magna model, and provides of negative fitness effects of a MON810 maize hybrid in a nontarget model organism under chronic, high dietary exposure. Based upon these results, it is postulated that the observed transgenic proteins exert a nontarget effect in D. magna and/or unintended changes were produced in the maize genome/metabolome by the transformation process, producing a nutritional difference between GM-maize and non-GM near-isoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferreira Holderbaum
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marek Cuhra
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Afonso Inácio Orth
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
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Mueting SA, Strain KE, Lydy MJ. Validation of an extraction method for Cry1Ab protein from soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:18-25. [PMID: 23996731 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Corn expressing insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt corn) has increased in usage in the United States from 8% of total corn acreage in 1996 to 67% in 2012. Because of this increase, it is important to be able to monitor the fate and transport of the insecticidal Bt proteins to evaluate environmental exposure and effects. Accurate and validated methods are needed to quantify these proteins in environmental matrices. A method to extract Bt Cry1Ab proteins from 3 soil types using a 10× phosphate-buffered saline with Tween buffer and a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was validated through a series of 6 tests. The validation process for Cry1Ab extractions in soil has not yet been reported in the scientific literature. The extraction buffer and each soil matrix were tested and validated for the ELISA. Extraction efficiencies were 41%, 74%, and 89% for the 3 soil types and were significantly correlated with the organic matter content of the soil. Despite low recoveries, consistent results with low coefficients of variation allowed for accurate measurements. Through validating this method with 3 different soils, a sensitive, specific, precise, and accurate quantification of Bt Cry1Ab was developed. The validation process can be expanded and implemented in other environmental matrices, adding consistency to data across a wide range of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Mueting
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Sander M, Tomaszewski JE, Madliger M, Schwarzenbach RP. Adsorption of insecticidal Cry1Ab protein to humic substances. 1. Experimental approach and mechanistic aspects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9923-9931. [PMID: 22862304 DOI: 10.1021/es3022478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is a key process affecting the fate of insecticidal Cry proteins (Bt toxins), produced by genetically modified Bt crops, in soils. However, the mechanisms of adsorption to soil organic matter (SOM) remain poorly understood. This work assesses the forces driving the adsorption of Cry1Ab to Leonardite humic acid (LHA), used as a model for SOM. We studied the effects of solution pH and ionic strength (I) on adsorption using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy. Initial Cry1Ab adsorption rates were close to diffusion-limited and resulted in extensive adsorption, even at pH >6, at which LHA and Cry1Ab carry negative net charges. Adsorption increased with decreasing I at pH >6, indicating Cry1Ab-LHA patch-controlled electrostatic attraction via positively charged domains of Cry1Ab. Upon rinsing, only a fraction of Cry1Ab desorbed, suggesting a range of interaction energies of Cry1Ab with LHA. Different interaction energies likely resulted from nonuniformity in the LHA surface polarity, with higher Cry1Ab affinities to more apolar LHA regions due to the hydrophobic effect. Contributions from the hydrophobic effect were substantiated by comparison of the adsorption of Cry1Ab and the reference proteins albumin and lysozyme to LHA and to apolar and polar model surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Guertler P, Brandl C, Meyer HHD, Tichopad A. Feeding genetically modified maize (MON810) to dairy cows: comparison of gene expression pattern of markers for apoptosis, inflammation and cell cycle. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-012-0778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Scientific Opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the emergency measure notified by France on genetically modified maize MON 810 according to Article 34 of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Response to comments from Monsanto scientists on our study showing detection of glyphosate and Cry1Ab in blood of women with and without pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Goldstein DA, Dubelman S, Grothaus D, Hammond BG. Comment: Aris and Leblanc "Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada". Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:120-1; author reply 122-3. [PMID: 22074695 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-54) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize MON 88017 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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