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Xue Y, Yu C, Kang X. Quantitative and Structural Characterization of Native Lignin in Hardwood and Softwood Bark via Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18056-18066. [PMID: 39087645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
A major factor limiting bark's industrial use is its greater recalcitrance compared to wood. While lignin is widely recognized as a significant contributor, precise characterization of lignin in bark remains sparse, presenting a crucial gap that impedes understanding of its impact. In this study, we employed advanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to analyze bark samples from various species, including willow, poplar, and pine. We established and verified that lignin methoxy peak at 56 ppm serves as a reliable quantitative metric to assess lignin content, with which we calculated the lignin contents in bark are significantly reduced by more than 70% compared to those in wood. Furthermore, in situ characterization revealed significant reduction of β-ether linkage in bark lignin across species, revealing a more condensed and resistant structural configuration. Our results have substantially advanced our comprehension of the composition and structure of native lignin in tree bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xue Kang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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2
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Yamauchi K, Soyano M, Kobayashi M, Kamatari YO, Mitsunaga T. Protein aggregation model to explain the bioactivity of condensed tannins. Food Chem 2023; 416:135870. [PMID: 36898342 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are involved in the taste of foods and multi bioactivity of traditional herbal medicines. The characteristics of tannins are believed to derive from their connectivity with proteins. However, the mode of interaction between proteins and tannins is not yet understood because of the complexity of the tannin structure. Then this study aimed to elucidate the detail binding mode of tannin and protein by the 1H-15N HSQC NMR method using the 15N-labeled MMP-1that have not been used so far. The HSQC results suggested cross-link sites between MMP-1s, which cause protein aggregation and inhibit MMP-1 activity. This study presents the first 3D protein aggregation model of condensed tannins, which is important for understanding the bioactivity of polyphenols. Furthermore, it can broaden the understanding of the range of interactions between other proteins and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Yamauchi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Mayu Soyano
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tohru Mitsunaga
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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3
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Xia S, Wei Z, Kong X, Jia B, Han S. Antioxidative properties of bayberry tannins with different mean degrees of polymerization: Controlled degradation based on hydroxyl radicals. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Steck J, Junker F, Eichhöfer H, Bunzel M. Chemically Different but Often Mistaken Phenolic Polymers of Food Plants: Proanthocyanidins and Lignin in Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11704-11714. [PMID: 36094402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid based proanthocyanidins and cinnamyl alcohol based lignins are chemically complex phenolic oligomers/polymers that are found in food plants. Although structurally very different, these two biopolymers are often not distinguished, for example, in the (quantitative) compositional analysis of cell walls and dietary fiber. Here, we analytically distinguish lignin and proanthocyanidins in dietary fiber samples by using degradative and nondegradative techniques and provide information about their occurrence, abundance, and structural characteristics in seeds of chokeberries, cranberries, raspberries, red currants, and grapes. These data revealed that the seeds of botanically diverse fruits largely differ in terms of their phenolic fiber polymers. The mostly hardened tissue of the seeds is not necessarily based on lignified cell walls. For example, red currant and chokeberry seeds almost exclusively contain proanthocyanidins, and raspberry seeds were clearly lignified (G-H-lignin) but did not contain proanthocyanidins. Our data also allows for estimating the bias of proanthocyanidins on different approaches of lignin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steck
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Junker
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Eichhöfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Woolsey ID, Zeller WE, Blomstrand BM, Øines Ø, Enemark HL. Effects of selected condensed tannins on Cryptosporidium parvum growth and proliferation in HCT-8 cell cultures. Exp Parasitol 2022; 241:108353. [PMID: 35995247 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Cryptosporidium spp. constitute a substantial public health burden and are responsible for widespread production losses in cattle herds. Reducing disease and shedding of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts is an important One Health goal. There are very few therapeutic options available to treat cryptosporidiosis. Interest in plant bioactive compounds to mitigate the spread of anthelmintic resistance in ruminants has led to investigation of these phytocompounds against other parasitic taxa. Condensed tannins (CTs) are plant secondary metabolites that have shown potential against nematodes in vitro and in vivo but their applicability to Cryptosporidium spp. is comparatively under-explored. Cryptosporidium parvum infected human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT)-8 cell cultures were treated with escalating doses of highly purified and well-characterized CTs from five plant species, big trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus), black currant (Ribes nigrum), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), white clover (Trifolium repens) and grapeseed (Vitis vinifera) for 44 h. Quantitative-PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that none of the CTs examined demonstrated inhibitory potential against the parasite. Substantial inhibition of C. parvum by paromomycin was observed in positive controls in all assays (76.94-90.72% inhibition), proving the validity of the assay. Despite the lack of inhibition, these results represent an important step towards identifying alternative treatment options against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian David Woolsey
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Elizabeth Stephansens Vei, 1433As, Norway.
| | - Wayne E Zeller
- U.S. Dairy and Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Øivind Øines
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Elizabeth Stephansens Vei, 1433As, Norway
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Elizabeth Stephansens Vei, 1433As, Norway
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6
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Jia B, Wei Z, Kong X, Xia S, Gan L, Han S. Antioxidant Properties of Larch Tannins with Different Mean Polymerization Degrees: Controlled Degradation Based on Hydroxyl Radical Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9367-9376. [PMID: 35866722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical produced by hydrogen peroxide decomposition under UV radiation was used to degrade larch tannins in an environmentally friendly manner. The formaldehyde reactivity of the degraded products was used as an index to control the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of the degraded products, and the effects of different mDP on the antioxidant activity of tannins were studied. Results showed that hydroxyl radical could significantly reduce the degree of polymerization (DP) and molecular weight (Mw) of larch tannins, and the mDP and Mw of degraded products could be controlled by considering the formaldehyde reactivity as the index. The antioxidant activity of larch tannins increased with the decrease in mDP. When the degradation time was 6 h, the formaldehyde reactivity was the highest at 0.823. The antioxidant activity of the degraded product was excellent, and the free radical scavenging rate was more than 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiangnan Kong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shitao Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuguang Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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7
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Roldan MB, Cousins G, Muetzel S, Zeller WE, Fraser K, Salminen JP, Blanc A, Kaur R, Richardson K, Maher D, Jahufer Z, Woodfield DR, Caradus JR, Voisey CR. Condensed Tannins in White Clover ( Trifolium repens) Foliar Tissues Expressing the Transcription Factor TaMYB14-1 Bind to Forage Protein and Reduce Ammonia and Methane Emissions in vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:777354. [PMID: 35069633 PMCID: PMC8774771 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grazing ruminants contribute to global climate change through enteric methane and nitrous oxide emissions. However, animal consumption of the plant polyphenolics, proanthocyanidins, or condensed tannins (CTs) can decrease both methane emissions and urine nitrogen levels, leading to reduced nitrous oxide emissions, and concomitantly increase animal health and production. CTs are largely absent in the foliage of important temperate pasture legumes, such as white clover (Trifolium repens), but found in flowers and seed coats. Attempts at enhancing levels of CT expression in white clover leaves by mutagenesis and breeding have not been successful. However, the transformation of white clover with the TaMYB14-1 transcription factor from Trifolium arvense has resulted in the production of CTs in leaves up to 1.2% of dry matter (DM). In this study, two generations of breeding elevated foliar CTs to >2% of DM. The CTs consisted predominantly of prodelphinidins (PD, 75-93%) and procyanidins (PC, 17-25%) and had a mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of approximately 10 flavan-3-ol subunits. In vitro studies showed that foliar CTs were bound to bovine serum albumin and white clover proteins at pH 6.5 and were released at pH 2.-2.5. Using rumen in vitro assays, white clover leaves containing soluble CTs of 1.6-2.4% of DM significantly reduced methane production by 19% (p ≤0.01) and ammonia production by 60% (p ≤ 0.01) relative to non-transformed wild type (WT) controls after 6 h of incubation. These results provide valuable information for further studies using CT expressing white clover leaves for bloat prevention and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Roldan
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Greig Cousins
- PGG Wrightson Seeds Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Muetzel
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne E. Zeller
- ARS-USDA, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Karl Fraser
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Alexia Blanc
- PGG Wrightson Seeds Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- AgroParis Tech, Paris, France
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- PGG Wrightson Seeds Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kim Richardson
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dorothy Maher
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Zulfi Jahufer
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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Dakheel MM, Al-Mnaser AA, Quijada J, Woodward MJ, Rymer C. Use of Tannin-Containing Plants as Antimicrobials Influencing the Animal Health. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial effects of diverse tannin-containing plants, particularly condensed tannins (CTs) produced from various plants, are the subject of this study. CT components can be determined using CT-specific procedures such the HCl-Butanol Acetone assay, Thiolysis reaction, and HPLC/MS analysis. These methods indicate CT contents, including mean degree of polymerization, the procyanidins and prodelphinidins ratio (PC/PD%), the isomers of trans- and cis-, and CT concentration. Tannin-containing plants possess antibacterial action, which can be attributed to their protein linkage technique, and tannin-type variations, particularly CTs extract and their PC/PD%. The effects of CT components on the development of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been documented for their relative PC/PD%; this is regarded to be a key predictor of tannin characteristics in terms of antimicrobials. In conclusion, tannins, more specific CT compositions, have significant impacts on in vivo trials of animal productions and utilization of metabolites and fermentation in vitro experiments. These findings need further investigations to fully understand how CT-types act on animal feeding in terms of enhanced nutritional quality of animal diets, which may have implications for human and animal health.
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9
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Valencia-Hernandez LJ, Wong-Paz JE, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Chávez-González ML, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Aguilar CN. Procyanidins: From Agro-Industrial Waste to Food as Bioactive Molecules. Foods 2021; 10:3152. [PMID: 34945704 PMCID: PMC8701411 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Procyanidins are an important group of bioactive molecules known for their benefits to human health. These compounds are promising in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as they prevent cell damage related to oxidative stress. It is necessary to study effective extraction methods for the recovery of these components. In this review, advances in the recovery of procyanidins from agro-industrial wastes are presented, which are obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction. Current trends focus on the extraction of procyanidins from seeds, peels, pomaces, leaves and bark in agro-industrial wastes, which are extracted by ultrasound. Some techniques have been coupled with environmentally friendly techniques. There are few studies focused on the extraction and evaluation of biological activities of procyanidins. The identification and quantification of these compounds are the result of the study of the polyphenolic profile of plant sources. Antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory activity are presented as the biological properties of greatest interest. Agro-industrial wastes can be an economical and easily accessible source for the extraction of procyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Johana Valencia-Hernandez
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Jorge E. Wong-Paz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Ciudad Valles C.P. 79010, SL, Mexico;
| | - Juan Alberto Ascacio-Valdés
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Cristóbal N. Aguilar
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
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10
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Huang Q, Hu T, Xu Z, Jin L, McAllister TA, Acharya S, Zeller WE, Mueller-Harvey I, Wang Y. Composition and Protein Precipitation Capacity of Condensed Tannins in Purple Prairie Clover ( Dalea purpurea Vent.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715282. [PMID: 34650577 PMCID: PMC8509305 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the concentration and composition of condensed tannins (CT) in different tissues of purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) at different maturities and to determine their protein-precipitating capacity. The compositions of CT were elucidated after thiolysis with benzyl mercaptan followed by high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) and 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that PPC flowering heads contained the highest CT concentration. Purple prairie clover CT consisted mainly of epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin (EGC) subunits. CT in the leaves were composed of more EC and less EGC than CT in stems and flowering heads at both the early flowering (EF) and late flowering (LF) head stages. The mean degree of polymerization was the highest for CT in stems and increased with maturity. CT isolated from PPC leaves at the early flowering head stage exhibited the greatest biological activity in terms of protein precipitation. Overall, the CT in PPC were predominantly procyanidins and the concentration and composition varied among the plant tissues and with maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhongjun Xu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Long Jin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Surya Acharya
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Wayne E. Zeller
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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11
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Examining the Variables Leading to Apparent Incongruity between Antimethanogenic Potential of Tannins and Their Observed Effects in Ruminants—A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several secondary plant metabolites have been identified that possess antimethanogenic properties. Tannin-rich forages have the potential to reduce methane emissions in ruminants while also increasing their nutrient use efficiency and promoting overall animal health. However, results have been highly inconclusive to date, with their antimethanogenic potential and effects on both animal performance and nutrition being highly variable even within a plant species. This variability is attributed to the structural characteristics of the tannins, many of which have been linked to an increased antimethanogenic potential. However, these characteristics are seldom considered in ruminant nutrition studies—often because the analytical techniques are inadequate to identify tannin structure and the focus is mostly on total tannin concentrations. Hence, in this article, we (i) review previous research that illustrate the variability of the antimethanogenic potential of forages; (ii) identify the source of inconsistencies behind these results; and (iii) discuss how these could be optimized to generate comparable and repeatable results. By adhering to this roadmap, we propose that there are clear links between plant metabolome and physiology and their antimethanogenic potential that can be established with the ultimate goal of improving the sustainable intensification of livestock.
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12
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Reeves SG, Somogyi A, Zeller WE, Ramelot TA, Wrighton KC, Hagerman AE. Proanthocyanidin Structural Details Revealed by Ultrahigh Resolution FT-ICR MALDI-Mass Spectrometry, 1H- 13C HSQC NMR, and Thiolysis-HPLC-DAD. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14038-14048. [PMID: 33170695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) are important in food chemistry, agriculture, and health, driving demand for improvements in structure determination. We used ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) methods to determine the exact composition of individual species in heterogeneous mixtures of proanthocyanidin polymers from Sorghum bicolor grain and Neptunia lutea leaves. Fragmentation patterns obtained with FT-ICR ESI MS-MS (electrospray ionization) confirmed structural details from thiolysis-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD) and 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR. We found that A-type linkages were characteristic of shorter polymers in predominantly B-linked proanthocyanidin. We suggest that supramolecular complex formation between proanthocyanidins and matrix components such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was responsible for anomalous 152 dalton peaks, incorrectly assigned as 3-O-galloylation, when using FT-ICR matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-MS). Our data illustrate the power of the ultrahigh resolution FT-ICR methods but include the caveat that MALDI-MS must be paired with complementary analytical tools to avoid artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savanah G Reeves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Wayne E Zeller
- ARS-USDA, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Theresa A Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Kelly C Wrighton
- Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ann E Hagerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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13
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Grabber JH, Zeller WE. Direct versus Sequential Analysis of Procyanidin- and Prodelphinidin-Based Condensed Tannins by the HCl-Butanol-Acetone-Iron Assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2906-2916. [PMID: 31267749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we optimized the HCl-butanol-acetone-iron (HBAI) assay for the analysis of B-linked procyanidin (PC) and prodelphinidin (PD) condensed tannins (CTs) by direct analysis of whole tissue and sequential analysis of acetone-water extracts and insoluble residues prepared from forage, woody plant, food, and food byproduct samples. Yields of anthocyanidins (cyanidin and delphinidin) were optimized by heating ≤0.25 mg mL-1 CT standards, 1 mg mL-1 tissue, or 1-2 mg mL-1 acetone-water fractioned tissue for 3 h at 70 °C in medium containing 5% concentrated HCl, 6.7% total water, 50% acetone, 42% n-butanol, and 0.15% ammonium iron(III) sulfate dodecahydrate. Accurate quantitation required CT standards of known purity sourced from the same tissue being analyzed. Both analysis methods provided comparable estimates of total CTs for most PD-rich samples, but only the sequential method gave good recovery and accurate estimates of CTs in most PC-rich samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Grabber
- United States Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wayne E Zeller
- United States Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Zeller WE, Reinhardt LA, Robe JT, Sullivan ML, Panke-Buisse K. Comparison of Protein Precipitation Ability of Structurally Diverse Procyanidin-Rich Condensed Tannins in Two Buffer Systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2016-2023. [PMID: 31986021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein precipitation (PP) of bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme (LYS), and alfalfa leaf protein (ALF) by four procyanidin-rich condensed tannin (CT) samples in both 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and a modified Goering-Van Soest (GVS) buffer is described. Purified CT samples examined included Vitis vinifera seed (mean degree of polymerization [mDP] 4.1, 16.5% galloylated), Tilia sp. flowers (B-type linkages, mDP 5.9), Vaccinium macrocarpon berries (mDP 8.7, 31.7% A-type linkages). and Trifolium pratense flowers (B-type linkages, mDP 12.3) and were characterized by 2D NMR (>90% purity). In general, CTs precipitated ALF > LYS ≥ BSA. PP in GVS buffer was 1 to 2.25 times greater than that in MES buffer (25 °C). The GVS buffer system better reflects the results/conclusions from the literature on the impacts mDP, galloylation, and A-type linkages have on PP. Determinations of PP using the MES buffer at 37 °C indicated that some of these differences may be attributed to the temperature at which GVS buffer determinations are conducted. In vitro PP studies using the GVS buffer may offer better guidance when selecting CT-containing forages and amendments for ruminant feeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Zeller
- US Dairy Forage Research Center , ARS-USDA , 1925 Linden Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Laurie A Reinhardt
- US Dairy Forage Research Center , ARS-USDA , 1925 Linden Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Jamison T Robe
- US Dairy Forage Research Center , ARS-USDA , 1925 Linden Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Michael L Sullivan
- US Dairy Forage Research Center , ARS-USDA , 1925 Linden Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Kevin Panke-Buisse
- US Dairy Forage Research Center , ARS-USDA , 1925 Linden Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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15
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Ryel Min B, McTear K, Wang HH, Joakin M, Gurung N, Abrahamsen F, Solaiman S, Sue Eun J, Hon Lee J, Dietz LA, Zeller WE. Influence of elevated protein and tannin-rich peanut skin supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, carcass traits and immune-related gene expression of grazing meat goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:88-100. [PMID: 31724236 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to define whether elevated rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) and tannin-rich peanut skin (PS) supplementation would affect animal growth performance, average daily gain (ADG), blood metabolites, carcass traits associated with lipogenic and immune-related gene expressions in meat goats grazing winter wheat (WW). Thirty-six Kiko-crossbreed male goats at approximately 6 months of age were blocked by body weight (BW; 25.6 ± 1.1 kg) and randomly assigned to one of the four treatments with two replicates based on a 2 × 2 factorial design. Diets contained PS replacing alfalfa meal (ALM), without or with RUP supplementation. Both PS and ALM were incorporated into grain mix portion of the diet and pelletized, with remaining diets fed ad libitum of WW forage for a period of 51 days. Lipogenic genes examined included SCD, ACLY, YWHAZ, PPIA and FABP4, while immune-related genes examined included ACTB (as a control gene), H3F3A, PPIA, IRF3, STAT2, HERC3 and IFIT3 antibody genes. The meat goats on PS-pellet-supplemented group with or without RUP supplementation grew 38.5% faster ADG (p < .001) when compared to control-supplemented group. When goats received PS diet, empty body weight, hot carcass, cold carcass, shoulder, hind shank, rack, loin and fat thickness were greater (p < .05) than control diet. Animals on PS-pellet had higher ACLY, YWHAZ, PPIA and FABP4 gene expression (p < .05) when compared to ALM-pellet control, with RUP by PS-pellet interactions (p < .01). Goats receiving additional RUP supplementation had increased (p < .05) STAT2 gene expression, whereas goats receiving PS-pellet supplementation showed increased STAT2 (p < .05) and a tendency to increase IRF3 (p = .07) gene expressions. In conclusion, the addition of PS-pellet or RUP supplementation has the potential to improve ADG and altered selected lipogenic and immune-related gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng Ryel Min
- Conservation and Production Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Bushland, Texas.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Kristie McTear
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Hong Hae Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Morris Joakin
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Nar Gurung
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Frank Abrahamsen
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Sandra Solaiman
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Jung Sue Eun
- Institute of Integrated Technology, CJ Cheil Jedang, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Hon Lee
- College of Agriculture, Family Sciences and Technology, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia
| | - Lucas A Dietz
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA/ARS, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wayne E Zeller
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA/ARS, Madison, Wisconsin
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16
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Meng X, Crestini C, Ben H, Hao N, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Argyropoulos DS. Determination of hydroxyl groups in biorefinery resources via quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2627-2647. [PMID: 31391578 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical structural characteristics of biorefinery product streams (such as lignin and tannin) has advanced substantially over the past decade, with traditional wet-chemical techniques being replaced or supplemented by NMR methodologies. Quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy is a promising technique for the analysis of hydroxyl groups because of its unique characterization capability and broad potential applicability across the biorefinery research community. This protocol describes procedures for (i) the preparation/solubilization of lignin and tannin, (ii) the phosphitylation of their hydroxyl groups, (iii) NMR acquisition details, and (iv) the ensuing data analyses and means to precisely calculate the content of the different types of hydroxyl groups. Compared with traditional wet-chemical techniques, the technique of quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy offers unique advantages in measuring hydroxyl groups in a single spectrum with high signal resolution. The method provides complete quantitative information about the hydroxyl groups with small amounts of sample (~30 mg) within a relatively short experimental time (~30-120 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
| | - Haoxi Ben
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Naijia Hao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA. .,Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center of Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Dimitris S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Laitila JE, Suvanto J, Salminen JP. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry reveals detailed chromatographic fingerprints of anthocyanins and anthocyanin adducts in red wine. Food Chem 2019; 294:138-151. [PMID: 31126446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-derived adducts in red wine. The method utilized in-source collision induced dissociation in conjunction with multiple reaction monitoring to achieve group-specific detection of the targeted compound groups. The method detected quantification marker ions instead of intact molecules and, as a result, 2D chromatographic fingerprints were produced. Altogether we could detect 18 groups of wine polyphenols, including up to 50 individual monomeric pigments together with fingerprints of three different types oligomeric proanthocyanidin-malvidin adducts. Importantly, the method was able to separate small, medium-sized and large oligomeric adducts. The quantitative and qualitative function of the method was tested with 10 model wines. Ultimately, we were able to obtain a comprehensive picture of the main pigment composition of any model wine with only a single UPLC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuso Erik Laitila
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jussi Suvanto
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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18
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Effects of feeding Lespedeza cuneata pellets with Medicago sativa hay to sheep: Nutritional impact, characterization and degradation of condensed tannin during digestion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Naumann H, Sepela R, Rezaire A, Masih SE, Zeller WE, Reinhardt LA, Robe JT, Sullivan ML, Hagerman AE. Relationships between Structures of Condensed Tannins from Texas Legumes and Methane Production During In Vitro Rumen Digestion. Molecules 2018; 23:E2123. [PMID: 30142930 PMCID: PMC6225215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that a series of purified condensed tannins (CTs) from warm-season perennial legumes exhibited high variability in their modulation of methane production during in vitro rumen digestion. The molecular weight differences between these CTs did not provide correlation with either the in vitro CH₄ production or the ability to precipitate bovine serum albumin. In an effort to delineate other structure-activity relationships from these methane abatement experiments, the structures of purified CTs from these legumes were assessed with a combination of methanolysis, quantitative thiolysis, ¹H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy and ultrahigh-resolution MALDI-TOF MS. The composition of these CTs is very diverse: procyanidin/prodelphinidin (PC/PD) ratios ranged from 98/2 to 2/98; cis/trans ratios ranged from 98/2 to 34/66; mean degrees of polymerization ranged from 6 to 39; and % galloylation ranged from 0 to 75%. No strong correlation was observed between methane production and the protein precipitation capabilities of the CT towards three different proteins (BSA, lysozyme, and alfalfa leaf protein) at ruminal pH. However, a strong non-linear correlation was observed for the inhibition of methane production versus the antioxidant activity in plant sample containing typical PC- and PD-type CTs. The modulation of methane production could not be correlated to the CT structure (PC/PD or cis/trans ratios and extent of galloylation). The most active plant in methane abatement was Acacia angustissima, which contained CT, presenting an unusual challenge as it was resistant to standard thiolytic degradation conditions and exhibited an atypical set of cross-peak signals in the 2D NMR. The MALDI analysis supported a 5-deoxy flavan-3-ol-based structure for the CT from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Naumann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 110 Waters, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Rebecka Sepela
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Aira Rezaire
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Sonia E Masih
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Wayne E Zeller
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Jamison T Robe
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Ann E Hagerman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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20
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Fryganas C, Drake C, Ropiak HM, Mora-Ortiz M, Smith LMJ, Mueller-Harvey I, Kowalczyk RM. Carbon-13 Cross-Polarization Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Measuring Proanthocyanidin Content and Procyanidin to Prodelphinidin Ratio in Sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia) Tissues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4073-4081. [PMID: 29631396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A procedure based on 13C CPMAS NMR was developed to study procyanidins (PCs) and prodelphinidins (PDs) directly in milled sainfoin plant tissues. Blackcurrant and Tilia samples enabled reference spectra of purified proanthocyanidin (PA) fractions, crude extracts, and milled plant tissues, with characteristic resonances at 155, 144, and 132 ppm. PC/PD ratios were estimated from the I132/I155 intensity ratio and differed by 2.5 to 5.9% compared to thiolysis data. Normalization to the 155 ppm signal intensity from reference spectra enabled analysis of PA contents with an error of ca. 8 g PAs/100 g plant tissue. The procedure estimates the lignin contribution and allows for a correction of the PA content. In six sainfoin accessions, estimated PA contents were 1.6- to 20.8-fold higher than the thiolysis and 1.4- to 2.6-fold higher than the HCl-butanol-acetone results. Method differences may reflect the presence of unextractable, possibly high molecular weight PAs in sainfoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fryganas
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , P.O. Box 236, 1 Earley Gate , Reading RG6 6AT , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Drake
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , P.O. Box 236, 1 Earley Gate , Reading RG6 6AT , United Kingdom
| | - Honorata M Ropiak
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , P.O. Box 236, 1 Earley Gate , Reading RG6 6AT , United Kingdom
| | - Marina Mora-Ortiz
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus , P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP , United Kingdom
| | - Lydia M J Smith
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany , Huntingdon Road , Cambridge CB3 OLE , United Kingdom
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , P.O. Box 236, 1 Earley Gate , Reading RG6 6AT , United Kingdom
| | - Radoslaw M Kowalczyk
- Chemical Analysis Facility, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy , University of Reading , P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights Campus , Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
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21
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Suseela V, Tharayil N. Decoupling the direct and indirect effects of climate on plant litter decomposition: Accounting for stress-induced modifications in plant chemistry. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1428-1451. [PMID: 28986956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of plant litter is a fundamental ecosystem process that can act as a feedback to climate change by simultaneously influencing both the productivity of ecosystems and the flux of carbon dioxide from the soil. The influence of climate on decomposition from a postsenescence perspective is relatively well known; in particular, climate is known to regulate the rate of litter decomposition via its direct influence on the reaction kinetics and microbial physiology on processes downstream of tissue senescence. Climate can alter plant metabolism during the formative stage of tissues and could shape the final chemical composition of plant litter that is available for decomposition, and thus indirectly influence decomposition; however, these indirect effects are relatively poorly understood. Climatic stress disrupts cellular homeostasis in plants and results in the reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, which leads to changes in the quantity, composition, and organization of small molecules and recalcitrant heteropolymers, including lignins, tannins, suberins, and cuticle within the plant tissue matrix. Furthermore, by regulating metabolism during tissue senescence, climate influences the resorption of nutrients from senescing tissues. Thus, the final chemical composition of plant litter that forms the substrate of decomposition is a combined product of presenescence physiological processes through the production and resorption of metabolites. The changes in quantity, composition, and localization of the molecular construct of the litter could enhance or hinder tissue decomposition and soil nutrient cycling by altering the recalcitrance of the lignocellulose matrix, the composition of microbial communities, and the activity of microbial exo-enzymes via various complexation reactions. Also, the climate-induced changes in the molecular composition of litter could differentially influence litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Compared with temperate ecosystems, the indirect effects of climate on litter decomposition in the tropics are not well understood, which underscores the need to conduct additional studies in tropical biomes. We also emphasize the need to focus on how climatic stress affects the root chemistry as roots contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling, and on utilizing more robust analytical approaches to capture the molecular composition of tissue matrix that fuel microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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22
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Brown RH, Mueller-Harvey I, Zeller WE, Reinhardt L, Stringano E, Gea A, Drake C, Ropiak HM, Fryganas C, Ramsay A, Hardcastle EE. Facile Purification of Milligram to Gram Quantities of Condensed Tannins According to Mean Degree of Polymerization and Flavan-3-ol Subunit Composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8072-8082. [PMID: 28813594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unambiguous investigation of condensed tannin (CT) structure-activity relationships in biological systems requires well-characterized, high-purity CTs. Sephadex LH-20 and Toyopearl HW-50F resins were compared for separating CTs from acetone/water extracts, and column fractions analyzed for flavan-3-ol subunits, mean degree of polymerization (mDP), and purity. Toyopearl HW-50F generated fractions with higher mDP values and better separation of procyanidins (PC) and prodelphinidins (PD) but required a prepurification step, needed more time for large scale purifications, and gave poorer recoveries. Therefore, two gradient elution schemes were developed for CT purification on Sephadex LH-20 providing 146-2000 mg/fraction. Fractions were analyzed by thiolysis and NMR spectroscopy. In general, PC/PD ratios decreased and mDP increased during elution. 1H NMR spectroscopy served as a rapid screening tool to qualitatively determine CT enrichment and carbohydrate impurities present, guiding fractionation toward repurification or 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy and thiolysis. These protocols provide options for preparing highly pure CT samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron H Brown
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne E Zeller
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Laurie Reinhardt
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elisabetta Stringano
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - An Gea
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Drake
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Honorata M Ropiak
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Fryganas
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aina Ramsay
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , P O Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily E Hardcastle
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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23
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Crestini C, Lange H, Bianchetti G. Detailed Chemical Composition of Condensed Tannins via Quantitative (31)P NMR and HSQC Analyses: Acacia catechu, Schinopsis balansae, and Acacia mearnsii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2287-95. [PMID: 27551744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of Acacia catechu, Schinopsis balansae, and Acacia mearnsii proanthocyanidins has been determined using a novel analytical approach that rests on the concerted use of quantitative (31)P NMR and two-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. This approach has offered significant detailed information regarding the structure and purity of these complex and often elusive proanthocyanidins. More specifically, rings A, B, and C of their flavan-3-ol units show well-defined and resolved absorbance regions in both the quantitative (31)P NMR and HSQC spectra. By integrating each of these regions in the (31)P NMR spectra, it is possible to identify the oxygenation patterns of the flavan-3-ol units. At the same time it is possible to acquire a fingerprint of the proanthocyanidin sample and evaluate its purity via the HSQC information. This analytical approach is suitable for both the purified natural product proanthocyanidins and their commercial analogues. Overall, this effort demonstrates the power of the concerted use of these two NMR techniques for the structural elucidation of natural products containing labile hydroxy protons and a carbon framework that can be traced out via HSQC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Crestini
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Heiko Lange
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bianchetti
- Procter & Gamble Service Company NV/SA , Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
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24
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Hoste H, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Quijada J, Chan-Perez I, Dakheel MM, Kommuru DS, Mueller-Harvey I, Terrill TH. Interactions Between Nutrition and Infections With Haemonchus contortus and Related Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:239-351. [PMID: 27238007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between host nutrition and feeding behaviour are central to understanding the pathophysiological consequences of infections of the digestive tract with parasitic nematodes. The manipulation of host nutrition provides useful options to control gastrointestinal nematodes as a component of an integrated strategy. Focussed mainly on the Haemonchus contortus infection model in small ruminants, this chapter (1) illustrates the relationship between quantitative (macro- and micro-nutrients) and qualitative (plant secondary metabolites) aspects of host nutrition and nematode infection, and (2) shows how basic studies aimed at addressing some generic questions can help to provide solutions, despite the considerable diversity of epidemiological situations and breeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoste
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J Quijada
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - I Chan-Perez
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - M M Dakheel
- University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - D S Kommuru
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
| | | | - T H Terrill
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
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Duval A, Avérous L. Characterization and Physicochemical Properties of Condensed Tannins from Acacia catechu. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1751-1760. [PMID: 26853705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins from Acacia catechu were carefully studied to determine their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. The combined use of MALDI-TOF-MS and (13)C NMR revealed that catechin and epicatechin are the predominant monomers. Most of the compounds were dimers, as confirmed by size exclusion chromatography measurements. To evaluate their potential as aromatic building block in polymer synthesis, special care was given to the characterization and quantification of the different OH groups. A detailed (31)P NMR analysis showed the predominance of catechin, with a catechin/epicatechin ratio of 4.2:1. Two distinct (1)H NMR measurements confirmed the quantification. The thermal properties were also determined: the tannins showed a high temperature of degradation (ca. 190 °C) and a high glass transition temperature (ca. 140 °C), allowing for thermal processing or chemical reactions at relatively high temperature. A. catechu tannins thus present interesting features to be used as aromatic building blocks in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Duval
- Bioteam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- Bioteam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Ramsay A, Williams AR, Thamsborg SM, Mueller-Harvey I. Galloylated proanthocyanidins from shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal have potent anthelmintic activity against Ascaris suum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 122:146-153. [PMID: 26708339 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PA) from shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal were investigated by thiolytic degradation with benzyl mercaptan and the reaction products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These PA were galloylated (≈40%), contained only B-type linkages and had a high proportion of prodelphinidins (>70%). The mean degree of polymerisation was 8 (i.e. average molecular size was 2384Da) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) was the major flavan-3-ol subunit in PA. Shea meal also proved to be a potentially valuable source for extracting free flavan-3-ol-O-gallates, especially EGCg (575mg/kg meal), which is known for its health and anti-parasitic benefits. Proanthocyanidins were isolated and tested for bioactivity against Ascaris suum, which is an important parasite of pigs. Migration and motility tests revealed that these PA have potent activity against this parasitic nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramsay
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, UK.
| | - A R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - I Mueller-Harvey
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, UK
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Neilson AP, O'Keefe SF, Bolling BW. High-Molecular-Weight Proanthocyanidins in Foods: Overcoming Analytical Challenges in Pursuit of Novel Dietary Bioactive Components. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 7:43-64. [PMID: 26735794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are an abundant but complex class of polyphenols found in foods and botanicals. PACs are polymeric flavanols with a variety of linkages and subunits. Connectivity and degree of polymerization (DP) determine PAC bioavailability and bioactivity. Current quantitative and qualitative methods may ignore a large percentage of dietary PACs. Subsequent correlations between intake and activity are hindered by a lack of understanding of the true PAC complexity in many foods. Additionally, estimates of dietary intakes are likely inaccurate, as nutrient databank values are largely based on standards from cocoa (monomers to decamers) and blueberries (mean DP of 36). Improved analytical methodologies are needed to increase our understanding of the biological roles of these complex compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060; ,
| | - Sean F O'Keefe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060; ,
| | - Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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Williams AR, Ramsay A, Hansen TVA, Ropiak HM, Mejer H, Nejsum P, Mueller-Harvey I, Thamsborg SM. Anthelmintic activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde and A- and B-type proanthocyanidins derived from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). Sci Rep 2015; 5:14791. [PMID: 26420588 PMCID: PMC4588565 DOI: 10.1038/srep14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, but effects on parasitic worms of the intestine have not been investigated. Here, extracts of cinnamon bark were shown to have potent in vitro anthelmintic properties against the swine nematode Ascaris suum. Analysis of the extract revealed high concentrations of proanthocyanidins (PAC) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA). The PAC were subjected to thiolysis and HPLC-MS analysis which demonstrated that they were exclusively procyanidins, had a mean degree of polymerization of 5.2 and 21% of their inter-flavan-3-ol links were A-type linkages. Purification of the PAC revealed that whilst they had activity against A. suum, most of the potency of the extract derived from CA. Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum larvae were similarly susceptible to CA. To test whether CA could reduce A. suum infection in pigs in vivo, CA was administered daily in the diet or as a targeted, encapsulated dose. However, infection was not significantly reduced. It is proposed that the rapid absorption or metabolism of CA in vivo may prevent it from being present in sufficient concentrations in situ to exert efficacy. Therefore, further work should focus on whether formulation of CA can enhance its activity against internal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aina Ramsay
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Tina V. A. Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Honorata M. Ropiak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Mejer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stig M. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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