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Shuang R, Du L, Shao J, Tian Y, Wu D, Meng F. Decades-long organic tea production is distinguished by N deficiency: Evidence from soil and tea δ 15N data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172625. [PMID: 38670380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility of identifying commercial organic teas from conventional teas based on their isotopic signatures, we sampled tea leaves and soil samples from three tea gardens in Pu'er, China, that underwent decades of certified organic cultivation and compared them with adjacent conventional gardens. We found that long-term organic tea cultivation increased the soil organic carbon and soil pH but significantly decreased the total N content of tea. Higher δ15N values were observed in the organic teas, but significant overlap existed with non-organic teas. The lower N content of the organic tea and contrasting pattern between the organic tea δ15N and soil δ15N suggested that the decline of the N availability could potentially act as a robust characteristic for discriminating between organic and non-organic tea cultivation systems. Further analysis implies that combining tea and soil N content with δ15N value is a promising approach to organic tea identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Shuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Jinliang Shao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Yuping Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fanqiao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Zhou X, Xiong B, Ma X, Jin B, Xie L, Rogers KM, Zhang H, Wu H. Towards Verifying the Imported Soybeans of China Using Stable Isotope and Elemental Analysis Coupled with Chemometrics. Foods 2023; 12:4227. [PMID: 38231675 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Verifying the geographical origin of soybeans (Glycine max [Linn.] Merr.) is a major challenge as there is little available information regarding non-parametric statistical origin approaches for Chinese domestic and imported soybeans. Commercially procured soybean samples from China (n = 33) and soybeans imported from Brazil (n = 90), the United States of America (n = 6), and Argentina (n = 27) were collected to characterize different producing origins using stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O, δ15N, δ13C, and δ34S), non-metallic element content (% N, % C, and % S), and 23 mineral elements. Chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and BP-artificial neural network (BP-ANN) were applied to classify each origin profile. The feasibility of stable isotopes and elemental analysis combined with chemometrics as a discrimination tool to determine the geographical origin of soybeans was evaluated, and origin traceability models were developed. A PCA model indicated that origin discriminant separation was possible between the four soybean origins. Soybean mineral element content was found to be more indicative of origin than stable isotopes or non-metallic element contents. A comparison of two chemometric discriminant models, LDA and BP-ANN, showed both achieved an overall accuracy of 100% for testing and training sets when using a combined isotope and elemental approach. Our findings elucidate the importance of a combined approach in developing a reliable origin labeling method for domestic and imported soybeans in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Zhou
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Beibei Xiong
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Thermo Fisher Scientific (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Baohui Jin
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Liqi Xie
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Hui Zhang
- Comprehensive Technology Centre, Zhangjiagang Customs, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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3
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Gatzert X, Chun KP, Hermanowski R, Mäder R, Breuer L, Gattinger A, Orlowski N. Application of multiple stable isotopes to aid identification of the origin of regional and organic animal products in Hesse, Germany. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2023; 59:490-510. [PMID: 37981783 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2023.2273941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing global demand for regional and organic produce. However, the growth of these markets depends on consumers' trust. Thus, novel methods must be developed to aid the verification of the origin of produce. We built on our previous study to identify the geographical origin and production method of animal-derived food products. Thirty-samples of eggs, 99 of milk, 34 of beef, and 62 of pork were collected from different regions in central Germany and analysed for their stable isotopic composition. The analysis followed a single-variate authentification approach using five isotope signatures, δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S. The best-performing indicators for verification of the geographical origin were δ15N and δ34S for beef; δ18O, δ2H, and δ13C for milk, and δ2H and δ13C for pork. These tracers indicated statistically significant differences among regions with the exception of pork; the results recorded for eggs were inconclusive. It was possible to distinguish between production methods by means of δ15N and δ34S (beef); all five tracers (eggs), and δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S (milk). This study demonstrated how the analysis of stable isotopes can be employed to determine the geographic region of origin and production method of animal-derived products in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Gatzert
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Plant Production and Plant Breeding II - Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwok P Chun
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Hermanowski
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Mäder
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Gattinger
- Institute for Plant Production and Plant Breeding II - Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natalie Orlowski
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Qi F, Liu X, Deng Z, Lu Y, Chen Y, Geng H, Zhang Q, Rao Q, Song W. Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables. Foods 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37509747 PMCID: PMC10378639 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of the rational and standardized use of pesticides is important for the sustainable development of agriculture while maintaining a high quality. The insecticides thiamethoxam and fenvalerate and the vegetables spinach, cabbage, and lettuce were used here as study objects. Descriptive analysis and primary reaction kinetic equations were used to analyze the changes in metabolic residues of the two insecticides after different numbers of application in three vegetables. The effects of pesticide residue levels on the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values of vegetables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to build discrimination models of the vegetables with different pesticide residues based on stable isotopes. The results showed that the first degradation residues of thiamethoxam and fenvalerate in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce conformed to primary reaction kinetic equations, but the degradation half-lives were long, and accumulation occurred in the second application. The differences in the four stable isotope ratios in the control group of the three vegetables were statistically significant, and two-thirds of the stable isotope ratios in the three vegetables with different numbers of pesticide applications were significantly different. The δ13C and δ15N values of spinach, the δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H values of cabbage, and the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O values of lettuce were significantly correlated with different residues of thiamethoxam and/or fenvalerate applications. The control groups of the three vegetables, spinach-thiamethoxam-first, spinach-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-fenvalerate-first, and lettuce-thiamethoxam-first, were fully identified by PLS-DA models, while the identification models of other vegetables containing pesticide residues still need to be further improved. The results provide technical support for identifying the rational use of pesticides in vegetables and provide a reference method for guaranteeing the authenticity of green and organic vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- College of Food Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhongsheng Deng
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qicai Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
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5
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Nie J, Yang J, Liu C, Li C, Shao S, Yao C, Chen B, Tao Y, Wang F, Zhang Y, Rogers KM, Wang P, Yuan Y. Stable isotope and elemental profiles determine geographical origin of saffron from China and Iran. Food Chem 2023; 405:134733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rogers KM, Phillips A, Fitzgerald J, Rogers P, Cooper J, Pearson AJ, Nie J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Shao S, Yuan Y. Use of stable isotopes to characterise New Zealand butter in a global market. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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7
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Recent advances in Chinese food authentication and origin verification using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 398:133896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Isotopes Don't Lie, differentiating organic from conventional banana (Musa AAA, Cavendish subgroup) fruits using C and N stable isotopes. Food Chem 2022; 394:133491. [PMID: 35717915 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the dramatic increase of organic banana production worldwide, it is essential to be able to monitor compliance with organic specifications. While the detection of pesticide fraud is routinely controlled by detecting pesticide residues in organic bananas, the detection of fertilizer fraud is much more complex. We compared the δ13C and δ15N isotopic values of green bananas from organic and conventional farms at seven sites around the world. In our whole dataset, the δ15N values of banana fruits ranged between -1.25 and + 8.91‰. In all sites, δ15N values of organic banana were significantly higher than conventional fruits (mean value of + 5.24‰ and + 2.342‰, respectively). Conversely, the type of fertilization did not significantly alter δ13C values. Our results suggest that it is possible, upon arrival in importing countries, to differentiate bananas grown with synthetic fertilizer from those grown with organic fertilizer.
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A bioavailable strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isoscape for Aotearoa New Zealand: Implications for food forensics and biosecurity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264458. [PMID: 35294466 PMCID: PMC8926269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As people, animals and materials are transported across increasingly large distances in a globalized world, threats to our biosecurity and food security are rising. Aotearoa New Zealand is an island nation with many endemic species, a strong local agricultural industry, and a need to protect these from pest threats, as well as the economy from fraudulent commodities. Mitigation of such threats is much more effective if their origins and pathways for entry are understood. We propose that this may be addressed in Aotearoa using strontium isotope analysis of both pests and products. Bioavailable radiogenic isotopes of strontium are ubiquitous markers of provenance that are increasingly used to trace the origin of animals and plants as well as products, but currently a baseline map across Aotearoa is lacking, preventing use of this technique. Here, we have improved an existing methodology to develop a regional bioavailable strontium isoscape using the best available geospatial datasets for Aotearoa. The isoscape explains 53% of the variation (R2 = 0.53 and RMSE = 0.00098) across the region, for which the primary drivers are the underlying geology, soil pH, and aerosol deposition (dust and sea salt). We tested the potential of this model to determine the origin of cow milk produced across Aotearoa. Predictions for cow milk (n = 33) highlighted all potential origin locations that share similar 87Sr/86Sr values, with the closest predictions averaging 7.05 km away from their true place of origin. These results demonstrate that this bioavailable strontium isoscape is effective for tracing locally produced agricultural products in Aotearoa. Accordingly, it could be used to certify the origin of Aotearoa’s products, while also helping to determine if new pest detections were of locally breeding populations or not, or to raise awareness of imported illegal agricultural products.
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Differences in the Levels of the Selected Phytoestrogens and Stable Isotopes in Organic vs. Conventional Hops and Beer. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081839. [PMID: 34441615 PMCID: PMC8394639 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), isoxanthohumol (IX) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) are important prenylflavonoids present in hops with potential beneficial properties. In this study, we examined differences in the content of XN, IX and 8-PN in hops and beer produced under organic and conventional production regimes. A An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for analysing XN, IX and 8-PN in hops and beer was developed and validated, with LOQ ranging from 0.5 to 10 ng/mL. Finally, we examined 15N/14N and 12C/13C isotope ratios in the hops and beer using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The results show no statistically significant difference in the content of the selected prenylflavonoids between organic and conventionally produced hops and beer—in the whole sample group, as well as between the matched pairs. Stable isotope analysis indicated that only δ15N values are statistically higher in organically produced hops and beer. However, the differentiation according to the type of production could not be made solely based on the δ15N signature, but it could be used to provide supporting evidence.
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11
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Zhou X, Wu H, Pan J, Chen H, Jin B, Yan Z, Xie L, Rogers KM. Geographical traceability of south-east Asian durian: A chemometric study using stable isotopes and elemental compositions. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Li C, Wang Q, Shao S, Chen Z, Nie J, Liu Z, Rogers KM, Yuan Y. Stable Isotope Effects of Biogas Slurry Applied as an Organic Fertilizer to Rice, Straw, and Soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8090-8097. [PMID: 34279098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biogas slurry (BS) is now increasingly used for organic rice production in China. However, the isotopic response and fractionation of different BS application rates to characterize organic rice cultivation have not yet been investigated. In this study, different fertilizer treatments were applied to rice paddy soil including urea, BS with five different application rates and a control with no fertilizer added. Multiproxy analyses (% C, % N, δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O) of rice, rice straw, and soil were undertaken using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rice, straw, and soil showed only minor isotopic and elemental variations across all fertilizer treatments except for δ15N. δ15N values of rice and straw became more positive (+6.1 to +11.2‰ and +6.1 to +12.2‰, respectively) with increasing BS application rates and became more negative with urea fertilization (+2.8 and +3.0‰, respectively). The soil had more positive δ15N values after BS application but showed no significant change with different application rates. No obvious δ15N isotopic differences were found between the control soil and soils fertilized with urea. 15N fractionation was observed between rice, straw, and soil (Δrice-soil -2.0 to +4.3‰, Δstraw-soil -1.9 to +5.3‰) and their isotopic values were strongly correlated to each other (r > 0.94, p < 0.01). Results showed that % C, % N, δ13C, δ2H, and δ18O in rice displayed only minor variations for different fertilizers. However, δ15N values increased in response to BS application, confirming that BS leaves an enriched 15N isotopic marker in soil, straw, and rice, indicating its organically cultivated status. Results from this study will enhance the stable isotope δ15N databank for assessing organic practices using different fertilizer sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Environment Resource and Soil Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- Institute of Environment Resource and Soil Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Gatzert X, Chun KP, Boner M, Hermanowski R, Mäder R, Breuer L, Gattinger A, Orlowski N. Assessment of multiple stable isotopes for tracking regional and organic authenticity of plant products in Hesse, Germany. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:281-300. [PMID: 33855926 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.1905635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As demand for regional and organically produced foodstuff has increased in Europe, the need has arisen to verify the products' origin and production method. For food authenticity tracking (production method and origin), we examined 286 samples of wheat (Triticum aestivum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and apples (Malus domestica) from different regions in Germany for their stable isotope compositions of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. Single-variate authentication methods were used. Suitable isotope tracers to determine wheat's regional origin were δ18O and δ34S. δ13C helped to distinguish between organic and conventional wheat samples. For the separation of the production regions of potatoes, several isotope tracers were suitable (e.g. δ18O, δ2H, δ15N, δ13C and δ34S isotopes in potato protein), but only protein δ15N was suitable to differentiate between organic and conventional potato samples. For the apple samples, 2H and 18O isotopes helped to identify production regions, but no significant statistical differences could be found between organically and conventionally farmed apples. For food authenticity tracking, our study showed the need to take the various isotopes into account. There is an urgent need for a broad reference database if isotope measurements are to become a main tool for determining product's origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Gatzert
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Plant Production and Plant Breeding II - Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwok P Chun
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Robert Hermanowski
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Mäder
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Gattinger
- Institute for Plant Production and Plant Breeding II - Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natalie Orlowski
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Chung IM, Kim YJ, Moon HS, Chi HY, Kim SH. Long-term isotopic model study for ecofriendly rice (Oryza sativa L.) authentication: Updating a case study in South Korea. Food Chem 2021; 362:130215. [PMID: 34091166 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the lack of consumer trust in ecofriendly products due to low reliability of ecofriendly certification and decreasing areas certified for growing ecofriendly agricultural products, alternative approaches for reliable certification are required. Isotopic-chemometric analysis has potential for determining organic authenticity, but previous studies have struggled to differentiate the authenticities of different rice types. The present study examined 5-year variations in δ13C and δ15N in ecofriendly and conventional rice sold at retail markets in South Korea, while assessing the feasibility of discriminant models for authentication of organic rice. Supporting vector machine analysis showed 4.4-14.6% better overall predictability of rice types than discriminant analysis and was effective in discriminating organic or conventional rice from pesticide-free rice, potentially enabling high-throughput screening to authenticate organic rice at marketplaces. Our findings provide reliable information for authenticating ecofriendly rice, with a potential to improve consumer safety and thus the confidence in organic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Ju Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Sung Moon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Youn Chi
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Liu X, Liu Z, Qian Q, Song W, Rogers KM, Rao Q, Wang S, Zhang Q, Shao S, Tian M, Song W, Yuan Y. Isotope chemometrics determines farming methods and geographical origin of vegetables from Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Food Chem 2020; 342:128379. [PMID: 33097333 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shanghai city has encountered possible food fraud regarding the geographical mislabeling of vegetables for economic gain. A combination of δ13C, δ15N, δ2H and δ18O values and partial least squares discrimination analysis and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used for the first time to assess farming methods and determine the origin of vegetables from Shanghai city, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces. The results showed that 65.8% of Shanghai vegetables, 38.2% of Anhui vegetables and 23.6% of Zhejiang vegetables appeared to be grown using green or organic farming methods. The optimal discriminant model was obtained using SVM with a predictive accuracy of 100% for Shanghai vegetables. Zhejiang vegetables had a predictive accuracy of 91.7%, while it was difficult to distinguish Anhui vegetables from Shanghai or Zhejiang vegetables. Therefore, this study provided a useful method to identify vegetable farming methods and discriminate vegetables from Shanghai and Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qunli Qian
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Wei Song
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China; National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qicai Zhang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Minglu Tian
- Information Research Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Shanghai Service Platform of Agro-products Quality and Safety Evaluation Technology, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 310021, China; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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16
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L. Mantha O, Laxmi Patel M, Hankard R, De Luca A. Effect of Organic Food Intake on Nitrogen Stable Isotopes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102965. [PMID: 32998302 PMCID: PMC7601395 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food choices affect the isotopic composition of the body with each food item leaving its distinct isotopic imprint. The common view is that the natural abundance of the stable isotopes of nitrogen (expressed as δ15N) is higher in animals than in plants that constitute our contemporary diets. Higher δ15N is thus increasingly viewed as a biomarker for meat and fish intake. Here we show that organic compared to conventional farming increases plant δ15N to an extent that can appreciably impact the performance of δ15N as a biomarker. The error that can arise when organic plants are consumed was modelled for the entire range of proportions of plant versus animal protein intake, and accounting for various intakes of organic and conventionally grown crops. This mass balance model allows the interpretation of differences in δ15N in light of organic food consumption. Our approach shows that the relationship between δ15N and meat and fish intake is highly contextual and susceptible to variation at the population, community or group level. We recommend that fertilization practices and organic plant consumption must not be overlooked when using δ15N as a biomarker for meat and fish intake or to assess compliance to nutritional interventions.
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17
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Liu H, Zeng Y, Yan J, Huang R, Zhao X, Zheng X, Mo M, Tan S, Tong H. C N H O and mineral element stable isotope ratio analysis for authentication in tea. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Francois G, Fabrice V, Didier M. Traceability of fruits and vegetables. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 173:112291. [PMID: 32106013 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food safety and traceability are nowadays a constant concern for consumers, and indeed for all actors in the food chain, including those involved in the fruit and vegetable sector. For the EU, the principles and legal requirements of traceability are set out in Regulation 178/2002. Currently however the regulation does not describe any analytical traceability tools. Furthermore, traceability systems for fruits and vegetables face increasing competition due to market globalization. The current challenge for actors in this sector is therefore to be sufficiently competitive in terms of price, traceability, quality and safety to avoid scandal and fraud. For all these reasons, new, flexible, cheap and efficient traceability tools, as isotopic analysis, DNA fingerprinting and metabolomic profiling coupled with chemometrics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyon Francois
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, Laboratoire de Bordeaux/Pessac, 3 Avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, 33608, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Vaillant Fabrice
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d'Avignon, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; AGROSAVIA (Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research), C.I. La Selva, Km 7 via las Palmas, Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Montet Didier
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d'Avignon, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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19
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Gomez-Marco F, Yoshimoto A, Braswell WE, Stouthamer R. Evaluation of δ 15N analysis to trace the origin of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) to citrus orchard fertilization management. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8807. [PMID: 32257642 PMCID: PMC7104720 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the variability of nitrogen stable isotope ratios 15N/14N (expressed as δ15N) on citrus orchards with different fertilization management practices (organic versus conventional) and its correlation with the δ15N values of the key citrus pest Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) feeding on such plant material. Tracing the origin of this pest in open field is crucial since the insect is a vector of the incurable and devastating citrus disease known as Huanglongbing. We hypothesized that the origin (natal tree) of the pest may be deduced by correlating the δ15N values obtained from the young citrus leaves and from adults of D. citri raised on them. First, laboratory experiments were performed to understand the acquisition and incorportation of the δ15N values by D. citri. Second, we confirmed the positive correlation between the δ15N values of the young citrus leaves and D. citri. Finally, field sampling was carried out in 21 citrus orchards from Southern California to study the variability on the δ15N values on organic and conventional commercial citrus orchards. Laboratory results suggest that the analyses of the δ15N values can be regarded as a useful method to trace the origin of the pest. However, the high variability in nitrogen resource used in both fertilization management practices (especially in organic orchards) by growers makes the application of this technique unfeasible to pinpoint the origin of D. citri in the citrus agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Gomez-Marco
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Yoshimoto
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - W Evan Braswell
- PPQ, Mission Laboratory, Edinburg, TX, United States of America
| | - Richard Stouthamer
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
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20
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Zhao Y, Tu T, Tang X, Zhao S, Qie M, Chen A, Yang S. Authentication of organic pork and identification of geographical origins of pork in four regions of China by combined analysis of stable isotopes and multi-elements. Meat Sci 2020; 165:108129. [PMID: 32234581 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify that the organic status of pork purchased in the markets from four different regions of China can be authenticated by the combined analysis of stable isotopes and multiple elements. Four stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H and δ18O) and the concentrations of seven elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu and Se) were determined in organic and conventional pork samples from four locations of China. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze stable isotope ratios and multi-element concentrations in pork. Based on the limited database of analytical values, the methodology would be potentially able to confirm whether a sample of pork came from the region and organic status it claimed. These results provide a possibility for authenticity of organic agricultural products from a large scope such as a province even a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ting Tu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengjie Qie
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Cristea G, Feher I, Voica C, Radu S, Magdas DA. Isotopic and elemental profiling alongside with chemometric methods for vegetable differentiation. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2020; 56:69-82. [PMID: 32098526 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1720672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three chemometric models for vegetables growing system (field versus greenhouse), geographical origin and species attribution using stable isotope (δ13C, δ18O, δ2H) and elemental fingerprints of 101 samples (54 squashes and 47 radishes) commercialized on Romanian market were developed. These models were constructed and validated through linear discriminant analysis. Initial validations of 94.4% and 83% were obtained for squash and radish growing systems, respectively, such that one squash and four radish samples declared to be grown in the field were attributed to the greenhouse group. For this purpose, the most powerful differentiation markers appeared to be Sn and δ13C for radishes, and Sn, Cu for squashes. Regarding the vegetable origin, four samples, initially considered to originate from Romania (95% for initial classification) were attributed to the foreign group in the cross-validation procedure (93.1%). Romanian radishes and squashes were characterized by a higher content of Na and Cu, respectively, compared with foreign samples, while the mean values for Zn, Sr, Zr and Co concentrations were found to be higher for the vegetables from abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cristea
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Ion Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Feher
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Ion Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cezara Voica
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Ion Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stelian Radu
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Ion Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Alina Magdas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Ion Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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22
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Liu Z, Yuan Y, Xie T, Zhang Y, Shao S, Nie J, Xia W, Rogers KM, Zhang W. Long-Term Agricultural Effects on the Authentication Accuracy of Organic, Green, and Conventional Rice Using Isotopic and Elemental Chemometric Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1213-1225. [PMID: 31903748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organically farmed rice is believed to be healthier, safer, and eco-friendlier than its conventionally farmed counterparts and sells for a premium price in global markets. Deliberate mislabeling of organic rice has become a critical consumer concern in China and elsewhere, and there is an increased risk of buying fraudulent organic rice in the market place. In this study, stable isotopic and multielemental analysis combined with chemometrics was used to differentiate organically farmed rice from green and conventional rice in a 4-year experimental field trial from 2014 to 2017. A total of 108 rice samples and their associated soils were collected during the study from three farming (fertilization) systems to investigate whether there are long-term changes in the rice farming classification accuracy from climate effects. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (i.e., δ13C and δ15N) and 27 elemental contents (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn) of rice and soil samples were determined and then evaluated using statistical analysis [i.e., one-way analysis of variance, multivariable correlation analysis, and modeling of partial least-squares discriminant analysis]. Although δ15N values can be an effective indicator for organic rice authentication during one crop rotation, both δ13C and δ15N values of rice were easily affected by rice cultivar and interannual soil fertilization and localized agroclimatic variations. These two isotopes were not able to separate organic rice from green and conventional rice accurately. Elemental contents of green and conventional rice (especially K and Ca) were found at higher levels due to the abundant application of synthetic fertilizers (e.g., KNO3, KH2PO4, and CaHPO4), unlike organically farmed rice, which primarily used animal manure and composts. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis modeling combined isotopic and elemental signatures to correctly differentiate organic rice from green and conventional counterparts, with an accuracy up to 100% over the 4-year study. Therefore, this multi-isotope and -element strategy proposes a more rigorous, alternative tool to combat fraudulent mislabeling of organic rice, increasing the trust of organically labeled rice products and supporting the integrity of the organic sector worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Tongzhou Xie
- Jiaxian Rice Product Limited Company , Danyang 212341 , Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Wei Xia
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- National Isotope Centre , GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Weixing Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
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23
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Sinkovič L, Nečemer M, Ogrinc N, Žnidarčič D, Stopar D, Vidrih R, Meglič V. Parameters for discrimination between organic and conventional production: A case study for chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L.). Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111109. [PMID: 31904471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic crop production has become a highly attractive way of production over the world and thus the need for robust analytical techniques for their authentication. The main aim of this study is to identify appropriate biomarkers to discriminate between organic and conventionally grown chicory. Chicory is an appreciated leafy vegetable among producers and consumers, especially due to its undemanding cultivation and content of bioactive substances. Six different fertility management practices (control, two organic, two mineral, and a combination of organic and mineral fertilizers) were used to produce five chicory cultivars in a glasshouse pot experiment. Analysis of bioactive compounds, nitrogen assimilation, multi-elemental profiling and stable isotope ratio determination of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) were performed to differentiate between organic and conventional production. In this study, nitrogen isotopes are found to be an excellent way of identifying organically produced chicory of a different variety with the highest δ15N values. Conversely, the same samples had the lowest δ34S values indicating that also stable isotopes of S could be used as a marker for the authentication of organic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Sinkovič
- Crop Science Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marijan Nečemer
- Department of Low and Medium Energy Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan Žnidarčič
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rajko Vidrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Meglič
- Crop Science Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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24
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Tracing the geographical origin of rice by stable isotopic analyses combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2019; 313:126093. [PMID: 31927205 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate stable isotope analysis combined with chemometrics was used to investigate and discriminate rice samples from six rice producing provinces in China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guizhou) and four other Asian rice producing countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, and Pakistan). The stable isotope characteristics were analyzed for rice of different species cultivated with varied farming methods at different altitudes and latitudes/longitudes. The index groups of δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, 207/206Pb and 208/207Pb were screened and established for the selected samples with different geographical features by means of principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA), which would provide a sound technical solution for rice traceability and serve as a template for further research on the traceability of other agricultural products, especially plant-derived products.
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25
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Potential Use of Stable Isotope and Multi-element Analyses for Regional Geographical Traceability of Bone Raw Materials for Gelatin Production. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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A holistic approach to authenticate organic sweet oranges (Citrus Sinensis L. cv Osbeck) using different techniques and data fusion. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Trandel MA, Vigardt A, Walters SA, Lefticariu M, Kinsel M. Nitrogen Isotope Composition, Nitrogen Amount, and Fruit Yield of Tomato Plants Affected by the Soil-Fertilizer Types. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6419-6426. [PMID: 30023947 PMCID: PMC6045350 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are heavy nutrient feeding crops and require high amounts of nitrogen to maximize fruit production. The type of nitrogen applied and timing of fertilizer applications are important to reduce losses due to volatilization and leaching. Previous research suggested that nitrogen stable isotopes are a useful fingerprinting system for indicating if a crop has been grown with synthetic or organic nitrogen applications. To study the effects of fertilization systems on nitrogen isotopic patterns, "Better Bush" tomatoes were grown in a 2 year greenhouse experiment to analyze nitrogen isotopic composition, nitrogen content, and fruit yield. Three main soil fertility treatments were evaluated, and the results were compared to those obtained on plants grown in unfertilized soil: conventional inorganic (synthetic Miracle Grow (MG)), organic (bonemeal and bloodmeal (BB), BB with liquid Earth Juice (BBL), BB with 25% vermicompost (VC), BBL with 25% VC, and 25% VC), and mixed (MG with 25% VC). The soil fertilizers, treated and untreated soil, immature and mature leaflets tomato fruit peels, and fruit juices were analyzed for both nitrogen isotope ratios and nitrogen concentrations. Plant δ15Nair decreased in the order organic treatment-no fertilizer-mixed treatment-conventional treatment. The average δ15Nair values in leaves, fruit peels, and juice from plants grown with organic treatments ranged from 4.5 to 11.9, 5.4 to 10.1, and 6.1 to 11.1‰, respectively, whereas in the case of the inorganic treatment, the average δ15Nair values varied between -3.0 and 0.4, -1.1 and 0.4, and -0.9 and 1.9‰, respectively. Plant nitrogen concentrations in tomato decreased in the following order (from highest to lowest): inorganic soil fertility treatment, mixed treatments, and organic and control (no fertilizer) treatment. The average weight %N values in leaves and fruit peels from plants grown with organic treatments ranged from 1.3 to 4.2 and 1.1 to 2.3%, respectively, whereas in the case of the inorganic treatment, the average weight %N values varied between 3.7 and 5 and 1.3 and 2.8%, respectively. Plants grown under organic treatments have higher δ15Nair, lower weight %N, and are enriched in 15N compared with the original soil than plants grown with inorganic fertilizer, suggesting that the synthetic nitrogen sources are more readily available for plant uptake than the organic ones. The addition of vermicompost increases both δ15Nair and weight %N in plants. Tomato fruit yields did not differ between cluster 1 and cluster 2 harvest, however, total tomato fruit yields differed indicating that synthetically fertilized plants produced the highest total yields (g) (P ≤ 0.05). However, all treatments with VC soil applications indicated an increase in the amount of plant nitrogen, fruit yield, soil cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter content, and released soil nitrogen. Nitrogen isotope ratios of tomatoes can be used to distinguish among various soil fertility treatments, therefore fingerprinting the organic fertilizer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee A. Trandel
- Department
of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina
State University, 2721
Founders Drive, Kilgore Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607-7609, United States
| | - April Vigardt
- Department
of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina
State University, 2721
Founders Drive, Kilgore Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607-7609, United States
| | - S. Alan Walters
- Department
of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1205 Lincoln Drive, Agriculture Building, Room
176, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4415, United States
| | - Mihai Lefticariu
- Mass Spectrometry Facility and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Neckers Building, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4409, United States
| | - Mary Kinsel
- Mass Spectrometry Facility and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Neckers Building, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4409, United States
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Yuan Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Shao S, Zhou L, Rogers KM. Differentiating Organically Farmed Rice from Conventional and Green Rice Harvested from an Experimental Field Trial Using Stable Isotopes and Multi-Element Chemometrics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2607-2615. [PMID: 29419296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemometric methods using stable isotopes and elemental fingerprinting were used to characterize organically grown rice from green and conventionally grown rice in experimental field trials in China. Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotopes as well as 26 other elements were determined. Organic rice was found to be more depleted in 13C than green or conventionally grown rice because of the uptake of enriched 13C from carbon dioxide and methane respiring bacteria and more enriched in 15N because of the volatilization of the nitrogen from the urea and ammonium of the animal manures used to manufacture the organic composts. Chemometrics (principal-component analysis and linear-discriminant analysis) were used to separate the three farming methods and provided a promising scientific tool to authenticate the farming methods of different rice cultivars fertilized with animal manures, green composts, and synthetic fertilizers in China or elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yuan
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , P.R. China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , P.R. China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre , GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
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Stable isotope ratio and elemental composition parameters in combination with discriminant analysis classification model to assign country of origin to commercial vegetables – A preliminary study. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Longobardi F, Casiello G, Centonze V, Catucci L, Agostiano A. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry in combination with chemometrics for characterization of geographical origin and agronomic practices of table grape. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3173-3180. [PMID: 27885687 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although table grape is one of the most cultivated and consumed fruits worldwide, no study has been reported on its geographical origin or agronomic practice based on stable isotope ratios. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of isotopic ratios (i.e. 2 H/1 H, 13 C/12 C, 15 N/14 N and 18 O/16 O) as possible markers to discriminate the agronomic practice (conventional versus organic farming) and provenance of table grape. RESULTS In order to quantitatively evaluate which of the isotopic variables were more discriminating, a t test was carried out, in light of which only δ13 C and δ18 O provided statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for the discrimination of geographical origin and farming method. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed no good separation of samples differing in geographical area and agronomic practice; thus, for classification purposes, supervised approaches were carried out. In particular, general discriminant analysis (GDA) was used, resulting in prediction abilities of 75.0 and 92.2% for the discrimination of farming method and origin respectively. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that stable isotopes (i.e. δ18 O, δ2 H and δ13 C) combined with chemometrics can be successfully applied to discriminate the provenance of table grape. However, the use of bulk nitrogen isotopes was not effective for farming method discrimination. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Longobardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Casiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Centonze
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Catucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), sez. di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Agostiano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), sez. di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
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Cristea G, Feher I, Magdas DA, Voica C, Puscas R. Characterization of Vegetables by Stable Isotopic and Elemental Signatures. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1263312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cristea
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Feher
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - D. Alina Magdas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cezara Voica
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Romulus Puscas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Rathore AS, Kapoor G. Implementation of quality by design toward processing of food products. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:435-440. [PMID: 28402220 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1315601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quality by design (QbD) is a systematic approach that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control. It is an approach based on principles of sound science and quality risk management. As the food processing industry continues to embrace the idea of in-line, online, and/or at-line sensors and real-time characterization for process monitoring and control, the existing gaps with regard to our ability to monitor multiple parameters/variables associated with the manufacturing process will be alleviated over time. Investments made for development of tools and approaches that facilitate high-throughput analytical and process development, process analytical technology, design of experiments, risk analysis, knowledge management, and enhancement of process/product understanding would pave way for operational and economic benefits later in the commercialization process and across other product pipelines. This article aims to achieve two major objectives. First, to review the progress that has been made in the recent years on the topic of QbD implementation in processing of food products and second, present a case study that illustrates benefits of such QbD implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S Rathore
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
| | - Gautam Kapoor
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
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Sun S, Guo B, Wei Y. Origin assignment by multi-element stable isotopes of lamb tissues. Food Chem 2016; 213:675-681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bontempo L, Camin F, Paolini M, Micheloni C, Laursen KH. Multi-isotopic signatures of organic and conventional Italian pasta along the production chain. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:675-683. [PMID: 27457424 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The variability of stable isotope ratios (δ(2) H, δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(18) O and δ(34) S) along the production chain of pasta (durum wheat, flour and pasta) produced by using both conventional and organic farming systems in four Italian regions in 2 years was investigated. The aim was to evaluate if and how the farming system and geographical origin affect stable isotope ratios determined along the production chain. Irrespective of the processing technology, 65% of the samples were correctly classified according to the farming system and 98% were correctly classified regarding the geographical region. When considering both farming system and geographical region simultaneously, 80% of the samples were correctly classified. The measured isotope parameters were thus primarily affected by the geographical origin. In conclusion, it is expected that the use of these parameters will allow the development of analytical control procedures that can be used to check the geographical origin of Italian organic and conventional pasta and its raw materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bontempo
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - F Camin
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - M Paolini
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - C Micheloni
- AIAB - Associazione Italiana per l'Agricoltura Biologica, largo D. Frisullo, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - K H Laursen
- Plant and Soil Science Section and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Zhao Y, Yang S, Wang D. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as a potential tool to differentiate pork from organic and conventional systems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3950-3955. [PMID: 26678857 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isotopic discrimination, dietary composition and feeding regime determine the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of animals. Accordingly, measurement of the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen can be a potential method to identify patterns of pork production. RESULTS In the current study, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratio in pork from organic and conventional systems. The average carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios for various organic tissues, including hair, blood and defatted meat, were higher than those of conventionally raised ones. The discriminant analysis results based on the combination of carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in defatted meat reached a 100% correct classification. Furthermore, the variation in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of retail organic and conventional pork has been studied over 1 year. The results suggested that organic pork had a higher δ(13) C value than that of the conventional pork in all but three fortnights. Grouping of the δ(15) N data showed that the δ(15) N value in organic pork was higher than that of the conventional one throughout the whole year. CONCLUSION The method established in the present study provides a potential detection that can be highly valuable to prevent fraudulent labelling of organic pork. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Yuan Y, Hu G, Chen T, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu X, Shao S, Zhu J, Wang Q, Rogers KM. Improved Discrimination for Brassica Vegetables Treated with Agricultural Fertilizers Using a Combined Chemometric Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5633-5643. [PMID: 27355562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multielement and stable isotope (δ(13)C, δ(15)N, δ(2)H, δ(18)O, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb) analyses were combined to provide a new chemometric approach to improve the discrimination between organic and conventional Brassica vegetable production. Different combinations of organic and conventional fertilizer treatments were used to demonstrate this authentication approach using Brassica chinensis planted in experimental test pots. Stable isotope analyses (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) of B. chinensis using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry easily distinguished organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, for low-level application fertilizer treatments, this dual isotope approach became indistinguishable over time. Using a chemometric approach (combined isotope and elemental approach), organic and chemical fertilizer mixes and low-level applications of synthetic and organic fertilizers were detectable in B. chinensis and their associated soils, improving the detection limit beyond the capacity of individual isotopes or elemental characterization. LDA shows strong promise as an improved method to discriminate genuine organic Brassica vegetables from produce treated with chemical fertilizers and could be used as a robust test for organic produce authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yuan
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Guixian Hu
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Tianjin Chen
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266100, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiahong Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
- Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021, P.R. China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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Implementation of Quality by Design for processing of food products and biotherapeutics. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bizjak Bat K, Eler K, Mazej D, Mozetič Vodopivec B, Mulič I, Kump P, Ogrinc N. Isotopic and elemental characterisation of Slovenian apple juice according to geographical origin: Preliminary results. Food Chem 2016; 203:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Girard J, Baril A, Mineau P, Fahrig L. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios differ among invertebrates from field crops, forage crops, and non-cropped land uses. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/18-2-3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Inácio CT, Urquiaga S, Chalk PM, Mata MGF, Souza PO. Identifying N fertilizer regime and vegetable production system in tropical Brazil using (15) N natural abundance. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:3025-32. [PMID: 25800588 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted in areas of vegetable production in tropical Brazil, with the objectives of (i) measuring the variation in δ(15) N in soils, organic N fertilizer sources and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from different farming systems, (ii) measuring whether plant δ(15) N can differentiate organic versus conventional lettuce and (iii) identifying the factors affecting lettuce δ(15) N. RESULTS Samples of soil, lettuce and organic inputs were taken from two organic, one conventional and one hydroponic farm. The two organic farms had different N-sources with δ(15) N values ranging from 0.0 to +14.9‰ (e.g. leguminous green manure and animal manure compost, respectively), and differed significantly (P < 0.05) in lettuce δ(15) N (+9.2 ± 1.1‰ and +14.3 ± 1.0‰). Conventional lettuce δ(15) N (+8.5 ± 2.7‰) differed from hydroponic lettuce δ(15) N (+4.5 ± 0.2‰) due to manure inputs. The N from leguminous green manure made a small contribution to the N nutrition of lettuce in the multi-N-source organic farm. CONCLUSION To differentiate organic versus conventional farms using δ(15) N the several subsets of mode of fertilization should be considered. Comparisons of δ(15) N of soil, organic inputs and lettuce allowed a qualitative analysis of the relative importance of different N inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio T Inácio
- EMBRAPA-Soils, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Research Center of Soil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Segundo Urquiaga
- EMBRAPA-Agrobiology, Research Center of Agrobiology, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Phillip M Chalk
- EMBRAPA-Soils, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Research Center of Soil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela F Mata
- UFRRJ, Soil Science Department, Federal Rural Institute of Agronomy, University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo O Souza
- UFRRJ, Soil Science Department, Federal Rural Institute of Agronomy, University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Hohmann M, Monakhova Y, Erich S, Christoph N, Wachter H, Holzgrabe U. Differentiation of Organically and Conventionally Grown Tomatoes by Chemometric Analysis of Combined Data from Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mid-infrared Spectroscopy and Stable Isotope Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9666-9675. [PMID: 26457410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Because the basic suitability of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) to differentiate organic versus conventional tomatoes was recently proven, the approach to optimize (1)H NMR classification models (comprising overall 205 authentic tomato samples) by including additional data of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS, δ(13)C, δ(15)N, and δ(18)O) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy was assessed. Both individual and combined analytical methods ((1)H NMR + MIR, (1)H NMR + IRMS, MIR + IRMS, and (1)H NMR + MIR + IRMS) were examined using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and common components and specific weight analysis (ComDim). With regard to classification abilities, fused data of (1)H NMR + MIR + IRMS yielded better validation results (ranging between 95.0 and 100.0%) than individual methods ((1)H NMR, 91.3-100%; MIR, 75.6-91.7%), suggesting that the combined examination of analytical profiles enhances authentication of organically produced tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hohmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority , Luitpoldstraße 1, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yulia Monakhova
- Spectral Service , Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Saratov State University , Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Sarah Erich
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Laboratory , Bissierstraße 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Christoph
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority , Luitpoldstraße 1, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Wachter
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority , Luitpoldstraße 1, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Rogers KM, van Ruth S, Alewijn M, Philips A, Rogers P. Verification of Egg Farming Systems from The Netherlands and New Zealand Using Stable Isotopes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8372-8380. [PMID: 26343509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes were used to develop authentication criteria of eggs laid under cage, barn, free range, and organic farming regimens from The Netherlands and New Zealand. A training set of commercial poultry feeds and egg albumen from 49 poultry farms across The Netherlands was used to determine the isotopic variability of organic and conventional feeds and to assess trophic effects of these corresponding feeds and barn, free range, and organic farming regimens on corresponding egg albumen. A further 52 brands of New Zealand eggs were sampled from supermarket shelves in 2008 (18), 2010 (30), and 2014 (4) to characterize and monitor changes in caged, barn, free range, and organic egg farming regimens. Stable carbon (δ(13)C) and nitrogen (δ(15)N) isotopes of 49 commercial poultry feeds and their corresponding egg albumens reveals that Dutch poultry are fed exclusively on a plant-based feed and that it is possible to discriminate between conventional and organic egg farming regimens in The Netherlands. Similarly, it is possible to discriminate between New Zealand organic and conventional egg farming regimens, although in the initial screening in 2008, results showed that some organic eggs had isotope values similar to those of conventional eggs, suggesting hens were not exclusively receiving an organic diet. Dutch and New Zealand egg regimens were shown to have a low isotopic correlation between both countries, because of different poultry feed compositions. In New Zealand, both conventional and organic egg whites have higher δ(15)N values than corresponding Dutch egg whites, due to the use of fishmeal or meat and bone meal (MBM), which is banned in European countries. This study suggests that stable isotopes (specifically nitrogen) show particular promise as a screening and authentication tool for organically farmed eggs. Criteria to assess truthfulness in labeling of organic eggs were developed, and we propose that Dutch organic egg whites should have a minimum δ(15)N value of 4.8‰ to account for an organic plant derived diet. Monitoring of New Zealand egg isotopes over the past 7 years suggests that organic eggs should have a minimum δ(15)N value of 6.0‰, and eggs falling below this value should be investigated further by certification authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Saskia van Ruth
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research Center , P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Alewijn
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research Center , P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Philips
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Pam Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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Verenitch S, Mazumder A. Isotopic characterization as a screening tool in authentication of organic produce commercially available in western North America. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:332-343. [PMID: 25560176 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.997723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of nitrogen stable isotopes to discriminate between conventionally and organically grown crops has been further developed in this study. Soil and irrigation water from different regions, as well as nitrogen fertilizers used, have been examined in detail to determine their effects on nitrogen isotope composition of spinach, lettuce, broccoli and tomatoes. Over 1000 samples of various types of organically and conventionally grown produce of known origin, along with the samples of nitrogen fertilizers used for their growth, have been analysed in order to assemble the datasets of crop/fertilizer correlations. The results demonstrate that the developed approach can be used as a valuable component in the verification of agricultural practices for more than 25 different types of commercially grown green produce, either organic or conventional. Over a period of two years, various organic and non-organic greens, from different stores in Seattle (WA, USA) and Victoria (BC, Canada), were collected and analysed using this methodology with the objective of determining any pattern of misrepresentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Verenitch
- a Water and Aquatic Science Research , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , Canada
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44
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Hohmann M, Christoph N, Wachter H, Holzgrabe U. Bio oder nicht - lassen sich die Produkte durch1H-NMR-Spektroskopie unterscheiden? CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201480017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Mihailova A, Pedentchouk N, Kelly SD. Stable isotope analysis of plant-derived nitrate - novel method for discrimination between organically and conventionally grown vegetables. Food Chem 2014; 154:238-45. [PMID: 24518338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of reliable markers for the discrimination between organic and conventional products makes the organic food market susceptible to attempted fraud. Robust analytical methodologies for organic food authentication are urgently needed. In this study a new approach, compound-specific nitrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of plant-derived nitrate, has been applied alongside bulk nitrogen isotope analysis for discrimination between organically and conventionally greenhouse-grown lettuce and retail potatoes and tomatoes. The method revealed significant differences between conventional and organic fertilisation. An intra-plant isotopic variation as well as significant impact of the fertiliser application rate on the nitrogen and oxygen isotope values of plant-derived nitrate has been observed. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of nitrate has a potential for differentiation between organic and conventional crops. Further analysis is needed to improve our understanding of the scope of application and robustness of this compound-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mihailova
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, UK.
| | - N Pedentchouk
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, UK
| | - S D Kelly
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, UK
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Laursen K, Schjoerring J, Kelly S, Husted S. Authentication of organically grown plants – advantages and limitations of atomic spectroscopy for multi-element and stable isotope analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Rogers KM, Sim M, Stewart S, Phillips A, Cooper J, Douance C, Pyne R, Rogers P. Investigating C-4 sugar contamination of manuka honey and other New Zealand honey varieties using carbon isotopes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2605-2614. [PMID: 24568639 DOI: 10.1021/jf404766f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotopes (δ(13)C honey and δ(13)C protein) and apparent C-4 sugar contents of 1023 New Zealand honeys from 15 different floral types were analyzed to investigate which New Zealand honey is prone to failing the AOAC 998.12 C-4 sugar test and evaluate the occurrence of false-positive results. Of the 333 honey samples that exceeded the 7% C-4 sugar threshold, 324 samples of these were New Zealand manuka honey (Leptospermum scoparium, 97.2% of all fails found in the study). Three monofloral honeys (ling, kamahi, and tawari) had nine samples (2.8% of all fails found in the study) with apparent C-4 sugars exceeding 7%. All other floral types analyzed did not display C-4 sugar fails. False-positive results were found to occur for higher activity New Zealand manuka honey with a methylglyoxal content >250 mg/kg or a nonperoxide activity >10+, and for some ling, kamahi and tawari honeys. Recommendations for future interpretation of the AOAC 998.12 C-4 sugar method are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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48
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Laursen K, Mihailova A, Kelly S, Epov V, Bérail S, Schjoerring J, Donard O, Larsen E, Pedentchouk N, Marca-Bell A, Halekoh U, Olesen J, Husted S. Is it really organic? – Multi-isotopic analysis as a tool to discriminate between organic and conventional plants. Food Chem 2013; 141:2812-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Inácio CT, Chalk PM, Magalhães AM. Principles and Limitations of Stable Isotopes in Differentiating Organic and Conventional Foodstuffs: 1. Plant Products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 55:1206-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.689380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Capuano E, Boerrigter-Eenling R, van der Veer G, van Ruth SM. Analytical authentication of organic products: an overview of markers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:12-28. [PMID: 23070660 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumers' interest in organic foods is increasing and so is the need for robust analytical tools for their authentication. This review focuses on the most promising biomarkers/analytical approaches that are available for the authentication of organic produce. Food products have been subdivided into two groups: foods of plant origin (crops) and foods of animal origin (meat, milk and dairy products, eggs and fish). For each food category the most suitable biomarkers are presented and their potential for authentication is discussed. In the light of current knowledge, it is unlikely that the authentication of organic food products can be attained by the measurement of a single marker. Analytical approaches based on the measurement of multiple markers and/or complex chemical or physical profiles/fingerprints supported by multivariate statistical analysis seem considerably more promising in this respect. For the development of robust classification models, well-designed experimental studies must be performed that rely on data sets that are both well balanced and of sufficient size to ensure that all relevant sources of variation for the target biomarkers are included in the reference database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Capuano
- Cluster Authenticity and Nutrients, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, NL-6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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