1
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Pan Z, Ye A, Fraser K, Li S, Dave A, Singh H. Comparative lipidomics analysis of different-sized fat globules in sheep and cow milks. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 8:100655. [PMID: 38204877 PMCID: PMC10776417 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of milk fat globule (MFG) size and species (sheep versus cow) on the lipid and protein compositions of sheep and cow milks was studied. The MFGs in raw cow and sheep milks were separated into six significantly different-sized (1.5-5.5 μm) groups by a gravity-based separation method, and their fatty acids, their lipidomes and the protein compositions of their MFG membranes were determined. The proportions of polar lipids increased but glycoproteins decreased with decreasing MFG size in both sheep milk and cow milk; the fatty acid composition showed few differences among the MFG groups. The average size of each MFG group was comparable between sheep milk and cow milk. Sheep milk contained higher proportions of short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids and sphingomyelin than cow milk in all MFG groups. The proportion of glycoproteins was higher in cow MFG membrane than in sheep MFG membrane. The results suggested that the lipid and protein compositions were markedly species and size dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Private Bag 11 008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Siqi Li
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anant Dave
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Fang W, Zhu H, Ye C, Zhang D, Lee HJ. Spatial sterol metabolism unveiled by stimulated Raman imaging. Front Chem 2023; 11:1166313. [PMID: 37065823 PMCID: PMC10090450 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1166313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractHigh-resolution stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging of a genetically engineered model (GEM) enables metabolite imaging in a yeast model and uncovers an unexpected regulatory mechanism of sterol metabolism, providing new insights underpinning the distributional and functional importance of sterol in cells. SRS-GEM demonstrates a promising platform to explore unknown metabolic mechanisms beyond the reach of conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cunqi Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
| | - Delong Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
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3
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Fan D, Huang W, Liu TCY, Zhang X, Li W, Gao X, Meng Y. Quantitative analysis of blended oils by confocal Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics in situ. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Akhgar CK, Nürnberger V, Nadvornik M, Ramos-Garcia V, Ten-Doménech I, Kuligowski J, Schwaighofer A, Rosenberg E, Lendl B. Fatty Acid Determination in Human Milk Using Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and Solvent-Free Lipid Separation. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:730-736. [PMID: 35119320 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211065502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces the first mid-infrared (IR)-based method for determining the fatty acid composition of human milk. A representative milk lipid fraction was obtained by applying a rapid and solvent-free two-step centrifugation method. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy was applied to record absorbance spectra of pure milk fat. The obtained spectra were compared to whole human milk transmission spectra, revealing the significantly higher degree of fatty acid-related spectral features in ATR FT-IR spectra. Partial least squares (PLS)-based multivariate regression equations were established by relating ATR FT-IR spectra to fatty acid reference concentrations, obtained with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Good predictions were achieved for the most important fatty acid sum parameters: saturated fatty acids (SAT, R2CV = 0.94), monounsaturated fatty acids (MONO, R2CV = 0.85), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, R2CV = 0.87), unsaturated fatty acids (UNSAT, R2CV = 0.91), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, R2CV = 0.79), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA, R2CV = 0.97), and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA, R2CV = 0.88). The PLS selectivity ratio (SR) was calculated in order to optimize and verify each individual calibration model. All mid-IR regions with high SR could be assigned to absorbances from fatty acids, indicating high validity of the obtained models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Akhgar
- 27259Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Marlene Nadvornik
- 27259Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- 27259Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- 27259Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- 27259Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
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5
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New directions for optical breast imaging and sensing: multimodal cancer imaging and lactation research. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Yaman H, Aykas DP, Jiménez-Flores R, Rodriguez-Saona LE. Monitoring the ripening attributes of Turkish white cheese using miniaturized vibrational spectrometers. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:40-55. [PMID: 34696910 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the ripening process by prevalent analytic methods is laborious, expensive, and time consuming. Our objective was to develop a rapid and simple method based on vibrational spectroscopic techniques to understand the biochemical changes occurring during the ripening process of Turkish white cheese and to generate predictive algorithms for the determination of the content of key cheese quality and ripening indicator compounds. Turkish white cheese samples were produced in a pilot plant scale and ripened for 100 d, and samples were analyzed at 20 d intervals during storage. The collected spectra (Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, and near-infrared) correlated with major composition characteristics (fat, protein, and moisture) and primary products of the ripening process and analyzed by pattern recognition to generate prediction (partial least squares regression) and classification (soft independent analysis of class analogy) models. The soft independent analysis of class analogy models classified cheese samples based on the unique biochemical changes taking place during the ripening process. partial least squares regression models showed good correlation (RPre = 0.87 to 0.98) between the predicted values by vibrational spectroscopy and the reference values, giving low standard errors of prediction (0.01 to 0.57). Portable and handheld vibrational spectroscopy units can be used as a rapid, simple, and in situ technique for monitoring the quality of cheese during aging and provide real-time tools for addressing deviations in manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Yaman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus 43210; Department of Food Processing, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey 14100
| | - Didem P Aykas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus 43210; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus 43210
| | - Luis E Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus 43210.
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7
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Bradshaw CV, Suarez Trujillo A, Luecke SM, Logan LD, Mohallem R, Aryal UK, Stewart KR, Casey TM, Minor RC. Shotgun proteomics of homogenate milk reveals dynamic changes in protein abundances between colostrum, transitional and mature milk of swine. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6348966. [PMID: 34383053 PMCID: PMC8477453 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is an easily digestible source of nutrients and bioactive factors, its composition reflects the neonate's needs, and changes from colostrum to transitional and mature milk. Our objective was to measure milk fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, and protein content in parallel with global proteome of homogenate milk samples to characterize changes across the three phases of swine lactation. Milk samples were collected from multiparous sows (n=9) on postnatal day 0 (D0; colostrum), 3 (D3; early transitional), 7 (D7; late transitional) and 14 (D14; mature). On D3, percent fat (16 ± 2.1) and lactose (3.8 ± 0.3) were higher (P<0.05) than on D0 (10 ± 3.9, and 1.5 ± 0.3; respectively). Levels of fat and lactose were not different between D3 and D14. Percent total protein decreased (P<0.05) between D0 (11 ± 2.1) and D3 (5 ± 0.7), but there was no significant change in percent protein between D3 and D14. Total carbohydrates increased (P<0.05) between D3 (944 ± 353 µg/ml) and D14 (1150 ± 462 µg/ml). Quantitative proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of homogenate D0, D3, and D14 milk samples (n=6) identified 772 protein groups which corresponded to 501 individual protein-coding genes. A total of 207 high confidence proteins were detected in n=3 sows/day. Of the high confidence proteins, 81 proteins were common amongst all three days of lactation. Among the proteins that decreased between the days (FDR < 0.05) were multiple apolipoproteins and XDH which decreased between D0 to D3. Proteins that increased across the days (FDR < 0.05) were complement factors and14-3-3 proteins (YWHAQ, YWHAE). Our data provide a good characterization of milk proteome changes that likely reflect mammary function as well as the neonate's phase-specific developmental needs. This data may be useful in developing approaches to enhance the health and welfare of swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V Bradshaw
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, USA
| | | | - Sarah M Luecke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Lea D Logan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Rodrigo Mohallem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, , USA.,Proteomics Core, Bindley Science Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, , USA.,Proteomics Core, Bindley Science Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Kara R Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Theresa M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Radiah C Minor
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, USA
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8
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Suarez-Trujillo A, Luecke SM, Logan L, Bradshaw C, Stewart KR, Minor RC, Ramires Ferreira C, Casey TM. Changes in sow milk lipidome across lactation occur in fatty acyl residues of triacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol lipids, but not in plasma membrane phospholipids. Animal 2021; 15:100280. [PMID: 34252722 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fats are vital to neonate survival and development, but vary highly by diet, maternal metabolic state and stage of lactation. To gain a better understanding of changes in lipid composition of sow milk across lactation, milk was collected from nine multiparous sows on days 0, 3, 7, and 14, relative to birth and lipids were profiled using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling. Percent fat was determined by creamatocrit, and found to be different (P < 0.05) between day 0 (12.36 ± 5.90%) and day 3 (16.22 ± 3.65%) but not between day 7 (13.13 ± 2.19%) and day 14 (12.13 ± 2.45%). Fat was extracted from milk (n = 6/day) using the Bligh-Dyer method and profiled using tandem mass spectrometry MRM to determine the abundance of lipids defined by class and fatty acyl residue composition. Lipid species relative concentration was calculated from internal standards, and data analysis was performed using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Concentration of phosphatidyl-choline, -serine, -ethanolamine, -inositol, cholesteryl ester and sphingomyelin did not vary across lactation days, nor did the distribution of associated fatty acyl residues. The total abundance of triacylglycerides (TGs) and phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) increased (P < 0.05) from colostrum (day 0) to transitional (days 3 and 7) and mature milk (day 14). As lactation days increased from day 0 to day 14, the number of carbons and unsaturation within fatty acyl residues decreased (P < 0.05) in both TGs and PGs. The proportion of TGs and PGs increased (P < 0.05) relative to other lipid classes. Changes in composition of milk triglycerides and phosphatidylglycerols likely reflect the metabolic activity of the mammary gland and developmental needs of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suarez-Trujillo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - S M Luecke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - L Logan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - C Bradshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States
| | - K R Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - R C Minor
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States
| | - C Ramires Ferreira
- Metabolomics Core, Bindley Science Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - T M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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9
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de Wolf JR, Lenferink A, Lenferink A, Otto C, Bosschaart N. Evaluation of the changes in human milk lipid composition and conformational state with Raman spectroscopy during a breastfeed. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3934-3947. [PMID: 34457390 PMCID: PMC8367237 DOI: 10.1364/boe.427646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat forms the main energy source for breastfed infants, and is highly variable in terms of concentration and composition. Understanding the changes in human milk lipid composition and conformational state during a breastfeed can provide insight into lipid synthesis and secretion in the mammary gland. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate human milk fatty acid length, degree of unsaturation (lipid composition) and lipid phase (lipid conformational state) at different stages during a single breastfeed (fore-, bulk- and hindmilk). A total of 48 samples from 16 lactating subjects were investigated with confocal Raman spectroscopy. We did not observe any significant changes in lipid composition between fore-, bulk and hindmilk. A new finding from this study is that lipid conformational state at room temperature changed significantly during a breastfeed, from almost crystalline to almost liquid. This observation suggests that lipid synthesis in the mammary gland changes during a single breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R. de Wolf
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anki Lenferink
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aufried Lenferink
- Medical Cell BioPhysics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Otto
- Medical Cell BioPhysics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Bosschaart
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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10
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Characteristics of sow milks at different lactation stages and their frozen storage stabilities. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Bērziņš K, Harrison SDL, Leong C, Fraser-Miller SJ, Harper MJ, Diana A, Gibson RS, Houghton LA, Gordon KC. Qualitative and quantitative vibrational spectroscopic analysis of macronutrients in breast milk. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:118982. [PMID: 33017792 PMCID: PMC7684643 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raman and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to analyze 208 breast milk samples as part of a larger research study. Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out using chemometric methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. The obtained information on the main macronutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) were primarily evaluated in relation to the available metadata of the samples, where study location and respective primary food sources revealed a stronger differentiation in fat composition than its absolute content. The limitations and challenges of using both spectroscopic techniques for the type of analysis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kārlis Bērziņš
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Samuel D L Harrison
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Leong
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michelle J Harper
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Aly Diana
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosalind S Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Lisa A Houghton
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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12
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Escuder-Vieco D, Rodríguez JM, Espinosa-Martos I, Corzo N, Montilla A, García-Serrano A, Calvo MV, Fontecha J, Serrano J, Fernández L, Pallás-Alonso CR. High-Temperature Short-Time and Holder Pasteurization of Donor Milk: Impact on Milk Composition. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020114. [PMID: 33546253 PMCID: PMC7913308 DOI: 10.3390/life11020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5 °C, 30 min) is commonly used to ensure the microbiological safety of donor human milk (DHM) but diminishes its nutritional properties. A high-temperature short-time (HTST) system was designed as an alternative for human milk banks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this HTST system on different nutrients and the bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity of DHM. DHM was processed in the HTST system and by standard HoP. Macronutrients were measured with a mid-infrared analyzer. Lactose, glucose, myo-inositol, vitamins and lipids were assayed using chromatographic techniques. BSSL activity was determined using a kit. The duration of HTST treatment had a greater influence on the nutrient composition of DHM than did the tested temperature. The lactose concentration and the percentage of phospholipids and PUFAs were higher in HTST-treated than in raw DHM, while the fat concentration and the percentage of monoacylglycerides and SFAs were lower. Other nutrients did not change after HTST processing. The retained BSSL activity was higher after short HTST treatment than that following HoP. Overall, HTST treatment resulted in better preservation of the nutritional quality of DHM than HoP because relevant thermosensitive components (phospholipids, PUFAs, and BSSL) were less affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.E.-V.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +34-913-908-811 (D.E.-V.); +34-913-943-745 (L.F.)
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Nieves Corzo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Alba García-Serrano
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - M. Visitación Calvo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - José Serrano
- Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.E.-V.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +34-913-908-811 (D.E.-V.); +34-913-943-745 (L.F.)
| | - Carmen Rosa Pallás-Alonso
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
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13
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Agiral S, Ozturkoglu Budak S, Ilbasmis Tamer S, Ozer B, Yazihan N. In
vitro
digestion and absorption efficiency of homogenised milk lipids. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Agiral
- Department of Dairy Technology Faculty of Agriculture Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Sibel Ilbasmis Tamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Barbaros Ozer
- Department of Dairy Technology Faculty of Agriculture Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Nuray Yazihan
- Department of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine Internal Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
- Department of Food Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Health Sciences Ankara University Ankara Turkey
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14
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Genis DO, Sezer B, Durna S, Boyaci IH. Determination of milk fat authenticity in ultra-filtered white cheese by using Raman spectroscopy with multivariate data analysis. Food Chem 2020; 336:127699. [PMID: 32768905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cheese is one of the most widely consumed food products in the world. However, the increasing demand for nutritionally enhanced or functional products by the cheese industry has created new approaches that partially or fully replace milk fat. With this, new methods of adulteration have also been noted, potentially leading to these fully/partially-replaced products being offered as cheese. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to determine origins of fats in margarine, corn, and palm oils present in white and ultra-filtered cheese samples. Raman spectra were evaluated with partial least square-discriminant (PLS-DA) and PLS to identify fat/oil origins and adulteration ratios. The coefficients of determination and limits of detection for margarine, and corn and palm oil adulteration were found to be 0.990, 0.993, 0.991 and 3.38%, 3.36% and 3.59%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ozer Genis
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Sezer
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Turkey; NANOSENS Industry and Trade Inc., Ankara University Technology Development Zone, 06830 Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sahin Durna
- Atatürk Foresty Farm, 06560 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Boyaci
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Veenstra C, Lenferink A, Petersen W, Steenbergen W, Bosschaart N. Optical properties of human milk. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4059-4074. [PMID: 31452995 PMCID: PMC6701531 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With human milk being the most important source of infant nutrition, the protection and support of breastfeeding are essential from a global health perspective. Nevertheless, relatively few objective methods are available to investigate human milk composition and lactation physiology when a mother experiences breastfeeding problems. We argue that optics and photonics offer promising opportunities for this purpose. Any research activity within this new application field starts with a thorough understanding on how light interacts with human milk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the full set of optical properties for human milk and the biological variability therein. Using a novel approach that combines spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SR-DRS) and spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (sOCT) between 450 and 650 nm, we quantified the absorption coefficient µa , scattering coefficient µs , reduced scattering coefficient µs', anisotropy g and backscattering coefficient µb,NA of mature human milk from 14 participants released at different stages during a breastfeed (foremilk, bulk milk and hindmilk). Significant correlations were found between µa , µs , µs' and µb,NA and the biochemically determined fat concentration per sample (Rs = 0.38, Rs = 0.77, Rs = 0.80, Rs = 0.44 respectively). We explained the observed variations in the optical properties of human milk using Mie theory and the biological variability in both the concentration and size distribution of milk fat globules. In conclusion, we have provided a full set of optical properties for human milk, which can hopefully serve as a starting point for future biophotonic studies on human milk and the milk containing lactating breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Veenstra
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anki Lenferink
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Petersen
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wiendelt Steenbergen
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Bosschaart
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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16
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Mather IH, Masedunskas A, Chen Y, Weigert R. Symposium review: Intravital imaging of the lactating mammary gland in live mice reveals novel aspects of milk-lipid secretion. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2760-2782. [PMID: 30471915 PMCID: PMC7094374 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat comprises membrane-coated droplets of neutral lipid, which constitute the predominant source of lipids for survival of the suckling neonate. From the perspective of the dairy industry, they are the basis for the manufacture of butter and essential ingredients in the production of cheese, yogurt, and specialty dairy produce. To provide mechanistic insight into the assembly and secretion of lipid droplets during lactation, we developed novel intravital imaging techniques using transgenic mice, which express fluorescently tagged marker proteins. The number 4 mammary glands were surgically prepared under a deep plane of anesthesia and the exposed glands positioned as a skin flap with intact vascular supply on the stage of a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Lipid droplets were stained by prior exposure of the glands to hydrophobic fluorescent BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) dyes and their formation and secretion monitored by time-lapse subcellular microscopy over periods of 1 to 2 h. Droplets were transported to the cell apex by directed (superdiffusive) motion at relatively slow and intermittent rates (0-2 µm/min). Regardless of size, droplets grew by numerous fusion events during transport and as they were budding from the cell enveloped by apical membranes. Surprisingly, droplet secretion was not constitutive but required an injection of oxytocin to induce contraction of the myoepithelium with subsequent release of droplets into luminal spaces. These novel results are discussed in the context of the current paradigm for milk fat synthesis and secretion and as a template for future innovations in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Roberto Weigert
- National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Chiang CY, Chen C. Toward characterizing extracellular vesicles at a single-particle level. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:9. [PMID: 30646920 PMCID: PMC6332877 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound vesicles that serve a means of cell-cell communication. Studying EVs at a single-particle level is important because EVs are inherently heterogeneous. Novel micro- and nanotechnological tools have open opportunities for realizing single-EV measurements exploiting their biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and/or optical properties. This review summarizes the recent development of technologies toward sorting and analyzing single EVs. Sorting EVs into a more homogeneous subset relaxes the sensitivity and throughput required on the EV detection, and hence related techniques are also included in this review. These exciting technologies are on the rise and will expand our understanding of EVs and their applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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18
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Garwolińska D, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A, Hewelt-Belka W. Chemistry of Human Breast Milk-A Comprehensive Review of the Composition and Role of Milk Metabolites in Child Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11881-11896. [PMID: 30247884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child's physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized as the gold standard for human infant nutrition. According to a WHO report, breastfeeding is considered as an unequaled way of providing ideal food to the infant, which is required for his healthy growth and development. HBM contains various macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) as well as numerous bioactive compounds and interactive elements (growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge about metabolites, which are the least understood components of HBM, and their potential role in infant development. We focus on small metabolites (<1500 Da) and characterize the chemical structure and biological function of polar metabolites such as human milk oligosaccharides, nonprotein molecules containing nitrogen (creatine, amino acids, nucleotides, polyamines), and nonpolar lipids. We believe that this manuscript will provide a comprehensive insight into a HBM metabolite composition, chemical structure, and their role in a child's early life nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Garwolińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
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19
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Lee H, Padhi E, Hasegawa Y, Larke J, Parenti M, Wang A, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky C. Compositional Dynamics of the Milk Fat Globule and Its Role in Infant Development. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:313. [PMID: 30460213 PMCID: PMC6232911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is uniquely optimized for the needs of the developing infant. Its composition is complex and dynamic, driven primarily by maternal genetics, and to a lesser extent by diet and environment. One important component that is gaining attention is the milk fat globule (MFG). The MFG is composed of a triglyceride-rich core surrounded by a tri-layer membrane, also known as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that originates from mammary gland epithelia. The MFGM is enriched with glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, some of which are glycosylated, and are known to exert numerous biological roles. Mounting evidence suggests that the structure of the MFG and bioactive components of the MFGM may benefit the infant by aiding in the structural and functional maturation of the gut through the provision of essential nutrients and/or regulating various cellular events during infant growth and immune education. Further, antimicrobial peptides and surface carbohydrate moieties surrounding the MFG might have a pivotal role in shaping gut microbial populations, which in turn may promote protection against immune and inflammatory diseases early in life. This review seeks to: (1) understand the components of the MFG, as well as maternal factors including genetic and lifestyle factors that influence its characteristics; (2) examine the potential role of this milk component on the intestinal immune system; and (3) delineate the mechanistic roles of the MFG in infant intestinal maturation and establishment of the microbiota in the alimentary canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jules Larke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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20
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Effects of fat sources in sow on the fatty acid profiles and fat globule size of milk and immunoglobulins of sows and piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Smoczyński M. Role of Phospholipid Flux during Milk Secretion in the Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:117-129. [PMID: 28243823 PMCID: PMC5488156 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a complex group of chemical compounds that are a significant component of the human diet and are one of the main constituents of milk. In mammals, lipids are produced in the milk-secreting cells in the form of milk fat globules. The chemical properties of these compounds necessitate developing separate processes for effective management of non-polar substances in the polar environment of the cell, not only during their biosynthesis and accumulation in the cell interior and secretion of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets outside the cell, but also during digestion in the offspring. Phospholipids play an important role in these processes. Their characteristic properties make them indispensable for the secretion of milk fat as well as other milk components. This review investigates how these processes depend on the coordinated flux and availability of phospholipids and how the relationship between the surface area (phospholipids) and volume (neutral lipids) of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets must be in biosynthetic balance. The structure formed as a result (i.e. a milk fat globule) is therefore a result of specified structural limitations inside the cell, whose overcoming enables the coordinated secretion of milk components. This structure and its composition also reflects the nutritional demands of the developing infant organism as a result of evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Smoczyński
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 7, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
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22
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Arranz E, Corredig M. Invited review: Milk phospholipid vesicles, their colloidal properties, and potential as delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4213-4222. [PMID: 28343627 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a unique colloidal assembly of phospholipids and proteins, with numerous potential applications as functional ingredient. The phospholipid components of the MFGM are gaining interest as they are a useful matrix for use as a constituent of delivery systems such as liposomes. Liposomes formulated with milk phospholipids are becoming an alternative to other sources of phospholipids such as soybean or egg yolk. However, incorporation of phospholipids fractionated from the milk fat globule membrane in dairy products requires an in-depth understanding of the functional properties of phospholipids. In particular, it is critical to understand which factors play a role in their stability and bioefficacy as delivery systems. Moreover, chemical and physical modifications of phospholipid liposomes occurring during digestion and the fate of the encapsulated compounds are very important to understand. This review discusses recent findings on the structure and functionality of MFGM, the bioactivity of the phospholipids fraction, their utilization as delivery systems, and their stability through gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arranz
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Gay Lea Foods, Research and Development, Speedvale Avenue W, Guelph, ON, N1H 1J5, Canada.
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23
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24
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Yao Y, Zhao G, Yan Y, Chen C, Sun C, Zou X, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of freeze drying and spray drying on the microstructure and composition of milk fat globules. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22323g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze drying and spray drying are conventional methods for converting milk into powder in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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25
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Smith ZJ, Lee C, Rojalin T, Carney RP, Hazari S, Knudson A, Lam K, Saari H, Ibañez EL, Viitala T, Laaksonen T, Yliperttula M, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Single exosome study reveals subpopulations distributed among cell lines with variability related to membrane content. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28533. [PMID: 26649679 PMCID: PMC4673914 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current analysis of exosomes focuses primarily on bulk analysis, where exosome-to-exosome variability cannot be assessed. In this study, we used Raman spectroscopy to study the chemical composition of single exosomes. We measured spectra of individual exosomes from 8 cell lines. Cell-line-averaged spectra varied considerably, reflecting the variation in total exosomal protein, lipid, genetic, and cytosolic content. Unexpectedly, single exosomes isolated from the same cell type also exhibited high spectral variability. Subsequent spectral analysis revealed clustering of single exosomes into 4 distinct groups that were not cell-line specific. Each group contained exosomes from multiple cell lines, and most cell lines had exosomes in multiple groups. The differences between these groups are related to chemical differences primarily due to differing membrane composition. Through a principal components analysis, we identified that the major sources of spectral variation among the exosomes were in cholesterol content, relative expression of phospholipids to cholesterol, and surface protein expression. For example, exosomes derived from cancerous versus non-cancerous cell lines can be largely separated based on their relative expression of cholesterol and phospholipids. We are the first to indicate that exosome subpopulations are shared among cell types, suggesting distributed exosome functionality. The origins of these differences are likely related to the specific role of extracellular vesicle subpopulations in both normal cell function and carcinogenesis, and they may provide diagnostic potential at the single exosome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Smith
- Center for Biophotonics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Precision Mechanics and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changwon Lee
- Center for Biophotonics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Center for Biophotonics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sidhartha Hazari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alisha Knudson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kit Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Heikki Saari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Lazaro Ibañez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Center for Biophotonics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA;
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26
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Altered concentrate to forage ratio in cows ration enhanced bioproduction of specific size subpopulation of milk fat globules. Food Chem 2015; 179:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Schie IW, Krafft C, Popp J. Applications of coherent Raman scattering microscopies to clinical and biological studies. Analyst 2015; 140:3897-909. [PMID: 25811305 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy are two nonlinear optical imaging modalities that are at the frontier of label-free and chemical specific biological and clinical diagnostics. The applications of coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopies are multifold, ranging from investigation of basic aspects of cell biology to the label-free detection of pathologies. This review summarizes recent progress of biological and clinical applications of CRS between 2008 and 2014, covering applications such as lipid droplet research, single cell analysis, tissue imaging and multiphoton histopathology of atherosclerosis, myelin sheaths, skin, hair, pharmaceutics, and cancer and surgical margin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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28
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Mesilati-Stahy R, Argov-Argaman N. The relationship between size and lipid composition of the bovine milk fat globule is modulated by lactation stage. Food Chem 2014; 145:562-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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30
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Abstract
Neonates of most species depend on milk lipids for calories, fat-soluble vitamins, and bioactive lipid components for growth and development during the postnatal period. To meet neonatal nutrition and development needs, the mammary gland has evolved efficient mechanisms for synthesizing and secreting large quantities of lipid during lactation. Although the biochemical steps involved in milk lipid synthesis are understood, the identities of the genes mediating these steps and the molecular physiology of milk lipid production and secretion have only recently begun to be understood in detail through advances in mouse genetics, gene expression analysis, protein structural properties, and the cell biology of lipid metabolism. This review discusses emerging data about the molecular, cellular, and structural determinants of milk lipid synthesis and secretion within the context of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, Molecular Biology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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31
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Cebo C, Lopez C, Henry C, Beauvallet C, Ménard O, Bevilacqua C, Bouvier F, Caillat H, Martin P. Goat α(s1)-casein genotype affects milk fat globule physicochemical properties and the composition of the milk fat globule membrane. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6215-29. [PMID: 22921619 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat secretion is a complex process that initiates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the mammary epithelial cell by the budding of lipid droplets. Lipid droplets are finally released as fat globules in milk enveloped by the apical plasma membrane of the mammary epithelial cell. The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) thus comprises membrane-specific proteins and polar lipids (glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids) surrounding a core of neutral lipids (mainly triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters). We have recently described major proteins of the MFGM in the goat and we have highlighted prominent differences between goats and bovine species, especially regarding lactadherin, a major MFGM protein. Here, we show that, in the goat species, the well-documented genetic polymorphism at the α(s1)-casein (CSN1S1) locus affects both structure and composition of milk fat globules. We first evidenced that both milk fat globule size and ζ-potential are related to the α(s1)-casein genotype. At midlactation, goats displaying strong genotypes for α(s1)-casein (A/A goats) produce larger fat globules than goats with a null genotype at the CSN1S1 locus (O/O goats). A linear relationship (R(2)=0.75) between fat content (g/kg) in the milk and diameter of fat globules (μm) was established. Moreover, we found significant differences with regard to MFGM composition (including both polar lipids and MFGM proteins) from goats with extreme genotype at the CSN1S1 locus. At midlactation, the amount of polar lipids is significantly higher in the MFGM from goats with null genotypes for α(s1)-casein (O/O goats; 5.97±0.11mg/g of fat; mean ± standard deviation) than in the MFGM from goats with strong genotypes for α(s1)-casein (A/A goats; 3.96±0.12mg/g of fat; mean ± standard deviation). Two MFGM-associated proteins, namely lactadherin and stomatin, are also significantly upregulated in the MFGM from goats with null genotype for α(s1)-casein at early lactation. Our findings are discussed with regard to techno-functional properties and nutritional value of goat milk. In addition, the genetic polymorphism in the goat species appears to be a tool to provide clues to the lipid secretion pathways in the mammary epithelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cebo
- INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Zou XQ, Guo Z, Huang JH, Jin QZ, Cheong LZ, Wang XG, Xu XB. Human milk fat globules from different stages of lactation: a lipid composition analysis and microstructure characterization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7158-7167. [PMID: 22747344 DOI: 10.1021/jf3013597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of human milk fat globules (MFG) at different lactation stages from Danish mothers and the microstructure changes of MFG membrane (MFGM) at varied temperatures were investigated, and the relationship between chemical composition and the microstructure of MFGM was elucidated. The fat content in MFG was found to be significantly increased as lactation progressed, and colostrum MFG had the largest mean diameter of 5.75 ± 0.81 μm and the lowest ζ potential of -5.60 ± 0.12 mV. Chemical composition analyses of MFG revealed the following: (i) Colostrum milk fat constituted higher content in PUFAs (ω-6, and long-chain ω-6 and ω-3) than transitional and mature milk fats, with the corresponding lower content of SFA in its sn-2 position. (ii) The content of polar lipids among total lipids varied during lactation course (maximized at transitional stage); however, in terms of subclasses of polar lipids, no significant change of the relative content of sphingomyelin was observed, while the content of phosphatidycholine in mature milk was higher than that in colostrum and transitional milk. (iii) Inspection of fatty acid composition in phospholipids from different lactation milk revealed no remarkable and regular changes could be generalized; and no obvious difference of the morphologies of MFGM at different lactation stages can be visualized. An investigation of the microstructure change of MFGM vs temperature demonstrated that the segregated domains became larger as temperature decreased to 4 °C, while it became smaller when increased to 37 °C. This phenomenon indicated that, in addition to sphingimyelin and cholesterol, phospholipids might also contribute to increasing the segregated domains at lower temperature, while, at elevated temperature, these domains could be diminished, most likely due to a restructuring or distributing of sphingimyelin and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China
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Dahlenborg H, Millqvist-Fureby A, Brandner BD, Bergenstahl B. Study of the porous structure of white chocolate by confocal Raman microscopy. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Smoczyński M, Staniewski B, Kiełczewska K. Composition and Structure of the Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane—Some Nutritional and Technological Implications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2011.595024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mesilati-Stahy R, Malka H, Argov-Argaman N. Association of plasma insulin concentration to fatty acid distribution between milk fat and membrane synthesis. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1767-75. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lopez C. Milk fat globules enveloped by their biological membrane: Unique colloidal assemblies with a specific composition and structure. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mesilati-Stahy R, Mida K, Argov-Argaman N. Size-dependent lipid content of bovine milk fat globule and membrane phospholipids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7427-7435. [PMID: 21623627 DOI: 10.1021/jf201373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammary epithelial cell produces unique structures and a range of diversely sized lipid particles from tens of micrometers to less than 1 μm. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of the differently sized milk fat globules (MFGs) and their complex membranes are not well described. Six size fractions of MFGs were obtained by gravity-based separation and analyzed, and their partial lipidome was determined. The smallest MFGs had a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs). The FAs indicative of elongase activity were highest in the smallest MFGs, whereas those FAs indicative of desaturase activity did not differ between size groups. The phosphatidylinositol concentration was highest whereas the phosphatidylserine concentration was lowest in MFGs with an average diameter of 2 μm. Phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol concentrations were highest whereas that of sphingomyelin was lowest in MFGs with an average diameter of 3 μm. Phosphatidylcholine concentrations did not vary between the size groups. Results suggest that the assembly of milk fat globules that differ in size is not a homogeneous nor random process and that the differences in composition may reflect discrete biosynthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mesilati-Stahy
- Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Argov- Argaman N, Smilowitz JT, Bricarello DA, Barboza M, Lerno L, Froehlich JW, Lee H, Zivkovic AM, Lemay DG, Freeman S, Lebrilla CB, Parikh AN, German JB. Lactosomes: structural and compositional classification of unique nanometer-sized protein lipid particles of human milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11234-42. [PMID: 20925428 PMCID: PMC3039697 DOI: 10.1021/jf102495s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs) are accepted primarily as triacylglycerol delivery systems. The identification of nanometer-sized lipid-protein particles termed "lactosomes" that do not contain triacylglycerol raises the question of their possible functions. MFGs were isolated by slow centrifugation, and lactosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation at a density equivalent to plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (d > 1.063 g/mL) from human milk obtained from six volunteers at different lactation stages. Isolated lactosomes were analyzed and compared with MFGs for their size distribution, lipidome, proteome, and functional activity. Lactosomes from early milk, day 8, were found to be similar in size as those from mature milk >28 days, averaging ∼ 25 nm in diameter. In total, 97 nonredundant proteins were identified in the MFG and lactosome fractions, 46 of which were unique to the MFG fraction and 29 of which were unique to the lactosome fraction. The proteins identified in the lactosome and MFG fractions were enriched with proteins identified with immunomodulatory pathways. Unlike MFGs and GM1-laden reconstituted HDL that served as a positive control, lactosomal binding capacity to cholera toxin was weak. Lipidomic analyses found that lactosomes were devoid of triacylglycerol and gangliosides, unlike MFGs, but rich in a variety of phospholipid species. The data found differences in structure, composition, and function between lactosomes and MFG, suggesting that these two particles are derived from different biosynthetic and/or secretory pathways. The results reveal a bioactive lipid-protein, nanometer-length scale particle that is secreted into milk not to supply energy to the infant but to play unique, protective, and regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov- Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, the Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100
| | | | | | - Mariana Barboza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Dept of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Dept of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Danielle G. Lemay
- Dept of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Samara Freeman
- Dept of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Atul N. Parikh
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - J. Bruce German
- Dept of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Nestle Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Casado B, Affolter M, Kussmann M. OMICS-rooted studies of milk proteins, oligosaccharides and lipids. J Proteomics 2009; 73:196-208. [PMID: 19793547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk has co-evolved with mammals and mankind to nourish their offspring and is a biological fluid of unique complexity and richness. It contains all necessary nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. Structure and function of biomolecules in milk such as the macronutrients (glyco-) proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides are central topics in nutritional research. Omics disciplines such as proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics enable comprehensive analysis of these biomolecule components in food science and industry. Mass spectrometry has largely expanded our knowledge on these milk bioactives as it enables identification, quantification and characterization of milk proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In this article, we describe the biological importance of milk macronutrients and review the application of proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics to the analysis of milk. Proteomics is a central platform among the Omics tools that have more recently been adapted and applied to nutrition and health research in order to deliver biomarkers for health and comfort as well as to discover beneficial food bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Casado
- Department of Bioanalytical Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Mizuno K, Nishida Y, Taki M, Murase M, Mukai Y, Itabashi K, Debari K, Iiyama A. Is increased fat content of hindmilk due to the size or the number of milk fat globules? Int Breastfeed J 2009; 4:7. [PMID: 19607695 PMCID: PMC2717917 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4358-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that the fat content of breast milk is higher in hindmilk than in foremilk. However, it has not been determined if this increased fat content results from an increase in the number of milk fat globules (MFGs), an increase in the size of MFGs, or both. This study aims to determine which factor plays the most important role. Methods Thirteen breastfeeding mothers were enrolled in the study and we obtained 52 samples from 26 breasts before (foremilk) and after (hindmilk) a breastfeeding session. The fat content was evaluated by creamatocrit (CrCt) values. MFG size was measured with the laser light scattering method. We compared CrCt values and MFG size between foremilk and hindmilk. Results Although the CrCt values were higher in the hindmilk (8.6 ± 3.6%) than in the foremilk (3.7 ± 1.7%), the MFG size did not change (4.2 ± 1.0 μm and 4.6 ± 2.1 μm, foremilk and hindmilk, respectively). There was no relationship between the changes in CrCt versus MFG size from foremilk to hindmilk. Conclusion The results indicate that the increase in fat content results mainly from the increased number of MFGs, which may be released into the milk flow as the mammary lobe becomes progressively emptied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan 142-8666.
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Michalski MC. Specific molecular and colloidal structures of milk fat affecting lipolysis, absorption and postprandial lipemia. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Argov N, Lemay DG, German JB. Milk Fat Globule structure & function; nanosciece comes to milk production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008; 19:10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.006. [PMID: 24363495 PMCID: PMC3868455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological process of fat globule assembly and secretion produces highly complex globule compositions and structures with many properties now recognized to be the direct result of these structures. During homogenization, fat globules are broken down and subsequently structures and surfaces different than the native state are formed. This process alters the milk fat globule unique macrostructure and the effects associated to their structure would be expected to be lost. In the present overview, the need for continued research of the fundamental aspects of the mechanism involved in milk fat globules synthesis secretion and size distribution, as well as establishing ways to regulate those processes are highlighted. Ultimately these insights will guide food technology to developing a new generation of structure based functional foods and as highlighted in this overview, dairy functional products should be the pioneering commodity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov
- Department of food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- Department of food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Nestle Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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