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Turnaturi R, Piana S, Spoto S, Costanzo G, Reina L, Pasquinucci L, Parenti C. From Plant to Chemistry: Sources of Active Opioid Antinociceptive Principles for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. Molecules 2023; 28:7089. [PMID: 37894567 PMCID: PMC10609244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain continues to be an enormous global health challenge, with millions of new untreated or inadequately treated patients reported annually. With respect to current clinical applications, opioids remain the mainstay for the treatment of pain, although they are often associated with serious side effects. To optimize their tolerability profiles, medicinal chemistry continues to study novel ligands and innovative approaches. Among them, natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, and they hold potential for pain management. Traditional medicine has had a long history in clinical practice due to the fact that nature provides a rich source of active principles. For instance, opium had been used for pain management until the 19th century when its individual components, such as morphine, were purified and identified. In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products interacting either directly with opioid receptors or indirectly through other mechanisms controlling opioid receptor signaling, whose structures could be interesting from a drug design perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Turnaturi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Silvia Piana
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Spoto
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Giuliana Costanzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lorena Reina
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.)
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Wang Q, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xu D, Wu H, Lin P, He L, Qin Z, Yao Z. Metabolic profile and potential mechanisms of Wendan decoction on coronary heart disease by ultra-high-performance quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry combined with network pharmacology analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200456. [PMID: 36300722 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Wendan decoction, a well-known classical traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has been widely used in the clinical application of coronary heart disease for thousands of years. However, due to a lack of research on the overall metabolism of Wendan decoction, the bioavailable components responsible for the therapeutic effects remain unclear, hindering the revelation of its mechanisms against coronary heart disease. Consequently, an efficient joint research pattern combined with characterization of the metabolic profile and network pharmacology analysis was proposed. As a result, a total of 172 Wendan decoction-related xenobiotics (57 prototypes and 115 metabolites) were detected based on the exploration of the typical metabolic pathways of representative pure compounds in vivo, describing their multi-component metabolic characteristics comprehensively. Subsequently, an integrated network of "herbs-bioavailable compounds-coronary heart disease targets-pathways-therapeutic effects" was constructed, and its seven compounds were finally screened out as the key components acting on five main targets of coronary heart disease. Overall, this work not only provided a crucial biological foundation for interpreting the effective components and action mechanisms of Wendan decoction on coronary heart disease but also showed a reference value for revealing the bioactive components of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jiayun Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yezi Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Danping Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, P. R. China
| | - Huanlin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, P. R. China
| | - Pei Lin
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang He
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zifei Qin
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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Fontana G, Bruno M, Sottile F, Badalamenti N. The Chemistry and the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Citrus Genus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010023. [PMID: 36670885 PMCID: PMC9855034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) are a large group of compounds belonging to the more general class of flavonoids that possess a flavan carbon framework decorated with a variable number of methoxy groups. Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavonoids (HPMFs), instead, are characterized by the presence of both hydroxyl and methoxy groups in their structural unities. Some of these compounds are the aglycone part in a glycoside structure in which the glycosidic linkage can involve the -OH at various positions. These compounds are particular to Citrus genus plants, especially in fruits, and they are present mainly in the peel. A considerable number of PMFs and HPMFs have shown promising biological activities and they are considered to be important nutraceuticals, responsible for some of the known beneficial effects on health associated with a regular consumption of Citrus fruits. Among their several actions on human health, it is notable that the relevant contribution in controlling the intracellular redox imbalance is associated with the inflammation processes. In this work, we aim to describe the status concerning the chemical identification and the anti-inflammatory activity of both PMFs and HPMFs. In particular, all of the chemical entities unambiguously identified by isolation and complete NMR analysis, and for which a biochemical evaluation on the pure compound was performed, are included in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Sottile
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Centro di Conservazione della Biodiversità di Interesse Agrario, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Natale Badalamenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Štellerová D, Michalík M, Lukeš V. Methoxylated flavones with potential therapeutic and photo-protective attributes: Theoretical investigation of substitution effect. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113387. [PMID: 36055427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and electronic structure of parent flavone and 49 (poly)methoxylated flavones (P)MFs were studied theoretically. Selected group of flavonoids consists of compounds naturally occurring in citrus plants or synthetic derivatives of flavone. These compounds exhibit several bioactivities in vitro and in vivo and can protect plants from solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Substitution induced structural changes in (P)MFs were correlated with published experimental values of P-glycoprotein inhibition effect. We have demonstrated that the C5-C10 bond length of 1-benzopyran-4-one moiety represents a suitable structural descriptor for this bioactivity. Obtained linear equations for the compounds with substituted and non-substituted C3 position enable the prediction of the potential anti-cancer chemo-preventive effect of the rest of studied (P)MFs. Consequently, potentially more effective substances were suggested. Optical properties of (P)MFs and their relationship with the molecular structure was examined in detail for methanol environment, as well. The multiple linear regression model was applied to assess the correlation between experimental absorption and fluorescence wavelengths with the theoretically predicted ones. The UV photo-protective potential of studied derivatives was estimated from the calculated optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Štellerová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Michalík
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Guo L, Li Y, Mao X, Tao R, Tao B, Zhou Z. Antifungal Activity of Polymethoxylated Flavonoids (PMFs)-Loaded Citral Nanoemulsion against Penicillium italicum by Causing Cell Membrane Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040388. [PMID: 35448619 PMCID: PMC9029654 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major citrus postharvest pathogen, Penicillium italicum (P. italicum), causes substantial economic losses in citrus. In this study, a citral nanoemulsion containing polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs), the antimicrobial compounds from citrus, was prepared. The antifungal activity and potential antifungal mechanisms of the nanoemulsion against P. italicum were evaluated. The results showed that the growth of P. italicum was effectively inhibited by the nanoemulsion, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 62.5 and 250 mg L−1, respectively. The nanoemulsion significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth, and it altered the morphology of P. italicum. In addition, the permeability of the cell membrane increased with increasing nanoemulsion concentrations, as evidenced by a rapid rise in extracellular electric conductivity and stronger red fluorescence from mycelia (propidium iodide staining). Compared with the control, the nanoemulsion treatment induced a decrease in total lipid and ergosterol contents in P. italicum cells by 64.61% and 60.58%, respectively, demonstrating that membrane integrity had been disrupted. The results indicated that the PMFs-loaded nanoemulsion exerted antifungal activity against P. italicum by disrupting cell membrane integrity and permeability; such a nanoemulsion may be used as a potential fungicide substitute for preservation in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxue Mao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Boyun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing 400054, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-6825-1047
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Li ML, Chen SH, Lee CN, Yao HT. Citrus depressa Hayata Peel Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Modulates the Hepatic Drug-metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Rats Fed a High-fat Diet. Food Funct 2022; 13:3353-3367. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrus depressa Hayata is a small, green citrus fruit native to Taiwan and Japan. The citrus peel contains polymethoxylated flavones, including nobiletin and tangeretin, and might have strong antioxidant and...
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Discovery of a potent FKBP38 agonist that ameliorates HFD-induced hyperlipidemia via mTOR/P70S6K/SREBPs pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3542-3552. [PMID: 34900535 PMCID: PMC8642436 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) signaling promotes lipogenesis. However, mTOR inhibitors also displayed a significant side effect of hyperlipidemia. Thus, it is essential to develop mTOR-specific inhibitors to inhibit lipogenesis. Here, we screened the endogenous inhibitors of mTOR, and identified that FKBP38 as a vital regulator of lipid metabolism. FKBP38 decreased the lipid content in vitro and in vivo via suppression of the mTOR/P70S6K/SREBPs pathway. 3,5,6,7,8,3ʹ,4ʹ-Heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), a citrus flavonoid, was found to target FKBP38 to suppress the mTOR/P70S6K/SREBPs pathway, reduce lipid level, and potently ameliorate hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Our findings suggest that pharmacological intervention by targeting FKBP38 to suppress mTOR/P70S6K/SREBPs pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for hyperlipidemia, and HMF could be a leading compound for development of anti-hyperlipidemia drugs.
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Varshney M, Kumar B, Rana VS, Sethiya NK. An overview on therapeutic and medicinal potential of poly-hydroxy flavone viz. Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone for management of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: a critical analysis on mechanistic insight. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2749-2772. [PMID: 34590507 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1980761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders occur when nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system partial or complete fail in their functions and sometimes even die due to some injuries or aging. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), have been majorly resulted due to degeneration of neurons and neuroinflammation progressively. There are many similarities that correlates both AD and PD on a cellular and sub-cellular level. Therefore, a hope for therapeutic advancement for simultaneous upgradation in both the diseases are directly depending on the discovery of common mechanism at molecular and cellular level. Recent and past evidences from scientific literature supporting the efficacy of plants flavonoids in treatment and protection of both AD and PD. Further, dietary flavones, specially Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone gains recently much more attention for producing many health beneficiary effects including neuroprotection. Despite of these evidence a detailed updated overview of neuroprotective effects against both AD and PD by Heptamethoxyflavone, Kaempferitrin, Vitexin and Amentoflavone are still missing. In this context several published studies were assessed by using various online electronic search engines/databases to meet the objective from 1981 to 2021 (Approx. 224). Therefore, present review was designed to deliver the detailed description on these flavones including therapeutic benefits in AD, PD and other CNS complications with critical analysis on underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India
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Nery M, Ferreira PS, Gonçalves DR, Spolidorio LC, Manthey JA, Cesar TB. Physiological effects of tangeretin and heptamethoxyflavone on obese C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet and analyses of the metabolites originating from these two polymethoxylated flavones. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1997-2009. [PMID: 33841818 PMCID: PMC8020949 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two compounds from citrus peel, tangeretin (TAN) and 3',4',3,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), were investigated for their abilities to repair metabolic damages caused by an high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. In the first 4 weeks, mice were fed either a standard diet (11% kcal from fat) for the control group, or a HFD (45% kcal from fat) to establish obesity in three experimental groups. In the following 4 weeks, two groups receiving the HFD were supplemented with either TAN or HMF at daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight, while the two remaining groups continued to receive the standard healthy diet or the nonsupplemented HFD. Four weeks of supplementation with TAN and HMF resulted in intermediate levels of blood serum glucose, leptin, resistin, and insulin resistance compared with the healthy control and the nonsupplemented HFD groups. Blood serum peroxidation (TBARS) levels were significantly lower in the TAN and HMF groups compared with the nonsupplemented HFD group. Several differences occurred in the physiological effects of HMF versus TAN. TAN, but not HMF, reduced adipocyte size in the mice with pre-existent obesity, while HMF, but not TAN, decreased fat accumulation in the liver and also significantly increased the levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. In an analysis of the metabolites of TAN and HMF, several main classes occurred, including a new set of methylglucuronide conjugates. It is suggested that contrasts between the observed physiological effects of TAN and HMF may be attributable to the differences in numbers and chemical structures of TAN and HMF metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nery
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Paula S. Ferreira
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
- U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | - Danielle R. Gonçalves
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
- U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | - Luis C. Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and PathologySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - John A. Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | - Thais B. Cesar
- Department of Food and NutritionLaboratory of NutritionFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
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Furukawa Y. [Search for Neuroprotective Compounds -From 4-Methycatechol to Citrus Compounds]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:67-79. [PMID: 33390450 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the authors developed the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system for mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) to clarify its important physiological roles. Our EIA system was a new and powerful tool for measurement of extremely low levels of NGF in vitro and in vivo, and it contributed to investigation into the regulatory mechanism of NGF synthesis. After that, we demonstrated that the compounds with a low molecular weight, such as 4-methylcatechol, which elicit stimulatory activity toward NGF synthesis, were useful and practical for therapeutic purposes; as NGF has potent activity on neuronal degeneration in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. Since 2008, we have been searching for and isolating neuroprotective component(s) from citrus peels. As a result, our study revealed that 1) 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF) has neuroprotective ability in the CNS by inducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and by suppressing inflammation; 2) auraptene (AUR) also has neuroprotective ability in the CNS by suppressing inflammation and by probably inducing neurotrophic factor(s). As the content of AUR in the peels of Kawachi Bankan is exceptionally high, 1) we found this peel powder to exert neuroprotective effects in the brain of various pathological model mice; 2) some of the AUR transited from the peel to the juice during the squeezing process to obtain the juice. Therefore, K. Bankan juice, which is enriched in AUR by adding peel paste to the raw juice, was shown to be practical for suppression of cognitive dysfunction of aged healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
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Furukawa Y, Okuyama S, Amakura Y, Sawamoto A, Nakajima M, Yoshimura M, Igase M, Fukuda N, Tamai T, Yoshida T. Isolation and Characterization of Neuroprotective Components from Citrus Peel and Their Application as Functional Food. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:2-10. [PMID: 33390517 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The elderly experience numerous physiological alterations. In the brain, aging causes degeneration or loss of distinct populations of neurons, resulting in declining cognitive function, locomotor capability, etc. The pathogenic factors of such neurodegeneration are oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, reduced energy homeostatis, decreased levels of neurotrophic factor, etc. On the other hand, numerous studies have investigated various biologically active substances in fruit and vegetables. We focused on the peel of citrus fruit to search for neuroprotective components and found that: 1) 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF) and auraptene (AUR) in the peel of Kawachi Bankan (Citrus kawachiensis) exert neuroprotective effects; 2) both HMF and AUR can pass through the blood-brain barrier, suggesting that they act directly in the brain; 3) the content of AUR in the peel of K. Bankan was exceptionally high, and consequently the oral administration of the dried peel powder of K. Bankan exerts neuroprotective effects; and 4) intake of K. Bankan juice, which was enriched in AUR by adding peel paste to the raw juice, contributed to the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in aged healthy volunteers. This review summarizes our studies in terms of the isolation/characterization of HMF and AUR in K. Bankan peel, analysis of their actions in the brain, mechanisms of their actions, and trials to develop food that retains their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Atsushi Sawamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Michiya Igase
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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Kesharwani SS, Mallya P, Kumar VA, Jain V, Sharma S, Dey S. Nobiletin as a Molecule for Formulation Development: An Overview of Advanced Formulation and Nanotechnology-Based Strategies of Nobiletin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:226. [PMID: 32761293 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of compounds in clinical drug development suffer from solubility and bioavailability challenges. Evidence from literature demonstrates the growing interest to utilize flavonoids as potential compounds owing to their widespread therapeutic utility in various ailments. Nobiletin (NOB), one such dietary polymethoxylated flavonoid found in citrus fruits, has multiple pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. It is useful in cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease. Although preclinical studies demonstrate the therapeutic utility of NOB, it suffers from serious biopharmaceutical limitations such as low aqueous solubility (below 1 μg/ml), poor permeability across biological barriers, and low bioavailability. To overcome these biopharmaceutical challenges associated with NOB, the use of advanced formulations and nanotechnology-based strategies appears to be a promising approach to potentiate its therapeutic action. Multiple reviews cover the various therapeutic benefits of NOB in various diseases; however, there is an absence of a comprehensive review that focuses on the formulation development strategies of NOB. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise perspective on NOB as a candidate molecule for formulation development. The manuscript covers various aspects related to NOB, such as its chemistry, physicochemical properties, and pharmacological effects. This is also a thorough review of various formulation development strategies with advances made in the past years to improve the solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of NOB. The review also contains information related to toxicity and patents involving NOB and its formulation.
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Koolaji N, Shammugasamy B, Schindeler A, Dong Q, Dehghani F, Valtchev P. Citrus Peel Flavonoids as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa025. [PMID: 32391511 PMCID: PMC7199889 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit and in particular flavonoid compounds from citrus peel have been identified as agents with utility in the treatment of cancer. This review provides a background and overview regarding the compounds found within citrus peel with putative anticancer potential as well as the associated in vitro and in vivo studies. Historical studies have identified a number of cellular processes that can be modulated by citrus peel flavonoids including cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. More recently, molecular studies have started to elucidate the underlying cell signaling pathways that are responsible for the flavonoids' mechanism of action. These growing data support further research into the chemopreventative potential of citrus peel extracts, and purified flavonoids in particular. This critical review highlights new research in the field and synthesizes the pathways modulated by flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds into a generalized schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Koolaji
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Balakrishnan Shammugasamy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Bioengineering & Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Greg Brown Laboratory, Central Clinical School and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109114. [PMID: 32331689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.
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Mahato N, Sinha M, Sharma K, Koteswararao R, Cho MH. Modern Extraction and Purification Techniques for Obtaining High Purity Food-Grade Bioactive Compounds and Value-Added Co-Products from Citrus Wastes. Foods 2019; 8:E523. [PMID: 31652773 PMCID: PMC6915388 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body's immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual bioactive compounds from the extraction mixture and their determination have been reviewed. This article presents both aspects of extraction methods, i.e., on a small laboratory scale and on an industrial mass scale. These methods and techniques have been extensively and critically reviewed with anticipated future perspectives towards the maximum utilization of the citrus waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Mahato
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Mukty Sinha
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Palej, Gandhinagar 382 355, India.
| | - Kavita Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.
| | - Rakoti Koteswararao
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Palej, Gandhinagar 382 355, India.
| | - Moo Hwan Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
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Nobiletin and Derivatives: Functional Compounds from Citrus Fruit Peel for Colon Cancer Chemoprevention. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060867. [PMID: 31234411 PMCID: PMC6627117 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for effective methods of cancer treatment and prevention has been a continuous effort since the disease was discovered. Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploring plants and fruits for molecules that may have potential as either adjuvants or as chemopreventive agents against cancer. One of the promising compounds under extensive research is nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxyflavone (PMF) extracted exclusively from citrus peel. Not only does nobiletin itself exhibit anti-cancer properties, but its derivatives are also promising chemopreventive agents; examples of derivatives with anti-cancer activity include 3′-demethylnobiletin (3′-DMN), 4′-demethylnobiletin (4′-DMN), 3′,4′-didemethylnobiletin (3′,4′-DMN) and 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DMN). In vitro studies have demonstrated differential efficacies and mechanisms of NOB and its derivatives in inhibiting and killing of colon cancer cells. The chemopreventive potential of NOB has also been well demonstrated in several in vivo colon carcinogenesis animal models. NOB and its derivatives target multiple pathways in cancer progression and inhibit several of the hallmark features of colorectal cancer (CRC) pathophysiology, including arresting the cell cycle, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, preventing tumour formation, reducing inflammatory effects and limiting angiogenesis. However, these substances have low oral bioavailability that limits their clinical utility, hence there have been numerous efforts exploring better drug delivery strategies for NOB and these are part of this review. We also reviewed data related to patents involving NOB to illustrate the extensiveness of each research area and its direction of commercialisation. Furthermore, this review also provides suggested directions for future research to advance NOB as the next promising candidate in CRC chemoprevention.
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Feng K, Zhu X, Chen T, Peng B, Lu M, Zheng H, Huang Q, Ho CT, Chen Y, Cao Y. Prevention of Obesity and Hyperlipidemia by Heptamethoxyflavone in High-fat Diet-induced Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2476-2489. [PMID: 30740980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) have been shown to prevent obesity, ameliorate type 2 diabetes, and regulate lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known about the contribution of 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF) to prevent obesity and regulate lipid metabolism in vivo. We aimed to investigate the potential efficacy of HMF on preventing obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and its underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal diet or an HFD with or without HMF (0.02%, 0.04% and 0.08%, w/w) for 6 weeks. The supplementation of HMF not only significantly decreased body weight gain (HFD, 336.50 ± 18.84 g; LHMF, 309.43 ± 20.74 g; MHMF, 296.83 ± 13.88 g; HHMF, 265.71 ± 19.09 g; respectively, p < 0.05) and adipose tissues weight ( p < 0.05), but also markedly lowered serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p < 0.05) in the sixth week in a dose-dependent manner compared with the HFD group. HMF also significantly alleviated hepatic steatosis in the liver (liver weight g/100 g body weight of HFD, 4.86 ± 0.11%; LHMF, 4.02 ± 0.33%; MHMF, 4.05 ± 0.31%; HHMF, 3.72 ± 0.34%; respectively, p < 0.05). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis and real-time quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that HMF supplementation markedly downregulated hepatic genes related to adipogenesis transcription and inflammatory responses, and significantly upregulated genes related to fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure. These results indicated that HMF could effectively prevent obesity and hyperlipidemia by regulation of the expression of lipid metabolism-related and inflammatory response-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konglong Feng
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoai Zhu
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Agricultural Product Quality Safety Inspection Testing Center , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Bo Peng
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Haitian Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. , Foshan 528000 , China
| | - Muwen Lu
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Tianjia Genomes Tech Co., Ltd. , Hefei 238000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Yunjiao Chen
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
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18
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OKUYAMA S, KATOH M, KANZAKI T, KOTANI Y, AMAKURA Y, YOSHIMURA M, FUKUDA N, TAMAI T, SAWAMOTO A, NAKAJIMA M, FURUKAWA Y. Auraptene/Naringin-Rich Fruit Juice of Citrus kawachiensis (Kawachi Bankan) Prevents Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in Mouse Brain through Anti-Inflammatory Responses. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:66-71. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi OKUYAMA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Mako KATOH
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Tomoko KANZAKI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Yoshimi KOTANI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Yoshiaki AMAKURA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Morio YOSHIMURA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | | | | | - Atsushi SAWAMOTO
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Mitsunari NAKAJIMA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Yoshiko FURUKAWA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
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19
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Gonçalves DR, Manthey JA, da Costa PI, Rodrigues MCM, Cesar TB. Analysis of Fluorescence Spectra of Citrus Polymethoxylated Flavones and Their Incorporation into Mammalian Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7531-7541. [PMID: 29984997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) influence biochemical cascades in human diseases, yet little is known about how these compounds interact with cells and how these associations influence the actions of these compounds. An innate attribute of PMFs is their ultraviolet-light-induced fluorescence, and the fluorescence spectra of 14 PMFs and 7 PMF metabolites were measured in methanol. These spectra were shown to be strongly influenced by the compounds' hydroxy and methoxy substituents. For a subset of these compounds, the fluorescence spectra were measured when bound to human carcinoma Huh7.5 cells. Emission-wavelength maxima of PMF metabolites with free hydroxyl substituents exhibited 70-80 nm red shifts when bound to the Huh7.5 cells. Notable solvent effects of water were observed for nearly all these compounds, and these influences likely reflect the effects of localized microenvironments on the resonance structures of these compounds when bound to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Gonçalves
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara 01049-010 , Brazil
| | - John A Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS , United States Department of Agriculture , 2001 South Rock Road , Fort Pierce , FL 34945 , United States
| | - Paulo I da Costa
- Clinical Analysis Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara 01049-010 , Brazil
| | - Marilia C M Rodrigues
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara 01049-010 , Brazil
| | - Thais B Cesar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara 01049-010 , Brazil
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20
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Han SW, Song HY, Moon TW, Choi SJ. Influence of emulsion interfacial membrane characteristics on Ostwald ripening in a model emulsion. Food Chem 2018; 242:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Gao Z, Gao W, Zeng SL, Li P, Liu EH. Chemical structures, bioactivities and molecular mechanisms of citrus polymethoxyflavones. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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22
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Lei J, Xue Y, Liu YM, Liao X. Characterization of major metabolites of polymethoxylated flavonoids in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae using liver microsomes immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles coupled with UPLC/MS-MS. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:13. [PMID: 28224016 PMCID: PMC5293709 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The peels of citrus fruits (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, PCR) have long been used in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) were found to be the main components present in PCR extracts, but their metabolism remains unclear which restrain the utilization of this TCM. In the present work, rat liver microsomes were immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (LMMNPs) for in vitro metabolic study on the whole PMFs of PCR. LMMNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum. The relative enzyme binding capacity of LMMNPs was estimated to be about 428 μg/mg from thermogravimetric analysis. Incubation of LMMNPs with PMFs produced demethylated metabolites of PMFs, six of which were identified by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The 3'-hydroxylated tangeretin (T3) was detected from the metabolites of tangeretin for the first time, which suggested that 4'-demethylated and 3'-hydroxylated derivative of tangeretin (3'-hydroxy-5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone, T4) was not only derived from 4'-demethylated tangeretin (T2) as previously reported, but also from T3. This is the first investigation of the metabolism of the whole PMFs, which may shed light on the mechanism of action of PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lei
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000 China
| | - Ying Xue
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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23
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Faqueti LG, Brieudes V, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis AL, Nascimento LF, Barros WM, Santos ARS, Biavatti MW. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of standardized extract of polymethoxyflavones from Ageratum conyzoides. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:369-377. [PMID: 27633406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ageratum conyzoides L. is a plant widely used in traditional medicine in tropical and subtropical regions of the world due to its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antibacterial properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the standardized extract of polymethoxyflavones (SEPAc) from the plant and evaluate its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SEPAc purified from the ethanol extract of the plant leaves was characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry and the methoxyflavones were quantified by a validated UPLC-PDA method. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the SEPAc were evaluated after oral administration on the acute nocifensive behavior of mice induced by formalin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta (IL-1β)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in mice. RESULTS Qualitative analyses revealed the presence of seven methoxyflavones in the SEPAc, also a simple UPLC-PDA method was developed and validated for the quantification of 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexametoxyflavone; nobiletin; 5'-methoxynobiletin and eupalestin, major compounds in the extract. The SEPAc exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in both formalin phases, with significant inhibition of the paw edema formation and significant reduction of the nocifensive response induced by an intraplantar injection of PGE2 and intrathecal injection of interleukin-1β. CONCLUSIONS The SEPAc exhibited significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. These results provided scientific suggestion of its potential as a source of new medicines to treat inflammatory diseases, such rheumatoid arthritis.
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Key Words
- 3′-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone (PubChem CID: 44258654)
- 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-Hexamethoxyflavone (PubChem CID: 185670)
- 5′-Methoxynobiletin (PubChem CID: 72815)
- Ageratum conyzoides
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antinociceptive
- Eupalestin (PubChem CID: 331149)
- Linderoflavone B (PubChem CID: 97151)
- Methoxyflavones
- Nobiletin (PubChem CID: 72344)
- Quercetin (PubChem CID: 5280343)
- Sinensetin (PubChem CID: 145659)
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa G Faqueti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vincent Brieudes
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios L Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Leandro F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Wellinghton M Barros
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Maique W Biavatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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24
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Batenburg AM, de Joode T, Gouka RJ. Characterization and Modulation of the Bitterness of Polymethoxyflavones Using Sensory and Receptor-Based Methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2619-26. [PMID: 26934534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An obstacle in the application of many "health ingredients" is their alleged off-flavor. We used a combination of chemical, sensory, and biological analyses to identify the bitter components in citrus peel-derived polymethoxyflavone preparations, claimed to be functional in the lowering of cholesterol. Nobiletin (56-81%) and tangeretin (10-33%) were found to be the main bitter components. Using in vitro receptor assays, hTAS2R14 was shown to be the main bitter receptor involved in their perception, with EC50 values of 14 and 63 μM, respectively. Our analysis provided several routes for off-flavor reduction. Purification is an option because a purified, single PMF species proved to be considerably less bitter upon application in emulsified foods, due to limited solubility in the aqueous phase. A second route, also demonstrated in vivo, is C5-specific demethoxylation, in line with the finding that 5-desmethylnobiletin does not activate hTAS2R14. A third route could be the use of TAS2R14 antagonists. As a proof of principle, several antagonists, with IC50 values ranging from 10 to 50 μM, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Max Batenburg
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen , P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun de Joode
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen , P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin J Gouka
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen , P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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25
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Ye X, Cao D, Song F, Fan G, Wu F. Preparative separation of nine flavonoids fromPericarpium Citri Reticulataeby preparative-HPLC and HSCCC. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Xiu LJ, Sun DZ, Jiao JP, Yan B, Qin ZF, Liu X, Wei PK, Yue XQ. Anticancer effects of traditional Chinese herbs with phlegm-eliminating properties - An overview. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:155-161. [PMID: 26038151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHONOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cancer is considered to be the second leading cause of human death. It is unsatisfactory that in the past decades, the treatment for cancer has not progressed as fast as it was expected, as only 50% of newly diagnosed patients could be cured even today. The development of cancer is a multifactorial process, involving tumor cells themselves, the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironments, as well as the interactions between tumor cells and the host's immunity. Focusing on any single goal may bring limited benefits. AIM AND METHODS OF THE STUDY Phlegm-eliminating herbs, which can reduce phlegm and eliminate pathological metabolites, are commonly used to treat cancer in China. However, the underlying molecular targets and efficacy of herbal medicines in cancer treatment still remain unclear. In this study, we reviewed the potential anticancer mechanisms of some phlegm-eliminating herbs and their active ingredients from the articles through such scientific databases as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. RESULTS We found that the anticancer mechanisms of phlegm-eliminating herbs and ingredients include inducing apoptosis, anti-proliferation, preventing tumor invasion and metastasis, and reducing resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, some phlegm-eliminating herbs and their ingredients have anti-inflammatory and anti-metabolic syndrome effects. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the phlegm-eliminating herbs and ingredients are potential candidates for anticancer treatment and cancer prevention by playing a comprehensive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Xiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Da-Zhi Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian-Peng Jiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Qin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Pin-Kang Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Okuyama S, Miyoshi K, Tsumura Y, Amakura Y, Yoshimura M, Yoshida T, Nakajima M, Furukawa Y. 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone, a citrus polymethoxylated flavone, attenuates inflammation in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Sci 2015; 5:118-29. [PMID: 25884208 PMCID: PMC4493459 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) have recently been shown to suppress inflammation in peripheral tissues. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), one of the PMFs, on inflammation in the brain in vivo using mice injected intrahippocampally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrated that subcutaneously injected HMF suppressed: (1) LPS-induced losses in body weight; (2) LPS-induced microglial activation in the hippocampus; and (3) LPS-induced interleukin-1β mRNA expression in the hippocampus. These results suggest that HMF has the ability to reduce neuroinflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Miyoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Tsumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
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28
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Chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile analysis of Citrus reticulate ‘Chachi’ decoction by HPLC-PDA-IT-MSn and HPLC-Quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 970:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Li Y, Cai S, He K, Wang Q. Semisynthesis of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Naringin and Hesperidin. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x13966139490181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) possess important biological activities, notably as anticancer agents. Semisynthesis of a series of PMFs were performed by glycoside hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, bromination, aromatic nucleophilic substitution, O-methylation, dimethyldioxirane oxidation and regioselective demethylation, starting from abundant and inexpensive natural sources naringin and hesperidin. A new synthetic method for selective methylation using CuBr catalysed and microwave-assisted reaction was developed, and the dimethyl dioxirane oxidation of flavones to flavonols was much improved. The new semisynthetic route has the advantages of easy availability of starting materials, simple operation and good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Shuanglian Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Kailin He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Qiuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
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30
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Okuyama S, Morita M, Miyoshi K, Nishigawa Y, Kaji M, Sawamoto A, Terugo T, Toyoda N, Makihata N, Amakura Y, Yoshimura M, Nakajima M, Furukawa Y. 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone, a citrus flavonoid, on protection against memory impairment and neuronal cell death in a global cerebral ischemia mouse model. Neurochem Int 2014; 70:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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McClements DJ, Decker EA, Choi SJ. Impact of Environmental Stresses on Orange Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Sucrose Monopalmitate and Lysolecithin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3257-3261. [PMID: 24669886 DOI: 10.1021/jf404983p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The food and beverage industry is trying to replace synthetic functional ingredients with more "label-friendly" ingredients in many commercial products. This study therefore examined the influence of environmental stresses on the stability of emulsions stabilized by a combination of lysolecithin and sucrose monopalmitate (SMP). Orange oil-in-water emulsions (5% (w/w) oil) stabilized by SMP (1%) and lysolecithin (0-0.5%) were prepared using high-pressure homogenization (pH 3). In the absence of lysolecithin, all emulsions were highly unstable to droplet aggregation, which was attributed to low droplet charge (weak electrostatic repulsion) and small SMP headgroup size (weak steric repulsion). Incorporation of 0.1-0.5% lysolecithin into the emulsions greatly improved their stability to droplet aggregation, which was mainly attributed to the increase in negative charge on the droplets (strong electrostatic repulsion). The addition of high levels of salt (NaCl) to the emulsions promoted droplet aggregation and creaming. Emulsions containing 0.5% lysolecithin were stable to heating (30-90 °C) in the absence of salt, but exhibited droplet aggregation and creaming when held at high (>50 °C) temperatures in the presence of 300 mM salt. This study has implications for the development of emulsion-based delivery systems for use in food and beverage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Eric Andrew Decker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Seung Jun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
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32
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Gosslau A, Chen KY, Ho CT, Li S. Anti-inflammatory effects of characterized orange peel extracts enriched with bioactive polymethoxyflavones. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Citrus flavonoid improves MK-801-induced locomotive hyperactivity: Possible relevance to schizophrenia. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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34
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Yang EJ, Lim SH, Song KS, Han HS, Lee J. Identification of active compounds from Aurantii Immatri Pericarpium attenuating brain injury in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. Food Chem 2012; 138:663-70. [PMID: 23265538 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by brain injury due to prolonged ischemia by occlusion of cerebral arteries. In this study, we isolated active compounds from an ethanol extract of Aurantii Immatri Pericarpium (HY5356). We first showed by DNA fragmentation assay that HY5356 improved human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) under hypoxic conditions by inhibiting apoptosis. When HY5356 was fractionated with dichloromethane (MC), ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (BU), the MC fraction improved cell viability at the lowest concentration (100 μg/ml). Intraperitoneal injection of HY5356 (200 mg/kg) or the MC fraction (200 mg/kg) to rats prior to occlusion attenuated brain injury significantly in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. Adopting cell viability under hypoxic conditions as an activity screening system, we isolated nobiletin and tangeretin as active compounds. The results suggest that intake of Aurantii Immatri Pericarpium containing nobiletin and tangeretin as active compounds might be beneficial for preventing ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Yang
- BK21 Research Team for Developing Functional Health Food Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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35
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Isolation and characterization of activators of ERK/MAPK from citrus plants. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1832-1845. [PMID: 22408427 PMCID: PMC3291996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, have been recently shown to be involved in synaptic plasticity and in the development of long-term memory in the central nervous system (CNS). We therefore examined the ability of Citrus compounds to activate ERK1/2 in cultured rat cortical neurons, whose activation might have a protective effect against neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Among the samples tested, extracts prepared from the peels of Citrus grandis (Kawachi bankan) were found to have the greatest ability to activate ERK1/2. The active substances were isolated by chromatographic separation, and one of them was identified to be 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF). HMF significantly induced the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a downstream target of activated ERK1/2, which appears to be a critical step in the signaling cascade for the structural changes underlying the development of long-term potentiation (LTP). In addition, the administration of HMF into mice treated with NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 restored the MK-801-induced deterioration of spatial learning performance in the Morris mater-maze task. Taken together, these results suggest that HMF is a neurotrophic agent for treating patients with memory disorders.
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36
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Uckoo RM, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Chromatographic Techniques for the Separation of Polymethoxyflavones from Citrus. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1093.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram M. Uckoo
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, 1500 Research Parkway Ste A120, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
| | - G. K. Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, 1500 Research Parkway Ste A120, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
| | - Bhimanagouda S. Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, 1500 Research Parkway Ste A120, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
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37
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Formulation and properties of model beverage emulsions stabilized by sucrose monopalmitate: Influence of pH and lyso-lecithin addition. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Seo J, Lee HS, Ryoo S, Seo JH, Min BS, Lee JH. Tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid, inhibits PGDF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of aortic smooth muscle cells by blocking AKT activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 673:56-64. [PMID: 22040922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tangeretin, a natural polymethoxylated flavone concentrated in the peel of citrus fruits, is known to have antiproliferative, antiinvasive, antimetastatic and antioxidant activities. However, the effect of tangeretin on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is unknown. This study examined the effect of tangeretin on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation and migration of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) as well as its underlying mechanisms. Tangeretin significantly inhibited proliferation, DNA synthesis and migration of PDGF-BB-stimulated RASMCs without inducing cell death. Treatment with tangeretin-induced cell-cycle arrest in the G₀/G₁ phase was associated with down-regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E in addition to up-regulation of p27(kip1). We also showed that tangeretin inhibited PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of AKT, while it had no effect on the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), PDGF receptor β-chain (PDGF-Rβ) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). An in vitro kinase assay revealed that tangeretin inhibited AKT activity in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, had similar effects than that of tangeretin on the expression of p27(kip1) and cyclin D1, as well as cell migration in PDFG-BB-stimulated RASMCs. Taken together, these findings suggest that tangeretin could suppress PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of RASMCs through the suppression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and may be a potential candidate for preventing or treating vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Becaplermin
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Flavones/administration & dosage
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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39
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Manthey JA, Cesar TB, Jackson E, Mertens-Talcott S. Pharmacokinetic study of nobiletin and tangeretin in rat serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:145-151. [PMID: 21133365 DOI: 10.1021/jf1033224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nobiletin (NOB) and tangeretin (TAN), two of the main polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in citrus, influence a number of key biological pathways in mammalian cells. Although the impacts of NOB and TAN on glucose homeostasis and cholesterol regulation have been investigated in human clinical trials, much information is still lacking about the metabolism and oral bioavailability of these compounds in animals. In this study, NOB and TAN were administered to rats by gavage and intraperitoneal (ip) injection, and the blood serum concentrations of these compounds and their main metabolites were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). In addition to the administered compounds, two metabolites of TAN and eight metabolites of NOB were detected and measured over 24 h. With identical oral doses, nearly 10-fold higher absorption of NOB occurred compared to TAN. For both compounds, maximum levels of glucuronidated metabolites occurred in the blood serum at later time points (∼5-8 h) compared to the earlier T(max) values for NOB and TAN. In most cases the glucuronides occurred at substantially higher concentrations than the aglycone metabolites. Low levels of NOB and TAN and their metabolites were detectable in rat blood serum even at 24 h after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Manthey
- Citrus and Subtropical Products Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Winter Haven, Florida 33881, USA.
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40
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Qian C, Decker EA, Xiao H, McClements DJ. Comparison of Biopolymer Emulsifier Performance in Formation and Stabilization of Orange Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Eric Andrew Decker
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
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41
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Ci X, Liang X, Luo G, Yu Q, Li H, Wang D, Li R, Deng X. Regulation of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by 2''-hydroxy-3''-en-anhydroicaritin involves down-regulation of NF-kappaB and MAPK expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:995-1002. [PMID: 20462523 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2''-hydroxy-3''-en-anhydroicaritin, a flavone, was isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Epimedium brevicornum for the first time. In our previous study, we have carried out a screening program to identify the anti-inflammatory potentials of 2''-hydroxy-3''-en-anhydroicaritin. In the present study, we further found that this compound regulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced levels of nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) (**p<0.01 or *p<0.05), and reduced levels of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. We further investigated signal transduction mechanisms to determine how 2''-hydroxy-3''-en-anhydroicaritin affects RAW264.7 macrophages pretreated with 0.5, 2.5, or 12.5mg/L of 2''-hydroxy-3''-en-anhydroicaritin 1h prior to treatment with 1mg/L of LPS. Thirty minutes later, cells were harvested and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation and I kappaB alpha were measured by western blotting. Alternatively, the macrophages were fixed and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation was measured by immunocytochemical analysis. Signal transduction studies showed that the flavone significantly inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation protein expression. The flavone also inhibited p65-NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus by I kappaB alpha degradation. Therefore, 2''-hydroxy-3''-en-anhydroicaritin may inhibit LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by blocking NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
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42
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Pan MH, Lai CS, Dushenkov S, Ho CT. Modulation of inflammatory genes by natural dietary bioactive compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4467-77. [PMID: 19489612 DOI: 10.1021/jf900612n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have shown that chronic inflammation predisposes individuals to various types of cancer. Many cancers arise from sites of infection, chronic irritation, and inflammation. Conversely, an oncogenic change induces an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the development of tumors. Natural bioactive compounds in dietary plant products including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, tea, and wine are claimed to help prevent cancer, degenerative diseases, and chronic and acute inflammation. Modern methods in cell and molecular biology allow us to understand the interactions of different natural bioactive compounds with basic mechanisms of inflammatory response. The molecular pathways of this cancer-related inflammation are now unraveled. Natural bioactive compounds exert anti-inflammatory activity by modulating pro-inflammatory gene expressions have shown promising chemopreventive activity. This review summarizes current knowledge on natural bioactive compounds that act through the signaling pathways and modulate inflammatory gene expressions, thus providing evidence for these substances in cancer chemopreventive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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