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Duan Y, Guo F, Li C, Xiang D, Gong M, Yi H, Chen L, Yan L, Zhang D, Dai L, Liu X, Wang Z. Aqueous extract of fermented Eucommia ulmoides leaves alleviates hyperlipidemia by maintaining gut homeostasis and modulating metabolism in high-fat diet fed rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155291. [PMID: 38518640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, the lipid-lowing biological potential of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EL) has been demonstrated. After fermentation, the EL have been made into various products with lipid-lowering effects and antioxidant activity. However, the anti-hyperlipidemic mechanism of fermented Eucommia ulmoides leaves (FEL) is unclear now. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of FEL on hyperlipidemia and investigate the mechanism based on regulating gut homeostasis and host metabolism. METHODS Hyperlipidemia animal model in Wistar rats was established after 8 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) fed. The administered doses of aqueous extract of FEL (FELE) were 128, 256 and 512 mg/kg/d, respectively. Serum biochemical parameters detection, histopathological sections analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota and untargeted fecal metabolomics analysis, were performed to determine the therapeutic effects and predict related pathways of FELE on hyperlipidemia. The changes of proteins and genes elated to lipid were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS 56 Components in FELE were identified by UPLC-MS, with organic acids, flavonoids and phenolic acids accounting for the majority. The intervention of FELE significantly reduced the body weight, lipid accumulation and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemia rats, while increased the level of High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Meanwhile, FELE improved the inflammatory makers and oxidative stress factors, which is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). These results demonstrated that FETE can effectively reduce blood lipids and alleviate inflammation and oxidative damage caused by hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, FELE restore the homeostasis of gut microbiota by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of probiotics, especially Lactobacillus, Rombousia, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Clostridia_UCG-014_Unclassified, while modulated metabolism through amino acid, bile acid and lipid-related metabolism pathways. In addition, the Pearson correlation analysis found that the upregulated bilirubin, threonine, dopamine and downregulated lipocholic acid, d-sphingosine were key metabolites after FELE intervention. IF and qRT-PCR analysis showed that FELE upregulated the expression of fatty acid oxidation proteins and genes (PPARα, CPT1A), bile acid synthesis and excretion proteins and genes (LXRα, CYP7A1, FXR), and downregulated the expression of adipogenic gene (SREBP-1c) by regulating gut microbiota to improve metabolism and exert a lipid-lowering effect. CONCLUSION This work filled the lipid-lowering mechanism gap of FEL. FELE can improve HFD-induced hyperlipidemia by regulating the gut microbiota homeostasis and metabolism. Thus, FEL has the potential to develop into the novel raw material of lipid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fengqian Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dinghua Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Man Gong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liangmian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lihua Yan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Zhou M, Ma J, Kang M, Tang W, Xia S, Yin J, Yin Y. Flavonoids, gut microbiota, and host lipid metabolism. Eng Life Sci 2024; 24:2300065. [PMID: 38708419 PMCID: PMC11065335 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed in nature and have a variety of beneficial biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. All of these are related to gut microbiota, and flavonoids also serve as a bridge between the host and gut microbiota. Flavonoids are commonly used to modify the composition of the gut microbiota by promoting or inhibiting specific microbial species within the gut, as well as modifying their metabolites. In turn, the gut microbiota extensively metabolizes flavonoids. Hence, this reciprocal relationship between flavonoids and the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functionality of the metabolism system. In this review, we mainly highlighted the biological effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiobesity, and discussed the interaction between flavonoids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism, and elaborated the potential mechanisms on host lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhou
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Meng Kang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Sichuan Animal Science AcademyLivestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Animtech Feed Co., LtdChengduSichuanChina
| | - Siting Xia
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
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Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, van den Burg EL, Numans ME, Ducarmon QR, Pijl H, Wiese M. Impact of dietary carbohydrate, fat or protein restriction on the human gut microbiome: a systematic review. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38602133 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Restriction of dietary carbohydrates, fat and/or protein is often used to reduce body weight and/or treat (metabolic) diseases. Since diet is a key modulator of the human gut microbiome, which plays an important role in health and disease, this review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge of the effects of macronutrient-restricted diets on gut microbial composition and metabolites. A structured search strategy was performed in several databases. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, thirty-six articles could be included. Data are included in the results only when supported by at least three independent studies to enhance the reliability of our conclusions. Low-carbohydrate (<30 energy%) diets tended to induce a decrease in the relative abundance of several health-promoting bacteria, including Bifidobacterium, as well as a reduction in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in faeces. In contrast, low-fat diets (<30 energy%) increased alpha diversity, faecal SCFA levels and abundance of some beneficial bacteria, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. There were insufficient data to draw conclusions concerning the effects of low-protein (<10 energy%) diets on gut microbiota. Although the data of included studies unveil possible benefits of low-fat and potential drawbacks of low-carbohydrate diets for human gut microbiota, the diversity in study designs made it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Using a more uniform methodology in design, sample processing and sharing raw sequence data could foster our understanding of the effects of macronutrient restriction on gut microbiota composition and metabolic dynamics relevant to health. This systematic review was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42020156929.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein P Schoonakker
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petra G van Peet
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elske L van den Burg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten R Ducarmon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Wiese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fan J, Zhu J, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Xu H. Potential therapeutic target for polysaccharide inhibition of colon cancer progression. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1325491. [PMID: 38264044 PMCID: PMC10804854 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1325491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, colon cancer has become one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, posing a great threat to human health. Studies have shown that natural polysaccharides have rich biological activities and medicinal value, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and immune-enhancing effects, especially with potential anti-colon cancer mechanisms. Natural polysaccharides can not only protect and enhance the homeostasis of the intestinal environment but also exert a direct inhibition effect on cancer cells, making it a promising strategy for treating colon cancer. Preliminary clinical experiments have demonstrated that oral administration of low and high doses of citrus pectin polysaccharides can reduce tumor volume in mice by 38% (p < 0.02) and 70% (p < 0.001), respectively. These results are encouraging. However, there are relatively few clinical studies on the effectiveness of polysaccharide therapy for colon cancer, and ensuring the effective bioavailability of polysaccharides in the body remains a challenge. In this article, we elucidate the impact of the physicochemical factors of polysaccharides on their anticancer effects and then reveal the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides on colon cancer. Finally, we emphasize the challenges of using polysaccharides in the treatment of colon cancer and discuss future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinmeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kovacevic B, Jones M, Wagle SR, Ionescu CM, Foster T, Đanić M, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Influence of poly-L-ornithine-bile acid nano hydrogels on cellular bioactivity and potential pharmacological applications. Ther Deliv 2023. [PMID: 37667908 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cellular bioactivity and pathophysiological changes associated with chronic disorders are considered pivotal detrimental factors when developing novel formulations for biomedical applications. Methods: This paper investigates the use of bile acids and synthetic polypeptide poly-L-ornithine (PLO) in formulations and their impacts on a variety of cell lines, with a particular focus on their cellular bioactivity. Results: The hepatic cell line was the most negatively affected by the presence of PLO, while the muscle and beta-pancreatic cell lines did not show as profound of a negative impact of PLO on cellular viability. PLO was the least disruptive regarding mitochondrial function for muscle and beta cells. Conclusion: The addition of bile acids generally decreased mitochondrial respiration and altered bioenergetic parameters in all cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6000, Australia
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Madsen S, Bak SY, Yde CC, Jensen HM, Knudsen TA, Bæch-Laursen C, Holst JJ, Laustsen C, Hedemann MS. Unravelling Effects of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Plasma Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High-Fat Western-Style Diet. Metabolites 2023; 13:974. [PMID: 37755254 PMCID: PMC10534343 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the preventive effect on obesity-related conditions of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract (RE) in young, healthy rats fed a high-fat Western-style diet to complement the existing knowledge gap concerning the anti-obesity effects of RE in vivo. Sprague Dawley rats (71.3 ± 0.46 g) were fed a high-fat Western-style diet (WD) or WD containing either 1 g/kg feed or 4 g/kg feed RE for six weeks. A group fed standard chow served as a negative control. The treatments did not affect body weight; however, the liver fat percentage was reduced in rats fed RE, and NMR analyses of liver tissue indicated that total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were reduced. In plasma, HDL cholesterol was increased while triglycerides were decreased. Rats fed high RE had significantly increased fasting plasma concentrations of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Proteomics analyses of liver tissue showed that RE increased enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, possibly associated with the higher fasting GLP-1 levels, which may explain the improvement of the overall lipid profile and hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, high levels of succinic acid in the cecal content of RE-treated animals suggested a modulation of the microbiota composition. In conclusion, our results suggest that RE may alleviate the effects of consuming a high-fat diet through increased GLP-1 secretion and changes in microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Madsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Steffen Yde Bak
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Christian Clement Yde
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Henrik Max Jensen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tine Ahrendt Knudsen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Cecilie Bæch-Laursen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Zhang Y, Liu K, Yan C, Yin Y, He S, Qiu L, Li G. Natural Polyphenols for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248810. [PMID: 36557939 PMCID: PMC9787795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and serious gastrointestinal malignancy with high mortality and morbidity. Chemoprevention refers to a newly emerged strategy that uses drugs with chemopreventive properties to promote antioxidation, regulate cancer cell cycle, suppress proliferation, and induce cellular apoptosis, so as to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Natural polyphenols are currently recognized as a class of chemopreventive agents that have shown remarkable anticarcinogenic properties. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have elucidated the anti-CRC mechanisms of natural polyphenols, such as regulation of various molecular and signaling pathways. Natural polyphenols are also reportedly capable of modulating the gut microbiota and cancer stem cells (CSCs) to suppress tumor formation and progression. Combined use of different natural polyphenols is recommended due to their low bioavailability and instability, and combination treatment can exert synergistical effects, reduce side effects, and avoid drug resistance in CRC treatment. In summary, the application of polyphenols in the chemoprevention and treatment of CRC is promising. Further clinical evaluation of their effectiveness is warranted and anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Kunjian Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chengqiu Yan
- Anorectal Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Yin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shuangyan He
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Li Qiu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Anorectal Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence:
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Ghosh A, Rajdev B, Parihar N, Ponneganti S, Das P, Naidu VGM, Krishnanand P R, USN M, Kumar J, Pemmaraju DB. Bio-nanoconjugates of lithocholic acid/IR 780 for ROS-mediated apoptosis and optoacoustic imaging applications in breast cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Liu Z, Chen Q, Zhang C, Ni L. Comparative study of the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulation effects of green tea phenolics and their oxidation products in high-fat-induced obese mice. Food Chem 2021; 367:130735. [PMID: 34365247 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Green and black teas are regarded to possess therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity, however it is not clear which tea performs better in body weight control. In this study, aiming to eliminate cultivar variation, green tea phenolics (GTP) were oxidized by tyrosinase to obtain oxidized tea phenolics (OTP). Thereafter, their anti-obesity effect on high-fat diet induced obese mice were compared. The results showed that despite their distinctive phenolic profiles, GTP and OTP exerted similar anti-obesity properties after 12 weeks of dietary intervention. Furthermore, cecal microbiota profiling exhibited comparable modulatory effects of GTP and OTP on multiple bacterial taxa, including Parabacteroides distasonis, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Akkermansia muciniphila, which were strongly associated with obesity related indexes. Putative bacterial function profiling implicated that both GTP and OTP might regulate the lipid metabolism similarly. Collectively, the oxidation of GTP did not influence the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulatory effects to any large extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Liu
- Institute of Food Science & Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Institute of Food Science & Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science & Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science & Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Dingeo G, Brito A, Samouda H, Iddir M, La Frano MR, Bohn T. Phytochemicals as modifiers of gut microbial communities. Food Funct 2021; 11:8444-8471. [PMID: 32996966 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A healthy gut microbiota (GM) is paramount for a healthy lifestyle. Alterations of the GM have been involved in the aetiology of several chronic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In pathological conditions, the diversity of the GM is commonly reduced or altered, often toward an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The colonic fermentation of dietary fiber has shown to stimulate the fraction of bacteria purported to have beneficial health effects, acting as prebiotics, and to increase the production of short chain fatty acids, e.g. propionate and butyrate, while also improving gut epithelium integrity such as tight junction functionality. However, a variety of phytochemicals, often associated with dietary fiber, have also been proposed to modulate the GM. Many phytochemicals possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may positively affect the GM, including polyphenols, carotenoids, phytosterols/phytostanols, lignans, alkaloids, glucosinolates and terpenes. Some polyphenols may act as prebiotics, while carotenoids have been shown to alter immunoglobulin A expression, an important factor for bacteria colonization. Other phytochemicals may interact with the mucosa, another important factor for colonization, and prevent its degradation. Certain polyphenols have shown to influence bacterial communication, interacting with quorum sensing. Finally, phytochemicals can be metabolized in the gut into bioactive constituents, e.g. equol from daidzein and enterolactone from secoisolariciresinol, while bacteria can use glycosides for energy. In this review, we strive to highlight the potential interactions between prominent phytochemicals and health benefits related to the GM, emphasizing their potential as adjuvant strategies for GM-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Brito
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg. and Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Hanen Samouda
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg.
| | - Mohammed Iddir
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA. and Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg.
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Zhao A, Zhang L, Zhang X, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman BM, Sandhu AK. Comprehensive Characterization of Bile Acids in Human Biological Samples and Effect of 4-Week Strawberry Intake on Bile Acid Composition in Human Plasma. Metabolites 2021; 11:99. [PMID: 33578858 PMCID: PMC7916557 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bile acids (BAs) and their gut microbial metabolites have a role in regulating human health. Comprehensive characterization of BAs species in human biological samples will aid in understanding the interaction between diet, gut microbiota, and bile acid metabolism. Therefore, we developed a qualitative method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) to identify BAs in human plasma, feces, and urine samples. A quantitative method was developed using UHPLC coupled with triple quadrupole (QQQ) and applied to a previous clinical trial conducted by our group to understand the bile acid metabolism in overweight/obese middle-aged adults (n = 34) after four weeks strawberry vs. control intervention. The qualitative study tentatively identified a total of 81 BAs in human biological samples. Several BA glucuronide-conjugates were characterized for the first time in human plasma and/or urine samples. The four-week strawberry intervention significantly reduced plasma concentrations of individual secondary BAs, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and their glycine conjugates, as well as glycoursodeoxycholic acid compared to control (p < 0.05); total glucuronide-, total oxidized-, total dehydroxyl-, total secondary, and total plasma BAs were also lowered compared to control (p < 0.05). The reduced secondary BAs concentrations suggest that regular strawberry intake modulates the microbial metabolism of BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amandeep K. Sandhu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA; (A.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (I.E.); (B.M.B.-F.)
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Zhao Y, Jiang Q. Roles of the Polyphenol-Gut Microbiota Interaction in Alleviating Colitis and Preventing Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:546-565. [PMID: 32905583 PMCID: PMC8009754 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota can promote or inhibit colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Promotion of beneficial gut bacteria is considered a promising strategy to alleviate colonic diseases including colitis and colorectal cancer. Interestingly, dietary polyphenols, which have been shown to attenuate colitis and inhibit colorectal cancer in animal models and some human studies, appear to reach relatively high concentrations in the large intestine and to interact with the gut microbial community. This review summarizes the modulatory effects of polyphenols on the gut microbiota in humans and animals under healthy and diseased conditions including colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Existing human and animal studies indicate that polyphenols and polyphenol-rich whole foods are capable of elevating butyrate producers and probiotics that alleviate colitis and inhibit CAC, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Studies in colitis and CAC models indicate that polyphenols decrease opportunistic pathogenic or proinflammatory microbes and counteract disease-induced dysbiosis. Consistently, polyphenols also change microbial functions, including increasing butyrate formation. Moreover, polyphenol metabolites produced by the gut microbiota appear to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, protect gut barrier integrity, and mitigate inflammatory conditions in cells and animal models. Based on these results, we conclude that polyphenol-mediated alteration of microbial composition and functions, together with polyphenol metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, likely contribute to the protective effects of polyphenols on colitis and CAC. Future research is needed to validate the causal role of the polyphenol-gut microbiota interaction in polyphenols' anti-colitis and anti-CAC effects, and to further elucidate mechanisms underlying such interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhao
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Polyphenol Effects on Cholesterol Metabolism via Bile Acid Biosynthesis, CYP7A1: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112588. [PMID: 31661763 PMCID: PMC6893479 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main contributor to coronary heart disease, is characterised by an accumulation of lipids such as cholesterol in the arterial wall. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) reduces cholesterol via its conversion into bile acids (BAs). During RCT in non-hepatic peripheral tissues, cholesterol is transferred to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and returned to the liver for conversion into BAs predominantly via the rate-limiting enzyme, cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Numerous reports have described that polyphenol induced increases in BA excretion and corresponding reductions in total and LDL cholesterol in animal and in-vitro studies, but the process whereby this occurs has not been extensively reviewed. There are three main mechanisms by which BA excretion can be augmented: (1) increased expression of CYP7A1; (2) reduced expression of intestinal BA transporters; and (3) changes in the gut microbiota. Here we summarise the BA metabolic pathways focusing on CYP7A1, how its gene is regulated via transcription factors, diurnal rhythms, and microRNAs. Importantly, we will address the following questions: (1) Can polyphenols enhance BA secretion by modulating the CYP7A1 biosynthetic pathway? (2) Can polyphenols alter the BA pool via changes in the gut microbiota? (3) Which polyphenols are the most promising candidates for future research? We conclude that while in rodents some polyphenols induce CYP7A1 expression predominantly by the LXRα pathway, in human cells, this may occur through FXR, NF-KB, and ERK signalling. Additionally, gut microbiota is important for the de-conjugation and excretion of BAs. Puerarin, resveratrol, and quercetin are promising candidates for further research in this area.
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15
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Chen N, Kong Y, Wu Y, Gao Q, Fu J, Sun X, Geng Q. CAC1 knockdown reverses drug resistance through the downregulation of P-gp and MRP-1 expression in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222035. [PMID: 31504073 PMCID: PMC6736305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK2-associated cullin domain 1 (CAC1) is as a novel cell cycle regulator widely expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its expression and function in drug resistant CRC cells remains elusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the biochemical function and relevance of CAC1 in drug resistant CRC cells, and detect the potential mechanism. For this purpose, a total of 83 CRC cases were collected for the immunohistochemical analysis of CAC1 expression. Functional studies (stable transfection, flow cytometry, colony formation, and invasion and migration assays) were performed in SW480, LoVo and their corresponding 5-FU resistant cells. In addition, a nude mice xenograft model was established for further observation in vivo. In the present study, CAC1 protein expression was higher in CRC tissues than that in normal tissues (P<0.05). Furthermore, CAC1 protein expression was higher in SW480/5-FU cells than in SW480 cells. CAC1 knockdown arrested 5-FU resistant cells at the G1/S phase and increased the sensitivity of 5-FU resistant cells to 5-FU by inducing apoptosis. In addition, CAC1 reduced the invasive and migration ability of SW480/5-FU and LoVo/5-FU cells in vitro, and reduced their tumorigenicity and metastatic ability in vivo. Finally, CAC1 knockdown resulted in decreased P-glycoprotein and MRP-1 protein expression. Based on these results, it can be concluded that CAC1 plays an important role in the occurrence and promotion of drug resistance in CRC. Therefore, the knockdown of CAC1 may be considered as a new strategy for the development of CRC drug resistance treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanzheng Chen
- The thoracic surgery department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Kong
- The general surgery department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunhua Wu
- The medical oncology department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Gao
- The medical oncology department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junke Fu
- The thoracic surgery department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- The medical oncology department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (XS); (QG)
| | - Qianqian Geng
- The nuclear medicine department of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (XS); (QG)
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16
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Elufioye TO, Habtemariam S. Hepatoprotective effects of rosmarinic acid: Insight into its mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108600. [PMID: 30780110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases such as hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are one of the major health challenges in the world and many conditions such as inadequate nutrition, viral infection, ethanol and drug abuse, xenobiotic exposure, and metabolic diseases have been implicated in the development and progression of liver diseases. Several factors including lipid peroxidation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite formation, complement factors and proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are involved in hepatic diseases. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenolic compound found mainly in the family Lamiaceae consisting of several medicinal plants, herbs and spices. Several biological activities have been reported for RA and these include antioxidant properties as a ROS scavenger and lipid peroxidation inhibitor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antiangiogenic among others. This review is aimed at discussing the effects of RA on the liver, highlighting its hepatoprotective potential and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo O Elufioye
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Maritime Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Ma H, Kang Q, Wang T, Xiao J, Yu L. Liquid crystals-based sensor for the detection of lithocholic acid coupled with competitive host-guest inclusion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Anhê FF, Nachbar RT, Varin TV, Vilela V, Dudonné S, Pilon G, Fournier M, Lecours MA, Desjardins Y, Roy D, Levy E, Marette A. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis independently of body weight loss. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1563-1573. [PMID: 29107524 PMCID: PMC5699918 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have reported that polyphenol-rich extracts from various sources can prevent obesity and associated gastro-hepatic and metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. However, whether such extracts can reverse obesity-linked metabolic alterations remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential of a polyphenol-rich extract from cranberry (CE) to reverse obesity and associated metabolic disorders in DIO-mice. Methods Mice were pre-fed either a Chow or a High Fat-High Sucrose (HFHS) diet for 13 weeks to induce obesity and then treated either with CE (200 mg/kg, Chow + CE, HFHS + CE) or vehicle (Chow, HFHS) for 8 additional weeks. Results CE did not reverse weight gain or fat mass accretion in Chow- or HFHS-fed mice. However, HFHS + CE fully reversed hepatic steatosis and this was linked to upregulation of genes involved in lipid catabolism (e.g., PPARα) and downregulation of several pro-inflammatory genes (eg, COX2, TNFα) in the liver. These findings were associated with improved glucose tolerance and normalization of insulin sensitivity in HFHS + CE mice. The gut microbiota of HFHS + CE mice was characterized by lower Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and a drastic expansion of Akkermansia muciniphila and, to a lesser extent, of Barnesiella spp, as compared to HFHS controls. Conclusions Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CE, without impacting body weight or adiposity, can fully reverse HFHS diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis while triggering A. muciniphila blooming in the gut microbiota, thus underscoring the gut-liver axis as a primary target of cranberry polyphenols. CE was shown to prevent obesity and its metabolic complications in DIO-mice. CE did not reverse obesity but alleviated liver steatosis and glucose intolerance. Liver inflammation was blunted in CE-treated mice. CE treatment expanded Akkermansia muciniphila and Barnesiella in the gut microbiota. CE targets the gut-liver axis to primarily improve glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Renato T Nachbar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Canada.
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Vanessa Vilela
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Canada.
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Maryse Fournier
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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Lin SY, Wang YY, Chen WY, Liao SL, Chou ST, Yang CP, Chen CJ. Hepatoprotective activities of rosmarinic acid against extrahepatic cholestasis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:214-223. [PMID: 28789951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Though rosmarinic acid possesses nutritional, pharmaceutical, and toxic properties and shows therapeutic potential on liver diseases, its therapeutic effects against cholestatic liver diseases have not been proven. Using an extrahepatic cholestasis rat model by bile-duct ligation (BDL), daily oral administration of rosmarinic acid showed improvement effects on liver histology, serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Rosmarinic acid alleviated BDL-induced transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) production and hepatic collagen deposition, and the anti-fibrotic effects were accompanied by reductions in matrix-producing cells and Smad2/3. BDL rats showed increased hepatic NF-κB/AP-1 activities, inflammatory cell infiltration/accumulation, and cytokine production, and these signs of hepatic inflammation were ameliorated by rosmarinic acid. Mechanistic study revealed an inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid on the axis of the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in BDL rats. Results of cultured hepatic stellate cells further showed the impacts of rosmarinic acid which attenuated TGF-β1-induced stellate cell mitogenic and fibrogenic activation. Our findings support the concept that rosmarinic acid could serve as a hepatoprotective agent, and dietary rosmarinic acid supplementation may be beneficial in terms of improving cholestasis-related liver injury via mechanisms involving resolution of oxidative burden and down-regulation of HMGB1/TLR4, NF-κB, AP-1, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Su-Tze Chou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
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20
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Yang Y, Nirmagustina DE, Kumrungsee T, Okazaki Y, Tomotake H, Kato N. Feeding of the water extract from Ganoderma lingzhi to rats modulates secondary bile acids, intestinal microflora, mucins, and propionate important to colon cancer. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1796-1804. [PMID: 28661219 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1343117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of reishi mushroom has been reported to prevent colon carcinogenesis in rodents, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate this effect, rats were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% water extract from either the reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) (WGL) or the auto-digested reishi G. lingzhi (AWGL) for three weeks. Both extracts markedly reduced fecal secondary bile acids, such as lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid (colon carcinogens). These extracts reduced the numbers of Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium leptum (secondary bile acids-producing bacteria) in a per g of cecal digesta. Fecal mucins and cecal propionate were significantly elevated by both extracts, and fecal IgA was significantly elevated by WGL, but not by AWGL. These results suggest that the reishi extracts have an impact on colon luminal health by modulating secondary bile acids, microflora, mucins, and propionate that related to colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshou Yang
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Dwi Eva Nirmagustina
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | | | - Yukako Okazaki
- b Faculty of Human Life Sciences , Fuji Women's University , Ishikari , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomotake
- c Department of Domestic Science , Iida Women's Junior College , Iida , Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
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Wang YY, Lin SY, Chen WY, Liao SL, Wu CC, Pan PH, Chou ST, Chen CJ. Glechoma hederacea extracts attenuate cholestatic liver injury in a bile duct-ligated rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 204:58-66. [PMID: 28416441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, Glechoma hederacea is frequently prescribed to patients with cholelithiasis, dropsy, abscess, diabetes, inflammation, and jaundice. Polyphenolic compounds are main bioactive components of Glechoma hederacea. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of hot water extract of Glechoma hederacea against cholestatic liver injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cholestatic liver injury was produced by ligating common bile ducts in Sprague-Dawley rats. Saline and hot water extract of Glechoma hederacea were orally administrated using gastric gavages. Liver tissues and bloods were collected and subjected to evaluation using histological, molecular, and biochemical approaches. RESULTS Using a rat model of cholestasis caused by bile duct ligation (BDL), daily oral administration of Glechoma hederacea hot water extracts showed protective effects against cholestatic liver injury, as evidenced by the improvement of serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Glechoma hederacea extracts alleviated BDL-induced transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor, and collagen expression, and the anti-fibrotic effects were accompanied by reductions in α-smooth muscle actin-positive matrix-producing cells and Smad2/3 activity. Glechoma hederacea extracts attenuated BDL-induced inflammatory cell infiltration/accumulation, NF-κB and AP-1 activation, and inflammatory cytokine production. Further studies demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Glechoma hederacea extracts on the axis of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) intracellular signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The hepatoprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects of Glechoma hederacea extracts seem to be multifactorial. The beneficial effects of daily Glechoma hederacea extracts supplementation were associated with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic potential, as well as down-regulation of NF-κB, AP-1, and TGF-β/Smad signaling, probably via interference with the HMGB1/TLR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yu Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Tze Chou
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J, Jurgoński A, Rigby N, Sójka M, Kołodziejczyk K, Mackie A, Zduńczyk Z. Raspberry pomace alters cecal microbial activity and reduces secondary bile acids in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:13-20. [PMID: 28437712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The profile of bile acids (BA) largely depends on the enzymatic activity of the microbiota, but this can be modulated by the dietary addition of biologically active compounds, e.g., polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary raspberry pomace as a rich source of biologically active compounds on microbial activity and the BA profile in the caecum of rats fed a high-fat diet. Wistar rats were fed the standard diet AIN-93, a high-fat diet or a modified high-fat diet enriched with 7% different types of processed raspberry pomaces produced by standard grinding and fine grinding, with or without seeds. Rats fed the high-fat diet for 8 weeks showed some disorders in liver function and cecal BA, as manifested by an increased concentration of cholesterol, total BA in the liver and cholic, deoxycholic, and β-muricholic acids in the cecal digesta. In general, irrespective of the type of raspberry pomace, these dietary preparations decreased liver cholesterol, hepatic fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, cecal ammonia and favorable changed BA profile in the cecum. However, among all dietary pomaces, the finely ground preparation containing seeds had the greatest beneficial effect on the caecum by modulating bacterial activity and reducing the levels of secondary BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Fotschki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Jurgoński
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Neil Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Sójka
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Łódź University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Alan Mackie
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Ikarashi N, Ogawa S, Hirobe R, Kon R, Kusunoki Y, Yamashita M, Mizukami N, Kaneko M, Wakui N, Machida Y, Sugiyama K. Epigallocatechin gallate induces a hepatospecific decrease in the CYP3A expression level by altering intestinal flora. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 100:211-218. [PMID: 28115221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we showed that a high-dose intake of green tea polyphenol (GP) induced a hepatospecific decrease in the expression and activity of the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). In this study, we examined whether this decrease in CYP3A expression is induced by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is the main component of GP. After a diet containing 1.5% EGCG was given to mice, the hepatic CYP3A expression was measured. The level of intestinal bacteria of Clostridium spp., the concentration of lithocholic acid (LCA) in the feces, and the level of the translocation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) to the nucleus in the liver were examined. A decrease in the CYP3A expression level was observed beginning on the second day of the treatment with EGCG. The level of translocation of PXR to the nucleus was significantly lower in the EGCG group. The fecal level of LCA was clearly decreased by the EGCG treatment. The level of intestinal bacteria of Clostridium spp. was also decreased by the EGCG treatment. It is clear that the hepatospecific decrease in the CYP3A expression level observed after a high-dose intake of GP was caused by EGCG. Because EGCG, which is not absorbed from the intestine, causes a decrease in the level of LCA-producing bacteria in the colon, the level of LCA in the liver decreases, resulting in a decrease in the nuclear translocation of PXR, which in turn leads to the observed decrease in the expression level of CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sosuke Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Ryuta Hirobe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kusunoki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Marin Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Nanaho Mizukami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Miho Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Wakui
- Division of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Machida
- Division of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hoshi University, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Japan.
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Cholesterol-lowering effects of piceatannol, a stilbene from wine, using untargeted metabolomics. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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McDougall GJ, Allwood JW, Pereira-Caro G, Brown EM, Ternan N, Verrall S, Stewart D, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Rowland I, Crozier A, Gill CIR. Nontargeted LC-MS n Profiling of Compounds in Ileal Fluids That Decrease after Raspberry Intake Identifies Consistent Alterations in Bile Acid Composition. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2606-2615. [PMID: 27643821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ileostomy studies provide a unique insight into the digestion of foods, allowing identification of physiologically relevant dietary phytochemicals and their metabolites that are important to gut health. We previously reported an increase of components, including novel triterpenoids, in ileal fluids of 11 ileostomates following consumption of raspberries using nontargeted LC-MSn techniques in combination with data deconvolution software. The current study focused on components that consistently decreased postsupplementation. After data deconvolution, 32 components were identified that met exclusion parameters of m/z signals and which decreased significantly in ileal fluids from eight of 11 participants post-raspberry supplementation. Two-thirds of these components were identified putatively from their MS properties. Consistent decreases were observed in components that possibly reflected "washing out" of presupplementation intake of common foods/drinks including (poly)phenol metabolites. Metabolites associated with fat metabolism such as hydroxylated fatty acids and cholate-type bile acids were specifically reduced. However, more directed re-examination of the data revealed that although some cholates were consistently reduced, the more polar glyco- and tauro-linked bile acid derivatives increased consistently, by as much as 100-fold over presupplementation levels. The possible reasons for these substantial alterations in bile acid composition in ileal fluids in response to raspberry intake are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - J William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Postharvest, Technology and Agrifood Industry Area, IFAPA , Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma M Brown
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster , Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Nigel Ternan
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust , Londonderry, BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland
| | - Susan Verrall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust , Londonderry, BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust , Londonderry, BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland
| | - Ian Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading , Reading, RG6 6AP, England
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster , Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
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Yang Y, Sitanggang NV, Okazaki Y, Tomotake H, Arita K, Ashida T, Kato N. Supplemental fermented plant product (' Manda Koso') reduces succinate and deoxycholate, as well as elevates IgA and mucin levels, in rats fed a high-fat diet. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:787-791. [PMID: 26623016 PMCID: PMC4660600 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Manda Koso’ is a commercial fermented plant product (FPP) made from 53 types of fruits and vegetables that have been fermented for >3 years and 3 months. We hypothesized that FPP intake improves the luminal environment of rats fed a high-fat diet. Thus, the present study examined the effects of consumption of 5% FPP diet for 3 weeks on colonic luminal parameters in rats fed a 30% beef tallow diet. Food intake and body weight gain were unaffected. Consumption of the FPP diet did not influence the proportions of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella or Clostridium in cecal contents. However, the FPP diet caused a significant reduction (−88%) in the level of cecal succinate, a putative inflammatory signal (P<0.01), but did not affect the levels of n-butyrate, propionate, acetate and lactate. The fecal levels of deoxycholate and hyodeoxycholate, which are toxic bile acids, were also significantly reduced by the FPP diet (P<0.05). The FPP diet significantly increased fecal immunoglobulin A and mucins responsible for intestinal immune and barrier functions (P<0.05). The results suggest that the consumption of FPP is beneficial for the colonic luminal environment in rats fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshou Yang
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Novita Vivi Sitanggang
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yukako Okazaki
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari 061-3204, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Arita
- Manda Fermentation Co., Ltd., Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-2192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ashida
- Manda Fermentation Co., Ltd., Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-2192, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Martín-Peláez S, Mosele JI, Pizarro N, Farràs M, de la Torre R, Subirana I, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castañer O, Solà R, Fernandez-Castillejo S, Heredia S, Farré M, Motilva MJ, Fitó M. Effect of virgin olive oil and thyme phenolic compounds on blood lipid profile: implications of human gut microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:119-131. [PMID: 26541328 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds (PC) alone or in combination with thyme PC on blood lipid profile from hypercholesterolemic humans, and whether the changes generated are related with changes in gut microbiota populations and activities. METHODS A randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover human trial (n = 12) was carried out. Participants ingested 25 mL/day for 3 weeks, preceded by 2-week washout periods, three raw virgin olive oils differing in the concentration and origin of PC: (1) a virgin olive oil (OO) naturally containing 80 mg PC/kg, (VOO), (2) a PC-enriched virgin olive oil containing 500 mg PC/kg, from OO (FVOO), and (3) a PC-enriched virgin olive oil containing a mixture of 500 mg PC/kg from OO and thyme, 1:1 (FVOOT). Blood lipid values and faecal quantitative changes in microbial populations, short chain fatty acids, cholesterol microbial metabolites, bile acids, and phenolic metabolites were analysed. RESULTS FVOOT decreased seric ox-LDL concentrations compared with pre-FVOOT, and increased numbers of bifidobacteria and the levels of the phenolic metabolite protocatechuic acid compared to VOO (P < 0.05). FVOO did not lead to changes in blood lipid profile nor quantitative changes in the microbial populations analysed, but increased the coprostanone compared to FVOOT (P < 0.05), and the levels of the faecal hydroxytyrosol and dihydroxyphenylacetic acids, compared with pre-intervention values and to VOO, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The ingestion of a PC-enriched virgin olive oil, containing a mixture of olive oil and thyme PC for 3 weeks, decreases blood ox-LDL in hypercholesterolemic humans. This cardio-protective effect could be mediated by the increases in populations of bifidobacteria together with increases in PC microbial metabolites with antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martín-Peláez
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juana Ines Mosele
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Research-Center, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Neus Pizarro
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), B building, Joan XXIII, 27-30, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Solà
- Unit of Farmacobiology, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Sara Fernandez-Castillejo
- Unit of Farmacobiology, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Saray Heredia
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Research-Center, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBER), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Mosele JI, Macià A, Motilva MJ. Metabolic and Microbial Modulation of the Large Intestine Ecosystem by Non-Absorbed Diet Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2015; 20:17429-68. [PMID: 26393570 PMCID: PMC6331829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a diverse group of phytochemicals whose intake is associated with a wide spectrum of health benefits. As consequence of their low bioavailability, most of them reach the large intestine where, mediated by the action of local microbiota, a series of related microbial metabolites are accumulated. In the present review, gut microbial transformations of non-absorbed phenolic compounds are summarized. Several studies have reached a general consensus that unbalanced diets are associated with undesirable changes in gut metabolism that could be detrimental to intestinal health. In terms of explaining the possible effects of non-absorbed phenolic compounds, we have also gathered information regarded their influence on the local metabolism. For this purpose, a number of issues are discussed. Firstly, we consider the possible implications of phenolic compounds in the metabolism of colonic products, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), sterols (cholesterol and bile acids), and microbial products of non-absorbed proteins. Due to their being recognized as affective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, the ability of phenolic compounds to counteract or suppress pro-oxidant and/or pro-inflammatory responses, triggered by bowel diseases, is also presented. The modulation of gut microbiota through dietetic maneuvers including phenolic compounds is also commented on. Although the available data seems to assume positive effects in terms of gut health protection, it is still insufficient for solid conclusions to be extracted, basically due to the lack of human trials to confirm the results obtained by the in vitro and animal studies. We consider that more emphasis should be focused on the study of phenolic compounds, particularly in their microbial metabolites, and their power to influence different aspects of gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana I Mosele
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
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Jiménez-Girón A, Ibáñez C, Cifuentes A, Simó C, Muñoz-González I, Martín-Álvarez PJ, Bartolomé B, Moreno-Arribas MV. Faecal metabolomic fingerprint after moderate consumption of red wine by healthy subjects. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:897-905. [PMID: 25496753 DOI: 10.1021/pr500960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Faecal metabolome contains information on the metabolites found in the intestine, from which knowledge about the metabolic function of the gut microbiota can be obtained. Changes in the metabolomic profile of faeces reflect, among others, changes in the composition and activity of the intestinal microorganisms. In an effort to improve our understanding of the biological effects that phenolic compounds (including red wine polyphenols) exert at the gut level, in this foodomic study we have undertaken a metabolome characterization of human faeces after moderate consumption of red wine by healthy subjects for 4 weeks. Namely, a nontargeted metabolomic approach based on the use of UHPLC-TOF MS was developed to achieve the maximum metabolite information on 82 human faecal samples. After data processing and statistical analysis, 37 metabolites were related to wine intake, from which 20 could be tentatively or completely identified, including the following: (A) wine compounds, (B) microbial-derived metabolites of wine polyphenols, and (C) endogenous metabolites and/or others derived from other nutrient pathways. After wine consumption, faecal metabolome was fortified in flavan-3-ols metabolites. Also, of relevance was the down regulation of xanthine and bilirubin-derived metabolites such as urobilinogen and stercobilin after moderate wine consumption. As far as we know, this is the first study of the faecal metabolome after wine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jiménez-Girón
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM , C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. CEI UAM+CSIC. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Pan PH, Lin SY, Wang YY, Chen WY, Chuang YH, Wu CC, Chen CJ. Protective effects of rutin on liver injury induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:106-16. [PMID: 24815012 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rutin has been shown to possess beneficial health effects, including hepatoprotection. However, to date, it has not been demonstrated to have a hepatoprotective effect against cholestatic liver injury. This is the first report to show a protective effect of rutin on cholestatic liver injury. Cholestasis was produced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 weeks. Daily oral administration of rutin was started 1 week before injury and was maintained for 4 weeks. In comparison with the control group, the BDL group showed liver injury as evidenced by histological changes and elevation in serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These pathophysiological changes were attenuated by rutin supplementation. Rutin alleviated BDL-induced transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1β, connective tissue growth factor, and collagen expression. The antifibrotic effect of rutin was accompanied by reductions in α-smooth muscle actin-positive matrix-producing cells and Smad2/3 activity critical to the fibrogenic potential of TGF-β1. Rutin attenuated BDL-induced oxidative stress, leukocyte accumulation, NF-κB activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Further studies demonstrated an inhibitory effect of rutin on the redox-sensitive intracellular signaling molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Rutin also attenuated BDL-induced reduction in NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Taken together, the beneficial effects of rutin were shown to be associated with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects as well as the downregulation of NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad signaling, probably via interference of ERK activation and/or enhancement of Nrf2, HO-1, and AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chuang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Graduate School of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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31
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Lin SY, Wang YY, Chen WY, Chuang YH, Pan PH, Chen CJ. Beneficial effect of quercetin on cholestatic liver injury. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1183-1195. [PMID: 25108658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile duct obstruction and subsequent cholestasis are associated with hepatocellular injury, cholangiocyte proliferation, stellate cell activation, Kupffer cell activation, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Flavonoids have been shown to confer beneficial health effects, including hepatoprotection. However, the molecular mechanism of flavonoid-mediated hepatoprotection is incompletely understood. In this study, we report the protective effect of quercetin on cholestatic liver injury. Cholestasis was produced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 weeks. Daily oral administration of quercetin was started 1 week before injury and lasted for 4 weeks. In comparison with the control group, the BDL group showed liver injury, as evidenced by histological changes, and elevation in serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. These pathophysiological changes were attenuated by daily quercetin supplementation. Quercetin alleviated BDL-induced transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1 beta, connective tissue growth factor and collagen expression. The antifibrotic effect of quercetin was accompanied by reductions in α-smooth muscle actin-positive matrix-producing cells and Smad 2/3 activity critical to the fibrogenic potential of TGF-β1. Quercetin also attenuated BDL-induced oxidative stress, leukocyte accumulation, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Further studies demonstrated an inhibitory effect of quercetin on MyD88 and TGF-β-activated kinase-1 critical for linking toll-like receptor (TLR) and NF-κB. Taken together, the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of quercetin seem to be multifactorial. The beneficial effects of daily quercetin supplementation are associated with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential as well as down-regulation of NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad signaling, probably via interference with TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chuang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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32
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Haraguchi T, Kayashima T, Okazaki Y, Inoue J, Mineo S, Matsubara K, Sakaguchi E, Yanaka N, Kato N. Cecal succinate elevated by some dietary polyphenols may inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5589-5594. [PMID: 24856584 DOI: 10.1021/jf501142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that 0.5% dietary rutin, ellagic acid, or curcumin markedly increased cecal succinate levels in rats fed a high-fat diet, whereas catechin, caffeic acid, and quercetin did not. Other organic acids were modestly or hardly affected by polyphenols. To clarify the effects of succinate levels increased by polyphenols, this study examined the effects of succinate on the growth and proliferation of colon cancer cells and angiogenesis. The growth and proliferation of HT29 human colon cancer cells and angiogenesis in an ex vivo model were significantly inhibited by succinate at a dose close to that in the cecum of rats fed polyphenols. Furthermore, succinate inhibited the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These findings suggest that the consumption of some polyphenols affects the health and diseases of the large intestine by elevating succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University , 1-4-4 Higashi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model. Life Sci 2013; 93:714-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Okazaki Y, Utama Z, Suidasari S, Zhang P, Yanaka N, Tomotake H, Sakaguchi E, Kato N. Consumption of vitamin B(6) reduces fecal ratio of lithocholic acid to deoxycholic acid, a risk factor for colon cancer, in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 58:366-70. [PMID: 23327973 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.58.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect of supplemental dietary vitamin B(6) on the colonic luminal environment, growing male rats were fed a high-fat diet containing 1, 7, or 35 mg pyridoxine HCl/kg diet for 6 wk. Food intake and growth were unaffected by the dietary treatment. Supplemental dietary vitamin B(6) significantly reduced the production of a fecal secondary bile acid, lithocholic acid (the most toxic secondary bile acid and a risk factor for colon cancer), and markedly reduced the ratio of lithocholic acid to deoxycholic acid (a less toxic secondary bile acid) in feces (p<0.05). Increasing dietary vitamin B(6) increased fecal mucin levels (a marker of intestinal barrier function) in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) but did not affect fecal immunoglobulin A levels (an index of intestinal immune function). Cecal levels of organic acids were not significantly affected by supplemental dietary vitamin B(6). These results suggest the possibility that dietary vitamin B(6) affects the colonic luminal environment by altering the production of secondary bile acids and mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Okazaki
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Japan.
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35
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Luo H, Liu J, Jin L, Hu D, Chen Z, Yang S, Wu J, Song B. Synthesis and antiviral bioactivity of novel (1E, 4E)-1-aryl-5-(2-(quinazolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:662-9. [PMID: 23567955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel (1E, 4E)-1-aryl-5-[2-(quinazolin-4-yloxy)phenyl]-1,4-pentadien-3-one derivatives were designed and synthesized by reacting substituent aldehyde with intermediates 4a-f. Antiviral bioassays indicated that most of the compounds exhibited promising ex vivo antiviral bioactivities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) at 500 μg/mL. The relationship between structure and antiviral activity was also discussed. Compounds 5a, 6e, and 6g could possess appreciable protective bioactivities on TMV ex vivo by approximately 50% (EC50) at 257.7, 320.7 and 243.3 μg/mL. This study is the first to demonstrate that (1E, 4E)-1-aryl-5-(2-(quinazolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one can be used to develop potential virucides for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Ryan EP, Heuberger AL, Broeckling CD, Borresen EC, Tillotson C, Prenni JE. Advances in Nutritional Metabolomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:109-120. [PMID: 29682447 DOI: 10.2174/2213235x11301020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is maturing as an experimental approach in nutrition science, and it is a useful analysis for revealing systems biology outcomes associated with changes in diet. A major goal of this review is to present the rapidly evolving body of scientific literature that seeks to reveal connections between an individual's metabolic profile and experimentally manipulated or naturally varied dietary intakes. Metabolite profiles in tissue, serum, urine, or stool reflect changes in metabolic pathways that respond to dietary intervention which makes them accessible samples for revealing metabolic effects of diet. Three broadly defined areas of investigation related to dietary-metabolomic strategies include: (1) describing the metabolite variation within and between dietary exposures or interventions; (2) characterizing the metabolic response to dietary interventions with respect to time; and (3) assessing individual variation in baseline nutritional health and/or disease status. An overview of metabolites that were responsive to dietary interventions as reported from original research in human or animal studies is provided and illustrates the breadth of metabolites affected by dietary intervention. Advantages and drawbacks for assessing metabolic changes are discussed in relation to types of metabolite analysis platforms. A combination of targeted and non-targeted global profiling studies as a component of future dietary intervention trials will increase our understanding of nutrition in a systems context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Erica C Borresen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Cadie Tillotson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523
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Burdock fermented by Aspergillus awamori elevates cecal Bifidobacterium, and reduces fecal deoxycholic acid and adipose tissue weight in rats fed a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:53-7. [PMID: 23291748 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with burdock powder and Aspergillus awamori-fermented burdock powder at 5% on the intestinal luminal environment and body fat in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Food intake and growth were unaffected by dietary manipulation. Consumption of the burdock and fermented burdock diets significantly elevated fecal IgA and mucins (indices of intestinal immune and barrier functions) and reduced fecal lithocholic acid (a risk factor for colon cancer) (p<0.05). The fermented burdock diet markedly elevated cecal Bifidobacterium and organic acids, including lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and reduced fecal deoxycholic acid (a risk factor for colon cancer) and perirenal adipose tissue weight (p<0.05), but the burdock diet did not. These results suggest that consumption of fermented burdock improves the intestinal luminal environment and suppresses obesity in rats fed a HF diet.
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Stalmach A, Edwards CA, Wightman JD, Crozier A. Colonic catabolism of dietary phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from Concord grape juice. Food Funct 2012; 4:52-62. [PMID: 22961385 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After acute ingestion of 350 ml of Concord grape juice, containing 528 μmol of (poly)phenolic compounds, by healthy volunteers, a wide array of phase I and II metabolites were detected in the circulation and excreted in urine. Ingestion of the juice by ileostomists resulted in 40% of compounds being recovered intact in ileal effluent. The current study investigated the fate of these undigested (poly)phenolic compounds on reaching the colon. This was achieved through incubation of the juice using an in vitro model of colonic fermentation and through quantification of catabolites produced after colonic degradation and their subsequent absorption prior to urinary excretion by healthy subjects and ileostomy volunteers. A total of 16 aromatic and phenolic compounds derived from colonic metabolism of Concord grape juice (poly)phenolic compounds were identified by GC-MS in the faecal incubation samples. Thirteen urinary phenolic acids and aromatic compounds were excreted in significantly increased amounts after intake of the juice by healthy volunteers, whereas only two of these compounds were excreted in elevated amounts by ileostomists. The production of phenolic acids and aromatic compounds by colonic catabolism contributed to the bioavailability of Concord grape (poly)phenolic compounds to a much greater extent than phase I and II metabolites originating from absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Catabolic pathways are proposed, highlighting the impact of colonic microbiota and subsequent phase II metabolism prior to excretion of phenolic compounds derived from (poly)phenolic compounds in Concord grape juice, which pass from the small to the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 888, UK
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Kong Y, Bai PS, Sun H, Nan KJ, Chen NZ, Qi XG. The deoxycholic acid targets miRNA-dependent CAC1 gene expression in multidrug resistance of human colorectal cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2321-32. [PMID: 22903020 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence indicating that bile acid is a promoter of colorectal cancer. Deoxycholic acid modifies apoptosis and proliferation by affecting intracellular signaling and gene expression. We are interested in revealing the relationship between deregulated miRNAs and deoxycholic acid in colorectal cancer development. We found that miR-199a-5p was expressed at a low level in human primary colonic epithelial cells treated with deoxycholic acid compared with control, and miR-199a-5p was significantly down-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues. The miR-199a-5p expression in colorectal cancer cells led to the suppression of tumor cell growth, migration and invasion. We further identified CAC1, a cell cycle-related protein expressed in colorectal cancer, as a miR-199a-5p target. We demonstrated that CAC1 is over-expressed in malignant tumors, and cellular CAC1 depletion resulted in cancer growth suppression. HCT-8 cells transfected with a miR-199a-5p mimic or inhibitor had a decrease or increase in CAC1 protein levels, respectively. The results of the luciferase reporter gene analysis demonstrated that CAC1 was a direct miR-199a-5p target. The high miR-199a-5p expression and low CAC1 protein expression reverse the tumor cell drug resistance. We conclude that miR-199a-5p can regulate CAC1 and function as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. Therefore, the potential roles of deoxycholic acid in carcinogenesis are to decrease miR-199a-5p expression and/or increase the expression of CAC1, which contributes to tumorigenesis in patients with CRC. These findings suggest that miR-199a-5p is a useful therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Okazaki Y, Tomotake H, Tsujimoto K, Sasaki M, Kato N. Consumption of a resistant protein, sericin, elevates fecal immunoglobulin A, mucins, and cecal organic acids in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr 2011; 141:1975-81. [PMID: 21940508 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that consumption of a resistant protein, sericin, reduces colon tumorigenesis, constipation, and serum TG in rodents. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary sericin on the intestinal luminal environment in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Rats were fed 300 or 50 g/kg of beef tallow with or without 40 g/kg sericin, a protein purified from cocoons of Bombix mori, for 3 wk. Intestinal luminal variables, including IgA (index of intestinal immune function), mucins (index of barrier function), organic acids, microflora, and secondary bile acids, were measured. Dietary sericin markedly elevated fecal IgA in the HF diet group (3-fold, P < 0.05) but not in the low-fat (LF) diet group. Fecal mucin levels were elevated by sericin intake in the HF diet group (P < 0.05). Cecal organic acids, including acetate, propionate, n-butyrate, and succinate, were significantly lower in the HF diet group compared with the LF diet group. Dietary sericin significantly elevated cecal acetate and n-butyrate in the HF diet group but not in the LF diet group. Compared with the LF diet, the HF diet significantly increased serum TG in the untreated group but not in those fed sericin. The HF diet increased lower density lipoprotein (VLDL + IDL + LDL) cholesterol and it was reduced by sericin intake (P < 0.05). There was an inverse correlation between serum TG and cecal acetate (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = -0.63; P < 0.001). The profile of microflora in cecal digesta and fecal secondary bile acids (a risk factor for colon cancer) did not differ between the HF diet and HF diet with sericin groups. These results suggest a novel and favorable effect of sericin on colon health by modulating intestinal immune and barrier functions and fermentation in rats fed a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Okazaki
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Japan.
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Pettan-Brewer C, Morton J, Mangalindan R, Ladiges W. Curcumin suppresses intestinal polyps in APC Min mice fed a high fat diet. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2011; 1:PBA-1-7013. [PMID: 22953026 PMCID: PMC3417547 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v1i0.7013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Various risk factors have been associated with CRC including increasing age and diet. Epidemiological and experimental studies have implicated a diet high in fat as an important risk factor for colon cancer. High fat diets can promote obesity resulting in insulin resistance and inflammation and the development of oxidative stress, increased cell proliferation, and suppression of apoptosis. Because of the high consumption of dietary fats, especially saturated fats, by Western countries, it is of interest to see if non-nutrient food factors might be effective in preventing or delaying CRC in the presence of high saturated fat intake. Curcumin (Curcuma longa), the main yellow pigment in turmeric, was selected to test because of its reported anti-tumor activity. APC Min mice, which develop intestinal polyps and have many molecular features of CRC, were fed a diet containing 35% pork fat, 33% sucrose, and a protein and vitamin mineral mixture (HFD) with or without 0.5% curcumin. These cohorts were compared to APC Min mice receiving standard rodent chow (RC) with 8% fat. APC Min mice fed the HFD for 3 months had a 23% increase in total number of polyps compared to APC Min mice on RC. Curcumin was able to significantly reverse the accelerated polyp development associated with the HFD suggesting it may be effective clinically in helping prevent colon cancer even when ingesting high amounts of fatty foods. The anti-tumor effect of curcumin was shown to be associated with enhanced apoptosis and increased efficiency of DNA repair. Since curcumin prevented the gain in body weight seen in APC Min mice ingesting the HFD, modulation of energy metabolism may also be a factor.
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OKAZAKI Y, HAN Y, KAYAHARA M, WATANABE T, ARISHIGE H, KATO N. Consumption of Curcumin Elevates Fecal Immunoglobulin A, an Index of Intestinal Immune Function, in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2010; 56:68-71. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.56.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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