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Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a poorly soluble antibacterial drug of the fluoroquinolones class used in veterinary medicine. The main purpose of this work was to investigate the structural and pharmaceutical properties of new enrofloxacin salts. Enrofloxacin anhydrate and its organic salts with tartaric acid, nicotinic acid and suberic acid formed as pure crystalline anhydrous solids. All the crystals were grown from a mixed solution by slow evaporation at room temperature. These products were then characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Further, X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis was used to study the crystal structure. The intermolecular interactions and packing arrangements in the crystal structures were studied, and the solubility of these salts in water was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show that the new salts of enrofloxacin developed in this study exhibited excellent water solubility.
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Chen H, Zhu C, Chen F, Xu J, Jiang X, Wu Z, Ding X, Fan GC, Shen Y, Ye Y. Profiling the interaction of Al(III)-GFLX complex, a potential pollution risk, with bovine serum albumin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:111058. [PMID: 31881243 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs), a new class of pollutants that seriously threaten human health through environmental and food residues, have aroused wide public concern. However, little attention has been paid to the potential toxicity of FQs' metal complex. Here, we firstly explore the proof-of-concept study of FQs' metal complex to bind bovine serum albumin (BSA) using systematical spectroscopic approaches. In detail, we have found that the complex of Al3+ with gatifloxacin (Al(III)-GFLX complex) can effectively bind to BSA via electrostatic interaction in PBS buffer (pH = 7.4, 1×), resulting in the formation of Al(III)-GFLX-BSA complex. The negative value of ΔG shows that the binding of Al(III)-GFLX complex to BSA is a spontaneous process. Circular dichroism spectra verify that Al(III)-GFLX complex effectively triggers the conformation changes of BSA's secondary structure. It has been proved that the interaction of small molecule with serum albumin has a significant effect on their in vivo biological effects such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and etc. Therefore, the results of this paper may offer a valuable theoretical basis for establishing safety standards of FQs' metal complex to ensure food and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chunlei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiuting Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiaowei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yingwang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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Shahabadi N, Asadian AA, Mahdavi M. Intercalation of a Zn(II) complex containing ciprofloxacin drug between DNA base pairs. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 36:676-689. [PMID: 29185900 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1388394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of a Zn(II) complex containing an antibiotic drug, ciprofloxacin, with calf thymus DNA using spectroscopic methods. It was found that Zn(II) complex could bind with DNA via intercalation mode as evidenced by: hyperchromism in UV-Vis spectrum; these spectral characteristics suggest that the Zn(II) complex interacts with DNA most likely through a mode that involves a stacking interaction between the aromatic chromophore and the base pairs of DNA. DNA binding constant (Kb = 1.4 × 104 M-1) from spectrophotometric studies of the interaction of Zn(II) complex with DNA is comparable to those of some DNA intercalative polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes 1.0 -4.8 × 104 M-1. CD study showed stabilization of the right-handed B form of DNA in the presence of Zn(II) complex as observed for the classical intercalator methylene blue. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0) indicated that hydrogen bond and Van der Waals play main roles in this binding prose. Competitive fluorimetric studies with methylene blue (MB) dye have shown that Zn(II) complex exhibits the ability of this complex to displace with DNA-MB, indicating that it binds to DNA in strong competition with MB for the intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- a Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran.,b Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Ali Ashraf Asadian
- a Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Mryam Mahdavi
- a Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran.,b Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
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Li SX, Luo P, Jiang YM. Copper complexes with 4(3H)-quinazolinone: Thermal gravimetric analysis and anticancer activity of [Cu(L)2(H2O)2(NO3)2], [Cu(L–)(NO3)]
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, and [Cu(L)2(H2O)2(Cl)2]. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328417040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang FY, Xi QY, Huang KB, Tang XM, Chen ZF, Liu YC, Liang H. Crystal structure, cytotoxicity and action mechanism of Zn(II)/Mn(II) complexes with isoquinoline ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 169:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fluoroquinolones: A micro-species equilibrium in the protonation of amphoteric compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:380-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yu X, Zhang M, Annamalai T, Bansod P, Narula G, Tse-Dinh YC, Sun D. Synthesis, evaluation, and CoMFA study of fluoroquinophenoxazine derivatives as bacterial topoisomerase IA inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:515-527. [PMID: 27689733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
New antibacterial agents with novel target and mechanism of action are urgently needed to combat problematic bacterial infections and mounting antibiotic resistances. Topoisomerase IA represents an attractive and underexplored antibacterial target, as such, there is a growing interest in developing selective and potent topoisomerase I inhibitors for antibacterial therapy. Based on our initial biological screening, fluoroquinophenoxazine 1 was discovered as a low micromolar inhibitor against E. coli topoisomerase IA. In the literature, fluoroquinophenoxazine analogs have been investigated as antibacterial and anticancer agents, however, their topoisomerase I inhibition was relatively underexplored and there is little structure-activity relationship (SAR) available. The good topoisomerase I inhibitory activity of 1 and the lack of SAR prompted us to design and synthesize a series of fluoroquinophenoxazine analogs to systematically evaluate the SAR and to probe the structural elements of the fluoroquinophenoxazine core toward topoisomerase I enzyme target recognition. In this study, a series of fluoroquinophenoxazine analogs was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as topoisomerase I inhibitors and antibacterial agents. Target-based assays revealed that the fluoroquinophenoxazine derivatives with 9-NH2 and/or 6-substituted amine functionalities generally exhibited good to excellent inhibitory activities against topoisomerase I with IC50s ranging from 0.24 to 3.9 μM. Notably, 11a bearing the 6-methylpiperazinyl and 9-amino motifs was identified as one of the most potent topoisomerase I inhibitors (IC50 = 0.48 μM), and showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity (MICs = 0.78-7.6 μM) against all the bacteria strains tested. Compound 11g with the 6-bipiperidinyl lipophilic side chain exhibited the most potent antituberculosis activity (MIC = 2.5 μM, SI = 9.8). In addition, CoMFA analysis was performed to investigate the 3D-QSAR of this class of fluoroquinophenoxazine derivatives. The constructed CoMFA model produced reasonable statistics (q2 = 0.688 and r2 = 0.806). The predictive power of the developed model was obtained using a test set of 7 compounds, giving a predictive correlation coefficient r2pred of 0.767. Collectively, these promising data demonstrated that fluoroquinophenoxazine derivatives have the potential to be developed as a new chemotype of potent topoisomerase IA inhibitors with antibacterial therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufen Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | | | - Priyanka Bansod
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Gagandeep Narula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
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Synthesis, thermal analyses, characterization and biological evaluation of new enrofloxacin vanadium(V) solvates(L) (L = An, DMF, Py, Et3N and o-Tol). J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Bisacchi GS, Hale MR. A "Double-Edged" Scaffold: Antitumor Power within the Antibacterial Quinolone. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:520-77. [PMID: 26695512 PMCID: PMC4997924 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666151223095839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1980s, reports emerged describing experimental antibacterial quinolones having significant potency against eukaryotic Type II topoisomerases (topo II) and showing cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines. As a result, several pharmaceutical companies initiated quinolone anticancer programs to explore the potential of this class in comparison to conventional human topo II inhibiting antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin and etoposide. In this review, we present a modern re-evaluation of the anticancer potential of the quinolone class in the context of today's predominantly pathway-based (rather than cytotoxicity-based) oncology drug R&D environment. The quinolone eukaryotic SAR is comprehensively discussed, contrasted with the corresponding prokaryotic data, and merged with recent structural biology information which is now beginning to help explain the basis for that SAR. Quinolone topo II inhibitors appear to be much less susceptible to efflux-mediated resistance, a current limitation of therapy with conventional agents. Recent advances in the biological understanding of human topo II isoforms suggest that significant progress might now be made in overcoming two other treatment-limiting disadvantages of conventional topo II inhibitors, namely cardiotoxicity and drug-induced secondary leukemias. We propose that quinolone class topo II inhibitors could have a useful future therapeutic role due to the continued need for effective topo II drugs in many cancer treatment settings, and due to the recent biological and structural advances which can now provide, for the first time, specific guidance for the design of a new class of inhibitors potentially superior to existing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Bisacchi
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India.
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Aldred KJ, McPherson SA, Turnbough CL, Kerns RJ, Osheroff N. Topoisomerase IV-quinolone interactions are mediated through a water-metal ion bridge: mechanistic basis of quinolone resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4628-39. [PMID: 23460203 PMCID: PMC3632122 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although quinolones are the most commonly prescribed antibacterials, their use is threatened by an increasing prevalence of resistance. The most common causes of quinolone resistance are mutations of a specific serine or acidic residue in the A subunit of gyrase or topoisomerase IV. These amino acids are proposed to serve as a critical enzyme-quinolone interaction site by anchoring a water-metal ion bridge that coordinates drug binding. To probe the role of the proposed water-metal ion bridge, we characterized wild-type, GrlAE85K, GrlAS81F/E85K, GrlAE85A, GrlAS81F/E85A and GrlAS81FBacillus anthracis topoisomerase IV, their sensitivity to quinolones and related drugs and their use of metal ions. Mutations increased the Mg2+ concentration required to produce maximal quinolone-induced DNA cleavage and restricted the divalent metal ions that could support quinolone activity. Individual mutation of Ser81 or Glu85 partially disrupted bridge function, whereas simultaneous mutation of both residues abrogated protein–quinolone interactions. Results provide functional evidence for the existence of the water-metal ion bridge, confirm that the serine and glutamic acid residues anchor the bridge, demonstrate that the bridge is the primary conduit for interactions between clinically relevant quinolones and topoisomerase IV and provide a likely mechanism for the most common causes of quinolone resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Aldred
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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11
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Patel MN, Bhatt BS, Dosi PA. Study of SOD mimic and nucleic acid interaction activity exerted by enrofloxacin-based copper(II) complexes. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:2810-24. [PMID: 23255450 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Five new copper(II) complexes of type [Cu(erx)(L)Cl] (erx, enrofloxacin; thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (L(1) ); pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (L(2) ); 2,2'-dipyridylamine (L(3) ); 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (L(4) ); bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane (L(5) )) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, reflectance, IR, and FAB-MS. Complexes have been investigated for their interaction with calf thymus (CT) DNA utilizing the absorption-titration method, viscometric and DNA thermal denaturation studies. The cleavage reaction on pUC19 DNA has been monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the Cu(II) complexes can more effectively promote the cleavage of plasmid DNA at physiological pH and superoxide dismutase. The (SOD) activity of the complexes has been evaluated by the nitroblue tetrazolium assay, and the complexes catalyzed the dismutation of superoxide at pH 7.8 with IC(50) values of 0.35-1.25 μM. The complexes have also been screened for their antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan N Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388 120, Gujarat, India.
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12
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Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new fluoroquinolones containing a cis- or trans-cyclohexane moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7688-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Hudej R, Kljun J, Kandioller W, Repnik U, Turk B, Hartinger CG, Keppler BK, Miklavčič D, Turel I. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Thionated Antibacterial Agent Nalidixic Acid and Its Organoruthenium(II) Complex. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300424w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Hudej
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
c. 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška
c. 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
c. 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger
Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Urška Repnik
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
c. 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- CIPKEBIP Centre of Excellence, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger
Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private
Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger
Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška
c. 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
c. 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN→Fist Centre of Excellence, Dunajska
c. 156, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Triprotic site-specific acid–base equilibria and related properties of fluoroquinolone antibacterials. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Aldred KJ, McPherson SA, Wang P, Kerns RJ, Graves DE, Turnbough CL, Osheroff N. Drug interactions with Bacillus anthracis topoisomerase IV: biochemical basis for quinolone action and resistance. Biochemistry 2011; 51:370-81. [PMID: 22126453 DOI: 10.1021/bi2013905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is considered a serious threat as a bioweapon. The drugs most commonly used to treat anthrax are quinolones, which act by increasing the levels of DNA cleavage mediated by topoisomerase IV and gyrase. Quinolone resistance most often is associated with specific serine mutations in these enzymes. Therefore, to determine the basis for quinolone action and resistance, we characterized wild-type B. anthracis topoisomerase IV, the GrlA(S81F) and GrlA(S81Y) quinolone-resistant mutants, and the effects of quinolones and a related quinazolinedione on these enzymes. Ser81 is believed to anchor a water-Mg(2+) bridge that coordinates quinolones to the enzyme through the C3/C4 keto acid. Consistent with this hypothesized bridge, ciprofloxacin required increased Mg(2+) concentrations to support DNA cleavage by GrlA(S81F) topoisomerase IV. The three enzymes displayed similar catalytic activities in the absence of drugs. However, the resistance mutations decreased the affinity of topoisomerase IV for ciprofloxacin and other quinolones, diminished quinolone-induced inhibition of DNA religation, and reduced the stability of the enzyme-quinolone-DNA ternary complex. Wild-type DNA cleavage levels were generated by mutant enzymes at high quinolone concentrations, suggesting that increased drug potency could overcome resistance. 8-Methyl-quinazoline-2,4-dione, which lacks the quinolone keto acid (and presumably does not require the water-Mg(2+) bridge to mediate protein interactions), was more potent than quinolones against wild-type topoisomerase IV and was equally efficacious. Moreover, it maintained high potency and efficacy against the mutant enzymes, effectively inhibited DNA religation, and formed stable ternary complexes. Our findings provide an underlying biochemical basis for the ability of quinazolinediones to overcome clinically relevant quinolone resistance mutations in bacterial type II topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Aldred
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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16
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Patel M, Chhasatia M, Parmar P. Antibacterial and DNA interaction studies of zinc(II) complexes with quinolone family member, ciprofloxacin. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:439-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Gheeya JS, Chen QR, Benjamin CD, Cheuk AT, Tsang P, Chung JY, Metaferia BB, Badgett TC, Johansson P, Wei JS, Hewitt SM, Khan J. Screening a panel of drugs with diverse mechanisms of action yields potential therapeutic agents against neuroblastoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:2386-95. [PMID: 19946221 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.24.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Despite current aggressive therapy, the survival rate for high risk NB remains less than 40%. To identify novel effective chemo-agents against NB, we screened a panel of 96 drugs against two NB cell lines, SK-N-AS and SH-SY5Y. We found 30 compounds that were active against NB cell lines at < or =10 microM concentration. More interestingly, 17 compounds are active at < or =1 microM concentration, and they act through a wide spectrum of diverse mechanisms such as mitotic inhibition, topoisomerase inhibition, targeting various biological pathways, and unknown mechanisms. The majority of these active compounds also induced caspase 3/7 by more than 2-fold. Of these 17 active compounds against NB cell lines at sub-micromolar concentration, eleven compounds are not currently used to treat NB. Among them, nine are FDA approved compounds, and three agents are undergoing clinical trials for various malignancies. Furthermore, we identified four agents active against these NB cell lines that have not yet been tested in the clinical setting. Finally we demonstrated that Cucurbitacin I inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth through inhibition of STAT3 pathway. These drugs thus represent potential novel therapeutic agents for patients with NB, and further validation studies are needed to translate them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinesh S Gheeya
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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19
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Patel MN, Chhasatia MR, Gandhi DS. Interaction of drug based binuclear mixed-ligand complexes with DNA. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5648-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Efthimiadou EK, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Mononuclear metal complexes of the second-generation quinolone antibacterial agent enrofloxacin: Synthesis, structure, antibacterial activity and interaction with DNA. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Barrett JF. Section Reviews; Anti-infectives: Section Review Anti-infectives: Quinolone antibacterials and derivatives as antineoplastic agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.8.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F Barrett
- The RW Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
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22
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McKee ML, Kerwin SM. Synthesis, metal ion binding, and biological evaluation of new anticancer 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole analogs of UK-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:1775-83. [PMID: 18037301 PMCID: PMC2268758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UK-1 is a bis(benzoxazole) natural product displaying activity against a wide range of human cancer cell lines. A simplified analog of UK-1, 4-carbomethoxy-2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole, was previously found to be almost as active as UK-1 against cancer cell lines, and similar to the natural product, formed complexes with a variety of metal ions such as Mg2+ and Zn2+. A series of 4-substituted-2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole analogs of this 'minimal pharmacophore' of UK-1 were prepared. The anti-cancer activity of these analogs was examined in breast and lung cancer cell lines. Spectrophotometric titrations in methanol were carried out in order to assess the ability of UK-1 and these analogs to coordinate with Mg2+ and Cu2+ ions. Although none of the new analogs were more cytotoxic than 4-carbomethoxy-2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole, some analogs were identified that display similar cytotoxicity to this simplified UK-1 analog with improved water solubility. UK-1 and all of these new analogs bind Cu2+ ions better than Mg2+ ions, and the nature of the 4-substituent is important for the Mg2+ ion binding ability of these 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazoles. Previous studies of a limited number of UK-1 analogs demonstrated a correlation between Mg2+ ion binding ability and cytotoxicity; however, within this series of 4-substituted-2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazoles the variations in cytotoxicity do not correlate with either Mg2+ or Cu2+ ion binding ability. These results, together with recent ESI-MS studies of Cu2+-mediated DNA binding by UK-1 and analogs, indicate that UK-1 and analogs may exert their cytotoxic effects by interaction with Cu2+ or other transition metal ions, rather than Mg2+, and that metal ion-mediated DNA binding, rather than metal ion binding affinity, is important for the cytotoxic effect of these compounds. The potential role of Cu2+ ions in the cytotoxic action of UK-1 is further supported by the observation that UK-1 in the presence of Cu2+ displays enhanced cytotoxicity to MCF-7 and A549 cells when compared to UK-1 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya L. McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sean M. Kerwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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Mazzitelli CL, Rodriguez M, Kerwin SM, Brodbelt JS. Evaluation of metal-mediated DNA binding of benzoxazole ligands by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:209-18. [PMID: 17583529 PMCID: PMC2277474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The binding of a series of benzoxazole analogs with different amide- and ester-linked side chains to duplex DNA in the absence and presence of divalent metal cations is examined. All ligands were found to form complexes with Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, with 2:1 ligand/metal cation binding stoichiometries dominating for ligands containing shorter side chains (2, 6, 7, and 8), while 1:1 complexes were the most abundant for ligands with long side chains (9, 10, and 11). Ligand binding with duplex DNA in the absence of metal cations was assessed, and the long side-chain ligands were found to form low abundance complexes with 1:1 ligand/DNA binding stoichiometries. The ligands with the shorter side chains only formed DNA complexes in the presence of metal cations, most notably for 7 and 8 binding to DNA in the presence of Cu2+. The binding of long side-chain ligands was enhanced by Cu2+ and to a lesser degree by Ni2+ and Zn2+. The cytotoxicities of all of the ligands against the A549 lung cancer and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines were also examined. The ligands exhibiting the most dramatic metal-enhanced DNA binding also demonstrated the greatest cytotoxic activity. Both 7 and 8 were found to be the most cytotoxic against the A549 lung cancer cell line and 8 demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity against MCF7 breast cancer cells. Metal ions also enhanced the DNA binding of the ligands with the long side chains, especially for 9, which also exhibited the highest level of cytotoxicity of the long side-chain compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Mazzitelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Katsarou ME, Efthimiadou EK, Psomas G, Karaliota A, Vourloumis D. Novel Copper(II) Complex of N-Propyl-norfloxacin and 1,10-Phenanthroline with Enhanced Antileukemic and DNA Nuclease Activities. J Med Chem 2008; 51:470-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7013259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Katsarou
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni K. Efthimiadou
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Psomas
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Karaliota
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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Efthimiadou EK, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Mononuclear dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with the quinolones enrofloxacin and sparfloxacin: Synthesis, structure, antibacterial activity and interaction with DNA. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Efthimiadou EK, Katsaros N, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Mononuclear copper(II) complexes with quinolones and nitrogen-donor heterocyclic ligands: Synthesis, characterization, biological activity and interaction with DNA. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Efthimiadou EK, Katsaros N, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity, and interaction with DNA of the vanadyl-enrofloxacin complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1238-42. [PMID: 17196389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neutral mononuclear vanadyl complex with the quinolone antibacterial drug enrofloxacin has been prepared and characterized with physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques and molecular mechanics calculations. The interaction of the complex with calf-thymus DNA has also been investigated and the antimicrobial activity has been evaluated against three different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni K Efthimiadou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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28
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Cao L, Lin H, Mirsky VM. Detection of antibiotics in food: Extraction of fluoroquinolones by DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:253-8. [PMID: 17333143 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of DNA to extract fluoroquinolones from model solutions and real probes of food was demonstrated and investigated quantitatively. The interaction between fluoroquinolones and different types of DNA was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The first application of this direct approach allowed us to determine binding constants and binding stoichiometries in different conditions. The binding of enrofloxacin to heat-denatured DNA (d-DNA) from herring sperm is pH- and magnesium-dependent; the highest fraction of bound drugs was found at pH 7 and a magnesium concentration of 0.5-1 mM. Results for three types of DNA: d-DNA, double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA were compared. The unwound DNA showed almost doubled binding constants and stoichiometries, thus indicating preferable interaction of enrofloxacin with single-strand regions of DNA. The binding of other fluoroquinolones (lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, danofloxacin and sarafloxacin) with d-DNA is very similar to that of enrofloxacin: the binding constants are in the range from 0.94x10(5) to 2.40x10(5) M-1, and the stoichiometries range from 4.1 to 6.9 fluoroquinolone molecules per 100 DNA bases. The binding properties were quantitatively the same for extraction of fluoroquinolones from model aqueous solutions and from liquid food (milk). The results indicate the efficiency of DNA for selective extraction of fluoroquinolones from real samples for further analysis. This selective binding also allows us to consider DNA as a natural receptor for development of analytical techniques for fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Cao
- Aquatic Products Safety Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C3J7, Canada.
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30
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Vitorino GP, Barrera GD, Mazzieri MR, Binning R, Bacelo DE. A DFT study of hydration in neutral and zwitterionic norfloxacin. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Foroumadi A, Oboudiat M, Emami S, Karimollah A, Saghaee L, Moshafi MH, Shafiee A. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of N-[2-[5-(methylthio)thiophen-2-yl]-2-oxoethyl] and N-[2-[5-(methylthio)thiophen-2-yl]-2-(oxyimino)ethyl]piperazinylquinolone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3421-7. [PMID: 16427290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of N-substituted piperazinylquinolone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Preliminary results indicated that most compounds tested in this study demonstrated comparable or better activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis than their parent piperazinylquinolones as reference drugs. Among these derivatives, ciprofloxacin derivative 5a, containing N-[2-[5-(methylthio)thiophen-2-yl]-2-oxoethyl] residue, showed significant improvement of potency against staphylococci, maintaining Gram-negative coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Foroumadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran
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32
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Foroumadi A, Ghodsi S, Emami S, Najjari S, Samadi N, Faramarzi MA, Beikmohammadi L, Shirazi FH, Shafiee A. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new fluoroquinolones containing a substituted N-(phenethyl)piperazine moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3499-503. [PMID: 16644219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
N-(Phenethyl)piperazinyl quinolone derivatives that bear a methoxyimino-substituent have been synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. In addition, to define structure-activity relationships, ciprofloxacin derivatives containing 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl or 2-hydroxyimino-2-phenylethyl moieties at N-4 position of piperazine ring were prepared and tested. Ciprofloxacin derivatives, containing a N-(chloro-substituted phenethyl) residue, showed in vitro Gram-positive and Gram-negative activity generally comparable or superior to that of reference quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Foroumadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran.
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33
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Efthimiadou EK, Sanakis Y, Katsarou M, Raptopoulou CP, Karaliota A, Katsaros N, Psomas G. Neutral and cationic mononuclear copper(II) complexes with enrofloxacin: structure and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1378-88. [PMID: 16740311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear copper complexes with the quinolone antibacterial drug enrofloxacin (=Herx) in the presence or not of a nitrogen donor heterocyclic ligand 1,10-phenanthroline (=phen) and 2,2'-bipyridine (=bipy) have been prepared and characterized. Interaction of copper(II) with deprotonated enrofloxacin leads to the formation of the neutral complex Cu(erx)2(H2O), 1, while the presence of phen or bipy leads to the formation of a neutral or a cationic mononuclear complex, respectively. The crystal structures of (chloro)(1,10-phenanthroline)(enrofloxacinato)copper(II), 2, and (aqua)(2,2'-bipyridine)(enrofloxacinato)copper(II) chloride, 3, have been determined with X-ray crystallography. The complexes have been studied with X-band electron paramagnetic resonance in aqueous solutions at liquid helium temperature. The study of the interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA has been performed with diverse spectroscopic techniques and has showed that all complexes are bound to DNA by the intercalative mode. The antimicrobial efficiency of the complexes has been tested on three different microorganisms and the available evidence supports that the best inhibition is provided by Cu(erx)2(H2O) (minimum inhibitory concentration=0.125 microg mL(-1)) against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni K Efthimiadou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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34
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Ishar MPS, Singh G, Singh S, Sreenivasan KK, Singh G. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 6-chloro-/fluorochromone derivatives as potential topoisomerase inhibitor anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1366-70. [PMID: 16332438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2005] [Revised: 10/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
6-Chloro-2-pyrrolidino-/morpholino-/piperidino-/N-methylpiperazino-3-formyl-chromones (13-16) and 6-fluoro-2,7-di-morpholino-/piperidino-/N-methylpiperazino-3-formylchromones (17-19) have been synthesized as potential topoisomerase inhibitor anticancer agents, and evaluated, in vitro, against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells, and also in vivo on EAC bearing mice. The compounds displayed promising anticancer activity under these test systems and shall serve as useful 'leads' for further design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P S Ishar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India.
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35
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Richter SN, Gatto B, Tabarrini O, Fravolini A, Palumbo M. Antiviral 6-amino-quinolones: Molecular basis for potency and selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4247-51. [PMID: 16054362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural modifications introduced in 6-amino-quinolones to increase antiviral activity can strongly affect cytotoxicity to host cells. By competition to Tat-TAR complex and binding experiments to viral and cellular DNA and RNA structures, we show that the nature of the substituent at position 7 modifies drug affinity and specificity for the nucleic acid. Interestingly, the basicity of the above substituent modulates chelation of the quinolone template to magnesium ions, which, in turn, critically affects the potency and target selectivity in the antiviral quinolone family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Richter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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36
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Balazuc AM, Lagranderie M, Chavarot P, Pescher P, Roseeuw E, Schacht E, Domurado D, Marchal G. In vivo efficiency of targeted norfloxacin against persistent, isoniazid-insensitive, Mycobacterium bovis BCG present in the physiologically hypoxic mouse liver. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:969-75. [PMID: 15994108 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a hypoxia-inducible state in which the bacteria are phenotypically insensitive to currently available antituberculous drugs. In humans, persistent M. tuberculosis is found in granulomatous lesions, either inside macrophages or in necrotic tissue, where the partial oxygen pressure (pO(2)) is very low. Persistent bacteria can remain silent for decades before overt tuberculosis develops. Due to insensitivity to classical drugs, M. tuberculosis persistence prevents rapid and definitive clearance of bacteria. Consequently, therapeutic molecules are required that are both active against persistent bacilli and able to reach their intramacrophagic location. In contrast to its native form, norfloxacin is active in vivo against Mycobacterium bovis BCG present in the lungs when temporarily linked to a macromolecular carrier targeted to macrophages. To study the efficiency of this macromolecular prodrug targeted to persistent mycobacteria confined inside macrophages, we established a short-term in vivo model based on the physiological pO(2) differences between lungs, spleen and liver. Whereas lungs and spleen are well oxygenated, the liver has a low pO(2) due to its portal irrigation. Therefore, studying mycobacteria in the liver yields information about in vivo persistent bacilli exposed to low pO(2). To our knowledge, no similar short-term in vivo model has been published to date. Using this model, we demonstrated the insensitivity to isoniazid of M. bovis BCG present in hypoxic sites, and showed that norfloxacin given as a mannosylated macrophage-targeted prodrug was able to kill these isoniazid-insensitive mycobacteria. This demonstrates that intracellular persistent mycobacteria are amenable to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Balazuc
- Plate-Forme de Cytométrie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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37
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Siegmund K, Maheshwary S, Narayanan S, Connors W, Riedrich M, Printz M, Richert C. Molecular details of quinolone-DNA interactions: solution structure of an unusually stable DNA duplex with covalently linked nalidixic acid residues and non-covalent complexes derived from it. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:4838-48. [PMID: 16126848 PMCID: PMC1192833 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are antibacterial drugs that are thought to bind preferentially to disturbed regions of DNA. They do not fall into the classical categories of intercalators, groove binders or electrostatic binders to the backbone. We solved the 3D structure of the DNA duplex (ACGCGU-NA)2, where NA denotes a nalidixic acid residue covalently linked to the 2′-position of 2′-amino-2′-deoxyuridine, by NMR and restrained torsion angle molecular dynamics (MD). In the complex, the quinolones stack on G:C base pairs of the core tetramer and disrupt the terminal A:U base pair. The displaced dA residues can stack on the quinolones, while the uracil rings bind in the minor groove. The duplex-bridging interactions of the drugs and the contacts of the displaced nucleotides explain the high UV-melting temperature for d(ACGCGU-NA)2 of up to 53°C. Further, non-covalently linked complexes between quinolones and DNA of the sequence ACGCGT can be generated via MD using constraints obtained for d(ACGCGU-NA)2. This is demonstrated for unconjugated nalidixic acid and its 6-fluoro derivative. The well-ordered and tightly packed structures thus obtained are compatible with a published model for the quinolone–DNA complex in the active site of gyrases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Siegmund
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH)D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Shruti Maheshwary
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConstanceD-78457-Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sukunath Narayanan
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH)D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - William Connors
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConstanceD-78457-Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthias Riedrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConstanceD-78457-Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Printz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH)D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH)D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConstanceD-78457-Konstanz, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 721 608 2091; Fax: +49 721 608 4825;
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38
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Mitscher LA. Bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors: quinolone and pyridone antibacterial agents. Chem Rev 2005; 105:559-92. [PMID: 15700957 DOI: 10.1021/cr030101q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester A Mitscher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center of Excellence, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA.
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39
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Drevensek P, Zupancic T, Pihlar B, Jerala R, Kolitsch U, Plaper A, Turel I. Mixed-valence Cu(II)/Cu(I) complex of quinolone ciprofloxacin isolated by a hydrothermal reaction in the presence of l-histidine: comparison of biological activities of various copper–ciprofloxacin compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:432-42. [PMID: 15621275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new quinolone-metal complex was prepared by a hydrothermal reaction in the presence of L-histidine that served as a reducing agent for a metal. The title compound [Cu(II)(cfH)(2)(Cu(I)Cl(2))(2)] (1) is a mixed-valence Cu(II)-Cu(I) complex, which contains two ciprofloxacin (cfH) molecules bonded to the central copper(II) atom and two almost planar [Cu(I)Cl(2)](-) moieties. Both metal centers are connected through two bridging atoms (chloride and quinolone oxygen). The electrochemical methods (differential-pulse polarography and cyclovoltammetric measurements) confirmed the presence of various copper-ciprofloxacin complex species in aqueous solution at low concentrations used in biological activity tests and also indicated that the equilibria in this system are very complex. The biological properties of the title compound and some previously isolated copper-ciprofloxacin complexes ([Cu(cfH)(2)Cl(2)].6H(2)O (2) and [CuCl(cfH)(phen)]Cl.2H(2)O (3)) (phen=1, 10-phenantroline) were determined and compared. The DNA gyrase inhibition tests and antibacterial activity tests have shown that the effect of copper complexes is comparable to that of free quinolone. Additionally, an interesting DNA cleavage activity of the title compound was also discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Drevensek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Radi A, El Ries MA, Kandil S. Spectroscopic and voltammetric studies of Pefloxacin bound to calf thymus double-stranded DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:451-5. [PMID: 15657711 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spectral and electrochemical studies have been carried out on the interaction of pefloxacin with calf thymus double-stranded dsDNA. The voltammetric behavior of pefloxacin was investigated at glassy carbon, carbon paste and dsDNA-modified carbon paste electrodes using cyclic voltammetry. Pefloxacin was oxidized, yielding one irreversible oxidation peak. The modification of the carbon paste surface with dsDNA allowed an accumulation process to take place for pefloxacin such that higher sensitivity was achieved compared with the bare surface. The response was characterized with respect to ionic strength, accumulation time, pefloxacin concentration, and other variables. The stripping differential pulse voltammetric response showed a linear calibration curve in the range 1.0 x 10(-7)-1.0 x 10(-5) mol l(-1) with a detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-8) mol l(-1) at the dsDNA modified electrode. The method was applied to the direct determination of pefloxacin in diluted urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 34517 Dumyat, Egypt.
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Keller KM, Brodbelt JS. Charge state-dependent fragmentation of oligonucleotide/metal complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:28-37. [PMID: 15653361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Collision-activated dissociation (CAD) has been employed to assess the gas-phase fragmentation behavior of a series of 1:1 oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN):metal complexes over a range of charge states, using several ten-residue ODNs and a wide array of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals. For parent species in low to intermediate charge states, complexation with Ca(+2), Sr(+2), or Ba(+2) altered the relative intensity of M-B species, promoting loss of cytosine over loss of guanine. The relative intensities of sequence ions were largely unaffected. This behavior was most prevalent for isomeric sequences with complementary residues at the 5'- and 3'-termini, suggesting that metal complexation may change the gas-phase conformation and/or conformational dynamics for some sequences. In higher charge states, some ODN/Ba(+2) complexes produced abundant fragment ions corresponding to metallated a(n)(-m) species, which are not commonly observed in CAD mass spectra for deprotonated ODNs. The formation of these ions was most favored for complexes between Ba(+2) and ODN sequences with a thymine residue at Position 6. Literature precedent exists for the formation of a(n)(-m) ions from sequences in which covalent modification generates one or more neutral sites along the phosphate backbone. ODN/metal adducts in high charge states possess only a few acidic protons, and the juxtaposition of these neutral phosphate groups near thymine residues and the bound Ba(+2) ion may direct formation of the metallated a(n)(-m) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Keller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Abstract
Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-June Ming
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biomolecular Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, USA.
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Drevensek P, Turel I, Poklar Ulrih N. Influence of copper(II) and magnesium(II) ions on the ciprofloxacin binding to DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2003; 96:407-15. [PMID: 12888277 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(03)00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The influence of magnesium(II) and copper(II) ions on the binding of ciprofloxacin to double stranded calf thymus DNA was studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet- and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The interaction of ciprofloxacin and copper(II) ions was followed by strong fluorescence quenching which was almost unaffected by the presence of DNA. On the other hand, only a slight decrease in fluorescence emission intensity, which was enhanced in the presence of DNA, was observed for ciprofloxacin interaction with magnesium(II) ions. Furthermore, magnesium(II) ions increase the thermal stability of the DNA, while, in the presence of ciprofloxacin, the degree of stabilisation is smaller. In contrast, copper(II) ions destabilise double helical DNA to heat, while ciprofloxacin slightly affects only the second transition of the biphasic melting curve of calf thymus DNA. Magnesium(II) ions at 25 degrees C induce conformational transitions of DNA at concentrations of 1.5 mM and 2.5 M, as monitored by CD. On the other hand copper(II) ions induce only one conformational transition, at a concentration of 12.7 microM. At higher concentrations of copper(II) ions (c>700 microM) DNA starts to precipitate. Significant changes in the CD spectra of DNA were observed after addition of ciprofloxacin to a solution containing DNA and copper(II) ions, but not to DNA and magnesium(II) ions. Based on our spectroscopic results, we propose that copper(II) ions are not directly involved into ciprofloxacin binding to DNA via phosphate groups as it has been suggested for magnesium(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Drevensek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, POB 537, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vilfan ID, Drevensek P, Turel I, Poklar Ulrih N. Characterization of ciprofloxacin binding to the linear single- and double-stranded DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1628:111-22. [PMID: 12890558 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The binding of ciprofloxacin to natural and synthetic polymeric DNAs was investigated at different solvent conditions using a combination of spectroscopic and hydrodynamic techniques. In 10 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 108.6 mM Na(+), no sequence preferences in the interaction of ciprofloxacin with DNA was detected, while in 2 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing only 1.7 mM Na(+), a significant binding of ciprofloxacin to natural and synthetic linear double-stranded DNA was observed. At low ionic strength of solution, ciprofloxacin binding to DNA duplex containing alternating AT base pairs is accompanied by the largest enhancement in thermal stability (e.g. DeltaT(m) approximately 10 degrees C for poly[d(AT)].poly[d(AT)]), and the most pronounced red shift in the position of the maximum of the fluorescence emission spectrum (lambda(max)). Similar red shift in the position of lambda(max) is also observed for ciprofloxacin binding to dodecameric duplex containing five successive alternating AT base pairs in the row. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin binding to poly[d(GC)].poly[d(GC)], calf thymus DNA and dodecameric duplex containing a mixed sequence is accompanied by the largest fluorescence intensity quenching. Addition of NaCl does not completely displace ciprofloxacin bound to DNA, indicating the binding is not entirely electrostatic in origin. The intrinsic viscosity data suggest some degree of ciprofloxacin intercalation into duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D Vilfan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Noble CG, Barnard FM, Maxwell A. Quinolone-DNA interaction: sequence-dependent binding to single-stranded DNA reflects the interaction within the gyrase-DNA complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:854-62. [PMID: 12604512 PMCID: PMC149327 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.3.854-862.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2002] [Revised: 11/01/2002] [Accepted: 12/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the interaction of quinolones with DNA by a number of methods to establish whether a particular binding mode correlates with quinolone potency. The specificities of the quinolone-mediated DNA cleavage reaction of DNA gyrase were compared for a number of quinolones. Two patterns that depended on the potency of the quinolone were identified. Binding to plasmid DNA was examined by measuring the unwinding of pBR322 by quinolones; no correlation with quinolone potency was observed. Quinolone binding to short DNA oligonucleotides was measured by surface plasmon resonance. The quinolones bound to both single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides in an Mg(2+)-dependent manner. Quinolones bound to single-stranded DNA with a higher affinity, and the binding exhibited sequence dependence; binding to double-stranded DNA was sequence independent. The variations in binding in the presence of metal ions showed that Mg(2+) promoted tighter, more specific binding to single-stranded DNA than softer metal ions (Mn(2+) and Cd(2+)). Single-stranded DNA binding by quinolones correlated with the in vitro quinolone potency, indicating that this mode of interaction may reflect the interaction of the quinolone with DNA in the context of the gyrase-DNA complex.
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Kumar D, Jacob MR, Reynolds MB, Kerwin SM. Synthesis and evaluation of anticancer benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles related to UK-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3997-4004. [PMID: 12413851 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UK-1 is a structurally unique bis(benzoxazole) natural product isolated from a strain of Streptomyces. UK-1 has been reported to possess anticancer activity but no activity against bacteria, yeast, or fungi. Previous work has also demonstrated the ability of UK-1 to bind a variety of di- and tri-valent metal ions, particularly Mg(2+) ions, and to form complexes with double-stranded DNA in the presence of Mg(2+) ions. Here we report the activity of UK-1 against a wide range of human cancer cell lines. UK-1 displays a wide spectrum of potent anticancer activity against leukemia, lymphoma, and certain solid tumor-derived cell lines, with IC(50) values as low as 20 nM, but is inactive against Staphylococcus aureus, a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A series of analogues of the bis(benzoxazole) natural product UK-1 in which the carbomethoxy-substituted benzoxazole ring of the natural product was modified were prepared and evaluated for their anticancer and antibacterial properties. An analogue of UK-1 in which the carbomethoxy-substituted benzoxazole ring was replaced with a carbomethoxy-substituted benzimidazole ring was inactive against human cancer cell lines and the two strains of S. aureus. In contrast, a simplified analogue in which the carbomethoxy-substituted benzoxazole ring was replaced with a carbomethoxy group was almost as active as UK-1 against the four cancer cell lines examined but lacked activity against S. aureus. Metal ion binding studies of these analogues demonstrate that they both bind Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) ions about as well as UK-1. The non-cytotoxic benzimidazole UK-1 analogue binds Mg(2+) ions 50-fold weaker than UK-1, whereas the simple benzoxazole analogue binds Mg(2+) ions nearly as well as UK-1. These results support a role of Mg(2+) ion binding in the selective cytotoxicity of UK-1 and provide a minimal pharmacophore for the selective cytotoxic activity of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Kumar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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Skauge T, Turel I, Sletten E. Interaction between ciprofloxacin and DNA mediated by Mg2+-ions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(02)00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ishida K, Asao T. Self-association and unique DNA binding properties of the anti-cancer agent TAS-103, a dual inhibitor of topoisomerases I and II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1587:155-63. [PMID: 12084457 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to investigate the self-association and DNA-binding properties of the DNA topoisomerases I (Topo I) and II (Topo II) dual inhibitor: 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinoline-7-one dihydrochloride (TAS-103), by means of 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, structure computation techniques, thermal melting study, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. In aqueous solution, all chemical shifts of TAS-103 underwent upfield shifts depending with an increase in concentration. The two-dimensional (2D)-NMR spectra and structure computations indicated that TAS-103 self-associated through pi-pi stacking and hydrophobic interactions of the aromatic chromophores. Thermal melting indicated that the binding of TAS-103 to DNA with a potency equal to that of ethidium bromide (EtBr). The UV-Visible spectra of TAS-103 titrated by several DNA exhibited hypochromic and hypsochromic effects. The 31P-NMR spectrum of the 6:1 TAS-103/d(CGCGAATTCGCG)(2) complex showed two broadening signals. 2D-NMR spectra of the 1:1 TAS-103/d(CGCGAATTCGCG)(2) complex indicated that the chemical shift differences of the DNA are very small. However, those of the terminal region are relatively large. The chemical shift differences of TAS-103 showed that the proton resonances except H2 underwent downfield shifts. From these observations, we conclude that TAS-103 binds to DNA by two modes. The major binding mode is on the surface (outside binding) and the minor binding mode by intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishida
- Chemistry Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-27 Misugidai, Hanno, Saitama 357-8527, Japan
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Abstract
Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics were performed to investigate the interaction of norfloxacin with the DNA oligonucleotide 5'-d(ATACGTAT)(2). Eight quinolone-DNA binding structures were built by molecular modeling on the basis of experimental results. A 100ps molecular dynamics calculation was carried out on two groove binding models and six partially intercalating models. The resulting average structures were compared with each other and to free DNA structure as a reference. The favorable binding mode of norfloxacin to a DNA substrate was pursued by structural assess including steric hindrance, presence of hydrogen-bonding, non-bonding energies of the complex and presence of abnormal structural distortion. Although two of the intercalative models showed the highest binding energy and the lowest non-bonding interaction energy, they presented structural features which contrast with experimental results. On the other hand, one groove binding model demonstrated the most acceptable structure when the experimental observation was accounted. In this model, hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl and carboxyl group of the norfloxacin rings with the DNA bases was present, and norfloxacin binds to the amine group of the guanine base which protrudes toward the minor groove of B-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyn Mee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk, 712-749 Republic of Korea
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