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Kumar D, Sharma P, Shabu, Kaur R, Lobe MMM, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F. In search of therapeutic candidates for HIV/AIDS: rational approaches, design strategies, structure-activity relationship and mechanistic insights. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17936-17964. [PMID: 35480193 PMCID: PMC9033207 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a serious threat to the health and development of mankind, which has affected about 37.9 million people worldwide. The increasing negative health, economic and social impacts of this disease have led to the search for new therapeutic candidates for the mitigation of AIDS/HIV. However, to date, there is still no treatment that can cure this disease. Furthermore, the clinically available drugs have numerous severe side effects. Hence, the synthesis of novel agents from natural leads is one of the rational approaches to obtain new drugs in modern medicinal chemistry. This review article is an effort to summarize recent developments with regards to the discovery of novel analogs with promising biological potential against HIV/AIDS. Herein, we also aim to discuss prospective directions on the progress of more credible and specific analogues. Besides presenting design strategies, the present communication also highlights the structure-activity relationship together with the structural features of the most promising molecules, their IC50 values, mechanistic insights and some interesting key findings revealed during their biological evaluation. The interactions with the amino acid residues of the enzymes responsible for HIV-1 inhibition are also discussed. This collection will be of great interest for researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala India
| | - Shabu
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM) Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
| | - Maloba M M Lobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea P. O. Box 63 Buea Cameroon +237 685625811
| | - Girish K Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Badhani Pathankot-145001 Punjab India
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea P. O. Box 63 Buea Cameroon +237 685625811
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany +49 3455525043
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden Zellescher Weg 20b 01062 Dresden Germany
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2
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Wang Y, Pan Z, Cheng XL, Zhang K, Zhang X, Qin Y, Fan J, Yan T, Han T, Shiu KK, Hau SCK, Mak NK, Kwong DWJ, Liu X, Li M, Deng G, Zheng Q, Lu J, Li D. A red-light-activated sulfonamide porphycene for highly efficient photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112867. [PMID: 33010634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging alternative cancer treatment modality that utilizes photo-sensitivity to cause cell death upon photo-irradiation. However, PDT efficiency has been hampered by tumor hypoxia, blue-shifted excitation wavelengths, and the high dark toxicity of photo-sensitizers. We designed and synthesized two novel porphycene-based photosensitizers (TBPoS-OH and TBPoS-2OH) with potent photo-cytotoxicity and a LD50 in the nM range under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions in a variety of cell types after photo-irradiation (λ = 640 ± 15 nm). Further studies showed fast-cellular uptake for TBPoS-OH that localized lysosomes and subsequently induced cell apoptosis via the lysosomal-mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, TBPoS-OH significantly reduced tumor growth in two xenografted mouse models bearing melanoma A375 and B16 cells. Finally, TBPoS-OH exhibited no obvious immunogenicity and toxicity to blood cells and major organs in mice. These data demonstrated that these two porphycene-based photosensitizers, especially TBPoS-OH, could be developed as a potential PDT modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Zhaohai Pan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yao Qin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Tao Han
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Kwok Keung Shiu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Sam Chun-Kit Hau
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Nai-Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Daniel W J Kwong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Minjing Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guowei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Defang Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China.
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3
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Zhao C, Rakesh KP, Ravidar L, Fang WY, Qin HL. Pharmaceutical and medicinal significance of sulfur (S VI)-Containing motifs for drug discovery: A critical review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:679-734. [PMID: 30496988 PMCID: PMC7111228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (SVI) based moieties, especially, the sulfonyl or sulfonamide based analogues have showed a variety of pharmacological properties, and its derivatives propose a high degree of structural diversity that has established useful for the finding of new therapeutic agents. The developments of new less toxic, low cost and highly active sulfonamides containing analogues are hot research topics in medicinal chemistry. Currently, more than 150 FDA approved Sulfur (SVI)-based drugs are available in the market, and they are widely used to treat various types of diseases with therapeutic power. This comprehensive review highlights the recent developments of sulfonyl or sulfonamides based compounds in huge range of therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, carbonic anhydrase, antimalarial, anticancer and other medicinal agents. We believe that, this review article is useful to inspire new ideas for structural design and developments of less toxic and powerful Sulfur (SVI) based drugs against the numerous death-causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China.
| | - L Ravidar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - Wan-Yin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China.
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Hassan MZ, Osman H, Ali MA, Ahsan MJ. Therapeutic potential of coumarins as antiviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:236-255. [PMID: 27484512 PMCID: PMC7115672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins have received a considerable attention in the last three decades as a lead structures for the discovery of orally bioavailable non-peptidic antiviral agents. A lot of structurally diverse coumarins analogues were found to display remarkable array of affinity with the different molecular targets for antiviral agents and slight modifications around the central motif result in pronounced changes in its antiviral spectrum. This manuscript thoroughly reviews the design, discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of the coumarin analogues as antiviral agents focusing mainly on lead optimization and its development into clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zaheen Hassan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alwar Pharmacy College, M.I.A., Alwar, Rajasthan 301030, India.
| | - Hasnah Osman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed Ashraf Ali
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Zhao W, Xu L, Ding Y, Niu B, Xie P, Bian Z, Zhang D, Zhou A. Regioselective Coupling Reactions of Coumarins with Aldehydes or Di-tert-butyl Peroxide (DTBP) through a C(sp2)-H Functionalization Process. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Krishnan KG, Sivakumar R, Thanikachalam V, Saleem H, Arockia doss M. Synthesis, spectroscopic investigation and computational study of 3-(1-(((methoxycarbonyl)oxy)imino)ethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 144:29-42. [PMID: 25748590 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure and vibrational modes of 3-acetylcoumarin oxime carbonate (abbreviated as 3-ACOC) have been investigated by FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR spectra and also by computational methods using HF and B3LYP with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles) were in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values of 3-ACOC. The calculated vibrational frequencies of normal modes from DFT method matched well with the experimental values. The complete assignments were made on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes. NMR ((1)H and (13)C) chemical shifts were calculated by GIAO method and the results were compared with the experimental values. The other parameters like dipole moment, polarizability, first order hyperpolarizability, zero-point vibrational energy, E(HOMO), E(LUMO), heat capacity and entropy have also been computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gokula Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Thanikachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - H Saleem
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Arockia doss
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Kandula VR, Khanlou H, Farthing C. Tipranavir: a novel second-generation nonpeptidic protease inhibitor. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 3:9-21. [PMID: 15757454 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tipranavir is a new nonpeptidic protease inhibitor and belongs to the class of 4-hydroxy-5, 6-dihydro-2-pyrones. Chemically, tipranavir is based on coumarin and sulfonamide compounds, amongst others. It exhibits potent and specific activity against both HIV-1 and -2. Tipranavir 500 mg in combination with ritonavir 200 mg twice daily results in optimum viral load reduction and suppresses both wild-type and protease inhibitor-resistant virus. It is metabolized by the cytochrome P4503A4 enzyme and its pharmacokinetic parameters are enhanced when combined with ritonavir. Tipranavir is excreted primarily in the feces, with minimal excretion in urine. In early trials, tipranavir/ritonavir was demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated, with mild gastrointestinal side effects. Preliminary data indicate pharmacokinetic interaction with nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; however, no dose adjustments are recommended at this time. Virologic response is not adequate when combined with other ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, and is currently not recommended. As with other protease inhibitors, tipranavir interacts with fluconazole, atorvastatin, clarithromycin and rifabutin and absorption is reduced when taken with antacids and didanosine (enteric coated formulation). Phase III trials are underway to compare the efficacy of tipranavir/ritonavir with other antiretroviral agents.
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8
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Modification and biological evaluation of novel 4-hydroxy-pyrone derivatives as non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Sham HL, Chen X. Section Reviews; Anti-infectives: Section Review Anti-infectives: HIV protease inhibitors in early development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.8.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hing L Sham
- Anti-infective Research Division, D-47D, AP9A, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- Anti-infective Research Division, D-47D, AP9A, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, 60064, USA
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10
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Lira R, Xiang AX, Doundoulakis T, Biller WT, Agrios KA, Simonsen KB, Webber SE, Sisson W, Aust RM, Shah AM, Showalter RE, Banh VN, Steffy KR, Appleman JR. Syntheses of novel myxopyronin B analogs as potential inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6797-800. [PMID: 17980587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Based upon observations from our initial findings, additional myxopyronin B analogs have been prepared and tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lira
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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11
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Sun CL, Pang RF, Zhang H, Yang M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 4-hydroxypyrone derivatives as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3257-62. [PMID: 15923115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four 4-hydroxypyrone derivatives were synthesized with a facile synthetic method to develop novel HIV protease inhibitors. Most of them were shown to display good antiviral activities in SIV-infected CEM cells. The introduction of alpha-naphthylmethyl group to C-6 of 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones led to an effective antiviral compound that showed an EC(50) value at 1.7 microM with a therapeutic index of 46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lai Sun
- National Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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12
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McGlacken GP, Fairlamb IJS. 2-Pyrone natural products and mimetics: isolation, characterisation and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:369-85. [PMID: 16010346 DOI: 10.1039/b416651p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The review summarises natural products containing the 2-pyrone moiety. An emphasis has been placed upon the biological activity associated with 2-pyrones, particularly with respect to potential therapeutic or anti-microbial agents. Where appropriate, non-natural 2-pyrone analogues are discussed, particularly those derived from natural product lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK YO10 5DD
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13
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Doundoulakis T, Xiang AX, Lira R, Agrios KA, Webber SE, Sisson W, Aust RM, Shah AM, Showalter RE, Appleman JR, Simonsen KB. Myxopyronin B analogs as inhibitors of RNA polymerase, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5667-72. [PMID: 15482944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of myxopyronin B analogs has been prepared via a convergent synthetic route and were tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The parent lead compound proved to be very sensitive to even small changes. Only the achiral desmethyl myxopyronin B (1a) provided enhanced potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doundoulakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Anadys Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Yu D, Suzuki M, Xie L, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Recent progress in the development of coumarin derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents. Med Res Rev 2003; 23:322-45. [PMID: 12647313 DOI: 10.1002/med.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Numerous plant-derived compounds have been evaluated for inhibitory effects against HIV replication, and some coumarins have been found to inhibit different stages in the HIV replication cycle. This review article describes recent progress in the discovery, structure modification, and structure-activity relationship studies of potent anti-HIV coumarin derivatives. A dicamphanoyl-khellactone (DCK) analog, which was discovered and developed in our laboratory, and calanolide A are currently in preclinical studies and clinical trials, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Yu
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used or are subject of advanced clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e., zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs) (i.e., tenofovir disoproxil fumarate); (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e., nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e., saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, and lopinavir. In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease reaction, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle can be considered as potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, polynucleotides, and negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 (i.e., bicyclam (AMD3100) derivatives) and CCR5 (i.e., TAK-779 derivatives); (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 (T-20, T-1249); (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as 4-aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid derivatives; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (flavopiridol, fluoroquinolones). Also, various new NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively: (i) improved metabolic characteristics (i.e., phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides by-passing the first phosphorylation step of the NRTIs), (ii) increased activity ["second" or "third" generation NNRTIs ( i.e., TMC-125, DPC-083)] against those HIV strains that are resistant to the "first" generation NNRTIs, or (iii), as in the case of PIs, a different, modified peptidic (i.e., azapeptidic (atazanavir)) or non-peptidic scaffold (i.e., cyclic urea (mozenavir), 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone (tipranavir)). Non-peptidic PIs may be expected to inhibit HIV mutant strains that have become resistant to peptidomimetic PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Kirkiacharian S, Thuy DT, Sicsic S, Bakhchinian R, Kurkjian R, Tonnaire T. Structure-activity relationships of some 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:703-8. [PMID: 12385519 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The screening of the HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitory activity (IC-50) of various substituted 3-phenyl-4-hydroxycoumarins, 3-benzyl-4-hydroxycoumarins, 3-phenoxy-4-hydroxy-coumarins, 3-benzenesulfonyl-4-hydroxycoumarins and 3-(7-coumarinyloxy)-4-hydroxycoumarins was performed. The data indicate the importance of substituents at positions 5 and 7 of the coumarin ring on the inhibitory potency of the HIV-1-PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Kirkiacharian
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris-Sud, Chatenay Malabry, France.
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17
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or are subject of advanced clinical trials, for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e. zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), abacavir (ABC), emtricitabine [(-)FTC], tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e. nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e. saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir and lopinavir. In addition to the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease reaction, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle can be considered as potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, polynucleotides, and negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 [bicyclam (AMD3100) derivatives] and CCR5 (TAK-779 derivatives); (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 (T-20, T-1249); (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as 4-aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid derivatives; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (flavopiridol, fluoroquinolones). Also, various new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively: (i) improved metabolic characteristics (i.e. phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides by-passing the first phosphorylation step of the NRTIs), (ii) increased activity ["second" or "third" generation NNRTIs (i.e. TMC-125, DPC-083)] against those HIV strains that are resistant to the "first" generation NNRTIs, or (iii) as in the case of PIs, a different, nonpeptidic scaffold [i.e. cyclic urea (mozenavir), 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone (tipranavir)]. Nonpeptidic PIs may be expected to inhibit HIV mutant strains that have become resistant to peptidomimetic PIs. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating the mode of action of these agents from cell-free enzymatic assays to intact cells. Two examples in point are L-chicoric acid and the nonapeptoid CGP64222, which were initially described as an integrase inhibitor or Tat antagonist, respectively, but later shown to primarily act as virus adsorption/entry inhibitors, the latter through blockade of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or under advanced clinical trial, for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e. zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir (PMPA) disoproxil fumarate; (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e. nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e. saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir and amprenavir. In addition, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120; (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5; (iii) virus-cell fusion; (iv) viral assembly and disassembly; (v) proviral DNA integration; (vi) viral mRNA transcription. Also, new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess respectively improved metabolic characteristics, or increased activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV strains or, as in the case of PIs, a different, non-peptidic scaffold. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating from cell-free enzymatic assays to the mode of action of these agents in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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Huff JR, Kahn J. Discovery and clinical development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2001; 56:213-51. [PMID: 11329855 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)56007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Huff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Lee YS, Lee YS, Lee JY, Kim SN, Lee CK, Park H. 6-Hydroxy-1,3-dioxin-4-ones as non-peptidic HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2625-7. [PMID: 11128638 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV protease inhibitors containing 6-hydroxy-1,3-dioxin-4-one ring system as a new scaffold have been prepared. Among them, compound 4d showed potent HIV protease inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.01 microM) and antiviral activity in cell culture (EC50 = 0.96 microM, SI = 65.69).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Lee YS, Kim SN, Lee YS, Lee JY, Lee CK, Kim HS, Park H. Synthesis and HIV protease inhibitory activity of new 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2000; 333:319-22. [PMID: 11092133 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200010)333:10<319::aid-ardp319>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or under advanced clinical trial, for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs). In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease step, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulphates, polysulphonates, polyoxometalates, zintevir, negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 [bicyclams (AMD3100), polyphemusins (T22), TAK-779]; (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral glycoprotein gp41 [T-20 (DP-178), siamycins, betulinic acid derivatives]; (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as L-chicoric acid; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (peptoid CGP64222, fluoroquinolone K-12, Streptomyces product EM2487). Also, in recent years new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively, improved metabolic characteristics (i.e. phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides of d4T), or increased activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV strains, or, in the case of PIs, a different, non-peptidic scaffold. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating from cell-free enzymatic assays to the mode of action of these agents in intact cells. A number of compounds (i.e. zintevir and L-chicoric acid, on the one hand; and CGP64222 on the other hand) have recently been found to interact with virus-cell binding and viral entry in contrast to their proposed modes of action targeted at the integrase and transactivation process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Thaisrivongs S, Strohbach JW. Structure-based discovery of Tipranavir disodium (PNU-140690E): a potent, orally bioavailable, nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor. Biopolymers 2000; 51:51-8. [PMID: 10380352 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1999)51:1<51::aid-bip6>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop therapeutically relevant HIV protease inhibitors as medicinal agents in confronting the AIDS crisis have been aided by the wealth of fundamental information acquired during related drug discovery campaigns against other aspartyl proteases. This knowledge base was brought to full force with the broad screening identification of small, nonpeptidic, inhibitory molecules as templates for chemical elaboration. Significantly, the ability to collect crystallographic data on the inhibitor-enzyme complexes in a rapid fashion afforded the opportunity for a structure-based approach to drug discovery. Iterative cycles of synthesis, biological testing, and structural information gathering followed by prudent design modifications afforded compounds suitable for clinical evaluation. Displaying high enzymatic inhibition (Ki = 8 pM), potent in vitro antiviral cell culture activity (IC90 = 100 nM), and a useful pharmacokinetic profile, PNU-140690E (Tipranavir disodium) has entered into clinical studies. Promising results from these early trials supported further evaluation of this compound in HIV-infected individuals. PNU-140690E is currently under extensive clinical study.
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Matter H, Schwab W. Affinity and selectivity of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: a chemometrical study from the perspective of ligands and proteins. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4506-23. [PMID: 10579815 DOI: 10.1021/jm990250u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy to understand affinity and selectivity for enzyme inhibitors using information from ligands and target protein 3D structures is described. It was applied to 2-arylsulfonyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylates and -hydroxamates as inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) and MMP-8 (human neutrophil collagenase). As the first step, consistent and predictive 3D-QSAR models were derived using CoMFA, CoMSIA, and GRID/Golpe approaches, leading to the identification of binding regions where steric, electronic, or hydrophobic effects are important for affinity. These models were validated using multiple analyses using two or five randomly chosen cross-validation groups and randomizations of biological activities. Second, 3D-QSAR models were derived based on the affinity ratio IC(50)(MMP-8)/IC(50)(MMP-3), allowing the identification of key ligand determinants for selectivity toward one of both enzymes. In addition to this ligands' view, the third step encompasses a chemometrical approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) of multivariate GRID descriptors to uncover the major differences between both protein binding sites with respect to their GRID probe interaction pattern. The resulting information, based on the accurate knowledge of the target protein 3D structures, led to a consistent picture in good agreement with experimentally observed differences in selectivity toward MMP-8 or MMP-3. The interpretation of all three classes of statistical models leads to detailed SAR information for MMP inhibitors, which is in agreement with available data for binding site topologies, ligand affinities, and selectivities. Thus the combined chemical analyses provide guidelines and accurate activity predictions for designing novel, selective MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matter
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Chemical Research, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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26
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Kulkarni SS, Kulkarni VM. Structure based prediction of binding affinity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 1999; 39:1128-40. [PMID: 10614027 DOI: 10.1021/ci990019p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of computations were performed to derive a strategy for the prediction of binding affinities of non-peptidic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors. This paper describes the development of a 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) methodology by using receptor information of HIV-1 protease. The docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed on a model ligand/enzyme complex to optimize the variables involved in the generation of ligand/enzyme models. The protonation scheme of the active site aspartic acid residues of HIV-1 protease was derived from a computational study. The active site aspartate is monoprotonated with a proton placed on the OD1 atom of the ASP B25. This protocol of docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was then used to derive the ligand-enzyme complexes of the molecules used in the present study. The molecular mechanics interaction descriptors were calculated from these ligand/enzyme models. A partial least squares (PLS) method was used to derive a linear correlation between the interaction descriptors and the biological activity. A good correlation was observed when the change in the energy of the ligand upon complex formation and the electrostatic contributions to the solvation energy of the ligand were included in the QSAR analysis. A highest cross-validated q2 value of 0.649 was observed. This model had a conventional r2 of 0.725, and when this model was used to predict the activity of the external test set, it produced a r2pred of 0.761. The total interaction energy was partitioned into interactions in different subsites and interactions with each of the amino acid residues of the enzyme. The PLS analysis using these descriptors helped to identify the important interactions which can be exploited for the design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, India
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27
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Romero DL, Manninen PR, Han F, Romero AG. Asymmetric Synthesis of the C3alpha Fragment of 5,6-Dihydro-alpha-pyrone Nonpeptidic HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. J Org Chem 1999; 64:4980-4984. [PMID: 11674587 DOI: 10.1021/jo990278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna L. Romero
- Medicinal Chemistry Research and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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28
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Padbury GE, Zipp GL, Schwende FJ, Zhao Z, Koeplinger KA, Chong KT, Raub TJ, Thaisrivongs S. Factors impacting the delivery of therapeutic levels of pyrone-based HIV protease inhibitors. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1998; 11:211-32. [PMID: 9760682 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47384-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G E Padbury
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, USA
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29
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Turner SR, Strohbach JW, Tommasi RA, Aristoff PA, Johnson PD, Skulnick HI, Dolak LA, Seest EP, Tomich PK, Bohanon MJ, Horng MM, Lynn JC, Chong KT, Hinshaw RR, Watenpaugh KD, Janakiraman MN, Thaisrivongs S. Tipranavir (PNU-140690): a potent, orally bioavailable nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor of the 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone sulfonamide class. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3467-76. [PMID: 9719600 DOI: 10.1021/jm9802158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A broad screening program previously identified phenprocoumon (1) as a small molecule template for inhibition of HIV protease. Subsequent modification of this lead through iterative cycles of structure-based design led to the activity enhancements of pyrone and dihydropyrone ring systems (II and V) and amide-based substitution (III). Incorporation of sulfonamide substitution within the dihydropyrone template provided a series of highly potent HIV protease inhibitors, with structure-activity relationships described in this paper. Crystallographic studies provided further information on important binding interactions responsible for high enzymatic binding. These studies culminated in compound VI, which inhibits HIV protease with a Ki value of 8 pM and shows an IC90 value of 100 nM in antiviral cell culture. Clinical trials of this compound (PNU-140690, Tipranavir) for treatment of HIV infection are currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Turner
- Department of Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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30
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Janakiraman MN, Watenpaugh KD, Tomich PK, Chong KT, Turner SR, Tommasi RA, Thaisrivongs S, Strohbach JW. Non-peptidic HIV protease inhibitors: C2-symmetry-based design of bis-sulfonamide dihydropyrones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1237-42. [PMID: 9871742 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potent, non-peptidic, dihydropyrone sulfonamide HIV protease inhibitors have been previously described. Crystallographic analysis of dihydropyrone sulfonamide inhibitor/HIV protease complexes suggested incorporation of a second, C2 symmetry-related sulfonamide group. Selected bis-sulfonamide dihydropyrone analogues display high HIV protease inhibitory activity.
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31
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Zhong WZ, Williams MG, Borin MT, Padbury GE. Species-dependent enantioselective pharmacokinetics of PNU-103017, a pyrone HIV protease inhibitor. Chirality 1998; 10:210-6. [PMID: 9499572 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1998)10:3<210::aid-chir2>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PNU-103017, 4-Cyano-N-(3-(cyclopropyl(5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-4-hydroxy- 2-oxo-2H-cycloocta(b) pyran-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)-benzenesulfonamide, is a selective HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor under evaluation as a potential oral treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases. PNU-103017 is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, designated PNU-103264 (R-) and PNU-103265 (S-). Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of the two enantiomers of PNU-103017 were observed in the dog, rat, and human after single and multiple dose administration of the racemate and were apparently species-dependent. Mean enantiomeric ratios of plasma concentrations (R-/S-) at each time point were greater than 1 in the dog, ranging from 1.22 to 3.06, but less than 1 in the rat and in the human, ranging from 0.44 to 0.80 and 0.23 to 0.73, respectively. A trend towards increased or decreased (farther from 1:1, R-/S-) enantiomeric ratio of plasma concentrations with time after each administration was also observed. The enantiomeric ratio remained unchanged after multiple dose administration in the rat, dog, and human although enzyme induction and increased plasma clearance were observed for both enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Zhong
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA.
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32
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Williams MG, Zhong WZ. Stereospecific determination of an HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor, PNU-103017, in rat, dog and human plasma using a Pirkle-concept high-performance liquid chromatographic column. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 694:169-77. [PMID: 9234860 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantitation of the enantiomers of 4-cyano-N-(3-(cyclopropyl-(5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H- cycloocta(b)pyran-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide (PNU-103017) (I), an HIV protease inhibitor, in plasma of rat, dog and human was developed. The procedure involved an acetonitrile-aided protein precipitation followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) of I from plasma into ethanol. Stereospecific separation was accomplished on a Pirkle-concept chiral column (Regis S,S-Whelk-01, 250x4.6 mm I.D.) with a mobile phase of absolute ethanol-0.1% acetic acid in hexane (30:70, v/v). The eluate was monitored by UV absorbance (295 nm). Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 0.2 to 500 microM, with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.1-0.2 microM for both enantiomers in either rat, dog or human plasma. Intra- and inter-assay precision and assay accuracy were demonstrated to be acceptable for the stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of I in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Williams
- Drug Metabolism Research, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Skulnick HI, Johnson PD, Aristoff PA, Morris JK, Lovasz KD, Howe WJ, Watenpaugh KD, Janakiraman MN, Anderson DJ, Reischer RJ, Schwartz TM, Banitt LS, Tomich PK, Lynn JC, Horng MM, Chong KT, Hinshaw RR, Dolak LA, Seest EP, Schwende FJ, Rush BD, Howard GM, Toth LN, Wilkinson KR, Romines KR. Structure-based design of nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors: the sulfonamide-substituted cyclooctylpyramones. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1149-64. [PMID: 9089336 DOI: 10.1021/jm960441m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cyclooctylpyranone derivatives with m-carboxamide substituents (e.g. 2c) were identified as potent, nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors, but these compounds lacked significant antiviral activity in cell culture. Substitution of a sulfonamide group at the meta position, however, produces compounds with excellent HIV protease binding affinity and antiviral activity. Guided by an iterative structure-based drug design process, we have prepared and evaluated a number of these derivatives, which are readily available via a seven-step synthesis. A few of the most potent compounds were further evaluated for such characteristics as pharmacokinetics and toxicity in rats and dogs. From this work, the p-cyanophenyl sulfonamide derivative 35k emerged as a promising inhibitor, was selected for further development, and entered phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Skulnick
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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Schwartz TM, Bundy GL, Strohbach JW, Thaisrivongs S, Johnson PD, Skulnick HI, Tomich PK, Lynn JC, Chong KT, Hinshaw RR, Raub TJ, Padbury GE, Toth LN. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of sulfone substituted HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Cyclic HIV protease inhibitors capable of displacing the active site structural water molecule. Drug Discov Today 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(96)10048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Thaisrivongs S, Romero DL, Tommasi RA, Janakiraman MN, Strohbach JW, Turner SR, Biles C, Morge RR, Johnson PD, Aristoff PA, Tomich PK, Lynn JC, Horng MM, Chong KT, Hinshaw RR, Howe WJ, Finzel BC, Watenpaugh KD. Structure-based design of HIV protease inhibitors: 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as effective, nonpeptidic inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4630-42. [PMID: 8917652 DOI: 10.1021/jm960228q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
From a broad screening program, the 4-hydroxycoumarin phenprocoumon (I) was previously identified as a lead template with HIV protease inhibitory activity. The crystal structure of phenprocoumon/HIV protease complex initiated a structure-based design effort that initially identified the 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone U-96988 (II) as a first-generation clinical candidate for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Based upon the crystal structure of the 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone III/HIV protease complex, a series of analogues incorporating a 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone template were studied. It was recognized that in addition to having the required pharmacophore (the 4-hydroxy group with hydrogen-bonding interaction with the two catalytic aspartic acid residues and the lactone moiety replacing the ubiquitous water molecule in the active site), these 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones incorporated side chains at the C-6 position that appropriately extended into the S1' and S2' subsites of the enzyme active site. The crystal structures of a number of representative 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones complexed with the HIV protease were also determined to provide better understanding of the interaction between the enzyme and these inhibitors to aid the structure-based drug design effort. The crystal structures of the ligands in the enzyme active site did not always agree with the conformations expected from experience with previous pyrone inhibitors. This is likely due to the increased flexibility of the dihydropyrone ring. From this study, compound XIX exhibited reasonably high enzyme inhibitory activity (Ki = 15 nM) and showed antiviral activity (IC50 = 5 microM) in the cell-culture assay. This result provided a research direction which led to the discovery of active 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as potential agents for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thaisrivongs
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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Thaisrivongs S, Skulnick HI, Turner SR, Strohbach JW, Tommasi RA, Johnson PD, Aristoff PA, Judge TM, Gammill RB, Morris JK, Romines KR, Chrusciel RA, Hinshaw RR, Chong KT, Tarpley WG, Poppe SM, Slade DE, Lynn JC, Horng MM, Tomich PK, Seest EP, Dolak LA, Howe WJ, Howard GM, Watenpaugh KD. Structure-based design of HIV protease inhibitors: sulfonamide-containing 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as non-peptidic inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4349-53. [PMID: 8893827 DOI: 10.1021/jm960541s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Romines KR, Morris JK, Howe WJ, Tomich PK, Horng MM, Chong KT, Hinshaw RR, Anderson DJ, Strohbach JW, Turner SR, Mizsak SA. Cycloalkylpyranones and cycloalkyldihydropyrones as HIV protease inhibitors: exploring the impact of ring size on structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4125-30. [PMID: 8831779 DOI: 10.1021/jm960296c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, 3-substituted cycloalkylpyranones, such as 2d, have proven to be effective inhibitors of HIV protease. In an initial series of 3-(1-phenylpropyl) derivatives with various cycloalkyl ring sizes, the cyclooctyl analog was the most potent. We became interested in exploring the influence of other structural changes, such as substitution on the phenyl ring and saturation of the 5,6-double bond, on the cycloalkyl ring size structure-activity relationship (SAR). Saturation of the 5,6-double bond in the pyrone ring significantly impacts the SAR, altering the optimal ring size from eight to six. Substitution of a sulfonamide at the meta position of the phenyl ring dramatically increases the potency of these inhibitors, but it does not change the optimal ring size in either the cycloalkylpyranone or the cycloalkyldihydropyrone series. This work has led to the identification of compounds with superb binding affinity for the HIV protease (Ki values in the 10-50 pM range). In addition, the cycloalkyldihydropyrones showed excellent antiviral activity in cell culture, with ED50 values as low as 1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Romines
- Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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Thaisrivongs S, Janakiraman MN, Chong KT, Tomich PK, Dolak LA, Turner SR, Strohbach JW, Lynn JC, Horng MM, Hinshaw RR, Watenpaugh KD. Structure-based design of novel HIV protease inhibitors: sulfonamide-containing 4-hydroxycoumarins and 4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as potent non-peptidic inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2400-10. [PMID: 8691434 DOI: 10.1021/jm950888f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The low oral bioavailability and rapid biliary excretion of peptide-derived HIV protease inhibitors have limited their utility as potential therapeutic agents. Our broad screening program to discover non-peptidic HIV protease inhibitors previously identified compound I (phenprocoumon, Ki = 1 microM) as a lead template. Structure-based design of potent non-peptidic inhibitors, utilizing crystal structures of HIV protease/inhibitor complexes, provided a rational basis for the previously reported carboxamide-containing 4-hydroxycoumarins and 4-hydroxy-2-pyrones. The amino acid containing compound V (Ki = 4 nM) provided an example of a promising new series of HIV protease inhibitors with significantly improved enzymatic binding affinity. In this report, further structure-activity relationship studies, in which the carboxamide is replaced by a sulfonamide functionality, led to the identification of another series of nonamino acid containing promising inhibitors with significantly enhanced enzyme binding affinity and in vitro antiviral activity. The most active diastereomer of the sulfonamide-containing pyrone XVIII (Ki = 0.5 nM) shows improved antiviral activity (IC50 = 0.6 nM) and represents an example of a new design direction for the discovery of more potent non-peptidic HIV protease inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Steinbaugh BA, Hamilton HW, Vara Prasad J, Para KS, Tummino PJ, Ferguson D, Lunney EA, John Blankley C. A topliss tree analysis of the HIV-protease inhibitory activity of 6-phenyl-4-hydroxy-pyran-2-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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