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Mandal PK, Birtwistle JS, McMurray JS. Hydrodehalogenation of alkyl iodides with base-mediated hydrogenation and catalytic transfer hydrogenation: application to the asymmetric synthesis of N-protected α-methylamines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8422-7. [PMID: 25116734 PMCID: PMC4156243 DOI: 10.1021/jo500911v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a very mild synthesis of N-protected α-methylamines from the corresponding amino acids. Carboxyl groups of amino acids are reduced to iodomethyl groups via hydroxymethyl intermediates. Reductive deiodination to methyl groups is achieved by hydrogenation or catalytic transfer hydrogenation under alkaline conditions. Basic hydrodehalogenation is selective for the iodomethyl group over hydrogenolysis-labile protecting groups, such as benzyloxycarbonyl, benzyl ester, benzyl ether, and 9-fluorenyloxymethyl, thus allowing the conversion of virtually any protected amino acid into the corresponding N-protected α-methylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijus K Mandal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
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2
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Synthesis, spectroscopy, computational study and prospective biological activity of two novel 1,3,2-diazaphospholidine-2,4,5-triones. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Huisman M, ten Have R, van Leusen AM. Synthesis ofN-(Dimethylsulfamoyl)aldimines, a New Type of Aldimine Derivative. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919708003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Gbahou F, Vincent L, Humbert-Claude M, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Chabret C, Arrang JM. Compared pharmacology of human histamine H3 and H4 receptors: structure-activity relationships of histamine derivatives. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:744-54. [PMID: 16432504 PMCID: PMC1751501 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Various histamine derivatives were investigated at the human H3 receptor (H3R) and H4 receptor (H4R) stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells using [125I]iodoproxyfan and [3H]histamine binding, respectively. In Tris buffer, [3H]histamine binding to membranes of HEK(hH4R) cells was monophasic (K(D) of 3.8+/-0.8 nM). In phosphate buffer, the Hill coefficient was decreased (n(H) = 0.5+/-0.1) and a large fraction of the binding was converted into a low-affinity component (K(D) = 67+/-27 nM). The inhibition of [3H]histamine binding by two agonists, a protean agonist and five antagonists/inverse agonists confirms that the potency of many H3R ligands is retained or only slightly reduced at the H4R. Histamine derivatives substituted with methyl groups in alpha, beta or N(alpha) position of the side chain retained a nanomolar potency at the H3R, but their affinity was dramatically decreased at the H4R. With relative potencies to histamine of 282 and 0.13% at the H3R and H4R, respectively, (+/-)-alpha,beta-dimethylhistamine is a potent and selective H3R agonist. Chiral alpha-branched analogues exhibited a marked stereoselectivity at the H3R and H4R, the enantiomers with a configuration equivalent to L-histidine being preferred at both receptors. The methylsubstitution of the imidazole ring was also studied. The relative potency to histamine of 4-methylhistamine (4-MeHA) at the H4R (67%) was similar to that reported at H2 receptors but, owing to its high affinity at the H4R (Ki = 7.0+/-1.2 nM) and very low potency at H1- and H3-receptors, it can be considered as a potent and selective H4R agonist. On inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP formation, all the compounds tested, including 4-MeHA, behaved as full agonists at both receptors. However, the maximal inhibition achieved at the H4R (approximately -30%) was much lower than at the H3R (approximately -80%). Thioperamide behaved as an inverse agonist at both receptors and increased cAMP formation with the same maximal effect (approximately +25%). In conclusion, although the pharmacological profiles of the human H3R and H4R overlap, the structure-activity relationships of histamine derivatives at both receptors strongly differ and lead to the identification of selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gbahou
- INSERM, Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U573), Centre Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Ludwig Vincent
- INSERM, Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U573), Centre Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Humbert-Claude
- INSERM, Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U573), Centre Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Joel Tardivel-Lacombe
- INSERM, Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U573), Centre Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Claude Chabret
- INSERM, Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U573), Centre Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Arrang
- INSERM, Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U573), Centre Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
- Author for correspondence:
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5
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Nagy PI, Tejada FR, Messer WS. Theoretical Studies of the Tautomeric Equilibria for Five-Member N-Heterocycles in the Gas Phase and in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22588-602. [PMID: 16853941 DOI: 10.1021/jp053076w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tautomeric equilibria have been studied for five-member N-heterocycles and their methyl derivatives in the gas phase and in different solvents with dielectric constants of epsilon = 4.7-78.4. The free energy changes differently for tautomers upon solvation as compared to the gas phase, resulting in a shift of the equilibrium constant in solution. Solvents with increasing dielectric constant produce more negative solute-solvent interaction energies and increasing internal energies. The methyl-substituted imidazole and pyrrazole form delicate equilibria between two tautomeric forms. Depending on the solvent, the methyl-substituted triazoles and tetrazole have one or two major tautomers in solution. When estimating the relative solvation free energies by means of an explicit solvent model and using the FEP/MC method, one observes that the preferred tautomers differ in several cases from those predicted by the continuum solvent model. The 1,2-prototropic shift, as an intramolecular tautomerization path, requires about 50 kcal/mol activation energy for imidazole in the gas phase, and this route is also disfavored in a solution. The calculated activation free energy along the intramolecular path is 48-50 kcal/mol in chloroform and water as compared to a literature value of 13.6 kcal/mol for pyrrazole in DMSO. A molecular dynamics computer experiment favors the formation of an imidazole chain in chloroform, making the 1,3-tautomerization feasible along an intermolecular path in nonprotic solvents. In aqueous solution, one strong N-H...Ow hydrogen bond is formed for each species, whereas all other nitrogens in the ring form weaker, N...HwOw type hydrogen bonds. The tetrahydrofuran solvent acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor and forms N-H... Oether bonds. Molecules of the dichloromethane solvent are in favorable dipole-dipole interactions with the solute. The results obtained are useful in the design of N-heterocyclic ligands forming specified hydrogen bonds with protein side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Nagy
- Center for Drug Design and Development, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA.
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6
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Braña MF, Guisado C, Fernando Alguacil L, Garrido E, Pérez-García C, Ruiz-Gayo M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)cyclopropane carboxylic acids: key intermediates for H3 histamine receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3561-3. [PMID: 12443776 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic methodology to provide cis-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acids is described. These cyclopropanes are useful for the preparation of novel H(3) receptor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Braña
- Departamento de Ciencias Qui;micas, Sección de Qui;mica Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Urb Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28668, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Sasse A, Ligneau X, Rouleau A, Elz S, Ganellin CR, Arrang JM, Schwartz JC, Schunack W, Stark H. Influence of bulky substituents on histamine h(3) receptor agonist/antagonist properties. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4000-10. [PMID: 12190321 DOI: 10.1021/jm020910m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel derivatives of 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanol were designed on the basis of lead compounds belonging to the carbamate or ether series possessing (partial) agonist properties on screening assays of the histamine H(3) receptor. One pair of enantiomers in the series of alpha-methyl-branched chiral carbamates was stereoselectively prepared in high optical yields. Enantiomeric purity was checked by Mosher amide derivatives of precursors and capillary electrophoresis of the final compounds with trimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, and was determined to be >/=95%. The novel compounds were investigated in various histamine H(3) receptor assays in vitro and in vivo. Some compounds displayed partial agonist activity on synaptosomes of rat brain cortex, whereas others exhibited antagonist properties only. Selected compounds were investigated in [(125)I]iodoproxyfan binding studies on the human histamine H(3) receptor and showed high affinity in the nanomolar concentration range. Under in vivo conditions after oral administration to mice, some of the compounds exhibited partial or full agonist activity in the brain at low dosages. The (S)-enantiomer of one pair of chiral carbamates (9) proved to be the eutomer; thus, the (S)-enantiomer was selected for further pharmacological studies. In a peripheral in vivo test model in rats, measuring the level of inhibition of capsaicin-induced plasma extravasation, (S)-9 again proved its high oral agonist potency with full intrinsic activity (ED(50) values of 0.07-0.1 mg/kg depending on tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Sasse
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Stark H, Arrang JM, Ligneau X, Garbarg M, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. The histamine H3 receptor and its ligands. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 38:279-308. [PMID: 11774797 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Stark
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Abstract
H(3)-receptor antagonists activity in terms of -log K(i) for a series of acylated histamine derivatives was modeled using topological indices, namely negentropy (N), molecular redundancy (MRI), and valence connectivity index ((m)x(v)) indices. Excellent results were obtained in multiple regression analysis upon the introduction of a dummy parameter (indicator parameter). Consistent increase in R(2)(A) value indicated that inspite of observed collinearity the proposed models are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, A.P.S. University, -486 003, Rewa, India
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10
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Harusawa S, Imazu T, Takashima S, Araki L, Ohishi H, Kurihara T, Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto Y, Yamatodani A. Synthesis of 4(5)-[5-(Aminomethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl- or 5-(Aminomethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]imidazoles by Efficient Use of a PhSe Group: Application to Novel Histamine H3-Ligands1. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9910637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Harusawa
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomonari Imazu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiichiroh Takashima
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lisa Araki
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohishi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takushi Kurihara
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sakamoto
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamamoto
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamatodani
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, R&D Division, AZWELL, Inc., 2-24-3, Sho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0806, Japan, and School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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De Esch IJ, Vollinga RC, Goubitz K, Schenk H, Appelberg U, Hacksell U, Lemstra S, Zuiderveld OP, Hoffmann M, Leurs R, Menge WM, Timmerman H. Characterization of the binding site of the histamine H3 receptor. 1. Various approaches to the synthesis of 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)cyclopropylamine and histaminergic activity of (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-cyclopropylamine. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1115-22. [PMID: 10197956 DOI: 10.1021/jm9810912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various approaches to the synthesis of all four stereoisomers of 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)cyclopropylamine (cyclopropylhistamine) are described. The rapid and convenient synthesis and resolution of trans-cyclopropylhistamine is reported. The absolute configuration of its enantiomers was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. The distinct trans-cyclopropylhistamine enantiomers were tested for their activity and affinity on the histamine H3 receptor. (1S,2S)-Cyclopropylhistamine (VUF 5297) acts as an agonist both on the rat cortex (pD2 = 7.1; alpha = 0.75) and on guinea pig jejunum (pD2 = 6.6; alpha = 0.75). Its enantiomer, (1R, 2R)-cyclopropylhistamine (VUF 5296), is about 1 order of magnitude less active. Both enantiomers show weak activity on H1 and H2 receptors. All synthetic attempts to cis-cyclopropylhistamine were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the results of this study provide an ideal template for molecular modeling studies of histamine H3 receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J De Esch
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Kovalainen JT, Christiaans JA, Kotisaari S, Laitinen JT, Männistö PT, Tuomisto L, Gynther J. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of new chiral histamine H3-receptor ligands: 2-(R and S)-Amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4(5)-yl)propyl ether derivatives. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1193-202. [PMID: 10197963 DOI: 10.1021/jm980408v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate stereospecificity and the mechanism of activation of the histamine H3-receptor, a series of 2-(R and S)-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4(5)-yl)propyl ether derivatives were synthesized. In these compounds, the structures of the well-known antagonist iodoproxyfan and the full agonists R- or S-(alpha)-methylhistamine were combined in one molecule. The obtained "hybrid" molecules were tested for H3-receptor affinity on rat cerebral cortex. Some selected compounds were further screened for H3-receptor functional activity with GTPgamma[35S] autoradiography studies using rat brain tissue sections. The affinity of all the synthesized compounds (-log Ki = 5.9-7.9) was lower than that found for iodoproxyfan or two of its analogues; however, the compounds showed stereospecificity. The S-configuration of the series of 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4(5)-yl)propyl ether derivatives, which resembles the stereochemistry of R-(alpha)-methylhistamine, was more favorable. Incorporation of an amino group in the propyl chain of iodoproxyfan and analogues did not alter the antagonistic behavior for compounds with an aromatic side chain. However, when also the aromatic moiety was replaced by a cyclohexyl group, the compounds behaved as agonists. This indicates that an interaction between the side chain amino group and the H3-receptor protein is involved in H3-receptor activation. The 2-(S)-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4(5)-yl)propyl cyclohexylmethyl ether (23) has H3-receptor agonistic properties with high affinity for the histamine H3-receptor (-log Ki = 7.9 +/- 0.2) and might serve as a useful tool for further studies concerning drug design and receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Kovalainen
- University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Wolin R, Connolly M, Afonso A, Hey JA, She H, Rivelli MA, Willams SM, West RE. Novel H3 receptor antagonists. Sulfonamide homologs of histamine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2157-62. [PMID: 9873505 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamides derived from 4(5)-(omega-aminoalkyl)-1H-imidazoles containing chain lengths of three- to five-carbons were synthesized. Good to moderate H3 receptor binding affinities were observed for several butyl and pentyl homologs, whereas binding affinities were considerably weaker in the propyl series. Separation of the imidazole ring and the sulfonamide unit by a four- or five-carbon tether afforded potent H3 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wolin
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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14
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Recent Advances in Histamine H3 Receptor Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Medicinal chemistry of histamine H3 receptor agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(98)80030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Khan M, Yates SL, Tedford CE, Kirschbaum K, Phillips JG. Diastereoselective synthesis of trans-2-(1-triphenylmethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acids: key intermediates for the preparation of potent and chiral histamine H3 receptor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)10137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Krause M, Rouleau A, Stark H, Luger P, Garbarg M, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. New potent azomethine prodrugs of the histamine H3-receptor agonist (R)-alpha-methylhistamine containing a heteroarylphenyl partial structure. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1996; 329:209-15. [PMID: 8669985 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19963290407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic value of histamine H3-receptor ligands is under current investigation. On the basis of recently described diary limine prodrugs of the histamine H3-receptor agonist (R)-alpha-methylhistamine (1) as a series of new azomethine prodrugs containing five- and six-membered heterocycles were synthesized and tested for their in vitro hydrolysis rates and in vivo activity after oral application. It was found that electron-deficient six-membered heterocycles drastically destabilized the imine double bond so that these prodrugs decomposed unsuitably fast. On the contrary, prodrugs containing five-membered heterocycles appeared to be highly effective for the CNS delivery of 1, and a remarkable correlation between chemical structure and pharmacokinetic profile was observed. Particularly (R)-4-fluoro-2-[[N-[1-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-propyl]imino] (1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl]phenol (8c), the 2-furanyl analogue 8d, and its 3-furanyl isomer 8e proved to be equipotent to the most potent of recently described halogenated diaryl imine prodrugs of 1. However, in contrast to any other azomethine prodrug, 8c exhibited an incomparably long lasting delivery of 1 in the CNS and can thus be regarded as a 'retard' prodrug. Assuming that a therapeutic indication of histamine H3-receptor agonists will soon be established, these highly potent heteroarylphenyl azomethine prodrugs, which already serve as valuable pharmacological tools, may also become potential drugs in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krause
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The distribution and functions of histamine H3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract is reviewed with particular reference to the effects on gastric acid secretion, mucosal protection, and intestinal motility. Histamine H3 receptor activation has negative effects on acid secretion induced by indirect secretagogues in cats, dogs, and rabbits; less clear effects were found in rats. An inhibitory effect on histamine release induced by different stimuli was observed in rats, rabbits, and dogs after H3 receptor agonists, thus supporting the idea that H3 receptors occur in ECL cells. (R)-alpha-methylhistamine has a marked protective effect against gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rats, being slightly less effective against aspirin and stress. H3 receptor activation decreases the intestinal motility induced by electrical stimulation in a variety of gut preparations, reducing both cholinergic and NANC neurotransmitter release. In this tissue the inhibitory effects mediated by histamine H3 receptors seem to be coupled, via a G protein, to a restriction of Ca2+ access into the nerve terminal; other mechanisms, however, have been suggested in the gastric mucosa. Histamine H3 receptors have already been subdivided into two receptor subtypes, H3A and H3B, the former being the subtype predominant in the gastrointestinal tissue. The increasing availability of selective agonists and antagonists of H3 receptors will unravel possible novel actions and physiological roles of histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bertaccini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Parma, Italy
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19
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Abstract
In this article, we review the recent developments in the field of histamine research. Besides the description of pharmacological tools for the H1, H2 and H3 receptor, specific attention is paid to both the molecular aspects of the receptor proteins, including the recent cloning of the receptor genes, and their respective signal transduction mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Histamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Histamine/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine/classification
- Receptors, Histamine/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H2/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H2/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije, Universiteit, The Netherlands
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Kieć-Kononowicz K, Ligneau X, Stark H, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. Azines and diazines as potential histamine H3-receptor antagonists. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1995; 328:445-50. [PMID: 7611840 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19953280509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In search of structure-activity relationships among histamine H3-receptor antagonists the imidazole ring of known H3-receptor antagonists was replaced by different heteroaromatic ring systems. Thus, azines and diazines with ether (6-13) and carbamate (15-24) moieties as functional groups were synthesized. The obtained compounds did not show significant H3-receptor antagonist activity in vitro (rat brain cortex) or in vivo (mice brain). The new compounds were also screened for H1-receptor antagonist activity on the isolated guinea-pig ileum and for H2-receptor antagonist activity on the isolated spontaneously beating guinea-pig right atrium. The substances showed only weak antagonistic activity at both histamine receptors, H1 and H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Stark H, Lipp R, Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Ligneau X, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. New potent histamine H3-receptor antagonists of the amide type. Eur J Pharm Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(94)00079-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lipp R, Stark H, Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. Synthesis and histamine H3-receptor agonist activity of mono- and dialkyl-substituted histamine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)88228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zingel V, Leschke C, Schunack W. Developments in histamine H1-receptor agonists. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1995; 44:49-85. [PMID: 7644667 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7161-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Zingel
- Byk Gulden Lomberg Chemische Fabrik, Konstanz, Germany
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Leurs R, Vollinga RC, Timmerman H. The medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potentials of ligands of the histamine H3 receptor. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1995; 45:107-65. [PMID: 8545536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7164-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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Schunack W, Stark H. Design of histamine H3-receptor agonists and antagonists. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1994; 19:173-8. [PMID: 7867658 DOI: 10.1007/bf03188918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly potent and selective ligands for the characterization of histamine H3-receptors is reviewed. In the field of agonists stereoselectively methylated derivatives of the natural ligand are found to have the desired pharmacodynamic properties. Pharmacokinetic properties could be improved by forming bioreversible azomethine prodrugs of the primary amine with benzophenone derivatives. In the antagonist field a number of new leads belonging to different chemical classes are discovered. Potential compounds for drug development are identified. The radiolabelled probe [125I]iodoproxyfan shows high potency and selectivity in functional and binding studies. It is a useful compound for binding assays as well as for the detection and localization of histamine H3-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schunack
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Germany
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Stark H, Lipp R, Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Schwartz JC, Schunack W. Acylated and alkylated histamine derivatives as new histamine H3-receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(94)90031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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