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Geurs S, Clarisse D, De Bosscher K, D'hooghe M. The Zinc-Binding Group Effect: Lessons from Non-Hydroxamic Acid Vorinostat Analogs. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37276138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes pursued as drug targets in various cancers and several non-oncological conditions, such as inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. In the past decade, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have emerged as relevant pharmaceuticals, with many efforts devoted to the development of new representatives. However, the growing safety concerns regarding the established hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors tend to drive current research more toward the design of inhibitors bearing alternative zinc-binding groups (ZBGs). This Perspective presents an overview of all non-hydroxamic acid ZBGs that have been incorporated into the clinically approved prototypical HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat). This provides the unique opportunity to compare the inhibition potential and biological effects of different ZBGs in a direct way, as the compounds selected for this Perspective differ only in their ZBG. To that end, different strategies used to select a ZBG, its properties, activity, and liabilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Geurs
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Clarisse
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Exploring the role of cathepsin in rheumatoid arthritis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:402-410. [PMID: 35002435 PMCID: PMC8716961 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease which is marked by leukocytes infiltration inside synovial tissue, joints and also inside synovial fluid which causes progressive destruction of joint cartilage. There are numerous genetical and lifestyle factors, responsible for rheumatoid arthritis. One such factor can be cysteine cathepsins, which act as proteolytic enzymes. These proteolytic enzyme gets activated at acidic pH and are found in lysosomes and are also termed as cysteine proteases. These proteases belong to papain family and have their elucidated role in musculoskeletal disorders. Numerous cathepsins have their targeted role in rheumatoid arthritis. These proteases are secreted through various cell types which includes matrix metalloproteases and papain like cysteine proteases. These proteases can potentially lead to bone and cartilage destruction which causes an immune response in case of inflammatory arthritis.
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Joshi D, Milligan JC, Zeisner TU, O'Reilly N, Diffley JFX, Papageorgiou G. An improved method for the incorporation of fluoromethyl ketones into solid phase peptide synthesis techniques. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20457-20464. [PMID: 34178310 PMCID: PMC8185805 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved and expedient technique for the synthesis of peptidyl-fluoromethyl ketones is described. The methodology is based on prior coupling of an aspartate fluoromethyl ketone to a linker and mounting it onto resin-bound methylbenzhydrylamine hydrochloride. Subsequently, by utilising standard Fmoc peptide procedures, a number of short Z-protected peptides were synthesised and assessed as possible inhibitors of the main protease from SARS-CoV-2 (3CLpro). An improved and expedient technique for the synthesis of peptidyl-fluoromethyl ketones is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhira Joshi
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK +44 (0)203 796 2359
| | - Jennifer C Milligan
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK
| | - Theresa U Zeisner
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK
| | - Nicola O'Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK +44 (0)203 796 2359
| | - John F X Diffley
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK
| | - George Papageorgiou
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK +44 (0)203 796 2359
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Peptidyl Fluoromethyl Ketones and Their Applications in Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174031. [PMID: 32899354 PMCID: PMC7504820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones occupy a pivotal role in the current scenario of synthetic chemistry, thanks to their numerous applications as inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes. The insertion of one or more fluorine atoms adjacent to a C-terminal ketone moiety greatly modifies the physicochemical properties of the overall substrate, especially by increasing the reactivity of this functionalized carbonyl group toward nucleophiles. The main application of these peptidyl α-fluorinated ketones in medicinal chemistry relies in their ability to strongly and selectively inhibit serine and cysteine proteases. These compounds can be used as probes to study the proteolytic activity of the aforementioned proteases and to elucidate their role in the insurgence and progress on several diseases. Likewise, if the fluorinated methyl ketone moiety is suitably connected to a peptidic backbone, it may confer to the resulting structure an excellent substrate peculiarity and the possibility of being recognized by a specific subclass of human or pathogenic proteases. Therefore, peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones are also currently highly exploited for the target-based design of compounds for the treatment of topical diseases such as various types of cancer and viral infections.
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Abstract
The article discusses the basic properties of fluorine atom that have made it so useful in drug development. It presents several examples of therapeutically useful drugs acting against many life-threatening diseases along with the mechanism as to how fluorine influences the drug activity. It has been pointed out that fluorine, due to its ability to increase the lipophilicity of the molecule, greatly affects the hydrophobic interaction between the drug molecule and the receptor. Because of its small size, it hardly produces any steric effect, rather due to electronic properties enters into electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions. Thus, it greatly affects the drug-receptor interaction and leads to increase the activity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India
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6
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Soley J, Chiu E, Chung R, Green J, Hein JE, Taylor SD. Synthesis of β-Ketosulfonamides Derived from Amino Acids and Their Conversion to β-Keto-α,α-difluorosulfonamides via Electrophilic Fluorination. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11157-11165. [PMID: 29019682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Ketosulfonamides derived from Boc or Cbz-protected amino acids bearing hydrophobic side chains were prepared in good to excellent yield by treating N-allyl, N-alkyl methanesulfonamides with n-BuLi, followed by reaction of the resulting carbanion with methyl esters of N-protected l-amino acids. The analogous reaction using the dianion derived from an N-alkyl methanesulfonamide proceeded in much lower yield. Electrophilic fluorination of the β-ketosulfonamides using Selectfluor in the presence of CsF in DMF at room temperature for 15-60 min provided β-keto-α,α-difluorosulfonamides in good to excellent yields. The allyl protecting group could be removed in good yield using cat. Pd(PPh)3)4 and dimethyl barbituric acid. When the fluorination reaction was performed with Cs2CO3 as base, β-ketosulfonamides derived from Val, Leu or Ile gave the expected β-keto-α,α-difluorosulfonamides, while β-ketosulfonamides derived from Ala, Phe, or hPhe gave the hydrates of the imino β-keto-α,α-difluorosulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Soley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Edmond Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ryan Chung
- University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeremy Green
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals , 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jason E Hein
- University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Scott D Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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7
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2-Oxoesters: A Novel Class of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cytosolic Group IVA Phospholipase A 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7025. [PMID: 28765606 PMCID: PMC5539244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the only PLA2 that exhibits a marked preference for hydrolysis of arachidonic acid containing phospholipid substrates releasing free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids and giving rise to the generation of diverse lipid mediators involved in inflammatory conditions. Thus, the development of potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed a novel class of such inhibitors based on the 2-oxoester functionality. This functionality in combination with a long aliphatic chain or a chain carrying an appropriate aromatic system, such as the biphenyl system, and a free carboxyl group leads to highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors (XI(50) values 0.00007–0.00008) and docking studies aid in understanding this selectivity. A methyl 2-oxoester, with a short chain carrying a naphthalene ring, was found to preferentially inhibit the other major intracellular PLA2, the calcium-independent PLA2. In RAW264.7 macrophages, treatment with the most potent 2-oxoester GIVA cPLA2 inhibitor resulted in over 50% decrease in KLA-elicited prostaglandin D2 production. The novel, highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors provide excellent tools for the study of the role of the enzyme and could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Mallik S, Bhajammanavar V, Ramakrishna I, Baidya M. Cross-Aldol Reaction of Activated Carbonyls with Nitrosocarbonyl Intermediates: Stereoselective Synthesis toward α-Hydroxy-β-amino Esters and Amides. Org Lett 2017; 19:3843-3846. [PMID: 28700246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A practical and flexible strategy toward α-hydroxy-β-amino esters and amides, which are important biological motifs, based on an organocatalytic cross-aldol reaction of in situ-generated nitrosocarbonyl intermediates followed by hydrogenation is presented. The protocol features operational simplicity, high yields, a wide substrate scope, and high regio- and diastereoselectivity profiles. The utility of this method was showcased through the synthesis of bestatin analogues and indole formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitava Mallik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinod Bhajammanavar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Isai Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Wu W, Tian Q, Chen T, Weng Z. Copper-Mediated Trifluoroacetylation of Arenediazonium Salts with Ethyl Trifluoropyruvate. Chemistry 2016; 22:16455-16458. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Qinli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Taotao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
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10
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Hodge CN, Aldrich PE, Fernandez CH, Otto MJ, Rayner MM, Wong YN, Erickson-Viitanen S. Studies on Orally Available Inhibitors of HIV Protease. Peptidyl Aldehydes and Trifluoromethyl Ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors of HIV protease that reach in vivo plasma concentrations after oral administration substantiailly in excess of the antiviral IC90 are described. We also report efforts to improve the potency and stability of these compounds that culminated in a series of peptidyl trifluoromethyl ketones with increased potency but decreased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Hodge
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - P. E. Aldrich
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - C. H. Fernandez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - M. J. Otto
- Department of Virology Research, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - M. M. Rayner
- Department of Virology Research, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - Y. N. Wong
- Department of Drug Metabolism, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - S. Erickson-Viitanen
- Department of Virology Research, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
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11
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Zhang X, Heng S, Abell AD. Photoregulation of α-Chymotrypsin Activity by Spiropyran-Based Inhibitors in Solution and Attached to an Optical Fiber. Chemistry 2015; 21:10703-13. [PMID: 26100654 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here the synthesis and characterization of a new class of spiropyran-based protease inhibitor is reported that can be reversibly photoswitched between an active spiropyran (SP) isomer and a less active merocyanine (MC) isomer upon irradiation with UV and visible light, respectively, both in solution and on a surface of a microstructured optical fiber (MOF). The most potent inhibitor in the series (SP-3 b) has a C-terminal phenylalanyl-based α-ketoester group and inhibits α-chymotrypsin with a Ki of 115 nM. An analogue containing a C-terminal Weinreb amide (SP-2 d) demonstrated excellent stability and photoswitching in solution and was attached to the surface of a MOF. The SP isomer of Weinreb amide 2 d is a competitive reversible inhibitor in solution and also on fiber, while the corresponding MC isomer was significantly less active in both media. The ability of this new class of spiropyran-based protease inhibitor to modulate enzyme activity on a MOF paves the way for sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005 (Australia)
| | - Sabrina Heng
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005 (Australia)
| | - Andrew D Abell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005 (Australia).
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12
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Kawase M, Saijo R, Kurihara KI. 4-Trifluoroacetyl-2-phenyloxazol-5-one: Versatile Template for Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Surapanich N, Kuhakarn C, Pohmakotr M, Reutrakul V. Palladium-Mediated Heck-Type Reactions of [(Bromodifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]benzene: Synthesis of α-Alkenyl- and α-Heteroaryl-Substituted α,α-Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfones. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Roiban GD, Matache M, Hădade ND, Funeriu DP. A general solid phase method for the synthesis of sequence independent peptidyl-fluoromethyl ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4516-23. [PMID: 22543859 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present here a new, general, solid phase strategy for the synthesis of sequence independent peptidyl-fluoromethyl ketones using standard Fmoc peptide chemistry. Our method is based on the synthesis of bifunctional linkers which allows the incorporation of amino acid fluoromethyl ketone unit at the C-terminal end of peptide sequences. Application of this approach for the synthesis of activity based probes for SENPs is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe-Doru Roiban
- Department of Chemistry, Marie Curie Excellence Team, Technical University München, 4 Lichtenberg str. 85748, Garching, Germany
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15
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16
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Mlostoń G, Obijalska E, Heimgartner H. Synthesis of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols and their applications in organic synthesis. J Fluor Chem 2010; 131:829-843. [PMID: 32287377 PMCID: PMC7125969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview on methods applied for syntheses of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols, including stereocontrolled variants, is presented. In addition, reported cases of the exploration of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols for the preparation of trifluoromethylated peptidomimetics and other biologically active, fluorinated compounds are discussed. Attractive opportunities for their applications as organocatalysts are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403, Łódź, Poland
| | - Emilia Obijalska
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403, Łódź, Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Pearson D, Abell A. Structural Optimization of Photoswitch Ligands for Surface Attachment of α-Chymotrypsin and Regulation of Its Surface Binding. Chemistry 2010; 16:6983-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Inglis SR, Zervosen A, Woon ECY, Gerards T, Teller N, Fischer DS, Luxen A, Schofield CJ. Synthesis and evaluation of 3-(dihydroxyboryl)benzoic acids as D,D-carboxypeptidase R39 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6097-106. [PMID: 19731939 DOI: 10.1021/jm9009718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze steps in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls and are the targets for the beta-lactam antibiotics. Non-beta-lactam based antibiotics that target PBPs are of interest because bacteria have evolved resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Boronic acids have been developed as inhibitors of the mechanistically related serine beta-lactamases and serine proteases; however, they have not been explored extensively as PBP inhibitors. Here we report aromatic boronic acid inhibitors of the D,D-carboxypeptidase R39 from Actinomadura sp. strain. Analogues of an initially identified inhibitor [3-(dihydroxyboryl)benzoic acid 1, IC(50) 400 microM] were prepared via routes involving pinacol boronate esters, which were deprotected via a two-stage procedure involving intermediate trifluorborate salts that were hydrolyzed to provide the free boronic acids. 3-(Dihydroxyboryl)benzoic acid analogues containing an amide substituent in the meta, but not ortho position were up to 17-fold more potent inhibitors of the R39 PBP and displayed some activity against other PBPs. These compounds may be useful for the development of even more potent boronic acid based PBP inhibitors with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.
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19
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Palmieri A, Ley SV, Polyzos A, Ladlow M, Baxendale IR. Continuous flow based catch and release protocol for the synthesis of alpha-ketoesters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:23. [PMID: 19590738 PMCID: PMC2707014 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of commercially available mesofluidic flow equipment and tubes packed with immobilised reagents and scavengers, a new synthesis of alpha-ketoesters is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palmieri
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Melbourne, Australia, 3169
| | - Mark Ladlow
- Uniqsis, Shepreth, Cambridgeshire, SG8 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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21
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Rasbach KA, Arrington DD, Odejinmi S, Giguere C, Beeson CC, Schnellmann RG. Identification and optimization of a novel inhibitor of mitochondrial calpain 10. J Med Chem 2009; 52:181-8. [PMID: 19072163 DOI: 10.1021/jm800735d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpain 10 has been localized to the mitochondria and is a key mediator of Ca(2+) induced mitochondrial dysfunction. A peptide screen followed by a series of modifications identified the homodisulfide form of CYGAK (CYGAK)(2) as an inhibitor of calpain 10 while showing no inhibitory activity against calpain 1. Methylation or truncation of the N-terminal cysteine significantly reduced the inhibitory activity of (CYGAK)(2) and inhibition was reversed by reducing agents, suggesting that CYGAK forms a disulfide with a cysteine near the active site. Data suggests CYGAK may be a P' calpain inhibitor and may achieve its specificity through this mechanism. CYGAK inhibited calpain activity in intact mitochondria, renal cells, and hepatocytes, prevented Ca(2+) induced cleavage of NDUFV2, and blocked Ca(2+) induced state III dysfunction. (CYGAK)(2) is the first P' specific calpain inhibitor and will be a valuable tool to prevent Ca(2+) induced mitochondrial dysfunction and explore the function of calpain 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Rasbach
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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22
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Wei L, Makowski T, Martinez C, Ghosh A. Efficient synthesis of (R)-3-amino-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol via a Dakin–West reaction followed by enantioselective reduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Ma JA, Cahard D. Update 1 of: Asymmetric fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Rev 2008; 108:PR1-43. [PMID: 18798358 DOI: 10.1021/cr800221v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Pearson D, Alexander N, Abell A. Improved Photocontrol of α-Chymotrypsin Activity: Peptidomimetic Trifluoromethylketone Photoswitch Enzyme Inhibitors. Chemistry 2008; 14:7358-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Funabiki K, Shibata A, Iwata H, Hatano K, Kubota Y, Komura K, Ebihara M, Matsui M. Asymmetric Synthesis of (αR)-Polyfluoroalkylated Prolinols Based on the Perfluoroalkyl-Induced Highly Stereoselective Reduction of Perfluoroalkyl N-Boc-pyrrolidyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4694-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8004952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Funabiki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akitsugu Shibata
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwata
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hatano
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi Komura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsui
- Department of Materials Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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26
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Shao YM, Yang WB, Kuo TH, Tsai KC, Lin CH, Yang AS, Liang PH, Wong CH. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of trifluoromethyl ketones as inhibitors of SARS-CoV 3CL protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4652-60. [PMID: 18329272 PMCID: PMC7127754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of trifluoromethyl ketones as SARS-CoV 3CL protease inhibitors was developed. The inhibitors were synthesized in four steps from commercially available compounds. Three different amino acids were explored in the P1-position and in the P2–P4 positions varying amino acids and long alkyl chain were incorporated. All inhibitors were evaluated in an in vitro assay using purified enzyme and fluorogenic substrate peptide. One of the inhibitors showed a time-dependent inhibition, with a Ki value of 0.3 μM after 4 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Shao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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27
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Pearson D, Downard AJ, Muscroft-Taylor A, Abell AD. Reversible Photoregulation of Binding of α-Chymotrypsin to a Gold Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14862-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0766674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew D. Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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28
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Kukhar' VP, Svistunova NY, Solodenko VA, Soloshonok VA. Asymmetric synthesis of fluorine- and phosphorus-containing analogues of aminoacids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1993v062n03abeh000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Weik S, Luksch T, Evers A, Böttcher J, Sotriffer CA, Hasilik A, Löffler HG, Klebe G, Rademann J. The potential of P1 site alterations in peptidomimetic protease inhibitors as suggested by virtual screening and explored by the use of C-C-coupling reagents. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:445-57. [PMID: 16892380 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic concept is presented that allows the construction of peptide isostere libraries through polymer-supported C-acylation reactions. A phosphorane linker reagent is used as a carbanion equivalent; by employing MSNT as a coupling reagent, the C-acylation can be conducted without racemization. Diastereoselective reduction was effected with L-selectride. The reagent linker allows the preparation of a norstatine library with full variation of the isosteric positions including the P1 side chain that addresses the protease S1 pocket. Therefore, the concept was employed to investigate the P1 site specificity of peptide isostere inhibitors systematically. The S1 pocket of several aspartic proteases including plasmepsin II and cathepsin D was modeled and docked with approximately 500 amino acid side chains. Inspired by this virtual screen, a P1 site mutation library was designed, synthesized, and screened against three aspartic proteases (plasmepsin II, HIV protease, and cathepsin D). The potency of norstatine inhibitors was found to depend strongly on the P1 substituent. Large, hydrophobic residues such as biphenyl, 4-bromophenyl, and 4-nitrophenyl enhanced the inhibitory activity (IC50) by up to 70-fold against plasmepsin II. In addition, P1 variation introduced significant selectivity, as up to 9-fold greater activity was found against plasmepsin II relative to human cathepsin D. The active P1 site residues did not fit into the crystal structure; however, molecular dynamics simulation suggested a possible alternative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Weik
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), and Free University Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Rode H, Koerbe S, Besch A, Methling K, Loose J, Otto HH. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of pseudosaccharinamine derivatives as potential elastase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2789-98. [PMID: 16377194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudosaccharinamine derivatives were evaluated for elastase inhibitory activity. Ester derivatives of pseudosaccharinamine displayed reversible and high inhibition of human leukocyte elastase (HLE) as compared to porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Cyanomethyl (2S,3S)-2-(1,1-dioxobenzo[d]isothiazol-3-ylamino)-3-methylpentanoate was found to inhibit HLE at Ki=0.8 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haridas Rode
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
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31
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Ma JA, Cahard D. Asymmetric fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Rev 2005; 104:6119-46. [PMID: 15584697 DOI: 10.1021/cr030143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-An Ma
- UMR 6014 CNRS de Institut de Recherche en Chimie Organique Fine, Université de Rouen, Rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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32
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Iskra J, Bonnet-Delpon D, Bégué JP. Comparative study of the ring opening of 1-CF3-epoxy ethers mediated by Brönsted acids and hexafluoro-2-propanol. J Fluor Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Wells GJ, Bihovsky R. Calpain inhibitors as potential treatment for stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases: recent trends and developments. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.8.12.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Perni RB, Pitlik J, Britt SD, Court JJ, Courtney LF, Deininger DD, Farmer LJ, Gates CA, Harbeson SL, Levin RB, Lin C, Lin K, Moon YC, Luong YP, O'Malley ET, Rao BG, Thomson JA, Tung RD, Van Drie JH, Wei Y. Inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3.4A protease 2. Warhead SAR and optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1441-6. [PMID: 15006379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-ketoamide warhead (e.g., 15) was found to be a practical replacement for aliphatic aldehydes in a series of HCV NS3.4A protease inhibitors. Structure-activity relationships and prime side optimization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Perni
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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35
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Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence demonstrate that calpains, a family of 14 Ca(2+)-activated neutral cysteine proteases, are involved in oncotic cell death in a variety of models. At this time, the biochemistry of most calpains and the specific roles of different calpains in physiology and pathology remain to be determined. A number of calpain substrates have been identified in cellular systems, including cytoskeletal proteins, and recent studies suggest that calpains mediate the increase in plasma membrane permeability to ions and the progressive breakdown of the plasma membrane observed in oncosis through the proteolysis of cystokeletal and plasma membrane proteins. Further, a number of reports provide evidence that the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in oncosis may be mediated by a mitochondrial calpain of unknown identity. Finally, a number of diverse calpain inhibitors have been developed that show cytoprotective properties in cellular systems and in vivo following diverse insults. It is suggested that future research be directed toward elucidation of the role(s) of specific calpain isozymes in physiological and pathological conditions; identifying and linking specific calpain substrates with altered cellular functions; and developing cell-permeable, potent, isozyme-selective calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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36
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Hon YS, Liu YW, Hsieh CH. Dibromomethane as one-carbon source in organic synthesis: a versatile methodology to prepare the cyclic and acyclic α-methylene or α-keto acid derivatives from the corresponding terminal alkenes. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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38
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Wasserman HH, Petersen AK, Xia M. Application of acyl cyanophosphorane methodology to the synthesis of protease inhibitors: poststatin, eurystatin, phebestin, probestin and bestatin. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Johansson A, Poliakov A, Akerblom E, Wiklund K, Lindeberg G, Winiwarter S, Danielson UH, Samuelsson B, Hallberg A. Acyl sulfonamides as potent protease inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus full-Length NS3 (protease-helicase/NTPase): a comparative study of different C-terminals. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2551-68. [PMID: 12757723 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and inhibitory potencies of three types of protease inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) full-length NS3 (protease-helicase/NTPase) are reported: (i) inhibitors comprising electrophilic serine traps (pentafluoroethyl ketones, alpha-keto acids, and alpha-ketotetrazoles), (ii) product-based inhibitors comprising a C-terminal carboxylate group, and (iii) previously unexplored inhibitors comprising C-terminal carboxylic acid bioisosteres (tetrazoles and acyl sulfonamides). Bioisosteric replacement with the tetrazole group provided inhibitors equally potent to the corresponding carboxylates, and substitution with the phenyl acyl sulfonamide group yielded more potent inhibitors. The hexapeptide inhibitors Suc-Asp-D-Glu-Leu-Ile-Cha-Nva-NHSO(2)Ph and Suc-Asp-D-Glu-Leu-Ile-Cha-ACPC-NHSO(2)Ph with K(i) values of 13.6 and 3.8 nM, respectively, were approximately 20 times more potent than the corresponding inhibitors with a C-terminal carboxylate and were comparable to the carboxylate-based inhibitor containing the native cysteine, Suc-Asp-D-Glu-Leu-Ile-Cha-Cys-OH (K(i)=28 nM). The acyl sulfonamide group constitutes a very promising C-terminal functionality that allows for prime site optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Johansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Zhu S, Jin G, Xu Y. A new method for the synthesis of N-protected β-amino-α-keto esters from fluoroalkanesulfonylazides and α-keto esters. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Frey RR, Wada CK, Garland RB, Curtin ML, Michaelides MR, Li J, Pease LJ, Glaser KB, Marcotte PA, Bouska JJ, Murphy SS, Davidsen SK. Trifluoromethyl ketones as inhibitors of histone deacetylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3443-7. [PMID: 12419380 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl ketones were found to be inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Optimization of this series led to the identification of submicromolar inhibitors such as 20 that demonstrated antiproliferative effects against the HT1080 and MDA 435 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Frey
- Cancer Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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42
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Yemets S, Bandera Y, Timoshenko V, Shermolvich Y. Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-2H-thiins and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiins based on 1-benzylsulfonyl-1,1-dihydropolyfluoroalkan-2-ones. J Fluor Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(02)00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Greco MN, Hawkins MJ, Powell ET, Almond HR, Corcoran TW, de Garavilla L, Kauffman JA, Recacha R, Chattopadhyay D, Andrade-Gordon P, Maryanoff BE. Nonpeptide inhibitors of cathepsin G: optimization of a novel beta-ketophosphonic acid lead by structure-based drug design. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3810-1. [PMID: 11942800 DOI: 10.1021/ja017506h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease cathepsin G (EC 3.4.21.20; Cat G), which is stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and released on degranulation, has been implicated in various pathological conditions associated with inflammation. By employing high-throughput screening, we identified beta-ketophosphonic acid 1 as a moderate inhibitor of Cat G (IC(50) = 4.1 microM). We were fortunate to obtain a cocrystal of 1 with Cat G and solve its structure by X-ray crystallography (3.5 A). Structural details from the X-ray analysis of 1.Cat G served as a platform for optimization of this lead compound by structure-based drug design. With the aid of molecular modeling, substituents were attached to the 3-position of the 2-naphthyl ring of 1, which occupies the S1 pocket of Cat G, to provide an extension into the hydrophobic S3 region. Thus, we arrived at analogue 7 with an 80-fold potency improvement over 1 (IC(50) = 53 nM). From these results, it is evident that the beta-ketophosphonic acid unit can form the basis for a novel class of serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Greco
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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44
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Vidal A, Nefzi A, Houghten RA. Solid-phase synthesis of alpha,alpha-difluoro-beta-amino acids via the Reformatsky reaction. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8268-72. [PMID: 11722240 DOI: 10.1021/jo010872z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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45
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Harvey AJ, Abell AD. Alpha-ketoester-based photobiological switches: synthesis, peptide chain extension and assay against alpha-chymotrypsin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2441-4. [PMID: 11549442 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, photoisomerism and biological testing of two peptide-based photoswitchable inhibitors of alpha-chymotrypsin are presented. The use of a dipeptide recognition sequence gave a 'slow-tight binding' inhibitor, while the introduction of a carbamate linker to the azobenzene gave a modest enhancement in photoswitching of enzyme activity for the photostationary state enriched in the (Z)-isomer over the (E)-isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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46
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47
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Akahoshi F, Ashimori A, Yoshimura T, Imada T, Nakajima M, Mitsutomi N, Kuwahara S, Ohtsuka T, Fukaya C, Miyazaki M, Nakamura N. Non-peptidic inhibitors of human chymase. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic profiles of a series of 5-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-containing trifluoromethyl ketones. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:301-15. [PMID: 11249123 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chymase possesses a wide variety of actions, including promotion of angiotensin II production and histamine release from mast cells. However, due to a lack of effective inhibitors featuring both high inhibitory activity and high metabolic stability, the pathophysiological role of chymase has not been fully elucidated. We designed non-peptidic inhibitors based on the predicted binding mode of the peptidic chymase inhibitor Val-Pro-Phe-CF3 and demonstrated that the Val-Pro unit is replaceable with a (5-amino-6-oxo-2-phenyl-1,6-dihydro-1-pyrimidinyl)acetyl moiety. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that phenyl substitution at the 2-position of the pyrimidinone ring is indispensable for high activity. The most potent compound 1h (Ki = 0.0506 microM) is superior in potency to the parent peptidic inhibitor Val-Pro-Phe-CF3 and has good selectivity for chymase over other proteases. The related analogue 1e was orally absorbed and maintained high plasma levels for at least 2h. These results suggest that the derivatives reported here could be developed as agents for treatment of chymase-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akahoshi
- Drug Discovery Laboratories, Welfide Corporation, Osaka, Japan.
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48
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Vaquero JJ, Alvarez-Builla J. Cycloimmonium salts and their ylides and related compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1521-4478(00)80006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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49
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Garrett GS, McPhail SJ, Tornheim K, Correa PE, McIver JM. Synthesis of potent and selective inhibitors of human plasma kallikrein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:301-6. [PMID: 10091673 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and in vitro enzyme inhibition profile of a series of novel trifluoromethylketone (TFMK) inhibitors of human plasma kallikrein (PK) are described. We have developed an efficient method for the construction of peptide TFMKs that provides the final product devoid of compromised stereochemical integrity. Many of these compounds are potent inhibitors of PK and exhibit reduced inhibition of tissue kallikrein (TK) and plasmin (HP).
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Garrett
- Corporate Research Division, Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
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50
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Poupart MA, Fazal G, Goulet S, Mar LT. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptidyl Trifluoromethyl Ketones. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9815204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Poupart
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Bio-Méga Research Division, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Gulrez Fazal
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Bio-Méga Research Division, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Sylvie Goulet
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Bio-Méga Research Division, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Ly Thy Mar
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Bio-Méga Research Division, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5
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