1
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Larda S, Ayotte Y, Denk MM, Coote P, Heffron G, Bendahan D, Shahout F, Girard N, Iddir M, Bouchard P, Bilodeau F, Woo S, Farmer LJ, LaPlante SR. Robust Strategy for Hit-to-Lead Discovery: NMR for SAR. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13416-13427. [PMID: 37732695 PMCID: PMC10578354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Establishing robust structure-activity relationships (SARs) is key to successful drug discovery campaigns, yet it often remains elusive due to screening and hit validation artifacts (false positives and false negatives), which frequently result in unproductive downstream expenditures of time and resources. To address this issue, we developed an integrative biophysics-driven strategy that expedites hit-to-lead discovery, mitigates false positives/negatives and common hit validation errors, and provides a robust approach to obtaining accurate binding and affinity measurements. The advantage of this method is that it vastly improves the clarity and reproducibility for affinity-driven SAR by monitoring and eliminating confounding factors. We demonstrate the ease at which high-quality micromolar binders can be generated from the initial millimolar fragment screening hits against an "undruggable" protein target, HRas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yann Ayotte
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Maria M. Denk
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Paul Coote
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Gregory Heffron
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Bendahan
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Fatma Shahout
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | | | - Mustapha Iddir
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | | | | | - Simon Woo
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Luc J. Farmer
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Steven R. LaPlante
- NMX
Research and Solutions Inc., Laval H7V 5B7, Canada
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
- Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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2
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Farmer LJ, Clark MP, Boyd MJ, Perola E, Jones SM, Tsai A, Jacobs MD, Bandarage UK, Ledeboer MW, Wang T, Deng H, Ledford B, Gu W, Duffy JP, Bethiel RS, Shannon D, Byrn RA, Leeman JR, Rijnbrand R, Bennett HB, O’Brien C, Memmott C, Nti-Addae K, Bennani YL, Charifson PS. Discovery of Novel, Orally Bioavailable β-Amino Acid Azaindole Inhibitors of Influenza PB2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:256-260. [PMID: 28197322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In our efforts to develop novel small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of influenza, we utilized molecular modeling and the X-ray crystal structure of the PB2 subunit of the influenza polymerase to optimize a series of acyclic β-amino acid inhibitors, highlighted by compound 4. Compound 4 showed good oral exposure in both rat and mouse. More importantly, it showed strong potency versus multiple influenza-A strains, including pandemic 2009 H1N1 and avian H5N1 strains and showed a strong efficacy profile in a mouse influenza model even when treatment was initiated 48 h after infection. Compound 4 offers good oral bioavailability with great potential for the treatment of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael P. Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marc D. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dean Shannon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randal A. Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua R. Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rene Rijnbrand
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hamilton B. Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Colleen O’Brien
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christine Memmott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kwame Nti-Addae
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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3
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Farmer LJ, Ledeboer MW, Hoock T, Arnost MJ, Bethiel RS, Bennani YL, Black JJ, Brummel CL, Chakilam A, Dorsch WA, Fan B, Cochran JE, Halas S, Harrington EM, Hogan JK, Howe D, Huang H, Jacobs DH, Laitinen LM, Liao S, Mahajan S, Marone V, Martinez-Botella G, McCarthy P, Messersmith D, Namchuk M, Oh L, Penney MS, Pierce AC, Raybuck SA, Rugg A, Salituro FG, Saxena K, Shannon D, Shlyakter D, Swenson L, Tian SK, Town C, Wang J, Wang T, Wannamaker MW, Winquist RJ, Zuccola HJ. Discovery of VX-509 (Decernotinib): A Potent and Selective Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7195-216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Thomas Hoock
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Arnost
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - James J. Black
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher L. Brummel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Warren A. Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Bin Fan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John E. Cochran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Summer Halas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Edmund M. Harrington
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - James K. Hogan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Howe
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dylan H. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Leena M. Laitinen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shengkai Liao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sudipta Mahajan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Valerie Marone
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Pamela McCarthy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Messersmith
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Luke Oh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marina S. Penney
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Albert C. Pierce
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Scott A. Raybuck
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Arthur Rugg
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kumkum Saxena
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dean Shannon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dina Shlyakter
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Lora Swenson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shi-Kai Tian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher Town
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Woods Wannamaker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond J. Winquist
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Harmon J. Zuccola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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4
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Legako JF, Brooks JC, O'Quinn TG, Hagan TDJ, Polkinghorne R, Farmer LJ, Miller MF. Consumer palatability scores and volatile beef flavor compounds of five USDA quality grades and four muscles. Meat Sci 2015; 100:291-300. [PMID: 25460139 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proximate data, consumer palatability scores and volatile compounds were investigated for four beef muscles (Longissimus lumborum, Psoas major, Semimembranosus and Gluteus medius) and five USDA quality grades(Prime, Upper 2/3 Choice, Low Choice, Select, and Standard). Quality grade did not directly affect consumer scores or volatiles but interactions (P < 0.05) between muscle and grade were determined. Consumer scores and volatiles differed (P < 0.05) between muscles. Consumers scored Psoas major highest for tenderness, juiciness, flavor liking and overall liking, followed by Longissimus lumborum, Gluteus medius, and Semimembranosus (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis revealed clustering of compound classes, formed by related mechanisms. Volatile n-aldehydes were inversely related to percent fat. Increases in lipid oxidation compounds were associated with Gluteus medius and Semimembranosus, while greater quantities of sulfur-containing compounds were associated with Psoas major. Relationships between palatability scores and volatile compound classes suggest that differences in the pattern of volatile compounds may play a valuable role in explaining consumer liking.
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5
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Oltra OR, Farmer LJ, Gordon AW, Moss BW, Birnie J, Devlin DJ, Tolland ELC, Tollerton IJ, Beattie AM, Kennedy JT, Farrell D. Identification of sensory attributes, instrumental and chemical measurements important for consumer acceptability of grilled lamb Longissimus lumborum. Meat Sci 2015; 100:97-109. [PMID: 25460112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, important eating quality attributes that influence consumer liking for grilled lamb loin have been identified using preference mapping techniques. The eating quality attributes identified as driving the consumer liking of lamb loin steaks were “tenderness”, “sweet flavour”, “meaty aftertaste”, “roast lamb flavour” and “roast lamb aftertaste”. In contrast, the texture attribute “rubbery” and the flavour attributes “bitter flavour” and "bitter aftertaste" had a negative influence on consumer perceptions. Associations were observed between eating quality and a number of instrumental and chemical measurements. Warner Bratzler Shear Force showed an association with “rubbery” texture and a negative association with “tenderness” and consumer liking scores. The compounds, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, inosine, inosine monophosphate and adenosine monophosphate were associated with the attributes, “sweet flavour”,“meaty aftertaste”, “roast lamb flavour”, “roast lamb aftertaste” and with consumer scores for liking of lamb which is probably caused by the role some of these compounds play as precursors of flavour and as taste compounds.
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6
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Clark MP, Ledeboer MW, Davies I, Byrn RA, Jones SM, Perola E, Tsai A, Jacobs M, Nti-Addae K, Bandarage UK, Boyd MJ, Bethiel RS, Court JJ, Deng H, Duffy JP, Dorsch WA, Farmer LJ, Gao H, Gu W, Jackson K, Jacobs DH, Kennedy JM, Ledford B, Liang J, Maltais F, Murcko M, Wang T, Wannamaker MW, Bennett HB, Leeman JR, McNeil C, Taylor WP, Memmott C, Jiang M, Rijnbrand R, Bral C, Germann U, Nezami A, Zhang Y, Salituro FG, Bennani YL, Charifson PS. Discovery of a Novel, First-in-Class, Orally Bioavailable Azaindole Inhibitor (VX-787) of Influenza PB2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6668-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5007275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randal A. Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marc Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kwame Nti-Addae
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John J. Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Warren A. Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Huai Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Katrina Jackson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dylan H. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kennedy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jianglin Liang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - François Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Murcko
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Woods Wannamaker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hamilton B. Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua R. Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Colleen McNeil
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William P. Taylor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christine Memmott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Min Jiang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rene Rijnbrand
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher Bral
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, 465 Science Drive, Suite C, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Ursula Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Azin Nezami
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Yuegang Zhang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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7
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Farmer LJ, Marron KS, Canan Koch SS, Hwang CK, Kallel EA, Zhi L, Nadzan AM, Robertson DW, Bennani YL. Aza-retinoids as novel retinoid X receptor-specific agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:2352-6. [PMID: 16364638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new structurally simple series of potent lipophilic aza-retinoids RXR agonists has been developed. SAR studies for the N-alkyl-azadienoic acids described here demonstrate that the RXR activity profile is sensitive to the N-alkyl chain length. Further, we have expanded the work to include azadienoic acids, which exhibited many accessible conformations leading to a better understanding of the SAR around the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J Farmer
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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8
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Perni RB, Farmer LJ, Cottrell KM, Court JJ, Courtney LF, Deininger DD, Gates CA, Harbeson SL, Kim JL, Lin C, Lin K, Luong YP, Maxwell JP, Murcko MA, Pitlik J, Rao BG, Schairer WC, Tung RD, Van Drie JH, Wilson K, Thomson JA. Inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3.4A protease. Part 3: P2 proline variants. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1939-42. [PMID: 15050632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the identification of an optimized alpha-ketoamide warhead for our series of HCV NS3.4A inhibitors. We report herein a series of HCV protease inhibitors incorporating 3-alkyl-substituted prolines in P(2). These compounds show exceptional enzymatic and cellular potency given their relatively small size. The marked enhancement of activity of these 3-substituted proline derivatives relative to previously reported 4-hydroxyproline derivatives constitutes additional evidence for the importance of the S(2) binding pocket as the defining pharmacophore for inhibition of the NS3.4A enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Perni
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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9
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Perni RB, Pitlik J, Britt SD, Court JJ, Courtney LF, Deininger DD, Farmer LJ, Gates CA, Harbeson SL, Levin RB, Lin C, Lin K, Moon YC, Luong YP, O'Malley ET, Rao BG, Thomson JA, Tung RD, Van Drie JH, Wei Y. Inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3.4A protease 2. Warhead SAR and optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1441-6. [PMID: 15006379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-ketoamide warhead (e.g., 15) was found to be a practical replacement for aliphatic aldehydes in a series of HCV NS3.4A protease inhibitors. Structure-activity relationships and prime side optimization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Perni
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Perni RB, Britt SD, Court JC, Courtney LF, Deininger DD, Farmer LJ, Gates CA, Harbeson SL, Kim JL, Landro JA, Levin RB, Luong YP, O'Malley ET, Pitlik J, Rao BG, Schairer WC, Thomson JA, Tung RD, Van Drie JH, Wei Y. Inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3·4A protease 1. Non-Charged tetrapeptide variants. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4059-63. [PMID: 14592508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapeptide-based peptidomimetic compounds have been shown to effectively inhibit the hepatitis C virus NS3.4A protease without the need of a charged functionality. An aldehyde is used as a prototype reversible electrophilic warhead. The SAR of the P1 and P2 inhibitor positions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Perni
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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11
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Farmer LJ, Zhi L, Jeong S, Lamph WW, Osburn DL, Croston G, Flatten KS, Heyman RA, Nadzan AM. Retinoic acid receptor ligands based on the 6-cyclopropyl-2,4-hexadienoic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:261-4. [PMID: 12482435 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel cyclopropanyl methyl hexadienoic acid retinoids was designed and prepared. These compounds exhibited either selective activity as RXR agonists or pan-agonists on one or more of each of the RAR and RXR isoforms. The most potent pan-agonist 5a (RAR's EC(50)=17-59 nM; RXR's EC(50)=6-14 nM) showed good antiproliferative properties in the in vitro cancer cell lines, ME 180 and RPMI 8226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J Farmer
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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12
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Chevance FF, Farmer LJ, Desmond EM, Novelli E, Troy DJ, Chizzolini R. Effect of some fat replacers on the release of volatile aroma compounds from low-fat meat products. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:3476-3484. [PMID: 10956136 DOI: 10.1021/jf991211u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fat content and carbohydrate fat-replacers on the release of volatile odor compounds from beefburger, salami, and frankfurter has been investigated. The reduction in fat content in any of the three meat products studied resulted in a tendency toward an increase in the quantities of volatiles released in the headspace. Tapioca starch and maltodextrin appear to delay the release of certain classes of compounds selectively; for instance, tapioca starch appears to slow the release of some Maillard products while maltodextrin has a similar effect on terpenes. In contrast, oat fiber decreases the release of most of the compounds analyzed. Thus, the addition of carbohydrate fat-replacers to low-fat meat products could assist the flavor qualities of low-fat meat products by slowing down the release of odor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Chevance
- Department of Food Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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13
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Abstract
More than 100 volatile compounds have been identified in the headspace of frankfurter sausages. Most abundant were the terpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene alcohols, phenyl propanoids, and phenols. Separate analyses of solutions of spices and smoke demonstrated that most of the terpenes were derived from the spices, whereas the phenols originated mostly from the smoke ingredients. Many of the compounds contributing to the overall odor of the frankfurters have been identified. Some odors, characteristic of the smokiness and spiciness of frankfurters, were caused by phenols and terpenes, whereas others were due to compounds derived from the meat fraction; these compounds included aldehydes, ketones, furanthiols, and alicyclic sulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Chevance
- Department of Food Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
The effect of fat content on the release of volatile aroma compounds from frankfurters has been investigated. Although the release of most n-alkanals, alcohols, ketones, and furans was little affected by changes in the fat content of frankfurters, that of monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, terpenes containing oxygen, cyclopentenones, phenyl propanoids, and phenols was greatly increased when the fat content was decreased. Some odors were also detected more frequently in the low-fat than in the full-fat sausages. These included smoky odors, due to phenols, spicy, synthetic, and floral odors due to terpenes, and meaty, roasted odors caused by sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. The release of aroma compounds from frankfurters appears to be closely related to the solvation of these compounds in the lipid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Chevance
- Department of Food Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
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15
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Higuchi RI, Edwards JP, Caferro TR, Ringgenberg JD, Kong JW, Hamann LG, Arienti KL, Marschke KB, Davis RL, Farmer LJ, Jones TK. 4-Alkyl- and 3,4-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-pyridono[5,6-g]quinolines: potent, nonsteroidal androgen receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1335-40. [PMID: 10340624 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of human androgen receptor (hAR) agonists based on 4-alkyl-; 4,4-dialkyl-; and 3,4-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-pyridono[5,6-g]quinoline was synthesized and evaluated in competitive receptor binding assays and an androgen receptor cotransfection assay in a mammalian cell background. A number of compounds in this series demonstrated activity equal to or better than dihydrotestosterone in both assays and represent a novel class of compounds for use in androgen replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Higuchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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16
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Hamann LG, Winn DT, Pooley CL, Tegley CM, West SJ, Farmer LJ, Zhi L, Edwards JP, Marschke KB, Mais DE, Goldman ME, Jones TK. Nonsteroidal progesterone receptor antagonists based on a conformationally-restricted subseries of 6-aryl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2731-6. [PMID: 9873612 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonsteroidal human progesterone receptor (hPR) antagonists based on conformationally-restricted analogues of a 6-aryl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline pharmacophore were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to bind to the human progesterone receptor and inhibit progesterone-stimulated reporter gene expression in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Hamann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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17
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Edwards JP, West SJ, Pooley CL, Marschke KB, Farmer LJ, Jones TK. New nonsteroidal androgen receptor modulators based on 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2(1H)-pyrrolidino[3,2-g] quinolinone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:745-50. [PMID: 9871534 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2(1H)-pyrrolidino[3,2-g]quinolinones was prepared and tested for the ability to modulate the transcriptional activity of the human androgen receptor (hAR). The parent compound, 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2(1H)-pyrrolidino[3,2-g]quinolinone, displayed moderate interaction with hAR, but more substituted analogues, particularly 6,7-disubstituted compounds, were potent hAR agonists in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Edwards
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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18
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Hamann LG, Higuchi RI, Zhi L, Edwards JP, Wang XN, Marschke KB, Kong JW, Farmer LJ, Jones TK. Synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of nonsteroidal, peripherally selective androgen receptor antagonists derived from 1,2-dihydropyridono[5,6-g]quinolines. J Med Chem 1998; 41:623-39. [PMID: 9484511 DOI: 10.1021/jm970699s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new nonsteroidal antiandrogenic pharmacophore has been discovered using cell-based cotransfection assays with human androgen receptor (hAR). This series of AR antagonists is structurally characterized by a linear tricyclic 1,2-dihydropyridono[5,6-g]quinoline core. Analogues inhibit AR-mediated reporter gene expression and bind to AR as potently as or better than any known AR antagonists. Several analogues also showed excellent in vivo activity in classic rodent models of AR antagonism, inhibiting growth of rat ventral prostate and seminal vesicles, without accompanying increases in serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels, as is seen with other AR antagonists. Investigations of structure-activity relationships surrounding this pharmacophore resulted in molecules with complete specificity for AR, antagonist activity on an AR mutant commonly observed in prostate cancer patients, and improved in vivo efficacy. Molecules based on this series of compounds have the potential to provide unique and effective clinical opportunities for treatment of prostate cancer and other androgen-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Hamann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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19
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Farmer LJ, Lin Zhi, Susan Jeong, Adam Kallel E, Croston G, Flatten KS, Heyman RA, Nadzan AM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of potent conformationally restricted retinoid X receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)10079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Farmer LJ, Jeong S, Kallel E, Canan Koch SS, Croston GE, Flatten KS, Heyman RA, Nadzan AM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of potent retinoid X receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Farmer LJ. Recovery from aphasia. J Miss State Med Assoc 1996; 37:690-693. [PMID: 8772063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Farmer
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
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22
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Hamann LG, Farmer LJ, Johnson MG, Bender SL, Mais DE, Wang MW, Crombie D, Goldman ME, Jones TK. Synthesis and biological activity of novel nonsteroidal progesterone receptor antagonists based on cyclocymopol monomethyl ether. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1778-89. [PMID: 8627601 DOI: 10.1021/jm950747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of nonsteroidal progesterone receptor antagonists has been synthesized and was shown to exhibit moderate binding affinity for hPR-A, the ability to inhibit the transcriptional activity of human progesterone receptor (hPR) in cell-based assays, and anti-progestational activity in a murine model. Cyclocymopol monomethyl ether, a component of the marine alga Cymopolia barbata was weakly active in random screening against PR. Investigations into the SAR surrounding the core of this natural product lead structure resulted in improved in vitro activity. In contrast to the cross-reactivity profiles observed with known steroidal antiprogestins, compounds of the general structural class described display a high degree of selectivity for the progesterone receptor and no functional activity on the glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Hamann
- Department of Endocrine Chemistry Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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23
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Jones TK, Pathirana C, Goldman ME, Hamann LG, Farmer LJ, Ianiro T, Johnson MG, Bender SL, Mais DE, Stein RB. Discovery of novel intracellular receptor modulating drugs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 56:61-6. [PMID: 8603048 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the co-transfection assay as a guide to determining structure activity relationships, we have been pursuing the discovery of non-steroidal hPR modulators. Small molecule, non-steroidal lead structures have been identified. Optimization of these structures has yielded more potent hPR modulators. Improved cross-reactivity profiles with other intracellular receptors are a feature of these compounds owing to their non-steroidal nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Jones
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Hamann LG, Farmer LJ, Johnson MG, Goldman ME, Mais DE, Davtian A, Bender SL, Jones TK. Synthesis and biological activity of novel nonsteroidal progesterone receptor antagonists. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 761:383-7. [PMID: 7625742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb31398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L G Hamann
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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25
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Farmer LJ. Health care, doctors, and patients. J Miss State Med Assoc 1994; 35:368-9. [PMID: 7869373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Farmer
- Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Food and Agricultural Chemistry Research Division, Belfast
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Abstract
Lesions were found in the pancreas of clinically normal cattle of low copper status. In comparison with the pancreas of cattle with normal hepatic copper reserves, the abnormalities were an increase in the dry matter content and reduction in the concentrations of protein and copper in the wet tissue. Cytochrome oxidase activity and protein-to-RNA ratio were also reduced. Histologically, there were defects in acinar basement membranes, splitting and disorganization of acini, cellular atrophy and dissociation, and stromal proliferation. The pancreatic ductular system did not show atrophy or disorganization.
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